LESSON 1

What’s New
Critical Reading: Implicit and Explicit Information
Overview:
It is important to read critically. Critical reading requires you
to evaluate the arguments in the text. You need to distinguish fact
from opinion, and look at arguments given for and against the
various claims. This also means being aware of your opinions and
assumptions (positive and negative) of the text you are reading so
you can evaluate it honestly. It is also important to be aware of the
writer's background, assumptions and purposes.
All writers have a reason for writing and will emphasize details
which support their reason for writing and ignore details
that do not. Every claim requires the proper use of language and logic in presenting the
validity of your statements, propositions and arguments. However, a claim must not be
confused with evidence or vice versa because every evidence supports and supplements the
claims. Thus, in this lesson you will find out how the information in the text agrees with the
writer’s belief and judgment, and exercise your ability to interface language and logic through
the analysis of claims presented in textual material.
Henceforth, you will be acquainted with implicit and explicit information and of the different
types of claims: claim of fact, claim of value, and claim of policy.

What I need to know

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1) identify and differentiate explicitly and implicitly stated
claims of fact, policy, or value.
2) determine proof requirements in establishing claims;
and
3) analyze claims in textual material.

What I know
Instruction: Identify which type of claim the
statement is making and put a check (/) inside the box
next to each sentence.

Claim Claim Claim

Statements of of of
Fact Value Policy
1. Honesty is the best policy.
2. Staying late at night can cause obesity.
3. Smoking can lead to respiratory infection.
4. Be kind for everyone has a hard battle to
win.
5. Social media makes every youth share
common goals.
 6. Extra Judicial Killings lessen the crimes in
our community.
7. All students must be strictly prohibited to
bring any gadgets at school.
8. Barkada Kontra Droga would eradicate drug
addiction in the community.
9. Zero Waste Management should be strictly
implemented in the school campus.
10. To compete globally, the Department of
Education adapted the K to 12 curriculum.

What’s New
o What is an explicit information? How about implicit
information?
o How can we use these pieces of information in
making claims of policy, fact and value?

Critical Reading Leads to Significant Understanding:

Readers interact with the material through critical reading. When you practice critical
reading, you are not just gathering information; you are also judging the importance and
legitimacy of the information you have gathered by judging the purpose, manner of
presentation, and holistic development of the arguments presented in the text.
To properly evaluate the ideas you have gathered while reading, you must be able to
know the different kinds of information which are explicit information and implicit information.

Two Kinds of Information:

 Explicit Information is the information stated in the text. Readers can see the
piece of information stated in the given passage.

 Implicit information is the information not directly presented in the text. As

readers, we need to read between the lines to understand the details that the
writer is trying to tell us.

Sometimes, we read because we need to perform a particular task after reading. The
different kinds of information we have gathered through reading may be used as a basis for
our next task. We can sufficiently discuss our opinion depending on the evidence that we
have collected from the texts we have read. Proofs, or claims can be used based on the type
of presentation or argumentation that you wish to do.

What is a Claim?

A claim is a statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be unverified or

controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side of the issue. It is also called
a position. It is argumentative and specific.
Types of Claims
1. Claim of Fact (COF)
Claim of Facts relate to statements that can be easily verified and not dependent on a
person's preference. It also asserts that a condition has existed, is existing, or will exist and
are based on facts or data. Facts that are universally accepted are not considered claim of
fact but instead a statement of fact.
Claims of fact are often qualified by such terms as generally, probably, or as a rule.
And, to verify whether these statements are claim of fact or not, ask these questions: Is it
debatable? Is it verifiable? Is it specific? Can it be solve objectively?
 Types of factual claims (generally "objective")
1. Factual / historical
2. Relational - causal connections
3. Predictive
 Proof requires:
• sufficient and appropriate grounds
• reliable authority
• recent data
• accurate, typical data
• clearly defined terms -no loaded language
• a clear distinction between fact and inference

Claim of Fact Statement of Fact

Courts will side the Philippines too. speed and rain volume.

Courts will side the Philippines too. President is Duterte.

problems.

to step foot on the moon.

2. Claim of Value (COV)

Claim of Value involves judgments and evaluations. It judges whether something is
good/bad, right/wrong, just/unjust, ethical/non-ethical, etc. We judge the worth of something.
It attempts to prove that some things are more or less desirable than others.
Some claims of value are simply expressions of taste, preferences, and prejudices. The
most important in proving claim of value is by establishing standards of evaluation.

 Proof requires:
• Establishing standards of evaluation (i.e. a warrant that defines what constitutes
instances of the relevant value)
• note the priority of the value in this instance
• Establish the advantage (practical or moral) of your standards
• Use examples to clarify abstract values
 Use credible authorities for support

Claim of Value

speaking.

3. Claim of Policy (COP)

Advocates a specific course of action. It asserts that specific policies should be
instituted as solutions to problems.
Claims of policy argue that certain conditions should exist. Almost always "should" or
"ought to" or "must" are included in this claim.
 Proof requires:
  Making proposed action (clear), need (justification), plan (must be
workable), benefit (advantages) consider opposition / counter arguments.

Claim of Policy

marijuana.

scout leaders.

Check this out!

Claim of Fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy

Generally, Facebook Facebook is better Facebook must be
received most visits than Twitter and doing well considering
than Twitter and Instagram. the number of visitors
Instagram. it has every day.
debatable, verifiable, Requires a “standard” Suggests a solution
specific, objective to verify or a policy

What is it?
Read and identify the types of claims used in each
statement. Write your answer on the space provided after
each sentence.

1. The use of civil disobedience during the Martial Law struggle was reasonable,
moral, and necessary.
2. The private ownership of automatic and semi-automatic weapons in the Philippines
should be banned. _
3. The possibility of an asteroid or meteor hitting Earth is great enough that the
Federal government should be finding plans to prevent it. _
4. The death penalty if used in the Philippines will be ineffective and impractical.

5. The death penalty if applied in the Philippines will be immoral.

6. Recovered memory should be disallowed as evidence in Philippine courts.

7. Opera is not as entertaining as musical comedy.

8. Generally, public secondary schools in America are not adequately preparing
students for college._
9. Fetal tissue research should not be funded by the Philippine government.

10. Fetal tissue research is wrong. _.

What is it?
 Read and analyze the following essay.
Exit Essay: Save the Filipino Language

The Filipino language plays a huge part in the lives of the countrymen. It is the heart
and soul of the country as it symbolizes oneness in words, speech, and thought. Language is
something one continuously learns as he/she grows up. Truly, a country’s language paves
way for bigger and better opportunities that will benefit everyone. But what will happen to this
optimistic view of the future if the means of learning one’s language is taken away from him?
This has been one of the hottest issues present in Philippine society today – the exclusion of
the Filipino subject in the tertiary level.
Commission on Higher Education (CHED) has already released a revised general
education (GE) curriculum that implements the dropping of the mandatory Filipino subjects
on the tertiary level. The CHED memorandum order on the new curriculum notes that the
integration of GE courses in senior high school – Grades 11 and 12 – has created a window
for the revision of the current curriculum in colleges. According to CHED, the revision of the
curriculum aims to promote the development of a student’s intellectual competency, personal
and civic competency, and practical skills. CHED also claims that the Filipino subjects taken
under the K to 12 program are sufficient given that students already have 108 hours under
the said subject in Grade 11 alone. “The proposed GEC strips away remedial courses, those
that duplicate subjects in Grades 11 and 12, and introductory courses to the disciplines,”
CHED explained in CMO 20-2013.
The new curriculum includes the following core courses: Understanding the Self;
Readings in Philippine History; The Contemporary World; and Mathematics in the Modern
World. Also included are Purposive Communication; Art Appreciation; Science, Technology
and Society; and Ethics. It requires three courses on the Arts & Humanities; Social Sciences
& Philosophy; and Mathematics Science and Technology clusters. It also mandates the
three-unit Life and Works of Rizal course. As a whole, the number of GEC units has been
reduced from the current 63-51 units down to 36 units for all college students.

The revision of the curriculum has met various violent reactions and oppositions from
stakeholders, linguists, academics, and even students themselves. Movements from different
universities concerned are currently in motion in order to fight for the life of the Filipino
subjects in the tertiary level. David San Juan (2014), a professor in De La Salle University-
Manila, pointed out that while the memorandum stated that the optional provision for the
teaching of the courses in Filipino dilutes its purpose as most universities in the country uses
English as its default language. In addition to the statements of oppositions, the Kagawaran
ng Filipino of the Ateneo de Manila University avers that “Hindi lamang midyum ng pagtuturo
and Filipino. Isa itong disiplina. Lumilikha ito ng sariling larang ng karunungan na
nagtatampok sa pagka- Filipino sa anumang usapin sa loob at labas ng akademya.” UP
DFPP also reacted on the revision of the curriculum expressing, “Ang pagtatanggal ng siyam
na yunit ng
Filipino sa kolehiyo ay isang anyo ng karahasang pangkamalayan. Nilulusaw nito ang
pagpapahalaga sa kasaysayan at kabihasnang tanging Filipino ang makakapagpaliwanag.”
On a personal account, being a student myself makes me think twice about the
revision of the GE curriculum in college. Through the years of my schooling, the Filipino
language has been one of the most important factors that shaped me as a person. It is the
language I use at home, in school, and nearly in everywhere I go every day. I couldn’t stress
even more the fact that I am a Filipino living in the Philippines. I grew up in a family that
treasures the native language of the Philippine culture. Hearing about the mandatory
exclusion of the Filipino subjects in college irks me mostly because I cannot see the point if it
is really necessary to remove the Filipino language when in fact; it plays a big role in the
development of the country. Resorting to dropping these subjects in favor of others, let alone
its mere deletion, is senseless. There are far more ways to address the issue of the student’s
incompetence and the revised curriculum is not one of them. It is a shameful act to kill the
nurturing of the native language. We are Filipinos and our language is something we should
be proud of – something that we must treasure. Save the country from senseless actions by
fighting for the life of the Filipino subjects. It is not impossible to oppose such acts if all
countrymen are united towards achieving one goal. The time to act is now – before it is all too
late.
(Perez, R.E. (2014). Exit essay: Save the Filipino language. Retrieved from
http://rjaperez.tumblr.com/post/95149266012/exit-essay-save-the-filipino- language)
KEY CLAIMS EXAMPLES GIST CONTEXT
(By paragraph) (by key claim)

What is it?
Spend a few (5 -10) minutes observing what
happens in an open public area (a busy intersection, the
campus quadrangle, or a shopping mall). (1) Write a
paragraph that contains a strictly factual descriptive
account of what you observed. (2) Next write a paragraph
that, besides being informative, is entertaining. (3) Then
write a paragraph that uses the information in a persuasive
way.

1.)
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
__ _
_
_ _
2.)
_
_
 _
_
_
_
_
_

_
_ _
3.)

What I have Learned

 A claim is a statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be unverified or

controversial to a certain degree.
 There are claims rooted in history or science (claims of fact).
 There are claims that demand action because the present conditions for certain
policies are no longer effective (claims of policy).
 There are claims that assert the morality of an idea based on certain standards or
preferences (claims of value).

Assessment
Instruction: Identify which type of claim the
statement is making and put a check (/) inside the box next
to each sentence.

Claim
Claim of Claim of
Statements of
Fact Value
Policy
1. Honesty is the best policy.
2. Staying late at night can cause obesity.
3. Smoking can lead to respiratory infection.
4. Be kind for everyone has a hard battle to win.
5. Social media makes every youth share common
goals.
6. Extra Judicial Killings lessen the crimes in our
community.
7. All students must be strictly prohibited to bring
any gadgets at school.
8. Barkada Kontra Droga would eradicate drug
addiction in the community.
9. Zero Waste Management should be strictly
implemented in the school campus.
10. To compete globally, the Department of
Education adapted the K to 12 curriculum.
 ANSWER KEY
LESSON 1
Pre-Test and Post-Test
1. COV
2. COF
3. COF
4. COV
5. COF
6. COF
7. COP
8. COF
9. COP
10. COF
Activity 1:
1. COF
2. COP
3. COP
4. COV
5. COV
6. COP
7. COF
8. COF
9. COP
10. COF

Activity 2 & 3. Answers may vary.