Tractors
Tractors
Tractors
1. Clutch:
Clutch is a device, used to connect and disconnect the tractor engine from the transmission gears
and drive wheels. Clutch transmits power by means of friction between driving members and
driven members.
Differential Lock:
Differential lock is a device to join both half axles of the tractor so that even if one wheel is under
less resistance, the tractor comes out from the mud etc. as both wheels move with the same speed
and apply equal traction.
Final Drive:
Final drive is a gear reduction unit in the power trains between the Differential and the Drive
wheels. Final drive transmits the power finally to the rear axle and the wheels. The tractor rear
wheels are not directly attached to the half shafts but the drive is taken through a pair of spur gears.
Each half shaft terminates in a small gear which meshes with a large gear called Bull gear. The
Bull gear is mounted on the shaft, carrying the tractor rear wheel. The device for final speed
reduction, suitable for tractor rear wheels is known as Final drive mechanism.
Working Principle:
The working principle of hydraulic system is based on Pascal’s law. This law states that the
pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally in all directions. Small force acting on
small area can produce higher force on a surface of larger area.
Figure 2: hydraulic power transmission
1. Drawbar Hitch:
Drawbar is a device by which the pulling power of the tractor is transmitted to the trailing
implement. It consists of a crossbar with suitable holes, attached to the lower hitch links. It is fitted
at the rear part of the tractor.
It is a combination of three links, one is upper link and two are lower links the links articulated to
the tractor and the implements at their ends in order to connect the implement to the tractor.
Implement Control:
The tractor with a built-in lift system is connected to the implement through a specific type of
mechanical linkage termed as Three-point linkage and the system is known as Mounted system.
The implement is connected to the tractor hydraulic system at two bottom links and one top link.
Both the bottom links are connected to two lift arms through lift links.
The lift arms are directly mounted on a rock shaft which is further connected to the piston rod.
Any movement of the piston is transferred to the bottom links. The top link is used for connecting
the third hitch point of the implement and is adjustable for maintaining the implement level and
suction angle. Load sensing for the draft control can also be done through the top link which is
spring loaded. In some tractors the lower links are spring loaded for draft sensing.
Depending upon the soil condition and type of operation the mounted implement can be controlled
either by Position control or Draft control.
Weight Transfer:
Rear part of the tractor is heavier than the front part to get higher tractive efficiency. However,
sufficient weight on the front axle is also required to facilitate easy steering and to compensate the
effect due to weight transfer. When the load is pulled, the tendency of front axle is to become light
by losing some weight and the same adds to the rear axle.
The higher the pull, the greater is the weight transfer. Mathematically this can be represented by-
Figure 3a: disassembled PTO shaft Figure 3b: assembled PTO shaft
8. Belt Pulley:
All tractors are provided with a belt pulley. The function of the pulley is to transmit power from
the tractor to stationary machinery by means of a belt. It is used to operate thresher, centrifugal
pumps, silage cutter and several other machines.
The pulley is located either on the left, right or rear side of the tractor. The pulley drive is engaged
or disengaged from the engine by means of a clutch. The pulley is generally made of cast iron or
cast steel.
However, there are certain applications and operations where ballasting is needed and reasonable.
Those situations can be clustered in two main topics:
1. To prevent an unbalanced situation on the tractor, e.g. when working with a heavy front
loader and adding ballast in the rear hitch or on the rear axle, or when using a front ballast
as a counterweight for a heavy rear hitch. With higher loads on one end, the maximum
speed may be reduced for both the axle and the tires. Ballasting can help counter this
unbalance to lessen the need to lower speed.
2. To make the tractor heavier to transmit more force to the soil, e.g. for implements with
lower working speed like a plow where the operational speed is less than 6 mph. Here, all
Figure 4: ballast
the engine power is transformed into a high torque on the axles, which means high forces
in the contact patch between tire and soil. In this instance more weight means better grip
for force transmission to the ground.
C. Add weight on the rear wheel: weights are added to the wheel for a better traction control
Moldboard plow
Moldboard plows are:
One of the oldest of all agricultural implements
It is considered to be the most important tillage implement
It consumes more traction energy than any other operation
It cuts loose the furrow slice, inverts the furrow slice more or less in pulverized form
It is used for covering grass into soil immediately after rains
Disc Plough
The disc plough is such a farm implement, which is designed to work in all types of soil for
functions. This Disc Plough used to break the hardpan of new fields and to work in the stony areas.
Plough can be used easily in rocky and rooted areas. It is especially useful in hard and dry trashy
farmland conditions and in soils where scouring is a big issue. Plough is being produced with 2-3-
4 and 5 bottoms with an option for an extra kit for furrow.
The disc plough’s is a rolling type plough, but the MB plough is not like that, which is dragged
inside the soil. The soil in which MB plough is either difficult or not advisable to operate in this
soil disc plough could be easily operable. This plough creates no suction. Disc plough’s penetration
depends on the disc angles and the weight on the plough.
Plough inverts the soil pan when used with scrapers. It cannot be used at high speed because for
cutting action slow speed is necessary.
Disc Plough Advantages
They specified in terms of diameter and edge thickness i.e. 26 x 3/16 where 26 inches and 3/16
inch are diameter and thickness of the disc material in inches.
Discs could lift, pulverize, partially invert and throw the soil to an open furrow at one side Shallow
concavity permits a greater angle to the line of travel.
Scraper
It is the most essential part of each disc because each disc has one scraper Gives a good turning
effect for better coverage.
Disc to get a better pulverization it is important to clean.
Scrapers to place low to catch and turn the furrow slice before it falls away from the disc.
Plough frame
Standards are attached to plough frame. The frame has the provision of adjustment of disc
angle, adding weights.
Cross shaft
Positioned at the extreme front of the plough & at a right angle to the frame. Ends of the cross
shaft are cranked to which the lower links are attached.
Disc bearing
Tapped roller bearings are used to take the soil trust load.
Figure 8: Trailer
The V-belt acts as a transmission belt. Connecting the V-belt pulleys, it transmits the force from
the engine to the ancillary components including the alternator, the hydraulic pump for the power
steering and to other agricultural machinery.
V belts (also style V-belts, vee belts, rubber belts or, less commonly, wedge rope) solved the
slippage and alignment problem. It is now the basic belt for power transmission. They provide the
best combination of traction, speed of movement, load of the bearings, and long service life. They
are generally endless, and their general cross-section shape is roughly trapezoidal (hence the name
"V"). The "V" shape of the belt tracks in a mating groove in the pulley (or sheave), with the result
that the belt cannot slip off. The belt also tends to wedge into the groove as the load increases—
the greater the load, the greater the wedging action—improving torque transmission and making
the V-belt an effective solution, needing less width and tension than flat belts.
It is used to for power transmission. It does not used for accuracy machines like planting.
Figure 9: V-Belt
Chains
It is used to transmit high torque with less speed. It is more accurate than v belt. This type of belt
is used for planting, harvesting, threshing. Unlike v-belts chains have a good abrasive and impact
resistance. On the other hand, this chain needs to daub grease lubrication frequently to maintain.