| Calculus 2 i

PREFACE

We already know how important Mathematics is since most of the time we make
use of counting, multiplication, addition, percentage and so on. But, how about calculus?
How is calculus used in our everyday life? Well, many of us might have not used calculus
directly in our life. But, because we are not using calculus directly, doesn’t mean it is not
important to study.

Here’s how calculus helps us in real life. With the help of concepts in calculus the
area of an irregular shape can easily be found. Architects and engineers use calculus to
determine the size and shape of the curves especially in building roads, bridges and
tunnels. Biologist also use calculus to determine the growth rate of bacteria as well as
modelling population growth. Calculus is also used indirectly in many other fields.
Example of which is using calculus to understand the concepts of other area of
mathematics. Because of these numerous applications, it is important to study calculus.

This self-learning module for Calculus 2 introduces the concept of integration and
its application to some physical problems such as evaluation of areas, volumes of
revolution, force, and work. The fundamental formulas and various techniques of
integration are taken up and applied to both single variable and multi-variable functions.
This also includes tracing of functions of two variables for a better appreciation of the
interpretation of the double and triple integral as volume of a three-dimensional region
bounded by two or more surfaces.

This module is divided into four learning packets that cover all the topics in Calculus
2 to wit:

Learning Packet 1: Unit 1 – Integration Concepts/Formula

Learning Packet 2: Unit 2 – Integration Techniques

Unit 3 – Improper Integrals

Learning Packet 3: Unit 4 – Applications of Definite Integral

Unit 5 – Other Applications

Learning Packet 4: Unit 6 – Multiple Integrals (Inversion of order/

change of coordinates)
Unit 7 – Surface Tracing
Unit 8 – Multiple Integrals as Volume
 1
Calculus 2

UNIT 1: INTEGRATION CONCEPTS/FORMULAS

1.0 Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, the students are expected to attain the following learning
outcomes:
1. Use basic integration rules to find antiderivatives.
2. Determine the value of the constant of integration;
3. Evaluate the definite integrals; and
4. Evaluate definite integrals using Wallis’ formula.

1.1 Introduction

In your Calculus 1, you learned about the core concepts of limit, continuity
and differentiability of functions involving one or more variables. You also learned
how to apply differential calculations in solving problems on optimization, rates
of change, related rates, tangents and normals, and approximations. If in Calculus
1 you get the derivative of a given function through differentiation, here in
Calculus 2 we will do the reverse process called antidifferentiation. Which means
that from a given derivative we will identify the function that have that derivative.

This unit tackles the concept of antidifferentiation or integration and the

fundamental theorems of Calculus.

1.2 Discussion and Assessment

1.2.1 Anti-differentiation

Anti-differentiation, also called integration, is the reverse process of

differentiation.

𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 Differentiation

∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) Integration

Example:
Differentiation:
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑑 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Thus, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
We read 𝑑 (𝑥 2 ) = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 as “the differential of 𝑥 2 is 2𝑥𝑑𝑥.”
 2
Calculus 2

Integration:
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 2𝑥
∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)

Thus, 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 2
We read ∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 as “the integral of 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 is 𝑥 2 .”

As you can see in the example, the process of differentiation yields the
derivative of the given function. While the process of integration gives the function
given its derivative. Thus, integration and differentiation are inverse process of each
other.

1.2.2 Indefinite Integrals

To find the function given its derivative, we use the process called integration.
The required function is called the integral of the given derivative. If 𝑓(𝑥) is a given
function and 𝐹(𝑥) is the function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥), then the relation between
them is expressed as
𝐹 (𝑥 ) = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
where the elongated ∫ 𝑐 is called the integral sign. The integral sign indicates that the
operation to perform upon 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is integration. This means that you need to find the
function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥) or whose differential is 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. The expression
∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is read as the antiderivative of 𝑓 with respect to 𝑥 and the differential 𝑑𝑥 serves
to identify 𝑥 as the variable of integration.

This far, I guess you already digested that integration and differentiation are
reverse process of each other and that integration is the process of finding the function
whose derivative is given. Now, take a look at these examples:

𝑓(𝑥) Derivative of 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥2 2𝑥
𝑥2 + 5 2𝑥
𝑥2 − 3 2𝑥
𝑥2 + 1 2𝑥

What do you notice in the above examples? If you can see, functions having the
same derivative differ only by a constant. Therefore, if we will get the function whose
derivative is 2x, then we have this
∫ 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
 3
Calculus 2

It is now clear that the function whose derivative is given is not completely
determined, since it contains an arbitrarily additive constant, 𝑐, called constant of
integration. For this reason, the function ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is called indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥).

Indefinite integral has the following properties:

1. ∫ 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢 + 𝑐 by definition

2. ∫(𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + 𝑑𝑧) = ∫ 𝑑𝑢 + ∫ 𝑑𝑣 + ⋯ + ∫ 𝑑𝑧
The integral of the sum of two or more differentials equals the sum of
the integrals of the said differentials.

3. ∫ 𝑐𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑢; where 𝑐 is any constant

If the integrand contains a constant factor, that factor may be written
outside the integral sign.

1
4. ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑎𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥; where 𝑎 is any constant
𝑎
A constant factor may be introduced into the integrand, provided we
place its reciprocal before the integral sign.

1.2.3 Simple Power Formula

Recall the derivative of 𝑥 𝑛 , we have

𝑦 = 𝑥𝑛
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥

From the derivative of 𝑥 𝑛 , we will get one of the basic integration formulas and
that is the simple power formula. Just remember that we are doing the reverse process
of differentiation.

𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 )
= 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 Derivative of 𝑥 𝑛
𝑑𝑥
𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 Multiple both sides by 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑(𝑥 𝑛 ) = ∫ 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 Integrating both sides on the equation
𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑐 = 𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 By properties 1 and 3 of indefinite integral
𝑥𝑛 𝑐
+ 𝑛 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 Divide both sides of the equation by 𝑛
𝑛
𝑥𝑛 𝑐
∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
+𝑛 By symmetry
𝑥𝑛
∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛
+𝑐 Since 𝑐 and 𝑛 are both constant,
their quotient is also a constant
𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛+1
+𝑐 Replace 𝑛 in the above equation with 𝑛 + 1
 4
Calculus 2

Therefore, the simple power formula is

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝒄
𝒏+𝟏
provided that 𝑛 ≠ −1.

Example:
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑥 2+1
∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2+1
+𝑐
𝑥3
= +𝑐
3

2. Evaluate ∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫(𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3+1 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1
= + 3( )+ + 4(𝑥 ) + 𝑐
3+1 2+1 1+1
𝑥4 𝑥3 𝑥2
= + 3(3 ) + + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
4 2
𝑥4 𝑥2
= + 𝑥3 + + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
4 2

3. Evaluate ∫(12𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥

Solution:
∫(12𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 + 5)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 12𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 5𝑑𝑥
= 12 ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4+1 𝑥 2+1
= 12 ( 4+1 ) − 4 ( 2+1 ) + 5(𝑥 ) + 𝑐
12 4
= 𝑥 5 − 3 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 𝑐
5

1.2.4 Simple Trigonometric Formula

Let us go back to the derivative of trigonometric functions and from there let
us try to get the formula for the integral of trigonometric functions.

Derivatives of trigonometric functions are as follows:

𝑑(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(tan 𝑢) = sec2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(cot 𝑢) = − csc2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(sec 𝑢) = sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑(csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
 5
Calculus 2

Now, let me show you how the formula for the integral of cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 is
determined.
𝑑(sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Integrating both sides,
∫ 𝑑(sin 𝑢) = ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
sin 𝑢 + 𝑐 = ∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Therefore,
∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝒄

Likewise, for the integral of sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢, we have

𝑑(cos 𝑢) = −sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Integrating both sides,
∫ 𝑑(cos 𝑢) = − ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 = − ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Multiply both sides by −1,

− cos 𝑢 − 𝑐 = ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Remember that c is a constant. A constant, whether it is negative or positive, is still a
constant. Thus,

− cos 𝑢 + 𝑐 = ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
Therefore,
∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = −𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝒄

If you will try to do the same to the rest of the derivatives of trigonometric
functions, you will arrive at these basic formulas for integration involving
trigonometric functions are as follows:

∫ cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sin 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cos 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ sec2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ csc2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −cot 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ sec 𝑢 tan 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sec 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csc 𝑢 + 𝑐

What do you notice about the way functions are paired off? If you can see,
the pairs sin 𝑢 and cos 𝑢, sec 𝑢 and tan 𝑢, csc 𝑢 and cot 𝑢 fit well together. If
you encounter integral involving sin 𝑥 and tan 𝑥, first put the integrand
entirely in terms of sin 𝑥 and cos 𝑥 or in terms of sec 𝑥 and tan 𝑥 before
applying the simple integration formulas.
 6
Calculus 2

Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫ tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Solution:
∫ tan2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫(sec2 𝜃 − 1)𝑑𝜃
= ∫ sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑑𝜃
= tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 + 𝑐

2. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑢 = 𝑥2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥; 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin 𝑢 2
1
= ∫ sin 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2
1
= (− cos 𝑢) + 𝑐
2
1
= (− cos 𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐
2
1
= − cos 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2

3. Evaluate ∫ sin𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦

Solution:
sin 𝑦
∫ sin𝑦 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sin2 𝑦
= ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1−cos2 𝑦
= ∫ cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
1
= ∫(cos 𝑦 − cos 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
= ∫ sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= ln | sec 𝑦 + tan 𝑦| − sin 𝑦 + 𝑐

Note: Integration of ∫ sec y dy is shown under 1.2.5 Logarithmic Function.

1.2.5 Logarithmic Function

𝑑𝑢
Recall the derivative of the logarithmic function ln 𝑢. That is 𝑑(ln 𝑢) = .
𝑢

Integrating both sides of the equation,

𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑(ln 𝑢) = ∫ 𝑢
𝑑𝑢
ln 𝑢 + 𝑐 = ∫ 𝑢
 7
Calculus 2

𝒅𝒖
∫ = 𝐥𝐧 𝒖 + 𝒄 Formula for the integral of functions yielding
𝒖
logarithmic function

Remember the restriction in using the Power Formula that is when 𝑛 = −1. In
cases where 𝑛 = −1, the above formula is used.

Examples:
2
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2∫ 𝑥
= 2 ln|𝑥 | + 𝑐

1
2. Evaluate ∫ 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑢 = 2𝑥 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
2
1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑢 2
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 𝑢
1
= ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
2
1
= ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐
2

3. Evaluate ∫ sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Solution:
sec 𝑦+tan 𝑦
∫ sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 ∙ sec 𝑦+tan 𝑦
(sec2 𝑦+ sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
= ∫ sec 𝑦+tan 𝑦

𝑢 = sec 𝑦 + tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = (sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦 + sec2 𝑦)𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = (sec2 𝑦 + sec 𝑦 tan 𝑦)𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑢
= ∫ 𝑢
= ln 𝑢 + 𝑐
= ln | sec 𝑦 + tan 𝑦 | + 𝑐
 8
Calculus 2

1.2.6 Exponential Function

Recall the derivative of exponential functions 𝑒 𝑢 and 𝑎𝑢 , that are 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 and

𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢, respectively.

Because integration is the reverse process on differentiation, thus we have

𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑(𝑒 𝑢 ) = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑢 + 𝑐 Integration of exponential function 𝑒 𝑢

𝑑 (𝑎𝑢 ) = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑(𝑎𝑢 ) = ∫ 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑(𝑎𝑢 ) = ln 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑢 + 𝑐 = ln 𝑎 ∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑎𝑢
∫ 𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑎 + 𝑐 Integration of exponential function 𝑎𝑢 , where 𝑎 > 0

Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3
3𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
∫𝑒 = ∫𝑒 3
1
= 3
∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑢
= 𝑒 +𝑐
3
1 3𝑥
= 𝑒 +𝑐
3

2. Find the antiderivative of the exponential function 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 .

Solution:
∫(𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
= 𝑒𝑥 + +𝑐
ln 2
 9
Calculus 2

3. Evaluate ∫ 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑢 = −2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 =
−2

𝑑𝑢
∫ 3−2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑢 −2
1
= −2 ∫ 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 3𝑢
= −2 (ln 3 + 𝑐)
1 3−2𝑥
= −2 ( ln 3 ) + 𝑐

1.2.7 Inverse Trigonometric Functions

There are two formulas for inverse trigonometric functions as follows:

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
∫ = Arcsin + 𝑐, 𝑎 > 0, and
√𝑎2 −𝑢2 𝑎
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2 = 𝑎 Arctan 𝑎
+𝑐

Proving the above formulas by integrating the derivatives of the inverse

trigonometric functions is left to the students.

Take note that in the formula shown above the numerator 𝑑𝑢 is the
derivative of the variable quantity 𝑢 which appears squared in the
denominator. Let us try using these formulas in the subsequent examples.

Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. Evaluate ∫ 9𝑦2+6𝑦+5
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
∫ 9𝑦2 +6𝑦+5 = ∫ (9𝑦2 +6𝑦+1)+4
𝑑𝑦
= ∫ (3𝑦+1)2 +22

𝑢 = 3𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 = 3
𝑎 = 2
 10
Calculus 2

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑦 3
∫ 9𝑦2 +6𝑦+5 =∫ 𝑢2 +𝑎2
1 𝑑𝑢
= 3 ∫ 𝑎2 +𝑢2
1 1 𝑢
= 3 (𝑎 Arctan 𝑎 + 𝑐)
1 1 3𝑦+1
= 3 (2 Arctan + 𝑐)
2
1 3𝑦+1
= 6 Arctan +𝑐
2

𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate ∫
√9−4𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ √9−4𝑥2 =∫
√32−(2𝑥)2
𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑎 = 3
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2
∫ √9−4𝑥2 =∫
√𝑎2 −𝑢2
1 𝑑𝑢
= ∫
2 √ 𝑎2 −𝑢2
1 𝑢
= 2 Arcsin 𝑎 + 𝑐
1 2𝑥
= 2 Arcsin +𝑐
3

𝑑𝑡
3. Evaluate ∫
√5−16𝑡 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
∫ √5−16𝑡 2 = ∫
√(√5)2 −(4𝑡)2

𝑢 = 4𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 4𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡 = 4
𝑎 = √5

𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡 4
∫ √5−16𝑡 2 = ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑢2
1 𝑑𝑢
= 4∫
√𝑎2 −𝑢2
1 𝑢
= 4 Arcsin 𝑎 + 𝑐
1 4𝑡
= 4 Arcsin +𝑐
√5
1 4√5𝑡
= Arcsin +𝑐
4 5
 11
Calculus 2

1.2.8 Hyperbolic Functions

Hyperbolic functions are examples of transcendental functions. Integrals of

hyperbolic functions are as follows:

∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = sinh 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ sech2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = tanh 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ csch2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −coth 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −sech 𝑢 + 𝑐
∫ csch 𝑢 coth 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −csch 𝑢 + 𝑐

Try to look back to the integrals of trigonometric functions. What

similarities and differences do you observe between the integrals of
hyperbolic functions and trigonometric function? Do these similarities and
differences help you recall each other’s formula?

Let’s use these formulas in the succeeding examples.

Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 2
𝑑𝑢
∫ sinh 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sinh 𝑢 2
1
= 2 ∫ sinh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= 2 (cosh 𝑢 + 𝑐)
1
= (cosh 2𝑥 + 𝑐)
2
1
= 2 cosh 2𝑥 + 𝑐

2. Evaluate ∫ cosh 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Solution:
𝑢 = 3𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑡 = 3
 12
Calculus 2

𝑑𝑢
∫ cosh 3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫ cosh 𝑢 3
1
= 3 ∫ cosh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= 3 (sinh 𝑢 + 𝑐)
1
= 3 (sinh 3𝑡 + 𝑐)
1
= 3 sinh 3𝑡 + 𝑐

3. Evaluate ∫ sech 3𝑥 tanh 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
𝑢 = 3𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 3

𝑑𝑢
∫ sech 3𝑥 tanh 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 3
1
= 3 ∫ sech 𝑢 tanh 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1
= (−sech 𝑢 + 𝑐)
3
1
= − sech 3𝑥 + 𝑐
3

1.2.9 The General Power Formula

The general power formula of integration is another important formula of

integration. This can be used if the problem involves a derivative of a function and a
function raised to number. The general power formula is similar to the simple power
formula, the only difference is that for simple power formula 𝑥 is a variable while in
the general power formula 𝑢 is a function.

Simple power formula:

𝑥 𝑛+1
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑥+1

General power formula:

𝑛
𝑢𝑛+1
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = +𝑐
𝑛+1
Here, 𝑢 is a function and 𝑑𝑢 is the derivative of the function 𝑢.

To use the general power formula, we need to use to substitution rule. The
substitution rule is a trick for evaluating integrals based on the following identity
between differentials (where 𝑢 is a function of 𝑥):
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑢′𝑑𝑥
where 𝑢 = 𝑔(𝑥).
 13
Calculus 2

Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫ √1 + 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
Solution:
1
Rewriting ∫ √1 + 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥, we have ∫(1 + 5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 1 + 5𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = 5
1
𝑛=2

1
𝑑𝑢
∫(1 + 5𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 5
1 𝑛
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
5
1 𝑢𝑛+1
= [ ]+𝑐
5 𝑛+1
1
+1
1 (1+5𝑥)2
= [ 1 ]+𝑐
5 +1
2
3
1 (1+5𝑥)2
= [ 3 ]+𝑐
5
2
3
2
= (1 + 5𝑥)2 + 𝑐
15

𝑒 4𝑣 𝑑𝑣
2. Evaluate ∫ (1+3𝑒4𝑣 )2
Solution:
𝑒 4𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Rewriting ∫ (1+3𝑒4𝑣 )2,we have ∫(1 + 3𝑒 4𝑣 )−2 𝑒 4𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 = 1 + 3𝑒 4𝑣
𝑑𝑢 = 12𝑒 4𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑢
𝑒 4𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 12
𝑛 = −2

𝑑𝑢
∫(1 + 3𝑒 4𝑣 )−2 𝑒 4𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 12
1 𝑛
= ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
12
1 𝑢𝑛+1
= [ ]+𝑐
12 𝑛+1
−2+1
1 (1+3𝑒 4𝑣 )
= [ ]+𝑐
12 −2+1
−1
1 (1+3𝑒 4𝑣 )
= [ ]+𝑐
12 −1
1
= − (1 + 3𝑒 4𝑣 )−1 + 𝑐
12
 14
Calculus 2

3. Evaluate ∫ sin3 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.

Solution:
𝑢 = sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑛=3

∫ sin3 𝑦 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑛+1
= [ ]+𝑐
𝑛+1
𝑠𝑖𝑛3+1𝑦
= +𝑐
3+1
𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑦
= +𝑐
4

👉 Exercise #1: Evaluate the given integral using an applicable integration

formula.
𝑑𝑦 (1−2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫ 𝑦(1+2 ln 𝑦) 6. ∫ 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑛 𝑑𝑛 3
2. ∫ (1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑛)5 7. ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑∅
3. ∫ 𝑥csch2 (2𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥 8. ∫
√ 15+4∅−4∅2

4. ∫(𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 )2 𝑑𝑥 9. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 4𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥
5. ∫ 3 10. ∫ 𝑥2 +4𝑥+5
√ 8−27𝑒 4𝑡

Note: Use separate sheet/s (short bond paper) for your solutions and answers.

1.2.10 Constant of Integration

In the discussion about indefinite integral, it has been cited that ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 is an
indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) because of the addition of the constant of integration 𝑐. Take
note that functions that differs only with constant have the same derivatives. A given
differential expression has indefinitely many integrals differing only by constants.
Thus, ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐, where 𝑐 is called the constant of integration. The
expression 𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐 is called the general solution.

This section is intended to teach you how to get the constant of integration.
Once the value of 𝑐 is already identified and is substituted back to the general solution,
the solution becomes a particular solution.
 15
Calculus 2

1.2.10.1 Initial Conditions and Particular Solutions.

In many applications of integration, you are given enough information to

determine a particular solution. This information is called an initial condition. By
using the initial condition in the general equation, you can determine the value of
the constant 𝑐. So, you can obtain the particular solution.

Examples:
𝑑𝑦
1. If 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥 − 3, and 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 2, find 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑥 − 3
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(2𝑥 − 3)𝑑𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑐2
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑐 , where 𝑐 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1
Using initial condition 𝑦 = 3 when 𝑥 = 2, you can solve for 𝑐 as follows:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 𝑐
3 = 22 − 3(2) + 𝑐
3=4−6+𝑐
𝑐=5
Therefore, the particular solution is
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 5

2. A curve whose slope is 3𝑥 2 passes through point (0, 4). Find the equation
of the curve.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐2
𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑐 , where 𝑐 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1

Using initial condition that the curve passes through point (0, 4), you can
solve for 𝑐 as follows:
𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 𝑐
4 = 03 + 𝑐
𝑐=4

Therefore, the particular solution is

𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 4
 16
Calculus 2

3. Find the particular solution that satisfies the differential equation and
initial condition 𝑓 ′ (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥, 𝑓 (−1) = 3.
Solution:
𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 6𝑥
∫ 𝑓 ′(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 6𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) + 𝑐1 = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑐2
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑐, where 𝑐 = 𝑐2 − 𝑐1

Using initial condition 𝑓 (−1) = 3, you can solve for 𝑐 as follows:

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑓 (−1) = 3(−1)2 + 𝑐
3 = 3(1) + 𝑐
𝑐=0

Therefore, the particular solution is

𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 3𝑥 2

👉 Exercise #2: In each of the following, determine the value of the constant
of integration. Also find the particular solution that satisfies the differential
equation and initial condition.
1. 𝑓 ′(𝑥 ) = 10𝑥, 𝑓(0) = 5

2. 𝑔′(𝑥 ) = 4𝑥 2 , 𝑔(−2) = 2

3. 𝑓 ′(𝑠) = 10𝑠 − 12𝑠 2 , 𝑓 (3) = 2

𝑥
4. 𝑦 ′ = passing through point (1, 5)
√10−𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
5. = 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) passing through point (2, 0)
𝑑𝑥

Note: Use separate sheet/s (short bond paper) for your solutions and answers.

1.2.11 Definite Integral

Now that you already acquired knowledge in integration, we now proceed to

our next topic which is definite integral. Many applications of calculus involve definite
integral. One of which is getting the area of an irregular shape with ease. Thus, it is
necessary that we discuss definite integral. Knowledge in indefinite integral, our
previous topic, is needed in evaluating the definite integral.
 17
Calculus 2

1.2.11.1 Definition of Definite Integral

If 𝐹(𝑥) is the integral of 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, that is, 𝐹’(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 and 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
constants, then the definite integral is:
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥)] 𝑎

The change in the value of the integral 𝐹(𝑥) as 𝑥 changes from 𝑎 to b, which
is 𝐹(𝑏) – 𝐹(𝑎), is called the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) between the “limits” 𝑎 and 𝑏,
or simply the definite integral from 𝑎 to 𝑏, denoted by the symbol
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)

This formula is known as Newton-Leibnits formula. The numbers 𝑎 and 𝑏

are called the lower limit and upper limit of integration, respectively.

It is called the definite integral because its value is independent of the

constants of integration.

1.2.11.2 Properties of Definite Integral

Enumerated below are the different properties of Definite Integral.

1. The definite integral of 1 is equal to the length of the integral.
𝑏
∫𝑎 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑏 − 𝑎
2. A constant factor can be moved across the integral sign.
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3. Definite integral is independent of variable of integration.
𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
4. If the upper limit and the lower limit of the definite integral are the
same, the integral is zero.
𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
5. Reversing the limit of integration changes the sign of the definite
integral.
𝑏 𝑎
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
6. The definite integral of the sum and difference is equal to the sum
and difference of the integral, respectively.
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥] = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
7. Suppose that a point c belongs to the interval [a, b] then the definite
integral of the function 𝑓(𝑥) over [𝑎, 𝑏] is equal to the sum of
integrals over [𝑎, 𝑐] and [𝑐, 𝑏].
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 18
Calculus 2

Examples:
1
1. Evaluate ∫0 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
1 (𝑥+1)3 1
∫0 (𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥 =[
3
]0
(1+1)3 (0+1)3
= −
3 3
(1+1)3 (0+1)3
= −
3 3
(2)3 (1)3
= −
3 3
8 1
=3−3
7
=3

𝑎
2. Evaluate ∫−𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡
Solution:
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎(𝑎2 − 𝑡 2 )𝑑𝑡. = ∫−𝑎 𝑎2 𝑑𝑡 − ∫−𝑎 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑡3
= [𝑎2 𝑡 − 3 ] −𝑎
(𝑎)3 (−𝑎)3
= [𝑎2 (𝑎) − ] − [𝑎2 (−𝑎) − ]
3 3
𝑎3 −𝑎3
= [𝑎3 − ] − [(−𝑎3 ) − ]
3 3
𝑎3 𝑎3
= 𝑎3 − + 𝑎3 −
3 3
4𝑎3
= 3

𝑎
3. Evaluate ∫0 𝑧(𝑎2 − 𝑧 2 )3 𝑑𝑧.
Solution:
𝑎 1 (𝑎2−𝑧 2 )4 𝑎
∫0 𝑧(𝑎2 − 𝑧 2 )3 𝑑𝑧 = [(− 2) 4
]0
−(𝑎2 −𝑧2 )4 𝑎
= [ ]0
8
−(𝑎2 −𝑎2)4 −(𝑎2 −02 )4
= −
8 8
(𝑎2 )4
=0+
8
𝑎8
= 8

1.2.11.3 Definite Integral of Absolute Functions

There is no anti-derivative for an absolute function; however, we can

convert an absolute function into a piecewise function before integrating using this
definition
𝑢 𝑖𝑓 𝑢 ≥ 0
|𝑢 | = {
−𝑢 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
and split up the integral depending on where 𝑢 is non-negative.
 19
Calculus 2

Example:
0
1. Evaluate ∫−4|𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑥+2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 + 2 ≥ 0
|𝑥 + 2| = {
−(𝑥 + 2) 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒

𝑥+2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ −2
|𝑥 + 2| = {
(
− 𝑥+2) 𝑖𝑓𝑥 < −2

Therefore, we will split up the integral at 𝑥 = −2

0 −2 0
∫−4|𝑥 + 2| 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−4 [−(𝑥 + 2)]𝑑𝑥 + ∫−2(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 −2 𝑥2 0
= (− 2 − 2𝑥) + ( 2 + 2𝑥)
−4 −2
(−2)2 (−4)2
= {[− − 2(−2)] − [− − 2(−4)]}
2 2
2
(0) (−2)2
+ {[ + 2(0)] − [ + 2(−2)]}
2 2
= [(−2 + 4) − (−8 + 8)] + [(0) − (2 − 4)]
=2+2
=4

1.2.11.4 Definite Integral of Odd and Even Functions

Sometimes we can simplify a definite integral if we recognize that the

function that we are integrating is an even function or an odd function. To find out
whether the function is even or odd, we need to substitute −𝑥 into the function for
𝑥. If we get back the original function 𝑓(𝑥), the function is even. If we get back the
original function multiplied by −1, the function is odd. In other words,

If 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), the function is even

If 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), the function is odd

Once you already identified whether a function is odd or even, you can now
use the rules for integrating odd and even functions provided that the limit of
integration must have the same number but opposite in sign, in short, the interval
must be from −𝑎 to 𝑎 or interval is [−𝑎, 𝑎]. These rules are as follows:

When 𝑓(𝑥 ) is even,

𝑎 𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

When 𝑓(𝑥 ) is odd,

𝑎
∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
 20
Calculus 2

Examples:
3
1. Evaluate ∫−3(6𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 .
Solution:
Check whether 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 + 3 is an odd or even function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 + 3
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 6(−𝑥)2 + 3
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 + 3
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑥), therefore 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 6𝑥 2 + 3 is an even function
3 3
∫−3(6𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 (6𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥
3
= 2[2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 ]
0
= 2{[2(3)3 + 3(3)] − [2(0)3 + 3(0)]}
= 2[(54 + 9) − 0]
= 126
2
2. Evaluate ∫−2(2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Check whether 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 is an odd or even function
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = 2(−𝑥)5 + 4(−𝑥)3 − 2(−𝑥)
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −2𝑥 5 − 4𝑥 3 + 2𝑥
𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −(2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥)

𝑓 (−𝑥 ) = −𝑓(𝑥), therefore 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 is an odd function

Therefore,
2
∫−2(2𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 =0

1.2.11.5 Wallis’ Formula

𝜋
Wallis’ formula is for definite integrals from 0 to 2
of powers of sine and
cosine. You’ll need to adjust the results for other intervals of integration. For odd
powers, for some intervals, you’ll get zero because results in different quadrants
cancel each other.

The Wallis’ formula is

𝜋
[(𝑚−1)(𝑚−3)(𝑚−5)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)][(𝑛−1)(𝑛−3)(𝑛−5)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)]
∫02 sin𝑚 𝑥cos 𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = (𝑚+𝑛)(𝑚+𝑛−2)(𝑚+𝑛−4)…(2 𝑜𝑟 1)
𝛼

𝜋
where: 𝛼= if 𝑚 an 𝑛 are both even
2
𝛼 = 1 otherwise
Note: If the first factor for sine is less than 1, that is, m – 1 <1, replace the string of
product by unity. Do the same thing for cosine if n – 1 < 1.
 21
Calculus 2

Examples
𝜋
1. Evaluate ∫02 sin8 𝑥cos 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 .
Solution:
𝜋
[(8−1)(8−3)(8−5)(8−7)][(4−1)(4−3)] 𝜋
∫02 sin8 𝑥cos 4 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = [(8+4)(8+4−2)(8+4−4)(8+4−6)(8+4−8)(8+4−10)] ( 2 )
[(7)(5)(3)(1)][(3)(1)] 𝜋
= [(12)(10)(8)(6)(4)(2)] ( 2 )
7𝜋
= 2048

𝜋
2. Evaluate ∫0 sin5 𝑢cos 6 𝑢𝑑𝑢.
2

Solution:
𝜋
[(5−1)(5−3)][(6−1)(6−3)(6−5)]
∫02 sin5 𝑢cos 6 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = [(5+6)(5+6−2)(5+6−4)(5+6−6)(5+6−8)(5+6−10)] (1)
[(4)(2)][(5)(3)(1)]
= [(11)(9)(7)(5)(3)(1)] (1)
8
= 693

𝜋
3. Evaluate ∫02 sin6 𝑦𝑑𝑦.
Solution:
𝜋
[(6−1)(6−3)(6−5)] 𝜋
∫02 sin6 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ( )
[(6)(6−2)(6−4)] 2
[(5)(3)(1)] 𝜋
= [(6)(4)(2)] ( 2 )
5𝜋
= 32

👉 Exercise #3: Use separate sheet/s (short bond paper) for your solutions
and answers.
A. Evaluate the given integral by any applicable integration formula.
1 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
1. ∫0 4. ∫2
√1+8𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑥
3 2 1
2. ∫1 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 5. ∫−2(2𝑥 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 cos 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3. ∫0 sin4 𝑥

B. Evaluate the following integrals using Wallis’ formula.

𝜋 𝜋
2
1. ∫0 sin 𝑥𝑑𝑥
2 4. ∫0 cos 3 𝛼 𝑑𝛼
2

𝜋 𝜋
2. ∫02 sin3 𝑢 cos 3 𝑢𝑑𝑢 5. ∫02 sin4 𝛽 cos 5 𝛽𝑑𝛽
𝜋
3. ∫02 cos 6 𝑢sin7 𝑢𝑑𝑢
 22
Calculus 2

1.3 References

Barcellos. (2016, April 20). Wallis's formula for integrals of powers of sine and cosine
[web log]. http://arcmathblog.blogspot.com/2014/11/walliss-formula-for-
integrals-of-powers.html.
CHED (2016). Basic Calculus Teaching Guide for Senior High School.
https://www.teacherph.com/basic-calculus-senior-high-school-shs-teaching-
guide/.
De Vera, L. (2015, July 18). Definite Integrals. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/phaxawayako28/lesson-8-the-definite-integrals.
Gonzales, R. and Ocampo, R. (2018). Differential Calculus. 369 Culianin, Plaridel,
Bulacan: St. Andrew Publishing House.
Hughes-Hallett, D., McCallum, W. G. & Gleason, A. M. (Eds.). (2017). Calculus Single
Variable (Seventh Edition). United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Jindal, L. (2013, April 6). Definite Integration. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/lohit91/definite-integration.

King, K. (2021). Definite Integrals of Even and Odd Functions.

https://www.kristakingmath.com/blog/definite-integrals-for-even-and-odd-
functions
Larson, R., and Edwards, B. (2016). Calculus (Tenth Edition). Singapore: Cengage
Learning Asia Pte Ltd.
Love, C. E., & Rainville, E. D. (1969). Differential and Integral Calculus (Sixth Edition).
New York: The Macmillan Company.
Marsh, J. (2018, February 1). Uses Of Calculus In Real Life.
https://medium.com/@john_marsh7/uses-of-calculus-in-real-life-
1bee5ea9f32d.
OpenStax. (2019, June 6). 5.6: Integrals Involving Exponential and Logarithmic Functions.
https://math.libretexts.org/Courses/Monroe_Community_College/MTH_21
1_Calculus_II/Chapter_5:_Integration/5.6:_Integrals_Involving_Exponential_
and_Logarithmic_Functions.
Shaifullslam56. (2019, October 24). Definite Integral and Properties of Definite Integral.
SlideShare. https://www.slideshare.net/ShaifulIslam56/definite-integral-
and-properties-of-definite-integral.
UAA (n.d.). Integrating an Absolute Value.
http://www.math.uaa.alaska.edu/~afmaf/classes/math251/notes/integral_
absolute.pdf

1.4 Acknowledgment

The images, tables, figures and information contained in this module were
taken from the references cited above.