Chapter 2.1 - Energy, Energy Transfer - General Energy Analysis
Chapter 2.1 - Energy, Energy Transfer - General Energy Analysis
Chapter 2.1 - Energy, Energy Transfer - General Energy Analysis
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CHAPTER 2a
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CONTENTS
Forms of Energy
Energy Transfer by Heat
Energy Transfer by Work
Mechanical Forms of Work
The First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy Conversion Efficiencies
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LESSON OBJECTIVES
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FORMS OF ENERGY
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FORMS OF ENERGY
Energy exists in numerous forms (thermal, mechanical, chemical, kinetic,
potential, electric, magnetic & nuclear)
The sum of the energies is the total energy, E (kJ)
Or for a unit mass, E
e (kJ/kg)
m
Grouping of
Energy forms
energy of a system as a whole with respect to some
macroscopic outside reference frames, e.g. KE, PE
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E U KE PE U m 2 mgz UNIT ?
2
1 2
e u ke pe u gz UNIT ?
2
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Energy in Closed System
Energy Interaction
Forms of energy not stored in the system
It is also called dynamic forms of energy
Recognized as it crosses boundary,
represent energy lost or gain
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ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT
(cont’d)
Amount of heat transferred is denoted by Q (kJ)
For a unit mass: Q
q (kJ/kg)
m
Sign Convention for Heat:
Q positive indicates heat input
Q negative indicates heat lost
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ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT
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ENERGY TRANSFER BY HEAT
(cont’d)
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
Conduction Convection Radiation
The work done per unit time is Power (unit kJ/s or kW):
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ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK
(cont’d)
Sign convention for work:
W positive indicates work done by system (work output)
W negative indicates work done on the system (work input)
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ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK
(cont’d)
Heat vs. Work
Both are recognized at the boundaries
of a system as they cross the
boundaries. That is, both heat and work
are boundary phenomena.
Systems possess energy, but not heat
or work.
Both are associated with a process, not
a state.
Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
Both are path functions (i.e., their
magnitudes depend on the path followed Properties are point functions; but heat
during a process as well as the end and work are path functions (their
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states). magnitudes depend on the path 18
followed).
ENERGY TRANSFER BY WORK
(cont’d)
Electrical work
Electrical power
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MECHANICAL FORMS OF
WORK
There are two requirements for a work interaction between a system and
its surroundings to exist:
there must be a force acting on the boundary.
the boundary must move.
Shaft work is
Shaft work: proportional to the
torque applied and the
number of revolutions
of the shaft.
The power transmitted through the shaft is the shaft work done per unit time
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SPRING WORK
When the length of the spring changes by a
differential amount dx under the influence of a force
F, the work done is:
The total or net work done by the system = algebraic sum of all work
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Class Takeaway
3. Express total energy and for each of the terms, indicate the unit.
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