Bab 2

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Chapter 2

Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis


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We will soon learn how to apply the first law of
thermodynamics as the expression of the
conservation of energy principle. But, first we
study the ways in which energy may be
transported across the boundary of a general
thermodynamic system. For closed systems
(fixed mass systems) energy can cross the
boundaries of a closed system only in the form
of heat or work. For open systems or control
volumes energy can cross the control surface in
the form of heat, work, and energy transported
by the mass streams crossing the control
surface. We now consider each of these modes
of energy transport across the boundaries of the
general thermodynamic system.

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Energy

Consider the system shown below moving with a velocity, at an elevation Z


relative to the reference plane.
Energy of system:

General
CM  -Kinetic energy
V
System
-Potential energy
-Internal energy
Z

Reference Plane, Z=0

The total energy E of a system is the sum of all forms of energy that can exist within
the system such as thermal, mechanical, kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic,
chemical, and nuclear. The total energy of the system is normally thought of as the
sum of the internal energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy. The internal energy
U is that energy associated with the molecular structure of a system and the
degree of the molecular activity (see Section 2-1 of text for more detail).

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The kinetic energy KE exists as a result of the system's motion
relative to an external reference frame. When the system moves
with velocity the kinetic energy is expressed as

2
V
KE  m ( kJ )
2

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The energy that a system possesses as a result of its elevation in a gravitational field
relative to the external reference frame is called potential energy PE and is
expressed as

PE  mgZ ( kJ )

where g is the gravitational acceleration and z is the elevation of the center of gravity
of a system relative to the reference frame. The total energy of the system is
expressed as
E  U  KE  PE ( kJ )

or, on a unit mass basis,


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E U KE PE kJ
e    ( )
m m m m kg
2
V
 u  gZ
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where e = E/m is the specific stored energy, and u = U/m is the specific internal
energy. The change in stored energy of a system is given by
E  U  KE  PE ( kJ )
Most closed systems remain stationary during a process and, thus, experience no
change in their kinetic and potential energies. The change in the stored energy is
identical to the change in internal energy for stationary systems.

If KE = PE = 0,

E  U ( kJ )

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Energy Transfer by Heat

Recall that heat is energy in transition across the system boundary solely due to the
temperature difference between the system and its surroundings. The net heat
transferred to a system is defined as
Qnet   Qin   Qout
Here, Qin and Qout are the magnitudes of the heat transfer values. In most
thermodynamics texts, the quantity Q is meant to be the net heat transferred to the
system, Qnet. Since heat transfer is process dependent, the differential of heat
transfer Q is called inexact. We often think about the heat transfer per unit mass of
the system, Q. 14
Q
q
m
Heat transfer has the units of energy measured in joules (we will use kilojoules,
kJ) or the units of energy per unit mass, kJ/kg.

Since heat transfer is energy in transition across the system boundary due to a
temperature difference, there are three modes of heat transfer at the boundary
that depend on the temperature difference between the boundary surface and the
surroundings. These are conduction, convection, and radiation. However, when
solving problems in thermodynamics involving heat transfer to a system, the heat
transfer is usually given or is calculated by applying the first law, or the
conservation of energy, to the system.

An adiabatic process is one in which the system is perfectly insulated and the
heat transfer is zero.

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Energy Transfer by Work

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1. Sebuah Tangki berisi fluida yang ddinginkan dengan cara di stir. Energi dalam (U1)
dari fluida sebesar 750 kJ. Selama proses pendinginan, energi panas yang hilang
sebesar 400 kJ. Nilai kerja dari sistem sebesar 100kJ. Hitung nilai energi dalam akhir
(U2) dari sistem !

2. Sebuah ruangan dengan temperature diluar ruangan adalah 27oC, Kemudian sebuah
kipas angin dengan konsumsi daya sebesar 350W dinyalakan (seperti gambar disamping).
Laju perpindahan panas antara didalam dan diluar ruangan dinyatakan dengan Q = UA
(Ti-To), dimana U= 10 W/m2.oC adalah koefisien perpindahan panas secara menyeluruh,
A= 35m2 adalah luas permukaan yang terekspose panas didalam ruangan, dan Ti dan To
adalah temperatur didalam dan diluar ruangan, secaa berturut-turut. Hitung temperature
didalam ruangan ketika kondisi operasi yang steady diterapkan!

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