PHILOSOPHY Dichotomy between ideal/real world (Theory of Forms)

and the world of materials

Combination of two Greek word Philia and Sophia
which means love for wisdom Theory of Forms – refers to what are real and not
objects that are not encountered with senses but can only
Study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and be grasped intellectually
existence especially in academic discipline
Three (3) Components of the Soul
A particular theory that someone has, it is about how to
live or how to deal with a particular situation 1. The reason (mind) – rational and is the motivation
for goodness and truth
Academic discipline concerned with investigating the
nature of significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs 2. The spirited (emotions) – non-rational and the will
or the drive toward action, is initially neutral but can be
SOCRATES influenced or pulled in two directions

Father of Philosophy and was a Greek philosopher 3. The appetites (wants/needs) - are irrational and lean
towards the desire for pleasures of the body
Was concerned with the problem of the self
ARISTOTLE
Dualistic approach - every man is composed of body
and soul ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

Wanted to discover the essential nature of knowledge, Was a Christian philosopher

justice beauty, and goodness
The concern was with God and man’s relationship with
However, he was not a writer, a lot of his thoughts were God
only known through Plato’s writing (The Dialogues)
The world of materials is not our final home but only
There is a soul before the body, existing in the realm of temporary one because the real world is the one where
ideas God is

Once the soul comes into the material world (world The self is in search of happiness because humans have
where we exist), the soul forgets everything eudaemonic characteristics (our satisfaction in life is
derived from happiness)
Socratic Method/Dialectic Method
Two (2) Aspects of a Person
Is considered to be the foundation of critical thinking
1. Soul – capable of reaching immortality, a world
This is his way of discovering what is essential in the where we should strive to be in because that is the world
world and in people where God is

It involves the search for the correct/proper definition of 2. Body - dwells in the world and is imperfect
a thing
RENE DESCARTES
Teaching by asking questions (Psychology)
Father of modern philosophy
“An unexamined life is not worth living”. - Socrates
He stated that the self is composed of body and mind
PLATO
Considered as one of the Rationalist Philosopher of
Was the student of Socrates and supported his ideas Europe
about the dualistic nature of man
Mind and body problem
Founded The Academy (considered as prototype of
today’s universities) Mind is a thing that thinks while Body is extension of
the mind that works for its thoughts, it is like a machine
Real name was Aristocles, he was nicknamed Plato that that is controlled by the will and aided by the mind
(because of his body built) which means “wide/broad”
“I think, Therefore I Am” - Rene Descartes
For Kant, a self must exist or there could be no memory
Hyperbolical Doubt or knowledge

Also known as cartesian doubt Transcendental apperception - term Kant used for the
experience of the self and its unity with objects
To doubt is to think and to think is to live or to exist
SIGMUND FREUD
JOHN LOCKE
Is NOT the father of Psychology
His interest is on the workings of the human mind,
particularly the acquisition of knowledge Is the father of Psychoanalytic Theory

He believed that knowledge results from ideas produced He believes that the behavior of a person is influenced
a posteriori (objects that were experienced) by childhood experiences and unconscious behavior

Tabula Rasa - blank state; nothing exists in the mind For Freud, a person is governed by two unconscious
that was not first in the senses drives, Eros (sex/pleasure) and Thanatos
(death/pain/aggression)
2 Forms of How We Attain Knowledge
Three Provinces of the Mind (probably inspired by
1. Sensation – experienced through senses Plato)

2. Reflection – how the mind looks at the objects that 1. Id – pleasure principle (ex: reason why you want to
were experienced sleep during discussion)

DAVID HUME 2. Ego – reality principle, one in contact with reality.

Allows you to think about something before doing it)
After reading the philosophy of Locke, he never again
entertained any belief in religion 3. Superego – morality principle, tells you what to do
and what should not do
He was an empiricist and was given credit for giving
empiricism its clearest formulation GILBERT RYLE

His analysis proceeded that the mind receives materials Contradicted Cartesian Dualism
from the senses and called it perceptions
He argued that dualism involves category mistake and is
Perception -make up together the content of human a philosophical nonsense
mind
Argued that what truly matters is the behavior that a
Two (2) Types of Perceptions person manifests in his day-to-day life

1. Impressions – are immediate sensation of external Distinguished between knowing-that and knowing-how
reality - all begins here, without it, there will be no
formation of ideas Knowing-that -knowing facts or information

2. Ideas – recollections of these impressions Knowing-how - using facts in the performance of some
skill or technical activities (behavior) Just knowing-that
According to Hume, words are only meaningful if and is considered as empty intellectualism
only if they can be traced to impressions and ideas or
ideas that copy impressions PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND

IMMANUEL KANT Patricia Churchland – known for her claims that a

person’s brain is responsible for the identity known as
Argued that the mind is not just a passive receiver of self, the biochemical properties of the brain is
sense experience but rather actively participates in responsible for man’s thoughts, feelings and behavior
knowing the objects it experiences

Instead of the mind conforming to the world, it is the

external world that conforms to the mind
Neurophilosophy Theory of the Social Behaviorism

Was coined by Patricia Churchland who together with Self is not present at birth but begins as a central
her husband, Paul Churchland character in a child’s world

The study of philosophy of the mind, philosophy of Children see themselves as the center of their universe
science, neuroscience and psychology and is having difficulty understanding other around them

Aims to explore the relevance of neuroscientific As these children grow and mature, there is a change in
experiments or studies to the philosophy of the mind the self, they begin to see other people and is now
concerned about people’s reactions
MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Stages of Mead’s Social Self
Denies the dualistic ideas
1. The Preparatory Stage
He stated that the mind and body cannot be separated
because both give humans a sense of self Children’s behavior are primary based on imitation

Phenomenology of Perception - one of his written Children become familiar with the symbols (verbal and
works where he described the nature of man’s non-verbal) that people use in their interactions
perceptual contact with the world
Symbols are the basis of communication
Phenomenology - it provided a direct description of
human experiences 2. The Play Stage

Perception -forms the background of experience which Skills at knowing and understanding the symbols of
serves to guide man’s conscious actions communication is important for this constitutes the basis
for socialization
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE SELF
Children begin to role play and pretend to be other
SOCIOLOGY people

One of the disciplines in the social sciences which aims Role-taking (role playing) is the process of mentally
to discover the ways by which the social surrounding or assuming the perspective of another person to see how
environment influences people’s thoughts, feelings and this person might behave /respond in a given situation
behavior
3. The Game Stage
Though the main focus is in understanding, the need to
know and be aware of social processes may make people The child is about eight or nine years old and does more
see themselves better when they realize how the social than just a roletake
world impacts on their existence
The child begins to consider several tasks and various
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD types of relationships simultaneously

His main interests were philosophy and psychology The child now has the ability to respond not just to one
but several members of his social environment
Wrote and published many articles and book reviews but
did not publish any book, it was his students who put Generalized others - was what Mead used to explain
together his numerous writings and edited them for the behavior of the person when he/she sees considers
publication other people in the course of his actions

Used Social behaviorism to describe the power of the CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
environment in shaping human behavior
Was an American sociologist who made use of the
Described the self as “dimensions of personality that is sociopsychological approach to understanding how
made-up of the individual’s self awareness and self- societies work
image”
In his written work Human Nature and The Social Order,
Stated that the self can’t be separated from the society he discussed the formation of the self through
interaction
He stated that people learn who they are though their Suggests that human beings are the same and very
social interaction with other people different at the same time

Looking-glass self ARCHAEOLOGY

The self that is a product of social interaction Its focus is the past and how it may have contributed to
the present ways of how people conduct their daily lives
Asserts that the view we have of ourselves comes from
the contemplation of personal qualities and impressions Archaeological data suggest that in many places around
of how others perceive us the world homo sapiens did not become extinct because
of their ability to think, use tools and learn from
Three (3) Phases of Process of Developing experience, they have adapted and gained dominance
over all of earth’s creatures
1. People imagine how they present themselves to others
Survival – most important aspect of human nature
2. People imagine how others evaluate them
BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY
3. People develop some sort of feeling about themselves
as a result of those impressions Focus primarily on how the human body adapts to the
different earth environments, how biological
“Today, I am not what I think I am; I am not what you characteristics of human beings affect how they lived
think I am; I am what I think you think I am” - Charles their life
Cooley
Looks at the probable causes of disease, physical
ERVING GOFFMAN mutation and death

Was a Canadian-American sociologist known for his Knows how human beings might have evolved from
role in the development of Modern American Sociology their early forms

Dramaturgical Approach - people doing real social Where comparative studies on human beings both dead
interaction like that of a theatrical presentation and living and other primates are done

Impression Management - process of altering how the LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY

person presents himself to others
Study how language and modes of communication
Face Work – usually observed in situations where face- change over time
saving measures are resorted to in he maintenance of a
proper image of the self in frustrating and embarrassing Language identifies a group of people, the words,
situations symbols, writings and signs that are used are reflections
of a group’s culture
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE
SELF Focuses on using language as a means of to discover a
group’s manner of social interaction and his world view
ANTHROPOLOGY
CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY
Field of social sciences that focuses on the study of man
Culture – described as a group of people’s way of life,
Does not pertain only to one aspect of man but rather on including behavior, beliefs, values, and symbols that
the totality of what it means to be human they accept that are socially transmitted through
communication and imitation from generation to
Physical and biological characteristics, social generation
relationships and influences of his culture from the dawn
of civilization to the present Interested in knowing what makes one group’s manner
of living particular to that group and forms as essential
Four (4) Subfields of Anthropology part of the member’s personal and societal identity
1. Archaeology
2. Biological Anthropology
3. Linguistics
4. Cultural Anthropology
Theory of Cultural Determinism One of the most controversial debates/issues in
psychology
The contention that culture has a strong impact on how a
person view himself The basic tenet of this debate is centered on whether the
child is born with the capacities and abilities that
Human nature is determined by the ideas, meanings, develop naturally over time regardless of upbringing, or
beliefs and values learned as member of a society whether the child needs social interaction and society in
order to shape them
Ways in which culture may manifest itself in people
Nature – the role of genetics in forming our behavior,
1. Symbols personality or any other part of ourselves

Are the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a Nurture – the role of family, society, education and
recognized/accepted meaning in a particular culture other social factors in forming our behavior, our
personality or any other part of ourselves
Can be shaped or copied by other cultures
WILLIAM JAMES
2. Heroes
Was an American philosopher and psychologist known
Are persons from the past or present who have for being one of the greatest pragmatists
characteristics that are important in a culture; models for
behavior; may be real or fictitious Known for his Theory of the Self, written in his
published book entitled, “The Principles of Psychology”
3. Rituals
Wrote many articles on both Philosophy and Psychology
Are activities (may be religious/social) participated in by
a group of people for the fulfillment of desired Five (5) Characteristics of Thoughts
objectives and are considered to be socially essential
1. All human thoughts are owned by some personal self
4. Values
2. All thoughts are constantly changing or are never
Considered to be the core of every culture static

PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF THE 3. There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts

SELF from one object to another

PSYCHOLOGY 4. Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and
independent of consciousness itself
Field of the social sciences that deals with the
description, explanation, prediction and control of 5. Consciousness can focus on particular objects and not
behavior others

Believes that the world of material things including The Me and I

people exists independently of the perceiving human
mind 1. Me Self/Empirical me

Connected to the study of human behavior is the concept Can be considered as a separate object or individual that
of the self the person refers to when discussing or describing their
personal experiences
Psychologist have provided their own explanation of the
self to have a clearer and better understanding of the Ex: The gifts were sent to ME. The person is smiling at
individual and human behavior ME.

NATURE V.S NURTURE 2. I Self/Pure go/Thinking self

Are we born with our capabilities, knowledge, morals Self that knows and recognizes who they are and what
and values or does society shape, cultivate and support they have done
our infant into a full member of humanity?
Similar to the person’s soul/mind
Comprises the totality of the person’s identity; takes into Two (2) Forces Affecting a Person
account the past, present and future selves of the
individual 1. Togetherness
2. Individuality
Ex: I borrowed the book from the library. I won the
game. A balance should be maintained between these two.

Three (3) components of the ME self Too much togetherness creates friction and conflict and
prevents the development of the sense of self
1. The Material Self
Too much individuality results in distant and estrange
Things/objects that belong to the person or entities that a feelings towards other people
person belongs to
CARL ROGERS
Ex: person’s body(is the core of material self), family,
clothes, books, money An American Psychologist who proposed the
personality theory known as the Person-Centered
2. The Social Self Theory

Who the person is in a particular social situation Person-Centered Theory – Stated that there should be
depending on who is he/she with congruence between self concepts for a person to be
happy and satisfied with his/her life; if the real self is
3. The Spiritual Self very different from the ideal self then the person will
experience dissatisfaction and may see itself as a failure.
Self that is more concrete/permanent when compared to
the other two Self-concept – used to refer to how a person thinks
about or perceives himself
Most subjective and intimate part of the self Ex:
personality, values, morals Two (2) types of Self-Concept

Introspection (self-observation) 1. Real self-concept (Who am I?)

A process where the spiritual self is always engaging All information and perception of the person has about
himself; who he/she is
A method that includes reflecting or looking inward to
study and understand the how and why of the self 2. Ideal self-concept (Who do I want to be?)

GLOBAL AND DIFFEENTIATED SELF Model version the person has of himself, what the
person aims to be
Global Self – represents the overall value that a person
places upon himself; this affects how he/she views and E. TORY HIGGINS
feels about himself/herself
The Self-Discrepancy Theory
Differentiated Self – can separate feelings and thoughts
though still affected by the presence of others; enables Stated that people use self-guides but when the self is
the person to develop and sustain unique identity, make found to be deviating/diverting from these, the result is
own choices and accept responsibility but still able to self-discrepancy
stay emotionally connected with significant people
Self-guides
MURRAY BOWEN
Provide directions for how a person should present
Was an American Psychiatrist and Professor of himself
Psychiatry
Internalized standards to which people compare
Was among those who developed Family Therapy and themselves
Systematic Therapy
Self-discrepancy

May cause emotional discomfort to the individual and

can be manifested as guilt or worst as indifference
MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES At times, this enables the person to form superficial but
productive social relationship
Multiple Selves Theory
ALBERT BANDURA
Suggests that there are different aspects of the self
existing in each individual Proponent of the personality theory known as The
Social Cognitive Theory
Makes sense that the self is a whole made up of parts
Human agency is the essence of being human
Unified being
Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm
Essentially connected to consciousness, awareness and
agency Where he explained how human beings are affected by
the interaction among environmental events, behavior
A person who is able to deal with and accept the and personal factors
complexities and the perceived unfairness that exist in
life The Social Cognitive Theory

Able to adjust, adapt, evolve and survive well In his theory, the person is seen as proactive and agentic
which means that he has the capacity to exercise control
D. W. WINNICOTT over his life

Donald Woods Winnicott The basic principle involved in human learning is

learning through observation
Was and English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who
studied child development Suggested that human beings are proactive, self-
regulating, self reflective and self-organizing
Looked into the significance of play in child
development Four (4) Features of Human Agency

He observed children/people as having true and false 1. Intentionality – refers to the actions performed by
selves through play the person intentionally or with full awareness of his
behavior
True and false selves are present in all individuals
Ex: Kenneth went online to apply for a passport because
TRUE AND FALSE SELVES he wants to travel outside of his country

True Self 2. Forethought – refers to the person’s anticipation of

likely outcomes of his behavior; allows him to select
One in which the self is seen as creative, spontaneously from a repertoire of behaviors and determine which one
experiencing each day of their lives, appreciating being will lead to a positive outcome
alive, real, integrated and connected to the whole of
existence Ex: Kenneth chose an interview date for his passport
application where most likely he will be on-leave
Characterized by a high level of awareness of a person
of who he is and what he is capable of and is not afraid 3. Self-Reactiveness – refers to the process in which the
to let others know his weaknesses and imperfections person is motivated and regulates his behavior as he
observes his progress in achieving his goals.
False Self
Ex: Kenneth saves a larger portion of his salary in the
May be manifested as a form of defense; lacks back so he can have enough cash to travel to Japan.
spontaneity and is dead and empty
4. Self-Reflectiveness – refers to the person looking
Mask that hides the true person for fear of the pain of inward and evaluating his motivations, values, life goals
rejection and failure and other people’s effect on him

Usually surface when the person is forced to comply Ex: Kenneth believes that he has to enjoy and
with existing social norms and standards experience life a little while still able and capable
Self Efficacy – important aspect of self-reflectiveness THE SELF IN CONFUCIAN THOUGHT
which is the person’s belief that he is capable of
behavior that will produce desired positive results Confucius

Self Regulation - allows the person to set goals that are The name Kong Zhongni of China was known
better and higher that the former, challenging his
capabilities and making him a wiser and self-actualized Also known as Master Kong and as Great Sage and
individual Teacher

SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT Was born in the period of Zhou Dynasty in the small
state of Lu
INTROSPECTION/REFLECTION
Had a proper education
Through this process, man begins to search for clues as
to the probable purpose of his existence and the role he Has a philosophy known as Humanistic Social
plays in the general order of the things of the world Philosophy

As a result of this, he/she decides that since he has only Zhou Dynasty
one life to live and that death is inevitable, he/she should
make the most of his/her life Was characterized by political, social and moral
disintegration of China.
INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF
Humanistic Social Philosophy
A person seeing himself as being capable of living his
own life, doing the things that he loves to do and making The primary focus is on human beings and the society
his own mistakes and learning from his experiences but he finds himself in
still aware that he is not alone and that he exists with
others in the society Considers the society and its communities as the main
source of values of both human beings and the society
The development of this begins after birth and is
observed in the child-rearing practices of parents in the Confucianism
West
Way of life propagated by Confucius which is centered
COLLECTIVE SELF on the ren which make human beings different from
beasts
Identity of individual is lost and does not exist except as
a part of the group. Ren

The family and society control how the group members Has no specific definition because Confucius believed
should think, act and generally conduct themselves in that this reflects the person’s own understanding of
society humanity

THE SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT Guides human actions and to go against this means
abandoning what is truly human
Ecological Self
Makes life worth living
Sees the self as a process that is undergoing
development introduced by the West Involves feeling and thinking which serves as the
foundation of all human relationships
Self is seen as dynamic, different and unique and is
constantly exposed to an ever-changing world Signifies the Chinese culture’s emphasis on feelings or
the heart as the most important instead of the head in
Factors that influence self-development are human human nature
biological and environmental characteristics such as:
Ren can only be realized through:
1. Race
2. Gender 1. Li (Propriety)
3. Social status
4. Education In order to guide human actions, rules of propriety
5. Culture should be followed; conforms to the norms of humanity
2. Xiao (Filiality)

Virtue of reverence and respect for family

3. Yi (Rightness)

Right way of behaving; unconditional and absolute

Right is right and what is not right is wrong

Li, Xiao, and Yi are virtues observed in a person

whose humanity developed, morally cultivated and
aware.

The cultivation of these 3 will lead to a person of virtue.

According to Confucianism, virtuous people result in a

well-rounded, civilized, humane society