GE1 REVIEWER  This knowledge is brought out by Socratic approach

2. Plato
 Founded the Academy
 Dichotomy between ideal (World of Forms) and material
world
Philosophy comes from two Greek words philos which means “love”
 The components of the soul; rational soul, spirited soul,
and sophia which means “wisdom.”
and appetitive soul
 instituted by Pythagoras (c.570–495 BCE).  Appetitive Soul – responsible for the desires and
cravings
Concerning matters, for example, presence, information, values,  Rational soul – thinking reasoning and judging
reason, psyche, and dialect. aspect
 Spirited soul – accountable for emotions and rule of
reasoning
ORIGIN AND LOGIC 3. St. Augustine
 Man is of bifurcated nature
1. Search for truth  Two aspects: Imperfect (earthly) and capable of
2. Search means to look for something reaching immortality
3. Search for meaning  Goal of the person: To attain communion with the
• Importance divine.
• Significance  The world of materials is not our final home but only
• Value temporary one.
• Relevance  The real world is the one where God is.
4. Philosophy asks a lot of questions 4. St. Thomas Aquinas – Matter and form
 Matter (hyle) – common stuff that makes up everything
 Form (morpe) – essence of the living
5. Rene Descartes – Father of Modern Philosophy
 “I think, therefore I am”
Philosophers  Doubts the existence of the own physical body
 Hyperbolical Doubt
6. John Locke – Our identity is locked in mind, soul or body only.
 Tabula Rasa - hypothetical primary blank or empty
1. Socrates
state
 problem of the self
7. David Hume - “All knowledges is derived from human senses”
 Dualistic – every man is composed of body and soul
 Empiricism
 “An unexamined life is not worth of living”
 Bundle Theory – impressions collection
 There is a soul before body, existing in the realm of ideas.
 Impressions – vivid, product of direct experience
 Ideas – copies of impressions; imagination
 8. Gilbert Ryle – Denies existence of internal non-physical self He separates the process of maturation into overall psychosexual stages
 Self is a name for all behavior that affect the child’s discovery through the physical pleasures linked to
9. Merleau – Ponty – Denies the dualistic ideas
SIGMUND FREUD PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
 The mind and body cannot be separated
10. Immanuel Kant – German Philo Stage Age Range What happen at this
 Kant argued that the human mind creates and structures stage?
 Man is the only creature who governs and direct himself Oral Stage 0-1 MOUTH
 A person should not be used as tool, instrument or Anal Stage 2-3 POTTY
device Phallic Stage 3-6 Mother and son
Father and daugther
Socialization - It is important because it helps uphold societies and Latency Stage 6- puberty Interact with same
cultures and it is also a key part of individual development. Study exhibits peers
Genital Stage Beyond puberty Attracted to opposite
that we are stirred by both:
sex peers
Nature - is the hormonal and genetic and composition
Nurture-it is the cultural surroundings in which we are upraised 2. Charles Horton Cooley - pioneered the sociological perspectives on
the self-development.
 declared that the people’s understanding of the self is
Sociology - is nearly concerned with the way that influences our behavior constructed,” looking glass self”
patterns. It is broad by the manner of behavior differ from class and gender.  The perception that our look is going to change how some
others view.
Self-development according to the psychological theories it has been 3. George Herbert Mead - precocious a more elaborated sociological
broadened by sociologists who explicitly examine the social interaction and approach to the self.
the role of the society  According to Mead, it broke the self-down into two
Mead and Cooley both impart importantly to the sociological understanding components or “phases,” the “I” and the “me.”
of the development of the self  “Me” represents the part of the self as “organized sets of
attitudes”
Carol Gilligan and Lawrence Kohlberg developed their concepts further,  “I” on the others’ hand, represents the portion of the self that
exploring how our awareness of morality develops. acts on its own drive
Gilligan also added the concept of gender differences to Kohlberg’s theory.
Human beings are born, with natural traits and genetic makeup.

1. Sigmund Freud - Psychoanalyst.

He is a modern scientist to put away the theory about on how to develop the
meaning of self.
Anthropology - study of people, past and present. It is centering on the
understanding the human condition in its cultural aspect.

Anthropological perspective of self

Self plays the role of socialization and language, and the types of self-bring
forth the individual journeys to and through adulthood.
Anthropologists take an encompassing approach to the study of humanity.
They acquire that no understanding of human beings is complete without the
study of the full range of the human phenomenon.

 as individuals, may concentrate their studies on a specific society or

aspect of the human being
Culture is a powerful agent information of the decisions and actions of
humans in the given situation

 method of inherited conceptions uttered in symbolic forms by means

of which people communicate, perpetuate and develop their
knowledge about and attitudes toward life.
o Material includes all the concrete and visible parts of
culture, which includes foods, clothes, and even buildings
o Non- Material - it refers to the nonphysical concepts that
people have about the culture, including values, beliefs,
norms, rules, morals, language, organizations, and
institutions

 Nature - it refers to genetic inheritance which sets the individual's

potentials.
Means that to all the genetic and hereditary factors that
influence who we are from our physical appearance to our
personality characteristics.
 Nurture refers to the sociocultural environment.
It means that to all the environmental variables that upshot
who we are, including our early childhood experiences, how we were
raised, our social relationships, and our surrounding culture.
Max Weber mentioned that anthropology has emphasized that culture is not
the behavior itself but the joint understandings that guide behavior and are
explicit in behavior.
Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson called this case as IDENTITY
STRUGGLES.