CH 14
CH 14
CH 14
Rates of Reaction
Solution
a. Since the slope is steeper at point A, point A must be a faster instantaneous rate.
b. Since the curve is not a flat line, the rate of the reaction must be constantly changing over
time. Therefore, the rate for the reaction cannot be constant at all points in time.
Solution
106
Rates of Reaction 107
a. Keeping in mind that all reactant species must be present in some concentration for a
reaction to occur, the reaction with [Q] = 0 is the slowest since no reaction occurs. The
other two reactions are equal in rate because the reaction is zero order with respect to [Q]:
as long as there is some amount of Q present, the reaction rate depends on the [R] which
is constant in this case.
b. Since [Q]0 = 1, you can rewrite the rate law as follows: Rate = k[R]2.
Solution
a. A possible rate law is: Rate of Aging = (diet)w(exercise)x(sex)y(occupation)z. Your rate
law probably will be different; however, the general form should be the same.
b. You would need a sample of people that have all of the factors the same except one. For
example, using the equation given in part a., you could determine the effect of diet if you
had a sample of people that were the same sex, exercised the same amount, and had the
same occupation. You would need to isolate each factor in this fashion to determine the
exponent on each factor.
c. The exponent on the smoking factor would be 2 since you see a fourfold rate increase:
[2]2 = 4.
A reaction believed to be either first or second order has a half-life of 20 s at the beginning of
the reaction but a half-life of 40 s some time later. What is the order of the reaction?
Solution
The half-life of a first-order reaction is constant over the course of the reaction. The half-life
of a second-order reaction depends on the initial concentration and becomes larger as time
elapses. Thus, the reaction must be second order because the half-life increases from 20 s to
40 s after time has elapsed.
a. Which reaction has a higher activation energy for the forward reaction?
b. If both reactions were run at the same temperature and have the same orientation
requirements to react, which one would have the larger rate constant?
c. Are these reactions exothermic or endothermic?
Solution
a. Since the “hump” is larger, the A + B reaction has a higher activation energy.
b. Since the activation energy is lower, the E + F reaction would have the larger rate
constant. Keep in mind the inverse relationship between the activation energy, Ea, and the
rate constant, k.
c. Since in both cases energy per mole of the reactants is greater than the products, both
reactions are exothermic.
You are a chemist in charge of a research laboratory that is trying to increase the reaction rate
for the balanced chemical reaction: X + 2Y → Z.
a. One of your researchers comes into your office and states that she has found a material
that significantly lowers the activation energy of the reaction. Explain the effect this will
have on the rate of the reaction.
b. Another researcher states that after doing some experiments, he has determined that the
rate law is rate = k[X][Y]. Is this possible?
c. Yet another person in the lab reports that the mechanism for the reaction is:
2Y → I (slow)
X+I→Z (fast)
Is the rate law from part b. consistent with this mechanism? If not, what should the rate
law be?
Solution
a. Her finding should increase the rate since the activation energy, Ea, is inversely related to
the rate constant, k; a decrease in Ea results in an increase in the value of k.
b. This is possible because the rate law does not have to reflect the overall stoichiometry of
the reaction.
c. No. Since the rate law is based on the slow step of the mechanism, it should be Rate =
k[Y]2.
Solution
a. You can write the rate expression in terms of the depletion of A:
∆[A]
Rate of depletion of A = - .
∆t
Or, you can write the rate expression in terms of the formation of B:
110 Chapter 14
∆[B]
Rate of formation of B= + .
∆t
b. No. Consider the stoichiometry of the reaction which indicates that the rate of depletion
of A would be faster than the rate of formation of B: for every three moles of A that are
consumed, two moles of B would be formed.
c. Taking into account the stoichiometry of the reaction, the two rate expressions that would
give an equal rate when calculated over the same time interval are
∆[A] ∆[B]
Rate = - = .
3∆t 2∆t
Solution
You cannot write the rate law for this reaction from the information given. The rate law can
only be determined by experiment, not by the stoichiometry of the reaction.
Solution
a. The rate law for a second-order reaction is Rate = k[A]2.
b. The faster reaction rate will correspond to the container with the higher
concentration of A. Both containers contain the same number of A particles, but the
volume of container B is only one-half the volume of container A. Therefore, the
initial concentration of A in container B is double the initial concentration of A in
container A. Thus, the reaction will be faster in container B.
c. For a second-order reaction, the relationship between the half-life, rate constant, and
initial concentration of A is
1
t1/2 =
k[A]o
Since the half-life is inversely proportional to the initial concentration, the shorter
half-life will correspond to the higher initial concentration of A, which is container
B.
d. The relative rates of the reactions can be determined as follows. Since the initial
concentration of A in container B is double the initial concentration of A in
container A, the ratio of the rate in container B to that in container A is
2 2
RateB
2
k[A]o,B ⎛ [A]o,B ⎞ ⎛ 2[A]o,A ⎞
= 2
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = 22 = 4
Rate A k[A]o,A ⎝ [A]o,A ⎠ ⎝ [A]o,A ⎠
Thus, the reaction rate in container B is four times the reaction rate in container A.
e. Since both containers start with the same number of A particles, and the reaction
rate is faster in container B, more A particles will have reacted in container B than in
container A, so container B will contain fewer atoms.
a. If the reaction is first-order with a half-life of 10 seconds, complete the following pictures
after 10 and 20 seconds have elapsed.
112 Chapter 14
b. How would the pictures from part a change if the reaction were second-order with the
same half-life?
c. For the first-order case, what are the relative reaction rates at the start of the reaction
and after 10 seconds have elapsed?
d. For the second-order case, what are the relative reaction rates at the start of the
reaction and after 10 seconds have elapsed?
Solution
a. The reaction is first-order with a half-life of 10 seconds. Starting with four particles in
the container, after 10 seconds (one half-life), two of the particles will have reacted and
two will remain unreacted. After 20 seconds (two half-lives), three of the particles will
have reacted and one will remain unreacted. The pictures are
t = 0s t = 10 s t = 20 s
b. If the half-life is the same for the second-order reaction, the pictures will be the
same.
c. After 10 seconds (one half-life), the concentration of the particles is one-half their
initial value. If we call the particles A, then for the first-order case the relative
reaction rates at the start and after 10 seconds are
Rate0 k[A]o,0 [A]o,0 [A]o
= = = = 2
Rate10 k[A]o,10 [A]o,10 1/2[A]o
Rates of Reaction 113
Thus, for the first-order case, after 10 seconds, the rate is one-half the initial rate.
d. After 10 seconds (one half-life), the concentration of the particles is one-half their
initial value. If we call the particles A, then for the second-order case the relative
reaction rates at the start and after 10 seconds are
2 2
Rate0
2
k[A]o,0 ⎛ [A] ⎞ ⎛ [A]o ⎞
= 2
= ⎜⎜ o,0 ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ = 22 = 4
Rate10 k[A]o,10 ⎝ [A]o,10 ⎠ ⎝ 1/2[A]o ⎠
Thus, for the second-order case, after 10 seconds, the rate is four times the initial
rate.
Solution
a. If the concentration is tripled but there is no effect on the rate, the order of the reaction
must be zero. Thus, x = 0.
b. If the concentration is doubled and the rate doubles, it is a first order reaction. Thus, x =
1.
c. If the concentration is tripled and the rate goes up by a factor of 27, it is a third order
reaction. Thus, x = 3.
Concept Target
• Illustrate that rate information can be extracted from an experimental concentration versus
time plot.
Solution
a. The rate has a constant value in region C, since the slope of the curve is constant (flat) in
this region.
b. The rate is the fastest in region A, since the slope of the curve is steepest in this region.
N2O4(g) → 2NO2(g)
Which one of the curves shown here reflects the data collected for this reaction?
Curve A Curve B
Rates of Reaction 115
Curve C Curve D
Solution
Since NO2 is a product in the reaction, its concentration must increase with time. The only
graph that has [NO2] increasing with time is curve C.
Solution
A number of answers will work as long as you match one of the existing concentrations of A
or B. For example: [A] = 2.0 M with [B] = 2.0 M, or [A] = 1.0 M with [B] = 2.0 M.
116 Chapter 14
Solution
The Arrhenius equation is k = Ae -Ea /RT
a. When the temperature is decreased, the rate constant, k, will also decrease. When k
decreases, the rate also decreases.
b. When the activation energy is increased, the rate constant, k, also decreases. When k
decreases, the rate also decreases.
c. Since the activation energy is in the numerator and the temperature is in the denominator,
you cannot predict the effect without knowing the magnitude of the changes.