WALLAGA UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

THE INTERACTION OF TWO-LEVEL ATOM WITH LIGHT BEAMS

M.Sc Research Proposal

By:Hundaol Tesfaye

Program:- Regular

School/Department:- DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

College:- NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

Advisor: Misganu Chewaka (PhD)

Februry 2023
Nekemte, Ethiopia
 WALLAGA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES

COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

THE INTERACTION OF TWO-LEVEL ATOM WITH LIGHT BEAMS

A Research Proposal Submitted to the College of Natural and Computational

Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science in Physics (Quantum Optics)

By: Hundaol Tesfaye

Advisor: Misganu Chewaka (PhD)

Februry 2023
Nekemte, Ethiopia
 .
WALLAGA UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES
P.O.Box.. 395,Nekemte,Ethiopia

APPROVAL SHEET FOR SUBMITTING RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Title: THE INTERACTION OF TWO-LEVEL ATOM WITH LIGHT BEAMS

Submitted by:

Name of Student Signature Date

Approved by:

1.

Name of Major Advisor Signature Date

1.

Name of Co-Advisor Signature Date

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Name of Chairman, DGC Signature Date

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Name of of Dean, SGS Signature Date

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Acknowledgment

I would like to thank the almighty God, for keeping me alive to accomplish this
task. I would like also to express my gratitude to my advisor and instructor Mis-
ganu Chewaka (Ph.D) for his tireless supervision, assistance, and contributing ever
blooming and indispensable suggestions.

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Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.1 General objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3.2 Specific Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

References 4

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Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

The interaction of squeezed light and atoms is a problem of fundamental inter-
est in quantum optics (Obada, Alshehri, Khalil, Abdel-Khalek, & Habeba, 2021).
This kind of interaction is involved in various physical processes of interest such as
resonance fluorescence and laser dynamics.Gardiner(Gardiner, 1986) that an atom
interacting exclusively with squeezed light would display an inhibited phase decay
rate for one of the atomic polarization quadratures(Abebe, Jobir, Gashu, & Mosisa,
2021; Dalton, Ficek, & Swain, 1999). This kind of interaction is involved in various
physical processes of interest such as resonance fluorescence and laser dynamics.
After constructing, in a somewhat appealing manner, the quantum Hamiltonian
describing the interaction of a light beams with a two-level atom, we discuss the
particularly striking phenomena of collapse and revival. In addition, we obtain
the master equation for a two-level atom directly coupled to a squeezed vacuum
reservoir. (Kassahun, 2008)

Moreover, the effect of the squeezed light on the properties of the fluorescent
light emitted by the two-level atom has attracted a great deal of interest (Abebe
et al., 2021; Dalton et al., 1999; Abebe, Mosissa, & Belay, 2019; Carmichael, Lane,
& Walls, 1987; Gardiner, 1986; Perina, 1991). In this respect, a two-level atom
embedded in a broadband squeezed vacuum has studied by Gardiner (Gardiner,
1986) and found that the atomic polarisation quadratures are phase dependent.

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This inhibited phase decay results in a feature with subnatural linewidth in the flu-
orescent spectrum that is a direct indication of the noise reduction in one quadra-
ture of the squeezed light field. In addition, the fluorescent spectrum when the
atom immersed in a broadband squeezed vacuum and driven by coherent light
have studied by Carmichael et al. (Carmichael et al., 1987).

Adding that, Jin and Xiao (Jin & Xiao, 1994) showed that the presence of the
two-level atoms increases the degree of squeezing of the light produced by para-
metric oscillator is considerably. Adding that Alebachew (Alebachew, 2008) has
studied a coherently driven two-level atom inside a parametric oscillator operat-
ing below the threshold. He found that the presence of the parametric amplifier
leads to an increase in the width of the power spectrum of the fluorescent light
in the weak and strong driving light limits and the effect of the presence of the
parametric amplifier on the second-order correlation function is to enhance its
decay rate. In addition, Tanas et al. (Tanas, 1999) studied the effect of a finite-
bandwidth squeezed vacuum on resonance fluorescence from a driven two-level
atom. They have derived, applying the dressed-atom model, the master equation
for the system which is valid for an arbitrary value of the Rabi frequency of the
driving field. They have also investigated the squeezing induced changes to the
spectral line widths and intensities by analyzing the quadrature-noise spectrum of
the fluorescence field.
In this paper, we will analyze the quantum properties of the atomic variables
when a two-level atom interacts with a squeezed vacuum reservoir. The system
we have considered would be studied analytically using the master equation de-
rived in the bad-cavity limit. However, the master equation for a two-level atom
embedded in a squeezed vacuum will be obtain, employing the bad-cavity limit,
only contains the atomic density operator and will not be useful to study the cavity
mode properties. It is then quite interesting to study the effect of squeezed light on
the quantum properties of the atomic variables of the two-level atom. We derive
the equations of evolution for the expectation values of atomic operators using the
master equation in the bad-cavity limit.
Applying the resulting equations, we will calculate the power spectrum and the

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second-order correlation function of the atomic variables when a two-level atom
interacts with a squeezed vacuum reservoir.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The interaction of two-level atoms with squeezed light has been studied as it ex-
hibits interesting non-classical features. Moreover, the effect of the squeezed light
on the properties of the fluorescent light emitted by the two-level atom has at-
tracted a great deal of interest.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 General objective

• To study the quantum properties of the atomic variables when a two-level

atom interacts with a squeezed vacuum reservoir.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

• To consider the system using the master equation derived in the bad-cavity
limit.

• To study the effect of squeezed light on the quantum properties of the atomic
variables of the two-level atom.

• To derive the equations of evolution for the expectation values of atomic op-
erators using the master equation in the bad-cavity limit.

• To calculate the power spectrum and the second-order correlation function of

the atomic variables when a two-level atom interacts with a squeezed vacuum
reservoir.

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References

Abebe, T., Jobir, D., Gashu, C., & Mosisa, E. (2021). Interaction of two-level atom
with squeezed vacuum reservoir. Advances in Mathematical Physics, 2021, 1–
7.
Abebe, T., Mosissa, S., & Belay, N. (2019). Coherently driven twolevel atom in
open space and interacting with vacuum modes. Bulgarian Journal of Physics,
46(3), 214–228.
Alebachew, E. (2008). A coherently driven two-level atom inside a parametric
oscillator. Journal of Modern Optics, 55(7), 1159–1173.
Carmichael, H., Lane, A., & Walls, D. (1987). Resonance fluorescence from an
atom in a squeezed vacuum. Physical review letters, 58(24), 2539.
Dalton, B., Ficek, Z., & Swain, S. (1999). Atoms in squeezed light fields. Journal of
Modern Optics, 46(3), 379–474.
Gardiner, C. (1986). Inhibition of atomic phase decays by squeezed light: A direct
effect of squeezing. Physical review letters, 56(18), 1917.
Jin, S., & Xiao, M. (1994). Extra intracavity squeezing of a degenerate optical
parametric oscillator coupling with n two-level atoms. Physical Review A,
49(1), 499.
Kassahun, F. (2008). Fundamental of quantum optics lulu. North Calorina.
Obada, A.-S., Alshehri, N. A., Khalil, E., Abdel-Khalek, S., & Habeba, H. (2021).
Entropy squeezing and atomic wehrl density for the interaction between su
(1, 1) lie algebra and a three-level atom in presence of laser field. Results in
Physics, 30, 104759.
Perina, J. (1991). Quantum statistics of linear and nonlinear optical phenomena.
Springer Science & Business Media.
Tanas, R. (1999). Master equation approach to the problem of two-level atom in a

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squeezed vacuum with finite bandwidth1’2.