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Quadratic Equations
Relation Between Roots and Coefficients

Eg. If 𝜶, 𝜷 are the roots of x2 - 3x + 5 = 0 and

Newton’s Identity:
Sn = 𝜶n +𝜷n, then S10 + 5S8 is equal to
For a cubic equation, we have

Eg. If 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 are the roots of x3 - x + 1 = 0,

then 𝜶3 + 𝜷3 + 𝜸3 is equal to _____.
For a biquadratic equation, we have
NOTE
Whenever we are finding or proving some condition and during
the procedure we get value of some root, always make it satisfy
the equation.

Eg. Condition for x3 + 2px2 + 3qx + 2r = 0

having roots 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 such that 𝜶𝜷 = -1 is
Transformation of Equation
If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are α & β then equation having roots:
(a) 2⍺ and 2β is ➝

(b) ⍺ + 2 and β + 2 is ➝

REMARK

This shortcut works for equation of any degree.

Common Roots
Given two Quadratic Equations, there are two possibilities-
1. They have one root in common
2. Both the roots are common
Eg. Find the condition for which the
roots of x3 + bx2 + cx + 1 = 0 are double
the roots of px3 - qx2 + 2rx + s = 0 ?
Condition for one root common in Eg. The value of k such that x2 - kx - 1 = 0
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 & & x2 - 3x + 2 = 0 have a common root is
____.
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is
(c1a2 - c2a1)2 = (b1c2 - b2c1) (a1b2 - a2b1)

Condition for both roots common in

a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 &
Eg. Condition for ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 is ax2 + cx + b = 0 to have a common root is
____.
OBSERVATION

1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is ➝

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if ➝

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if ➝
OBSERVATION

1. Range of y = ax2 + bx + c is ➝

2. (i) ax2 + bx + c > 0 ∀ x if ➝ X

(ii) ax2 + bx + c < 0 ∀ x if ➝ X
Location of Roots
Let 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of quadratic equation
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c where a, b, c ∈ R
Let us consider a real number ‘k’
RESULT
RESULT

Eg. Consider x2 + 2tx - 1 = 0. Find t such that

one root is less than 2 and other is greater
than 2.
Complex Numbers
Conjugate, Modulus and Argument
Properties of Conjugate

Eg. , then find Img(z).

Properties of Modulus

Eg. If z1 and z2 are complex numbers such that

(i) | z | = 0 ⇒ z = 0
|z1| = 2 and |z2| = 3 and
(ii) then find ‘k’ .

(iii) | z1 z2| = | z1 | | z2 | ⇒| zn | = | z |n

(iv)

(v) Eg. Find maximum and minimum value of

| z - 3 - 4i | if | z - 1 | = 2
(vi) Triangle inequalities
(a) | z1 + z2| ≤ | z1 | + | z2 |
(b) | z1 - z2| ≥ || z1 | - | z2 ||
Properties of Argument

Eg. If |z1| = |z2| and arg (z1) + arg (z2) =

then z1z2 is purely___
Representation of Complex Number in Polar and Euler Form
Representation of Complex Number in Polar
and Euler Form
Eg. (1 + i )13 =
Z=x+iy

Polar form Euler form

NOTE
If we know |z| & arg(z) then we can write z
Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big &
bad powers of a complex number
Representation of Complex Number in Polar
and Euler Form
Z=x+iy

Polar form Euler form

Z = r (cos θ + i sin θ) Z = reiθ

NOTE
If we know |z| & arg(z) then we can write z
Euler’s form is very efficient in handling big &
bad powers of a complex number
Cube Roots of Unity
Cube Roots of Unity
Consider, z3 = 1
Roots of this equation are called cube
roots of unity. Eg. If ∝, β ∊ C are the distinct roots, of the
equation x2 - x + 1 = 0, then ∝101 + β107 is
z3 = 1
equal to :
(z - 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0

Properties of ⍵
1. 𝜔3 = 1
2. 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
3. 𝜔3k + 𝜔3k+1 + 𝜔3k+2 = 0; k ∊ Z
Cube Roots of Unity
Consider, z3 = 1
Roots of this equation are called cube
roots of unity.
z3 = 1
(z - 1) (z2 + z + 1) = 0

Properties of ⍵
1. 𝜔3 = 1
2. 1 + 𝜔 + 𝜔2 = 0
3. 𝜔3k + 𝜔3k+1 + 𝜔3k+2 = 0; k ∊ Z

NOTE
Roots of z2 + z + 1 = 0 are 𝜔 & 𝜔2
and roots of z2 - z + 1 = 0 are -𝜔 & -𝜔2
Geometrical interpretation of Modulus
|z1| ⟶ distance of z1 from origin. Eg. If z = x + iy then the equation

|z2 - z1|⟶ distance between z1 & z2 does not represent a circle when m =

Eg. If ‘z’ be any complex number such that

|3z - 2| + |3z + 2| = 4, then identify the
locus of ‘z’.
Sequence and series
Key Points for AP
1. Common terms of two AP’s, form an AP.
2. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ AP, then
(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ AP &
(ii) a1 ± k, a2 ± k, a3 ± k ➝ AP
1. Sum of the terms equidistant from beginning
and end is same
2. Assuming terms: 3 terms ➝ a-d , a, a+d
4 terms ➝ a-3d, a-d, a+d, a+3d

NOTE
1. nth odd number is 2n - 1
2. Sum of first n odd numbers is n2
Key Points for GP
1. If a1, a2, a3 ➝ GP, then for k ≠ 0 Eg. If Let a, b, c be in an AP and a 2, b2, c2

(i) ka1, ka2, ka3 ➝ GP be in GP. If a < b < c and , then

(ii) (a1)k, (a2)k, (a3)k ➝ GP the value of ‘a’ is

1. If a, b, c, d ➝ GP, then a ± b, b ± c, c ± d ➝ GP A B C D

2. Product of terms equidistant from beginning

and end is same
3. Assuming terms: 3 terms ➝ a/r , a , ar
4 terms ➝ a/r3 , a , a r3
Eg. If Let a, b, c be in an AP and a 2, b2, c2
be in GP. If a < b < c and , then
the value of ‘a’ is

Sol:
 Arithmetic Mean

AM’s between two numbers

AM of Numbers
1) ‘A1’ is called one AM between a & b if a, A1, b ➝ AP
2) A1 & A2 are called two AM’s between a & b if
a, A1, A2, b ➝ AP , d =

Geometric Mean

GM of Numbers (+ve numbers) GM’s between two numbers

1) G1 is called one GM between a & b if a, G1, b ➝ GP
2) G1, G2 are called two GM’s between a & b if
a, G1, G2, b ➝ GP , r =
 JEE Main 2020

Eg. If m arithmetic means (A.Ms) and

three geometric means (G.Ms) are
inserted between 3 and 243 such that
4th A.M. is equal to 2nd G.M., then m is
equal to______.

Ans: 39
Arithmetic - Geometric Progression
Sequence of the following form is called A.G.P. JEE Main 2019

a , (a + d) r , (a + 2d) r2 , . . . , (a+(n - 1)d) rn-1 Eg.

Eg: (a) 1 , 3x , 5x2 , 7x3 , . . .

A
(b) 1 , 40 , 700 , 10000 , . . .
B

D
Relation Between AM and GM
For any given +ve numbers:

AM = GM; if all the terms are equal.

AM ≥ GM
AM > GM; otherwise

(observe that equality holds if terms are equal)

NOTE

3 Hints to use AM ≥ GM
(1) If min value of some expression is asked
(2) Terms involved in expression are +ve.
(3) Product of terms involved in expression is good.
Sigma Notation
JEE Main 2019

Properties: Eg. The sum of the following series

upto 15 terms is

NOTE
RESULT
 Trigonometry & ITF
Formulae & expression
Remark

1. Sine of supplementary angles are same.

2. Cosines of supplementary angles are negative of each other.
3. sin(-θ) = -sinθ and cos(-θ) = cosθ
Compound Angles
1. sin(A + B) =

2. sin(A - B) =

3. cos(A + B) =

4. cos(A - B) =
Compound Angles
1. sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

2. sin(A - B) = sinA cosB - cosA sinB

3. cos(A + B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB

4. cos(A - B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB

Multiple Angle Formulae
Multiple Angle Formulae
Remark

1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as

2. sin(A + B) × sin(A - B) =
cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) =
Remark

1. sin 2θ and cos 2θ can be expressed in terms of tanθ as

2. sin(A + B) × sin(A - B) = sin2A - sin2B

cos(A + B) × cos(A - B) = cos2A - sin2B = cos2B - sin2A
List of most commonly used formulae and expressions
 Eg.
Expressing in terms of sine only.

asin θ + bcos θ

Expressing in terms of cosine only.

Eg. Find the number of integral
values of k for which the following
equation has solutions:
7 cosx + 5sinx = 2k + 1
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of product into sum and difference
2 sin A cos B =
2 cos A sin B =
2 cos A cos B =
2 sin A sin B =
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of product into sum and difference
2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin(A - B)
2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin(A - B)
2 cos A cos B = cos(A + B) + cos(A - B)
2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos(A + B)
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of sum and difference into product
Transformation Formulae
Transformation of sum and difference into product
 RESULT

1. sin(a) + sin(a + d) + sin(a + 2d) +...+ sin(a + (n - 1)d)

Eg.

2. cos(a) + cos(a + d) + cos(a + 2d) +...+ cos(a +(n - 1)d)

3.
RESULT

If A + B + C = 𝜋, then :

(a) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC

(b) cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = -1 -4 cosA cosB cosC

(d) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC

Trigonometric Equations
(a) sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(b) cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(c) cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ =

(d) cosθ = -1 ⇒ θ =
Trigonometric Equations
(a) sinθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(b) cosθ = 0 ⇒ θ =

(c) cosθ = 1 ⇒ θ =

(d) cosθ = -1 ⇒ θ =
 RESULT
Eg. Solve cos 5x = sin 2x.
(a) (i) sinθ = sin⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 + (-1)n ⍺

(ii) cosθ = cos⍺ ⇒ θ = 2n𝜋 ± ⍺

(iii) tanθ = tan⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 + ⍺

(b) (i) sin2θ = sin2⍺

(ii) cos2θ = cos2⍺ ⇒ θ = n𝜋 ± ⍺

(iii) tan2θ = tan2⍺

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
Composition of trigonometric and its inverse function

1.

2.
only if
Composition of trigonometric and its inverse function

1.
Domain (i.e., it’s always true)

2.
only if principal domain
Graph of: y = sin-1 (sin x)
Graph of: y = cos-1 (cos x)
Y

𝜋/2

X
-2𝜋 -𝜋 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 𝜋 2𝜋
Graph of: y = tan-1 (tan x)

X
-2𝜋 -3𝜋/2 -𝜋 -𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 𝜋 3𝜋/2 2𝜋

-𝜋/2
Result 1: Inverse trigonometric function at ‘-x’

Eg. Evaluate: tan-1 (tan(-6)).

Result 2: ITF of Complementary Functions
Result 3: Inverse trigonometric functions at ‘ ’
ITF in terms of each other
Sum & Difference of ITF

NOTE
Sum & Difference of ITF

JEE Main 24th Feb 2021, S-1

Eg.

Ans: 1
RESULT

under some good condition

under some good condition

under some good condition

under some good condition

Binomial Theorem
(i) 10C0 + 10C2 + . . .+ 10C10 =

(ii) 10C1+ 22.10C2 + 32.10C3 + . . .+ 102.10C10 =

(iii)

(iv) (8C0)2 + (8C1)2 + . . .+ (8C8)2 =

RESULT

(a) nCr + nCr + 1 = n + 1Cr + 1

(b)

(c) nCx = nCy ⇒ x = y or x + y = n

There are two particular cases which are used very frequently.
(a) (1 + x)n = Eg. If coefficients of middle terms in expansion
of (1 + ⍺x)4 and(1 - ⍺x)6 are equal, where ⍺ ≠ 0
(b) (1 - x)n =
then ⍺ =

NOTE Ans: - 3/10

(1) (1 + x)n -1 is divisible by

(2) (1 + x)n -1 - nx is divisible by

Eg. Find remainder when 7102 is divided by 25

There are two particular cases which are used very frequently.
(a) (1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 +....+ nCnxn
(b) (1 - x)n = nC0 - nC1x + nC2x2 - nC3x3 +....+ (-1)n nCnxn

NOTE Eg. If coefficients of middle terms in expansion

of (1 + ⍺x)4 and(1 - ⍺x)6 are equal, where ⍺ ≠ 0
then ⍺ =
(1) (1 + x)n -1 is divisible by x
(2) (1 + x)n -1 - nx is divisible by x2 Ans: - 3/10

Eg. Find remainder when 7102 is divided by 25

General term of Binomial expansion
(x + y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn-1y +….+ nCn-1xyn-1 + nCnyn
General term, Tk+1 = nCk xn - k yk Eg. The coefficient of x3 in the expansion of

will be ____, given |2x| < 1.

Binomial Theorem for any Index
Let ‘n’ be a rational number & ‘x’ be a
real number such that |x| < 1, then:
Some special Cases

(a) (1 + x)−1 = 1 − x + x2 − x3 +...+ (-1)r xr +...

(b) (1 − x)−1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 +...+ xr +...

(c) (1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 +...

(d) (1 − x)−2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 +...

Binomial Coeff Problems
Straight lines
Various forms of equations of a line:

1. Slope Intercept form

2. Point Slope form

3. Two Point form

4. Intercept form

5. Normal form

6. Parametric form

7. General form
Angle between two Lines
Eg. Slope of line(s) which makes 45o
angle with y = 2x - 1 is _____.

where θ is the acute angle between

the two lines
Some Formulae
Some Formulae
Distance of a Point from a Line
(x1, y1)

Special case: Distance of origin from ax + by + c = 0 is

Distance between two Parallel Lines
Foot of Perpendicular from a Point to a Line
(x1, y1) Eg. Find foot of perpendicular of (2, 3)
on 3x - 4y = 1.
Image of a Point in a Line

(x1, y1)
Family of Lines
Family of Lines
Given any two lines L1 = 0 and L2 = 0, all the lines
Eg. ax + by + c = 0 is a variable line
passing through their point of intersection
such that 2a - 3b + c = 0, then find
constitutes family of lines of L1 = 0 and L2 = 0. the point through which these lines
pass through.
NOTE

Any line through intersection point of L1 = 0

and L2 = 0 (that is a member of their
family) has equation of the form L1 + λL2 =
0
Circles
 Equations of a Circle

(x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Centre : (x1, y1) Centre :
Radius : r Radius :

NOTE
Diametric form : (x - α1)(x - α2) + (y - β1)(y - β2) = 0
where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
 Equations of a Circle

(x - x1)2 + (y - y1)2 = r2 x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

Centre : (x1, y1) Centre : (-g, -f)
Radius : r Radius :

NOTE
Diametric form : (x - α1)(x - α2) + (y - β1)(y - β2) = 0
where (α1, β1) & (α2, β2) are endpoints of diameter
Some Special Circles
1. Circle touching X - axis

(a, 0) X

2. Circle touching Y - axis

Y

(0, b)
3. Circle touching both axes

Y Eg. Radius of the circle touching both

the axes and passing through the
point (1, 1) is ____.

O X

O X
Intercepts made by a Circle
JEE Main 2019

Eg. A circle touching the X-axis at (3, 0)

and making an intercept of length 8 on
the Y-axis passes through the point

A (3, 10)

B (3, 5)

C (2, 3)

D (1, 5)
Intercepts made by a Circle
JEE Main 2019
Whenever a circle makes an intercept
Eg. A circle touching the X-axis at (3, 0)
on a line, always refer to this figure.
and making an intercept of length 8 on
the Y-axis passes through the point

A (3, 10)
r
B (3, 5)

C (2, 3)

D (1, 5)
Intercepts made by a Circle on axes
(1) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the X - axis.

X
A B

(2) Intercept made by x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on the Y - axis.

Y
B

A
Some Standard Notations
Some Standard Notations

(1) S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

(2) For a point (x1, y1) : Value of S at (x1, y1) is represented by S1 ,
i.e., S1 = x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c
(3) For a point (x1, y1): If we replace in S,

then we get T,

i.e., T
Various Equations of Tangents of a Circle
Slope form Tangent at a point on a circle Eg. Find 𝜆 such that y = 2x + 𝜆 is
tangent to x2 + y2 = 5.
slope = m (x1, y1) T=0

Parametric form
P(θ)
T=0
Result
Equations of tangents to x2 + y2 = r2, having slope
m, are given by .

NOTE
Equations of tangents to (x − x1)2 + (y − y1)2 = r2, with
slope m, are given by
Number of Common tangents

4 common tangents

3 common tangents

2 common tangents

1 common tangent

0 common tangents
Number of Common tangents

(1) ⇒ 4 common tangents

(2) ⇒ 3 common tangents

(3) ⇒ 2 common tangents

(4) ⇒ 1 common tangent

(5) ⇒ 0 common tangents

Position of two circles
JEE Main 2019

Eg. If the curves, x2 - 6x + y2 + 8 = 0

and x2 - 8y + y2 + 16 - k = 0, (k > 0)
touch each other at a point, then
the largest value of k is
Ans : 36
 JEE Main 2019

Eg. If the curves, x2 - 6x + y2 + 8 = 0

and x2 - 8y + y2 + 16 - k = 0, (k > 0)
touch each other at a point, then
the largest value of k is
Sol:
Family of Circles
(1) S + 𝜆L = 0
S=0 L=0

(2)
S=0
S’ = 0

NOTE
S - S’ = 0 is the equation of common chord
(3) Family of circles tangent to a given line
L = 0 at a given point A (x1, y1) : Eg. Family of circles touching
2x + 3y + 5 = 0 at (2, - 3)

L=0

A (x1, y1)
(4) Family of circles passing through 2 points A
(x1, y1) and B (x2, y2)
Chords of a Circle
(1) Equation of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to P(x1, y1)

P (x1, y1) Its equation is given by

S=0

(2) Equation of chord with given midpoint P(x1, y1)

P (x1, y1) Its equation given by

S=0
Chords of a Circle
Result

Length of CoC (chord of contact) with respect to

P(x1, y1) Length of chord of contact T1 T2 =

Condition for Orthogonality

r1 r2
C1
C2
d

Two circles intersect each other orthogonally if

Or
Conics
Standard ellipses having centre at origin
Standard hyperbolas having centre at origin
 Y

S(0, be)

B(0, b)

Z
O X
A’(-a, 0) A(a, 0)
Z’
B’(0, -b)

S’(0, -be)
Conjugate Hyperbolas
Two hyperbolas, such that the transverse
and conjugate axes of one, are the
conjugate and transverse axes of the other,
respectively, are called conjugate
hyperbolas.

RESULT
If e1 and e2 are the eccentricities of two conjugate
hyperbolas, then
Rectangular Hyperbola
If a = b, i.e., lengths of transverse and conjugate
axes are equal, then the hyperbola is called
rectangular or equilateral.
Eg. The hyperbola x2 − y2 = a2 is a rectangular
hyperbola.

REMARK

1. Eccentricity of an equilateral hyperbola is

always .

2. ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a

rectangular hyperbola if Δ ≠ 0 and a + b = 0.
Parametric forms of Conics
(1) y2 = 4ax ⇒ (at2, 2at)

(2) x2 = 4ay ⇒ (2at, at2)

(3) y2 = - 4ax ⇒

(4) x2 = - 4ay ⇒
Position of a Line with respect to a Conic
General Method
Solve line with conic to get a quadratic equation.
Eg. Find ‘c’ such that y = x + c is
D > 0 ⇒ line cuts the conics tangent to x2 = 8y
D = 0 ⇒ line is tangent to conics
D < 0 ⇒ line does not meet conics
Equations of Tangents of a Conic
Various equations of tangents to y2 = 4ax

Eg. Find the equation of the

tangents to the parabola
y2 = 9x which go through
the point (-4, 0).
 JEE Main 2019

Eg. The equation of a common

tangent to the curves, y2 = 16x and
xy = -4, is

Ans : x - y + 4 = 0
NOTE

(1) Slope of tangent to y2 = 4ax

at P(t) is ty = x + at2
 NOTE

(2) Point of intersection of tangents to y2 = 4ax at Eg. Tangents to y2 = 4ax make angles θ1
and θ2 with axes. Find locus of their
P(t1) and Q(t2) is (a t1 t2, a(t1 + t2))
point of intersection if cot θ1 + cot θ2 = c,
where c is a constant.
( ) P(t1)

Q(t2)
Equations of Tangents of an Ellipse and Hyperbola
Slope form
For Ellipse : Tangent is
Slope form
For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

Slope form
For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

For Hyperbola :
Slope form
For Ellipse : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent is

For Hyperbola : Tangent of slope m is given by

Focal Chords
RESULT
(1) For y2 = 4ax, if P(t1) and Q(t2) are the endpoints of
a focal chord then t1t2 =

(2) Tangents at endpoints of a focal chord are

perpendicular and hence intersect on directrix.

(3) Length of a focal chord of y2 = 4ax, making an

angle α with the X-axis, is
For parabola y2 = 4ax
Normal at P(t) is given by
For parabola y2 = 4ax
Normal at P(t) is given by
y + tx = 2at + at3

Normal having given slope ‘m’ is given by

y = mx − 2am − am3
Equations of Normals of an Ellipse
Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on

P(x1, y1)
Equation of normal at P(x1, y1) on
Chords of a Conic
The formulae for the equation of the chord
of contact and a chord with given
midpoint remain the same for all conics,
that is

Chord of Contact : T = 0
Chord with given mid-point : T = S1
Limits
NOTE

If exists & g(x) ➝ 0 as x ➝ a, then f(x)

must tends to 0 as x➝0

Eg. Evaluate the following:
 IIT 1999

Eg. Evaluate the following:

Logarithmic limits

Exponential limits
Eg. The value of is

D
Eg. The value of is

Sol:
Form (1)∞
JEE Main 2020
RESULT
Eg.

where f(x) ➝ 0 & g(x) ➝ ∞ when x ➝ a

Limits Using Expansion Series

Eg. Find a, b & c such that

Limits Using Expansion Series
NOTE
Whenever the function under consideration has
one of the following traits, always check RHL & LHL
for existence of limit.

(a) It has , [.], {.} or mod

(b) Its piecewise defined

(c) It has and x ➝ 0

Applications
of derivatives
We have majorly 3 varieties
Eg. Find values of ‘p’ such that px = ln x
Equation of tangent and normal at a given
has two solutions
point on the curve

Equation of tangent and normal having given

slope

Equation of tangent and normal through

external point.
Angle of Intersection between two curves

Eg. Find the angle between the

curves 2y2 = x3 and y2 = 32x in
the first quadrant.
m1 = f’(x1)
m2 = g’(x1)
Where (x1, y1) is point of intersection of
two curves

⇒ Condition of orthogonality: m1m2 = -1

Length of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal
PT = Length of tangent

PN = Length of normal

TG = Length of subtangent

GN = Length of subnormal Where,

Length of tangent, normal, subtangent and subnormal
PT = Length of tangent
PN = Length of normal
TG = Length of subtangent
GN = Length of subnormal = |y1 m|
Where,
Mean Value Theorems
Eg. Let f(x) be a non-constant polynomial
Rolle’s theorem
such that f(a) = f(b) = f(c) = 2. Then the
If y = f(x) is a function such that: minimum number of roots of the equation
(i) its continuous in [a, b] f”(x) = 0 in x ∈ (a, c) is/are
(ii) its differentiable in (a, b)
(iii) f(a) = f(b)
Lagrange Mean value Theorem
If a function y = f(x) satisfies Eg. If f(5) = 2, f ’(x) ≥ 3, then minimum
(i) f(x) is continuous in [a, b] value of f(10) is __________.

(ii) f(x) is differentiable in (a, b)

Then there exist c ∈ (a, b) such that
DEFINITION

f(x) is said to be strictly increasing over an interval [a, b] if:

While it is said to be increasing (or non-decreasing) if:

Interval of Increase and Decrease
Eg. If f(x) = kx3 − 9x2 + 9x + 3 is
For a differentiable function: monotonically increasing in
(1) f’(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) is every interval, then K belongs to
(if points for which f’ (x) = 0 do not form an interval)

(2) f’(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) is

(if the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)
Interval of Increase and Decrease
For a differentiable function:
(1) f’(x) ≥ 0 ⇒ f(x) is is strictly increasing
(if points for which f’ (x) = 0 do not form an interval)

(2) f’(x) ≤ 0 ⇒ f(x) is is strictly decreasing

(if the points for which f’(x) = 0 do not form an interval)
Eg. Is the following function
monotonic
Critical Points
It is collection of points where either
Eg. Find ‘a’ so that
f’ (x) = 0 or f’ (x) fails to exist f(x) = sin x - 2(a - 1)x, possess

critical point(s) in

NOTE
It is to be noted that critical points are the interior
points of an interval.
First Derivative Test
For a continuous function:
(a) If f’(x) changes sign about a critical point,
then we have maxima or minima there.

(b) If f’ (x) does not change sign about a

critical point, then function does not have
maxima or minima there.
Double Derivative Test
If f’(x) = 0 at x = a, then

(1) f”(a) > 0 ⇒ f(x) has local _______ __at x = a

(2) f”(a) < 0 ⇒ f(x) has local _________ at x = a

REMARK
If f’(a) = 0 and also f”(a) = 0 then Double
Derivative Test is inconclusive.
Analysis of Cubic

First let us pick a cubic f(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d Eg. If y = x3 - 27x + q has three

Clearly, f’(x) is a quadratic and hence has: distinct roots then ‘q’ belongs to

(i) Two distinct real roots

(ii) Two equal real roots

(iii) Non real roots

Eg.

Find ‘a’ for which f(x) has negative point of

minima (i.e., f(x) attains minima at
negative value of x)
Eg.

Find ‘a’ for which f(x) has negative

point of minima (i.e., f(x) attains
minima at negative value of x)

Sol:
Integration
Some special cases of substitution
Properties of Definite Integrals
REMARK
(a) If f (UL − x) = f (x) or − f (x) , then we use prop
(b) If f (UL − x) is something else, then we try using
Prop

Eg. = _____
Eg. = _____.
Definite Integration of Periodic Functions

1. Eg. = _____

where T is the period of the function

and n ∈ I, (i.e., f(x + T) = f(x)).

2.
Definite Integration of Periodic Functions

3.

where T is the period of the function and m, n ∈ I.

4.

where T is the period of the function and n ∈ I.

Bounds of Definite Integrals

Eg. ____ _____

Equations in Definite Integrals

Eg.
Reduction Formulae
When integrand involves alphabets
like m, n, p, q . Eg. If then the

value of I5 + 20I3 is equal to___.

Walli’s Formula

When applying this formula,

1. 0 is taken as even.
2. In case m or n is 0 or 1, we can simply
write 1 as the corresponding factor.
Summation of Infinite Series using Definite Integration

Eg.

Basically remember it as and .

Lower limit of the integral =

Upper limit of the integral =

 Matrices
&
Determinants
Property: If each element of any row
(or column) is expressed as sum of two
(or more) terms then the determinant can
be expressed as the sum of two (or more)
determinants.

i.e.
Eg.

then
Property: The value of determinants is not
altered by adding or subtracting the Eg. If three digit real numbers A28,
multiple of any row (column) in other row 3B9 & 62C where A, B, C are integers
(column) between 0 & 9, are divisible by a fixed
integer ‘K’ then :

is divisible by ____.
Number of solutions of system of linear equations
Δ

Δ≠0 Δ=0
Unique solution

Δx = Δy = Δz = 0 Not all of Δx, Δy, Δz are zero

Infinite number of solutions.
No solution
[Provided not all cofactors of
Δ are zero]

NOTE
If Δ = Δx = Δy = Δz = 0 & all the cofactors of Δ are
zero, then system has no solution.
NOTE
1. Homogeneous system is always consistent Eg. If for some α and β in R, the
(as (0, 0, 0) always satisfies it). intersection of the following
three planes x + 4y – 2z = 0,
2. (0, 0, 0) is also called trivial solution. x + 7y – 5z = 0, x + 5y + αz = 0 is
3. Homogeneous system has non-trivial (i.e. a line in R3, then α is equal to:
non-zero) solution iff D = 0.
Orthogonal Matrix
A square matrix is called orthogonal if
Eg.

Idempotent Matrix
A square matrix is called idempotent if

Involutory Matrix
A square matrix is called involutory if A2 = I.

Nilpotent Matrix

A square matrix is called nilpotent matrix of

order m if :
 Properties of transpose

1. (AT)T = A

2. (A + B)T = AT + BT

3. (KA)T = K(AT); K : constant

4. (AB)T = BT AT

NOTE

1. (ABC)T = 2. (An)T =
Properties of adjoint JEE Main 2020

For square matrix A & B of order n, we have:

Eg. If the matrices
1. |adj A| =
, B = adj A
2. adj (adj A) =
and C = 3A, then
3.

4. adj(AT) = (adj A)T A 72

5. adj(kA) = ; k is constant
B 8
6. adj(Am) = (adj A)m ; m ∈ n
C 16
7. adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
D 2
I.e. reversal law holds
Cayley Hamilton theorem:
Every Matrix satisfies its characteristic equation. Eg. If , whe.re

, then find c and d.

Vectors
 Dot Product of two Vectors

NOTE Eg. If a, b and c are unit vectors

satisfying
(a) are perpendicular to each
|a − b|2 + |b − c|2 + |c − a|2 = 9,
other find |2a + 5b + 5c|.

(b)

(c)

(d)
Geometrical Significance of the Dot Product
Let’s look at the projection of a vector along
another vector.

NOTE
is called projection vector (or component vector)
of along
REMARK
If are any three mutually perpendicular
vectors then any vector can be expressed as
Cross Product of two Vectors
REMARK
Properties of Cross Product
Triple Products

There are two kinds of triple products, namely

(1) Scalar triple product
(2) Vector triple product
Scalar Triple Product (Box Product)
REMARK
JEE Main 12th Jan, 2019 Shift-1
Properties of Box Product
Eg. The sum of the distinct real
values of μ, for which the vectors,

are coplanar, is___.

A -1

B 0

C 1
NOTE
D 2
RESULT
(1) [a + b b + c c + a] =
Eg. are mutually
(2) [a × b b × c c × a] = perpendicular vectors having
magnitude 1, 2, 3 respectively, then
(3) [a b c]2 =
Geometrical Significance of the Box Product

The magnitude of gives the volume of the

parallelepiped whose coinitial edges are

REMARK
The magnitude of gives the volume of
the tetrahedron whose coinitial edges are
Vector Triple Products
For three vectors
are called vector triple products.

Theorem
Geometrical Significance of the Vector Triple Product

Eg. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units

which is coplanar with
and is perpendicular to
Geometrical Significance of the Vector Triple Product
NOTE Eg. Find a vector of magnitude 5 units
which is coplanar with
Geometrically, is a vector and is perpendicular to
which is perpendicular to and lies in the
plane of and .
Three Dimensional
Geometry
Assymetrical form of line
Line through a given point & Parallel to Given Vector

Eg: 2x = 3y + 4; z = 2y − 3
Assuming a point on line
JEE Main 26th July 2022, S-1

Eg. Let Q and R be two points on the line

at a distance
from the point P(4, 2, 7). Then the square
of the area of the triangle PQR is______.

A general point on this line is assumed as

 JEE Main 26th July 2022, S-1

Eg. Let Q and R be two points on the line

at a distance
from the point P(4, 2, 7). Then the square
of the area of the triangle PQR is______.

Sol:
Shortest Distance Between Two Line is: JEE Main 27th June, 2022 S-2

Eg. The shortest distance between the lines

For skew lines:
&
is equal to

D
Shortest Distance Between Two Line is:

For skew lines: For parallel lines:

Equations of Plane n

A( a )
(or)
R( r )
a( x - x1 ) + b( y - y1 ) + c( z - z1 ) = 0
a
r
O

NOTE
In cartesian equation of plane the
coefficients of x, y & z are DR of _______
Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-collinear
vectors
A(a)
Equation of plane passing through & parallel to non-collinear
vectors
A(a)
Equation of plane containing two lines
Intercept Form
Equation of plane having x, y, & z intercepts as a, b & c respectively is:
Some Formulae
Angle between two planes:

Angle between a plane and line:

Remark
Distance of a point from plane, distance
between two parallel planes, foot of
perpendicular, image of a point in plane,
bisector of acute and obtuse angle between
two planes all are generalisation of 2-D results
for straight lines.
(1) Distance of (x1, y1, z1) from ax + by + cz + d = 0
P (x1, y1, z1)

M (x, y, z)

(2) Distance between two parallel planes

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 and ax + by + cz + d2 = 0

ax + by + cz + d1 = 0

ax + by + cz + d2 = 0
 (3) Foot of perpendicular of (x1, y1, z1) on ax + by + cz + d = 0

(4) Image of a point (x1, y1, z1) in (ax + by + cz + d = 0)

(5) Ratio in which plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides join of A and B

B (x2, y2, z2 )

ax + by + cz + d = 0