a. gigineiSvili, g.

kukulaZe

zogadi fizikis kursi

(magnetizmi, optika, atomis fizika)

II tomi

@`teqnikuri universiteti”@
 saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

a. gigineiSvili, g. kukulaZe

zogadi fizikis kursi

(magnetizmi, optika, atomis fizika)

II tomi

damtkicebulia stu-s
saredaqcio-sagamomcemlo sabWos
mier. 27.05.2009, oqmi #5

Tbilisi
2009
© sagamomcemlo saxli ,,teqnikuri universiteti’’, 2009
ISBN 99940-48-92-9 (orive tomi)
ISBN 978-9941-14-611-4 (meore tomi)
http://www.gtu.ge/publishinghouse/

yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi
formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis
werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe.

saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

 winasityvaoba

winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia teqnikuri universitetis

sainJinro specialobis studentebisaTvis. igi warmoadgens zogadi fizikis
kursis ortomeulis meore toms da Seicavs magnetizmis, optikisa da atomis
fizikis saswavlo programiT gaTvaliswinebul sakiTxebs.
saxelmZRvanelos done da stuqtura iseTia, rom students gauad-
vildes masze damoukideblad muSaoba. kursSi mocemulia klasikuri da
Tanamedrove fizikis mxolod arsebiTi sakiTxebi im moculobiT, rom
students gamoumuSavdes damoukideblad azrovnebis saWiro Cveva. rig
SemTxvevebSi studentebs vTavazobT zogierTi sakiTxis damoukideblad
gadawyvetas, rasac, Cveni varaudiT, bevri maTgani interesiT Sexvdeba.
wignSi farTodaa gamoyenebuli petitis teqsti da sqolio _
studentebisaTvis, romlebic moisurveben ama Tu im sakiTxSi ufro Rrmad
Cawvdomas da damatebiTi informaciis miRebas.
avtorebi gulwrfel madlobas uZRvnian wignis recenzentebs, f.m.m.
doqtorebs, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zust da sabunebis-
metyvelo mecnierebaTa fakultetis profesors a. bibilaSvils da
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis fizikis departamentis srul
profesors k. cxakaias sasargeblo rCevebisaTvis, agreTve akademiur
doqtors, qalbaton l. CaxvaSvils xelnaweris gaformebaSi gaweuli daxma-
rebisaTvis.

saqmiani SeniSvnebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs wignis Semdgom

gaumjobesebas, avtorebis mier madlierebiT iqneba miRebuli.

3
 pirveli nawili

eleqtromagnetizmi

$1. magnetizmis bunebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis ganviTareba

cnobilia, rom bunebaSi arsebobs gansakuTrebuli rkinis madani (mag-

nituri rkinaqva anu magnetiti, Fe3 O4 ), romelsac aqvs rkinisa da zogierTi
sxva liTonis mizidvis unari. amTvisebis matarebel madnis naWers bunebrivi
magniti ewodeba. bunebrivi magnitis magnituri Tvisebebi, mis mier rkinis
naWrebis mizidvis unari unari, cnobili iyo jer kidev Zveli berZnebisaT-
vis∗. maSinve iyo SemCneuli dedamiwis magnituri Tvisebebi, ris gamoc Rero-
sebri magniti, romelsac vertikaluri RerZis irgvliv Tavisufali brunvis
saSualeba hqonda, TavisTavad garkveulad orientirdeboda _ dgeboda TiT-
qmis geografiuli meridiani gaswvriv. am Tvisebaze agebul kompass Cinelebi
jer kidev daaxloebiT 3000 wlis win iyenebdnen.
aRmoCnda, rom bunebrivi magnitis sxvadasxva nawilis mier rkinis naW-
ris mizidvis unari sxvadasxvaa: igi maqsimaluria magnitis boloebSi, cen-
traluri nawilisaken TandaTan mcirdeba da Sua adgilas nulis toli xde-
ba. magnitis im adgilebs, sadac mizidvis Zala udidesia, magnitis polusebi
ewodeba, xolo Sua adgils _ neitraluri zona. magnitis polusebs aRniS-
naven N da S asoebiT da maT Sesabamisad uwodeben CrdiloeT da samxreT
polusebs. aseTi saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia zemoxsenebul faqtTan, rom
Tavisuflad moZravi magnituri isari dedamiwaze orientirdeba ise, rom
misi erTi bolo ( N ) mimarTulia dedamiwis CrdiloeT polusisaken, xolo
meore ( S ) _ samxreTisaken. cdebiT dadgenilia, rom erTsaxeliani magnituri
polusebi erTmaneTs ganizidavs, sxvadasxva saxeliani ki _ miizidavs.
sivrceSi, romelic gars akravs magnits, aRiZvreba magnituri veli. es
veli, eleqtruli velis msgavsad, materialuria; mas gaaCnia energia. am ve-
lis maorientirebeli moqmedeba magnitur isarze saSualebas gvaZlevs mag-
nitur vels mivceT mimarTuleba: magnituri velis mimarTulebad pirobiT
miCneulia magnituri isris CrdiloeT polusze moqmedi Zalis mimarTuleba.
Tu magnitur isars gadavxriT magnituri velis mimarTulebidan, masze
imoqmedebs meqanikuri mabrunebeli momenti, romlis sidide proporciulia

∗
TviT sityva `magnetizmi~ warmodgeba `berZnuli qalaqis (magnesia) saxelwodebidan,
romlis maxlobladac Zvelma berZnebma aRmoaCines bunebrivi magnitis naWrebi.
4
gadaxris kuTxis sinusisa da romelic cdilobs moabrunos isari velis
gaswvriv. amrigad, mudmivi magnitebis urTierTqmedeba gansxvavdeba eleqtru-
li muxtebis urTierTqmedebisagan, magram msgavsia eleqtruli dipolebis
urTierTqmedebisa, romlebzec erTgavrovan eleqtrul velSi moqmedebs ma-
rezultirebeli Zalis momenti, da ara Zala. eleqtruli dipolis msgavsad,
mudmivi magniti erTgavrovan magnitur velSi cdilobs Semobrundes velis
gaswvriv, magram ar gadaadgildeba masSi.
arsebiTi gansxvaveba mudmiv magnitsa da eleqtrul dipols Soris
aris Semdegi: eleqtruli dipoli Sedgeba sididiT toli da sawinaaRmdego
niSnis muxtebisagan. am muxtebis gancalkeveba da maTi sxvadasxva sxeulebze
moTavseba SesaZlebelia. magaliTad, Tu dipols gavWriT SuaSi, misi RerZis
marTobulad, mis erT nawilze aRmoCndeba dadebiTi muxti, meoreze _ uar-
yofiTi. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom bunebaSi arsebobs eleqtruli monopoli.
mudmivi magnitis Suaze gaWris Sedegad ki kvlav miiReba mcire zomis ori
magniti, romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs rogorc CrdiloeTi, ise samxreTi po-
lusi. mudmivi magnitis aranairi gayofa ar iZleva saSualebas ganvacalke-
oT misi polusebi, rac imas niSnavs, rom bunebaSi `magnituri muxtebi~
(magnituri monopoli) ar arsebobs.
mudmivi magnitis msgavsebam eleqtrul dipolTan ganapiroba magnitu-
ri movlenebis Seswavlis istoriuli gza, romelic eyrdnoba hipoTezas
elementaruli magnitebis (magnituri dipolebis) Sesaxeb. am hipoTezis Ta-
naxmad yoveli sxeuli Sedgeba elementaruli magnitebisagan, romlebic
siTburi moZraobis gamo qaosuradaa orientirebuli. amis Sedegad maTi mag-
nituri mikrovelebi erTmaneTs abaTilebs da Cveulebriv sxeuli magnitur
Tvisebebs ar amJRavnebs. gare magnituri velis gavleniT elementaruli mag-
nitebi garkveulad orientirdeba velis gaswvriv, maT mier Seqmnili mikro-
velebi ikribeba da jamSi gvaZlevs makroskopul magnitur vels. am Sem-
TxvevaSi amboben, rom sxeuli damagnitda. rogorc vxedavT, am Teoriis
mixedviT sxeulTa damagniteba savsebiT analogiuria xistdipoliani mole-
kulebisagan Sedgenili dieleqtrikis polarizaciisa.
Tavdapirvelad fiqrobdnen, rom eleqtrul da magnitur movlenebs
Soris araviTari kavSiri ar arsebobs. aseT Sexedulebas iziarebda ingli-
seli mecnieri viliam jilbertic, romelmac magnetizmis Sesaxeb arsebuli
monacemebis safuZvelze 1600 wels gamoTqva azri, rom miuxedavd garegnuli
msgavsebisa, eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebis buneba sxvadasxvaa.

5
miuxedavd amisa, ukve XVIII saukunis Sua wlebisaTvis ganmtkicda azri imis
Sesaxeb, rom eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebi erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa
dakavSirebuli, Tumca am kavSiris buneba, denis mZlavri wyaroebis uqonlo-
bis gamo, garkveuli ar iyo.
magnetizmis ganviTarebaSi fundamenturi mniSvneloba hqonda danieli
fizikosis erstedis aRmoCenas, romelmac 1820 wels daadgina, rom gamtarSi
gamavali deni, mudmivi magnitis msgavsad, iwvevs magnituri isris gadaxras,
riTac gadaidga pirveli arsebiTi nabiji eleqtruli da magnituri mov-
lenebis urTierTkavSiris xasiaTis garkvevaSi. Semdeg gei-lusaki da arago
daakvirdnen, rom gamtarSi gamavali deni iwvevs rkinis naWris damagnitebas.
frangma fizikosma amperma eqsperimentulad aRmoaCina da Seiswavla deniani
gamtarebis magnituri urTierTqmedeba.
me-19 saukuneSi sxvadasxva mecnieris mier Catarebulma Semdgomma
cdebma aCvena, rom magnitur Tvisebebs amJRavnebs ara marto liTonis gam-
tarSi gamavali deni, aramed deni airsa da siTxeSic da saerTod, yvela
moZravi eleqtruli muxti. uZravi eleqtruli muxti eleqtruli velis sa-
SualebiT zemoqmedebas axdens sxva eleqtrul muxtze, magram ara magnitur
isarze. magnituri zemoqmedebis uanari gaaCnia mxolod moZrav eleqtrul
muxts (da cvalebad eleqtrul vels).
amrigad, cdebis Sedegad dadginda, rom moZravi eleqtruli muxtebis
(denebis) irgvliv sivrceSi aRiZvreba kidev erTi saxis veli (eleqtrulis
garda) _ magnituri veli, romlis saSualebiTac es muxtebi urTierTqme-
deben mudmiv magnitebTan da sxva moZrav muxtebTan.
magnituri veli aRiZvreba yoveli moZravi muxtis irgvliv da Tu
sxeuli, romelic Seicavs kolosaluri raodenobis elementarul eleqt-
rul muxtebs, romlebic ganuwyvetliv moZraoben da maSasadame, Tavis irgv-
liv qmnian elementarul magnitur velebs, Cveulebriv magnitur Tvisebebs
ar amJRavnebs, aixsneba am muxtebis moZraobis qaosurobiT. moZarobis qaosu-
robis gamo elementaruli magnituri velebis mimarTulebebi qaosuria da
maTi moqmedeba saSualod erTmaneTs abaTilebs. am sxeulis eleqtrul vel-
Si Setanisas muxtebi iwyeben mowesrigebul moZraobas (eleqtruli deni).
axla ukve elementarul magnitur velebs aqvs erTnairi orientacia da
erTmaneTs ki ar abaTileben, aramed piriqiT, ikribebian da sivrceSi gvaZle-
ven garkveuli sididis makroskopul magnitur vels _ eleqtruli denis
magnitur vels.

6
 denis magnituri velis aRmoCenis Semdeg garkveul gaorebas hqonda
adgili am sakiTxSi: magnitur vels qmnis, rogorc mudmivi magniti (magni-
turi dipoli), ise eleqtruli deni. mecnierebi cdilobdnen mospobiliyo
es gaoreba da magnituri movlenebi aexsnaT erTi saerTo poziciidan. amis
Sedegi iyo amperis hipoTeza molekuluri wriuli denebis (mikrodenebis)
Sesaxeb (1821w.). am hipoTezis Tanaxmad yovel molekulaSi cirkulirebs Cake-
tili wriuli denebi, romlebic qmnian wriuli sibrtyis marTobul elemen-
tarul magnitur velebs. swores es elementaruli magnituri velebi gar-
kveul piroebebSi sxeulSi qmnis makroskopul magnitur vels da sxeuli
iZens mudmivi magnitis Tvisebebs. amperes hipoTeza, marTalia, magnetizms
xsnida erTi saerTo poziciidan _ mas ukavSirebda eleqtruli muxtebis
moZraobas (dens), magram TviT wriuli molekuluri denebis warmoqmna gau-
gebari iyo, vidre Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi, rezerfordisa da boris Sro-
mebis Sedegad ar dadginda atomis agebuleba. amJamad cnobilia, rom atomi
Sedgeba masiuri birTvisagan, romlis irgvliv (rezerford-boris naxev-
radklasikuri Teoriis Tanaxmad) stacionarul orbitebze moZraoben el-
eqtronebi. eleqtronebis es wriuli moZraoba warmoadgens swored im mol-
ekulur dens, romelic Tavis mxriv ekvivalenturia magnituri dipolisa.
molekuluri denebis Teorias didi warmatebebi hqonda. misi saSua-
lebiT aixsna ara marto is movlenebi, romlebsac xsnida magnituri dipo-
lebis Teoria, aramed iseTebic (magaliTad, diamagnetizmi, zeemanis efeqti),
romlebic dipolebis TeoriiT sruliad gaugebari iyo.
amrigad, sabolood dadgenilia, rom bunebaSi ar arsebobs gansakuT-
rebuli magnituri substancia _ `magnituri masa~ an `magnituri muxti~. yo-
veli magnituri movlena, maT Soris sxeulTa magnituri Tvisebebi, ganpiro-
bebulia eleqtruli muxtebis moZraobiT.

$2. magnituri velis damaxasiaTebeli sidideebi

da maTi sazomi erTeulebi

wina paragrafSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom magnituri velis warmoSobis pir-

velwyaroa moZarvi eleqtruli muxtebi _ eleqtruli deni. dens, romelic
ganpirobebulia gamtarSi Tavisufali muxtebis mimarTuli moZraobiT
(gamtarobis deni), vuwodoT makroskopuli deni (makrodeni), xolo atomSi
an molekulaSi eleqtronebis wriuli moZraobiT ganpirobebul dens _
mikroskopuli deni (mikrodeni).
7
 magnituri velis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia magnituri induqciis B veq-
tori. igi axasiaTebs marezultirebel magnitur vels, romelic Seqmnilia
yvela makro da mikrodenebis mier; cxadia, mocemuli makrodenis SemTxveva-

Si B –s mniSvneloba damokidebuli iqneba garemos Tvisebebze.

makroskopuli denis mier Seqmnili magnituri velis∗ dasaxasiaTeblad

SemoRebulia damxmare veqtori _ magnituri velis daZabulobis H veqtori,

romelic ukve aRar aris damokidebuli garemos Tvisebebze∗∗. amrigad, eleq-
truli velis msgavsad, magnituri velis dasaxasiaTebladac iyeneben or

veqtors _ B –sa da H –s. amasTan, istoriuli mizezebis gamo, eleqtruli

velis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis _ daZabulobis veqtoris (E ) analogiur

sidides magnituri velisaTvis warmoadgens magnituri induqciis B da ara ()

magnituri velis daZabulobis H ( ) veqtori.
polarizaciis veqtoris msgavsad (P ), romelic axasiaTebs dieleqtri-
kis eleqtrul Tvisebebs, sxeulebis magnituri Tvisebebis dasaxasiaTeblad

()
SemoRebulia damagnitebis veqtori P . is ganimarteba rogorc elementaru-
li magnituri momentebis veqtoruli jami sxeulis moculobis erTeulSi.

ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs rom P axasiaTebs sxeulSi arsebuli mikro-

denebis mier Seqmnil magnitur vels.

B, H da P veqtoris damakavSirebeli formulebis saxe, iseve, rogorc

eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebis amsaxveli formulebisa, damokidebu-
lia imaze, Tu erTeulTa romeli sistemaa gamoyenebuli.
SI sistemaSi B –s erTeulia tesla ($3)
v ⋅ wm
1 tl = ,
m2
⎛a ⎞
xolo H –is _ amperi metrze ⎜ ⎟ . am erTeuls specialuri dasaxeleba
⎝m ⎠
ara aqvs ($6).
maSasadame vakuumSic ki, sadac B da H fizikurad ar gansxvavdebian,
SI sistemaSi, erTeulTa gansxvavebis gamo, ar SeiZleba Caiweros, rom

∗
makrodenis magnitur vels zogjer gareSe velsac uwodeben.
∗∗
es imas niSnavs, rom misi sidide vakuumSi (H 0 ) da nivTierebaSi (H ) erTmaneTis tolia,
rasac sazogadod maSin aqvs adgili, roca erTgvarovani izotropuli garemo mTlianad
avsebs im sivrces, sadac makrodenis mier Seqmnili magnituri veli nulisagan gansxvavdeba
($31).
8
B = H . saWiroa proporciulobis koeficienti, romelic gaawonasworebs B –
sa da H –is ganzomilebebs. am proporciulobis koeficients aRniSnaven μ 0 –
iT da uwodeben vakuumis magnitur SeRwevadobas an magnitur mudmivas. amri-
gad, SI sisitemaSi, kavSirs B –sa da H –s Soris vakuumSi aqvs saxe:

B vak = μ 0 H . (2.1)
μ 0 -is mniSvnelobis dadgena xdeba deniani gamtarebis urTierTqmedebis
kanonis safuZvelze∗ ($11):
v ⋅ wm hn
μ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 ⋅
= ,
a ⋅m m
sadac 1 henri=1v.wm/a aris induqciurobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi.
P damagnitebis veqtors SI sistemaSi aqvs H –is ganzomileba, amitom
veqtori B , romelic axasiaTebs yvela makro (H ) da mikro (P ) denebis mier
Seqmnil marezultirebel vels, ganisazRvreba tolobiT:

(
B = μ0 H + P . ) (2.2)
(2.2) tolobis arsi cxadia: makro da mikrodenebis mier Seqmnili veli
maT mier calk-calke Seqmnili velebis veqtoruli jamis tolia.

garda saerTaSoriso sistemis (SI ) erTeulebisa, eleqtrul da magnitur sidideebs

zomaven agreTve absoluturi eleqtrostatikuri (CGSE ) da absoluturi eleqtromagnitu-

ri (CGSM ) sistemebis erTeulebiTac (It, $2). orive sistemis ageba xdeba CGS meqanikuri
sistemis bazaze (e.i. am sistemebSic yvela fizikuri sididis erTeuli gamoisaxeba
gramis, santimetrisa da wamis saSualebiT), magram CGSE sistemaSi gamosaval formulas

q1 q 2
warmoadgens kulonis kanoni F =k , romlidanac dgindeba muxtis erTeuli
r2
moTxovniT, rom k proporciulobis koeficienti iyos uganzomilebo erTis toli sidide

(k = 1) . CGSM sistemis gamsazRvrel formulas ki warmoadgens denebis urTierTqmedebis

2 I1 I 2 l
kanoni F = k , romlidanac dgindeba denis Zalis erTeuli imave moTxovniT, rom pro-
d
porciulobis koeficienti k = 1 .
CGSE sistemis warmoebuli erTeulebi mouxerxebelia magnituri sidideebis gasa-
zomad, amitom, rogorc wesi, mas iyneben mxolod eleqtruli sidideebis gasazomad, amas
gamosaxavs mis dasaxelebaSi aso ` E ~. CGSM sistema, piriqiT _ gamoiyeneba mxolod mag-

∗
μ0 -is ganzomilebas advilad davadgenT (2.1) formulidanac.

[B ] v ⋅ wm m
[μ 0 ] = =
2
=
v ⋅ wm
.
[H ] am a ⋅m
9
nituri sidideebis gasazomad, radgan misi warmoebuli erTeulebi mouxerxebelia eleqtru-
li sidideebis gasazomad. aqedan _ mis dasaxelebaSi aso ` M ~.
fizikaSi ufro xSirad iyeneben erTeulTa e.w. gausis sistemas, romelic warmo-

adgens CGSE da CGSM sistemebis kombinacias. am sistemaSi yvela eleqtruli sidide

(muxti, denis Zala, eleqtrostatikuri velis daZabuloba da potenciali, gamtaris wina-

Roba da sxv.) izomeba CGSE sistemis, xolo yvela magnituri sidide (magnituri velis in-
duqcia da daZabuloba, magnituri momenti, TviTinduqciis koeficienti da sxv.) CGSM sis-
temis erTeulebiT. cxadia, rom gausis sistemac `absoluturia~, masSi yvela fizikuri
sididis erTeuli gamoisaxeba gramis, santimetrisa da wamis saSualebiT.∗

SI sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, gausis sistemaSi, vakuumSi, E da D , agreTve B da

H veqtorebi Tanxvdebian erTmaneTs. amasTan, advili misaxvedria, rom es Tanxvedra aris
ara raime SeTanxmebis Sedegi, aramed gamosaxavs am sidideebis WeSmarit igiveobas.

gausis erTeulTaA sistemaSi B izomeba gausobiT ( 1 gs = 10 −4 tl ), H _ erstedobiT

1
( 1 erst. = ⋅ 10 3 a m ). orive erTeuls erTnairi ganzomileba aqvs ( g 1 2sm −1 2wm −1 ) da
4π
mxolod dasaxelebiT gansxvavdebian. gaussa da ersteds Soris araviTari gansxvaveba ar
aris. es erTi da igive sididis ori sxvadasxva dasaxelebaa. miuxedavad amisa, arasworia
gamoTqma ` B tolia amdeni erstedisa~, an ` H udris amden gauss~. cxadia, rom P –s aqvs
igive ganzomileba, rac B –sa da H –s. garda amisa, mikrodenebis mier Seqmnili veli am
sistemaSi tolia 4πP –si da ara P –si, amitom (2.2) –is nacvlad gveqneba

B = H + 4π P .

Tavi I

magnituri movlenebi vakuumSi

$3. magnituri induqciis veqtori

eleqtruli da magnituri velebis aRmoCena da Seswavla xdeba sxeu-

lebsa Tu xelsawyoebze maTi moqmedebis mixedviT.
eleqtruli velis ZiriTadi Zaluri maxasiaTebeli _ eleqtruli ve-

lis daZabulobis E veqtori ganisazRvreba sasinj muxtze moqmedi Zalis

saSualebiT.

∗
sityva `absoluturi~ sistemis dasaxelebaSi daamkvidra gausma, romelmac fizikuri
sididis `absolututi zoma~ uwoda am sididis gamosaxvas sigrZis, droisa da masis saSua-
lebiT, e.i. im sidideebis saSualebiT, romlebic asaxaven materialuri samyaros ZiriTad
cnebebs.
10
 magnituri velis ZiriTadi Zaluri maxasiaTeblis _ magnituri velis

induqciis B veqtoris gansazRvra ki SesaZlebelia sami xerxiT:

a) denian gamtarze moqmedi Zalis saSualebiT (amperis Zala $10),
b) moZrav muxtze moqmedi Zalis saSualebiT (lorencis Zala $13),
g) denian brtyel konturze (`denian CarCoze~) moqmedi Zalis momentis
saSualebiT (maorientirebeli moqmedebis saSualebiT $12).
magnituri velis induqciis veqtoris gansasazRvravad gamoviyenoT
deniani CarCo. unda aRiniSnos, rom CarCos rogorc zomebi, ise masSi gamava-
li deni unda iyos Zalian mcire, raTa CarCos yoveli nawili erTnair moq-
medebas ganicdides da CarCos magniturma velma ar gamoiwvios ZiriTadi
(Sesaswavli) magnituri velis Secvla.
cda gviCvenebs, rom Tu msubuq drekad
Zafze Camokidebul denian CarCos SevitanT erT-
gvarovan magnitur velSi, CarCo orientirdeba _
I
igi garkveuli kuTxiT Semobrundeba∗. magnituri
n B
velis maorientirebeli moqmedeba gamoyenebulia
I magnituri induqciis veqtoris mimarTulebis da-
S N
sadgenad: magnituri induqciis veqtoris mimarTu-
lebad mocemul wertilSi miCneulia orienti-
sur. 3.1.
rebuli CarCos dadebiTi normalis mimarTuleba.
CarCos dadebiTi normalis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba marjvena burRis
wesiT: Tu burRis taris brunvis mimarTuleba emTxveva CarCoSi gamavali
denis mimarTulebas, maSin burRis gadataniTi moZraobis mimarTuleba
gansazRvravs CarCos dadebiTi normalis mimarTulebas. Tu CarCosTan
axlos movaTavsebT magnitur isars, romelsac SeuZlia brunva vertikaluri
RerZis garSemo, igi miiRebs suraTze naCveneb mdebareobas. maSasadame,
magnituri velis mimarTuleba Tanxvdeba magnituri isris CrdiloeT
polusze moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas (sur. 3.1).
magnituri velSi deniani CarCos Semobruneba miuTiTebs, rom CarCoze
moqmedebs ZalTa wyvili. am ZalTa wyvilis mabrunebeli momenti aRvniSnoT
M –iT. cda gviCvenebs, rom mabrunebeli momentis sidide damokidebulia
CarCos orientaciaze (orientacia ganisazRvreba CarCos normalsa da magni-

∗
amrigad, erTgvarovani magnituri velis moqmedeba denian CarCoze analogiuria erTgvaro-
vani eleqtruli velis moqmedebisa eleqtrul dipolze da ara calkeul muxtze, romelic
velis moqmedebiT gadaadgildeba.
11
turi induqciis veqtors Soris moTavsebuli α kuTxis sinusiT), masSi gama-
val denze da mis zomebze (farTobze) da ar aris damokidebuli CarCos
formaze. velis mocemul wertilSi moTavsebul, sxvadasxvanairad orienti-
rebul, sxvadasxva sididis CarCoebze moqmedebs sxvadasxva sididis mabrune-
M
beli momenti, magram fardoba damokidebuli ar aris arc deniani
IS sin α
CarCos Tvisebebze da arc mis orientaciaze. maSasadame, am fardobiT SeiZ-
leba daxasiaTdes velis mocemuli wertili. swored es fardobaa miCneuli
velis Zalur maxasiaTeblad _ magnituri velis induqciad:
M
B= . (3.1)
IS sin α
amrigad, magnituri induqciis veqtoris mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba CarCos
dadebiTi normalis mimarTulebiT, xolo sidide (3.1) formuliT.
(3.1)-dan
M = IBS sin α . (3.2)

cdebiT dadgenilia, rom M yovelTvis marTobulia n da B veqto-

rebze gamavali sibrtyisa da mimarTulia im burRis gadadgilebis gaswvriv,

romlis tarsac vabrunebT n –dan B –sken (sur.3.2). amitom (3.2) veqtorulad

ase Caiwereba:

[ ]
M = IS n 0 B (3.3) an [ ]
M = IS n 0 B , (3.4)

sadac n 0 normalis erTeulovani veqtoria.

veqtors P m = IS n 0 (3.5)
romlis moduli tolia CarCoSi gamavali
μ
denisa da CarCos farTobis namravlisa da

I romelic mimarTulia CarCos dadebiTi

normalis gaswvriv, ewodeba CarCos magnituri
B
α momenti.∗ amitom (3.4) miiRebs saxes:

[ ]
n
I M = Pm B . (3.6)
Tu CarCo moTavsebulia magnituri induqciis
π
sur. 3.2 veqtoris paralelurad, maSin α = da masze
2
moqmedi mabrunebeli momenti maqsimaluria,

∗
sazogadod, nebismieri formis brtyeli deniani konturis magnituri momenti gamoiTvleba
imave (3.5) formuliT. xSirad, sityva konturs amoagdeben xolme da magaliTad, amboben:
`wriuli denis magnituri momenti~.
12
 M maqs = IBS ,
saidanac
M maqs
B= (3.7)
IS
(3.7) formulidan davadginoT maqnituri induqciis erTeuli. SI
sistemaSi magnituri velis induqciis erTeulad miRebulia iseTi velis
magnituri induqcia, romelic 1m2 farTobis mqone CarCoze, romelSic gadis
1 a deni, moqmedebs Mmaqs=1n.m mabrunebeli momentiT. am erTeuls ewodeba
tesla (tl):
n ⋅m j v ⋅ wm
1tl = 1 =1 =1 2 ;
a ⋅m 2
a ⋅m 2
m
1 tesla sakmaod didi induqciaa _ mZlavri eleqtromagnitis mier Seq-
mnili velis induqcia daaxloebiT 10 teslas rigisaa. dedamiwis magnituri
velis induqcia ki magnitur polusze aris 0,65 ⋅ 10 −4 tesla. mcire moculo-
baSi (ramodenime kuburi santimetri) SeiZleba aRiZras xanmokle (wamis mea-
sedi nawilebis xangrZlivobis) veli, romlis induqcia aRwevs 103 teslamde.
cda gviCvenebs, rom magnituri velisaTvis, iseve rogorc eleqtruli-
saTvis, marTebulia superpoziciis (zeddebis) principi: ramodenime denis

()
mier Seqmnili magnituri veli B calkeuli denebis mier Seqmnili magnitu-

ri velebis Bi ( ) veqtoruli jamis tolia:

B = ∑ Bi .

$4. magnituri induqciis wirebi. magnituri induqciis nakadi.

magnituri velis grigaluri xasiaTi.

eleqtruli velis msgavsad, magnituri veli grafikulad gamoisaxeba

magnituri Zalwirebis saSualebiT. magnituri Zalwiri, anu magnituri induq-
ciis wiri ewodeba iseT wirs, romlis yovel wertilSi gavlebul mxebs
aqvs am wertilSi arsebuli magnituri induqciis veqtoris mimarTuleba.
magnituri induqciis wiris mimarTulebad pirobiTad miCneulia misi iseTi
mimarTuleba, romelic yovel wertilSi Tanxvdeba magnituri induqciis veq-
toris mimarTulebas.
magnituri induqciis wirebi SeiZleba ise gavavloT, rom maTi
saSualebiT ganisazRvros magnituri velis ara marto mimarTuleba, aramed
sididec. kerZod, magnituri induqciis wirebs avleben iseTi sixSiriT, rom

13
wirebisadmi marTobul farTobis erTeulSi gamavali magnituri induqciis
wirebis raodenoba toli iyos magnituri induqciis veqtoris mniSvnelobisa
am wertilSi. cxadia, rom sadac veli Zlieria, magnituri induqciis wirebi
gaivleba meti sixSiriT da piriqiT.
magnituri induqciis wirebis asagebad unda visargebloT sasinji
deniani CarCoTi an magnituri isriT. magnituri isris CrdiloeTi polusis

mimarTuleba gansazRvravs induqciis B veqtoris mimarTulebas mocemul

wertilSi. magnituri isris gadaadgilebiT am mimarTulebiT usasrulod
mcired daSorebul mezobel wertilSi gavigebT magnituri velis mimarTu-
lebas am wertilSi da a.S. wiri, romelsac aRwers magnituri isari aseTi
gadaadgilebis dros, iqneba swored magnituri induqciis wiri.
am meTodiT agebuli wrfivi da wriuli denebis, solenoidisa da to-
roidis magnituri velebis Zalwirebis (induqciis wirebis) suraTi moce-
mulia 4.1-4.2 suraTebze.

I
I

a b
sur. 4.1.
4.1 suraTidan Cans, rom wrfivi denis magnituri induqciis wirebi war-
moadgens koncentrul wrewirebs, romelTa centrebi denian gamtarze mdeba-
reobs, xolo sibrtyeebi am gamtaris marTobulia. kavSiri denis mimarTule-
basa da magnituri induqciis wirebis mimarTulebas Soris mocemulia bur-
Ris wesiT, romelic dadgenilia maqsvelis mier: Tu burRis gadaadgileba
emTxveva denis mimarTulebas, maSin burRis taris brunvis mimarTuleba
gviCvenebs magnituri induqciis wirebis mimarTulebas. suraTidan Cans
agreTve, rom koncentruli wrewirebis sixSire centridan daSorebisas
klebulobs, rac imas miuTiTebs, rom wrfivi denis magnituri veli
araerTgvarovania.

14
 wriuli denis magnituri induqciis wirebi (sur. 4.2) wesier wrewirebs
aRar warmoadgenen, magram isinic Caketili wirebia an gagrZelebisas aqvT
Caketvis tendencia. burRis wesi, cxadia, gamoiyeneba wriuli denisTvisac,
magram am SemTxvevaSi ufro mosaxerxebelia Tu SevucvliT adgilebs denis
mimarTulebasa da magnituri velis mimarTulebas. marTlac, Tu burRis
tars vabrunebT wriuli denis mimarTulebiT, misi gadaadgileba gviCvenebs
magnituri velis mimarTulebas wriuli denis SigniT.
praqtikaSi farTod gamoiyeneba sole-
B
noidis magnituri veli (sur. 4.3). solenoidi
ewodeba saerTo wrfivi RerZis mqone wriul
xviaTa erTobliobas. Tu solenoidis sigrZe
bevrad metia mis diametrze, solenoidis
SigniT magnituri induqciis wirebi urTi-

I erTparalelur da Tanabrad daSorebul

wrfeebs warmoadgens. es imas niSnavs rom
solenoidis SigniT magnituri induqciis
veqtors yovel wertilSi erTnairi sidide
sur. 4.2
da mimarTuleba aqvs. iseT magnitur vels,
romlis yovel wertilSi magnituri induqciis veqtorebi tolia, erT-
gvarovani ewodeba.

solenoidis gareT magnituri veli msgavsia mudmivi magnitis magnitu-

ri velisa (sur. 4.3 a,b). solenoidis is bolo, saidanac gamodian magnituri
Zalwirebi, analogiuria mudmivi magnitis N CrdiloeT polusisa, xolo
meore bolo, romelSic Sedian Zalwirebi, analogiuria mudmivi magnitis S
samxreT polusisa.
toroidi ewodeba wriul xviaTa erTobliobas, romelTac saerTo wri-
uli RerZi aqvT (sur. 4.4). toroidis magnituri velis Taviseburebaa is, rom

15
igi mTlianad Tavmoyrilia toroidis SigniT (induqciis wirebi ikvreba
TviT toroidis SigniT) _ toroidis gareT magnituri veli nulis tolia.
magnituri induqciis wirebis suraTi SeiZleba gavxadoT `xiluli~,
Tu visargeblebT rkinis wvrili naqlibiT. rkinis patara namcecebi magni-
tur velSi magnitdebian, gadaiqcevian patara magnitur
isrebad da ganlagdebian ise, rom maTi RerZebis
mimarTuleba daemTxveva magnituri velis mimarTulebas
mocemul wertilSi. miRebul suraTs xSirad magnitur
speqtrs uwodeben, xolo is wirebi, romelTa gas-
wvrivac ganlagdeba patara magnituri isrebis RerZebi,
ganmartebis Tanaxmad warmoadgenen magnituri induq-
ciis wirebs. 4.1-b suraTze mocemulia wrfivi denis
magnituri velis suraTi, romelic miRebulia muyaoze
sur. 4.4.
dayrili rkinis naqlibis saSualebiT.
ganxiluli magaliTebidan naTlad Cans, rom magnituri induqciis wi-
rebi (eleqtrostatikuri velis Zalwirebisagan gansxvavebiT) yovelTvis
Caketilia (Sekrulia), (isini yovelTvis iketebian eleqtruli denis ir-
gvliv), maT ara aqvT arc dasawyisi da arc dasasruli. magnituri induqciis
wirTa Caketiloba magnituri velis fundamenturi Tvisebaa. igi imiTaa gan-
pirobebuli, rom eleqtruli muxtebisagan gansxvavebiT bunebaSi magnituri
muxtebi ar arsebobs da, maSasadame, magnitur vels ara aqvs wyaro. ase-
Ti tipis velebs grigaluri velebi ewodeba∗. amrigad, magnituri veli
grigaluri velia.
raime farTobis gamWoli magnituri induqciis wirebis raodenobas
ewodeba magnituri induqciis nakadi. vinaidan wirebisadmi marTobul erTeu-
lovan farTobs ganWolavs wirebis B raodenoba, dS 0 farTobis gamWoli
wirebis raodenoba, anu magnituri induqciis nakadi dΦ iqneba:
dΦ = BdS 0 . (4.1)
zogad SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dS farTobi wirebisadmi marTobuli ar aris,

( )
dΦ = BdS cos α = Bn dS = Bd S . (4.2)

sadac Bn = B cos α aris B –s gegmili zedapiris normalis mimarTulebaze.

veqtorul sidides d S = dS n , sadac n aris dS farTobis normalis erTeu-

lovani veqtori, ewodeba ` dS farTobis veqtori~. (4.2)-dan Cans, rom imis

∗
grigalur vels solenoidur velsac uwodeben.
16
mixedviT, Tu rogoria α kuTxe (maxvili Tu blagvi), nakadi SeiZleba iyos
dadebiTi an uaryofiTi.
(4.2) gamosaxavs elementarul magnitur nakads _ nakads elementarul
dS farTobSi. sasruli S farTobis gamWoli sruli nakadis misaRebad, un-
da movaxdinoT (4.2)-is integreba:

Φ = ∫ dΦ = ∫ Bn dS = ∫ Bd S , ( ) (4.3)
S S S

erTgvarovani velis SemTxvevaSi Bn = const da

Φ = Bn S . (4.3)

davadginoT magnituri nakadis erTeuli SI sistemaSi:

v ⋅ wm
Φ = Bn S = 1tl ⋅ 1m 2 = 1 2
⋅ 1m 2 = 1v ⋅ wm = 1veberi (vb ) .
m
veberi iseTi magnituri nakadia, romelic ganWolavs marTobulad
dayenebul 1 m2 farTobs 1 tesla magnituri velis induqciis dros.

gausis sistemaSi magnituri nakadis erTeulia maqsveli (mqs)

1 mqs=1 gs. 1 sm2; cxadia, rom 1 vb=108 mqs.

Tu S zedapiri Sekrulia, misi gamWoli magnituri induqciis nakadi

nulis tolia. marTlac, zedapiridan gamosuli nakadi yovelTvis dadebiTia
(kuTxe α zedapiris gare normalsa da Zalwirebs Soris maxvilia da
cos α > 0 ), zedapirSi Sesuli nakadi ki _ uaryofiTi (kuTxe α blagvia). mag-
nituri induqciis wirebis Caketilobis gamo es nakadebi sididiT erTmane-
Tis tolia, amitom maTi jami anu sruli nakadi nulis toli iqneba:

∫ B dS = ∫ (Bd S ) = 0 .
S
n
S
(4.4)

(4.4) toloba warmodgens gaus-ostrogradskis Teoremas magnituri

induqciis nakadisaTvis da gamosaxavs im faqts, rom bunebaSi ar arsebobs
magnituri muxtebi, romlebzec daiwyebodnen an damTavrdebodnen magnituri
induqciis wirebi. es Teorema SeiZleba Caiweros diferencialuri formi-
Tac. veqtoris divergenciis ganmartebis Tanaxmad (Itomi, $115), gamosaxuleba

∫ B dS n

lim S
,
τ →0 τ
(sadac τ aris S zedapiriT SemosazRvruli moculoba) warmoadgens B veq-

( )
toris divergencias diυ B , amitom (4.4)-is safuZvelze gveqneba:

17
 diυ B = 0 . (4.5)
(4.4) da (4.5) formulebi warmoadgens magnituri induqciis wirebis Cake-
tilobisa da, maSasadame magnituri velis grigalurobis maTematikur Cawe-
ras (gamosaxvas).
SedarebisaTvis gavixsenoT, rom eleqtrostatikuri velis SemTxvevaSi
1
diυ E = ρ.
ε0
sabolood SevniSnoT, rom, rogorc cdebi gviCvenebs, (4.5) tolobiT
gamosaxuli fundamenturi Sedegi marTebulia ara marto mudmivi, aramed
nebismieri magnituri velisaTvis. igi aris maqsvelis gantolebaTa sistemis
Semadgeneli nawili.

$5. bio-savar-laplasis kanoni

cdebi gviCvenebs, rom mudmivi makroskopuli denis mier Seqmnili mag-

nituri velis induqcia (vakuumSi) damokidebulia denis sidideze (I ) , moce-
muli wertilidan velis Semqmnel denamde manZilze (r ) da deniani gamtaris
formaze.
magnituri velis induqciis damokidebuleba denis Zalaze saerToa
yvela formis denisaTvis _ induqcia proporciulia denis Zalisa:
B~I.
rac Seexeba manZilze damokidebulebas, frangma mecnierebma biom da
savarma mravalricxovani cdebis safuZvelze 1820 wels daadgines, rom
grZeli wrfivi denis SemTxvevaSi magnituri velis induqcia ukuproporciu-
lia denian gamtaramde r manZilisa:
1
B~ .
r
magnituri velis induqciis deniani gamtaris formaze damokidebule-
bis dadgena praqtikulad SeuZlebelia formaTa mravalferovnebis gamo.
SeiZleboda movqceuliyaviT Semdegnairad: nebismieri formis gamtari dagve-
yo wrfiv mcire dl elementebad, gagvego mocemul wertilSi TiToeuli
elementis mier Seqmnili velis induqcia da miRebuli Sedegebi Segvekriba.
magram aq vawydebiT principul winaaRmdegobas: SeuZlebelia gaizomos
mocemul wertilSi deniani elementis mier Seqmnili velis induqcia ise,
rom danarCeni elementebis moqmedeba gamoiricxos _ magnituri veli, ro-

18
melsac Cven vakvirdebiT mocemul wertilSi, aris yvela elementis erTob-
livi moqmedebis Sedegi. miuxedavad amisa, frangma mecnierma laplasma
cdiseuli monacemebis ganzogadebis safuZvelze daadgina elementaruli
kanoni, romlis gamoyeneba nebismieri formis gamtarisaTvis gvaZlevs eqspe-
rimentTan Tanxvdenil Sedegebs. imis gamo, rom laplasma gamoiyena biosa
da savaris cdebis Sedegebi, am kanons ewoda bio-savar-laplasis kanoni da
mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
elementaruli dB induqcia magnituri velisa, romelsac qmnis I
denis dl elementi∗ misgan r manZilze, (sur. 5.1)
gamoiTvleba formuliT:
I
Idl sin α
dB = k , (5.1)
α r2
dl dB
sadac α aris kuTxe dl elementsa da r radius-
r
veqtors Soris, xolo k proporciulobis
koeficientia. (5.1) gansazRvravs dB –s sidides. rac

Seexeba mimarTulebas, dB yovelTvis marTobia Id l

sur. 5.1
da r veqtorebze gavlebuli sibrtyisa da
mimarTulia im burRis gadaadgilebis gaswvriv, romlis tarsac vabrunebT

Id l –dan r –sken (sur. 5.1). amitom 5.1 veqtorulad ase Caiwereba:

dB = k
[I dl ⋅ r ] . (5.2)
r3
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, mTeli deniani gamtaris mier Seq-
mnili magnituri velis induqcia mocemul wertilSi toli iqneba calkeu-
li veqtorebis geometriuli jamisa:
n
B = ∑ dB i .
i =1

kerZo SemTxvevaSi, roca yvela dB erTnairadaa mimarTuli, jami Seicvleba

integraliT:
sin α dl
B = ∫ dB = kI ∫ . (5.3)
l l r2

proporciulobis k koeficientis ricxviTi mniSvneloba damokidebu-

lia formulaSi Semaval sidideTa erTeulebis SerCevaze. gausis sistemaSi

∗
I denis Zalis namravls dl elementze (Idl ) denis elementi ewodeba. igi veqtoria, aqvs
denis mimarTuleba.
19
 1
k= , sadac c eleqtrodinamikuri mudmivaa da tolia sinaTlis gavrcele-
c
bis siCqarisa vakuumSi.
μ0
SI sistemaSi k = , sadac μ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 hn/m aris magnituri mudmiva.
4π
amrigad, SI sistemaSi bio-savar-laplasis kanoni iRebs Semdeg saxes:
μ 0 Idl sin α
dB= (5.4)
4π r2
da
μ 0 I sin α dl
4π ∫l r 2
B= . (5.5)

$6. bio-savar-laplasis kanonis gamoyeneba

ganvixiloT bio-savar-laplasis kanonis gamoyenebis ramdenime magali-

Ti da gamoviTvaloT sxvadasxva formis deniani gamtaris mier Seqmnili mag-
nituri velis induqcia. moqmedebis gza yvela SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea:
gamtars davyofT mcire dl elementebad, gamoviTvliT TiToeuli elementis
mier Seqmnili dB magnituri velis induqcias da miRebul Sedegebs SevkrebT.

1. sasruli sigrZis wrfivi denis magnituri velis induqcia.

vTqvaT, sasruli sigrZis wrfiv gamtarSi gadis I deni. gamoviTvaloT

am denis mier Seqmnili magnituri velis induqcia misgan R manZilze
(sur.6.1). amisaTvis davyoT gamtari mcire dl elementebad, gamoviTvaloT Ti-
Toeuli elementis mier mier Seqmnili velis induqcia A wertilSi da mi-
Rebuli Sedegebi SevkriboT. am SemTxvevaSi
α2 yvela dB veqtori mimarTulia erTnairad _
naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvengan. amitom
isini algebrulad Seikribeba.
I
(5.5)-is Tanaxmad
R μ 0 I sin α dl
4π ∫l r 2
A B= (6.1)
C dα
dl α daviyvanoT integralqveSa gamosaxuleba
K d erT cvladze. dl monakveTis bolo, C werti-
α1
lidan davuSvaT Cd marTobi r radius-veq-
torze. suraTidan Cans,
sur. 6.1.
20
 Cd = rdα = dl sin α ∗,

saidanac
dl dα
= .
r 2
r sin α
dl dα dl
magram r sin α = R , amitom = . Tu –is miRebul mniSvnelobas
r2 R r2
SevitanT (6.1)-Si da sigrZiT integrebas SevcvliT kuTxiT integrebiT,
gveqneba:
α2 α
μ0 I sin α dα μ 0 I 2 μ0 I μ0 I
B=
4π ∫α R = 4πR α∫ sin α dα = − 4πR (cos α 2 − cos α 1 ) = 4πR (cos α1 − cos α 2 ) . (6.2)
1 1

(6.2) formula saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT magnituri

velis induqcia kvadratis formis deniani konturis centrSi. I
α2
kvadratSi gamavali deni aRvniSnoT I –Ti, xolo kvadratis gverdis
sigrZe a –Ti (sur.6.2), maSin erT-erTi gverdis mier Seqmnili
magnituri velis induqcia O wertilSi (6.2)-is Tanaxmad iqneba R
a O
⎛ a⎞ α1
⎜R = ⎟:
⎝ 2⎠
2 μ0 I
(cosα1 − cosα 2 ) ,
B= I
4πa
( )
magram α 1 = 45 , α 2 = 90 + α 1 , amitom cos α 2 = − sin α 1 da gveqneba: sur. 6.2.
μ0 I ⎛ ⎞
B1 = (cos α 1 + sin α 1 ) = μ 0 I ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ = 2μ 0 I .
2πa 2πa ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2πa
(6.3)
vinaidan kvadratis calkeuli gverdebis mier mis centrSi Seqmnili velis induqciebi erT-
mxrivaa mimarTuli, amitom sruli induqcia

2 2μ 0 I
B = 4 B1 = .
πa
analogiuri msjelobiT miviRebT, rom Tu denian konturs wesieri eqsvkuTxedis
forma aqvs, induqcia mis centrSi

3μ 0 I
B= , (6.4)
2πa
sadac a eqvskuTxedis erT-erTi gverdia.

2. usasrulo sigrZis wrfivi denis magnituri velis induqcia.

usasrulo wrfivi denis magnituri velis induqcias martivad gamoviT-

valoT, Tu gamoviyenebT (6.2) formulas. usasrulo wrfivi denisaTvis
α 1 = 0, α 2 = 180 , amitom cos α 1 − cos α 2 = [1 − (− 1)] = 2 da

∗
dl -is simciris gamo SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom CA ≈ r .
21
 μ0 I
B= . (6.5)
2πR
praqtikulad, am formuliT SeiZleba sargebloba sasruli, magram
sakmaod grZeli wrfivi denis magnituri velis induqciis gamosaTvlela-
dac, Tu gamtaris l sigrZe gacilebiT metia R manZilze.

3. wriuli denis magnituri velis induqcia.

vTqvaT, R -radiusian wriul gamtarSi gadis I deni. vipovoT magnitu-

ri velis induqcia:
a) wriuli denis centrSi.

am SemTxvevaSi yvela dB mimarTulia erT mxares _ wriuli denis sib-

rtyis marTobulad qvevidan zeviT (sur. 6.3) amitom
μ 0 I sin α
4π ∫l r 2
B= dl ;
dB
d B1 ϕ
magram yvela dl elementi-
A
saTvis r = R, xolo sin α = 1 , d B2
ϕ
amitom B
h r
μ I μ I μ I
B = 0 2 ∫ dl = 0 2 ⋅ 2πR = 0 (6.5)
4πR l 4πR 2R
R R
o dl o dl
e.i. am SemTxvevaSic induqcia pir-
dapirproporciulia gamtarSi ga-
mavali denisa da ukuproporciu-
I I
lia am gamtaridan manZilisa.
sur. 6.3 sur. 6.4
b) wriuli denis RerZze.
centridan h manZiliT daSorebul A wertilSi (sur. 6.4), sxvadasxva

dl elementebis mier Seqmnili dB veqtorebi sxvadasxvanairadaa mimarTuli

(isini qmnian maraos centriT A wertilSi), amitom sruli induqcia A
wertilSi

B = ∑ dB .

dB veqtori paralelogramis wesiT davSaloT or mdgenelad, romelTagan

( )
erTi dB1 iqneba OA RerZis paraleluri, xolo meore dB2 ( ) _ misi marTo-
buli (sur. 6.4). maSin

dB = dB1 + dB2

22
da

B = ∑ dB1 + ∑ dB2

magram advili misaxvedria, rom ∑ dB 2 = 0 , vinaidan diametralurad

sawinaaRdego elementebisaTvis dB2 veqtorebi sididiT toli da mimarTu-

lebiT sawinaaRmdegoa. rac Seexeba dB1 mdgenelebs, isini erTnairadaa

mimarTuli, amitom jami SeiZleba Seicvalos integraliT da gveqneba:

B = ∫ dB1 (6.7)
l

R R
suraTidan Cans, rom dB1 = dB ⋅ sin ϕ = dB = dB .
r (R + h 2 )1 2
2

bio-savar-laplasis kanonis Tanaxmad

μ 0 Idl sin α μ 0 Idl
dB = = ,
4π r2 4π r 2
amitom
μ 0 IdlR μ 0 IdlR
dB1 = = .
4π r 3
4π (R 2 + h 2 )3 2

dB1 -is mniSvneloba SevitanoT (6.7)-Si:

μ 0 IR μ 0 IR
B=∫
) ∫
dl = dl
l (
4π R 2 + h )
2 32
(
4π R 2 + h 2
32
l

an
μ0 R 2 I
B= . (6.8)
(
2 R 2 + h2 )
32

B mimarTulia wriuli denis RerZis gaswvriv. wriuli denis centrisaTvis

h = 0 da, rogorc unda yofiliyo, (6.8) gadadis (6.5)-Si.

4. solenoidis magnituri velis induqcia

rogorc aRvniSneT, solenoidi aris wrfivi RerZis mqone wriuli de-
nebis erToblioba, amitom induqcia mis RerZze toil iqneba calkeuli wri-
uli denebis induqciaTa jamisa. Sesabamisi gamoTvlebi (ix. petitiT awyobi-
li) gvaZlevs, rom grZeli solenoidis RerZze induqcia
B = μ 0 nI , (6.9)
sadac n aris xviaTa ricxvi solenoidis sigrZis erTeulze, xolo I _
solenoidSi gamavali denis Zala.

23
 gamovyoT solenoidis mcire dl elementi (sur. 6.5). igi Seicavs ndl xvias. vinaidan
solenoidis TiToeul xviaSi gadis I deni, es elementi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
wriuli gamtari, romelSic gadis Indl deni. (6.8)-is Tanaxmad, am `wriuli denis~ mier
Seqmnili magnituri velis induqcia l manZiliT daSorebul A wertilSi.
μ 0 R 2 Indl
dB = .
( ) 32
(6.10)
2 R2 + l 2
vinaidan yvela elementis mier Seqmnili magnituri velis induqcia A wertilSi
erTnairadaa mimarTuli (RerZis gaswvriv), jamuri induqcia miiReba (6.10)-is integrebiT:

μ 0 R 2 In dl
B = ∫ dB = ∫ (R .
)
32
(6.11)
l
2 l
2
+ l2

R 2 + l 2 cvladebi erTi damoukidebeli cvladiT. A wertilidan

gamovsaxoT dl da
mocemul elementamde gavavloT r radius-veqtori. kuTxe r –sa da solenoidis RerZs
Soris aRvniSnoT β –Ti. suraTidan Cans, rom

l = R ctgβ ,
dl saidanac
Rdβ
dl = − .
R β A sin 2 β
r
garda amisa,

R 2 + l 2 = R 2 (1 + ctg 2 β ) =
R2
l .
sin 2 β

sur. 6.5
Tu dl –isa da R 2 + l 2 –is miRebul mniSvnelobebs
SevitanT (6.10) formulaSi (am formulaSi dl dadebiTi
sididea) da sigrZiT integrebas SevcvliT kuTxiT integrebiT, miviRebT:

R
β2 β2
μ 0 R nl 2
sin 2 β μ 0 nl 1
B=
2 ∫
β ⎛ R2 ⎞
32
dβ =
2 ∫ sin βdβ = 2μ nl (cos β
β
0 1 − cos β 2 ) , (6.12)
1
⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ 1

⎝ sin β ⎠
sadac β1 da β2 solenoidis kidura elementebis Sesabamisi kuTxeebia, aTvlili RerZis
erTi da imave mimarTulebiT.
es Sedegi damokidebulia solenoidis sigrZeze da A wertilis mdebareobaze:
kerZod, Tu solenoidi usasrulod grZelia, maSin β 1 = 0. β 2 = π . da

B = μ 0 nI ,
rac Tanxvdeba (6.9)-s. praqtikulad, solenoidi SeiZleba CaiTvalos `usasrulod grZlad~
da visargebloT (6.9) formuliT, Tu solenoidis sigrZe bevrad metia xviis R radiusze.
sasruli L sigrZis solenoidis SemTxvevaSi induqcia iqneba naklebi, vidre
usasrulo grZelisa. amasTan, SeiZleba Cveneba, rom am SemTxvevaSi induqcia maqsimaluria
solenoidis Sua wertilisaTvis da tolia

24
 B=
μ 0 nI .
4 R 2 + L2
Tu A wertili imyofeba grZeli solenoidis erT-erT boloSi, maSin, rogorc sura-
π π
Tidan Cans, an β1 = da β2 = π , an β1 = 0 da β2 = . amitom, metad grZeli solenoidis
2 2
1
SemTxvevaSic ki induqcia solenoidis bolosTan ar aRemateba μ 0 I –s.
2

vinaidan B0 = μ 0 H , bio-savar-laplasis kanoni da misgan gamomdinare

Sedegebi (iseve, rogorc B0 –is Semcveli sxva formulebi) SeiZleba gamoisa-

xos magnituri velis daZabulobis veqtoris saSualebiT.
gveqneba:
bio-savar-laplasis kanoni:
1 Idl sin α
dH = (5.1')
4π r2
usasrulo wrfivi denis magnituri veli:
I
H= (6.5')
2πR
wriuli denis magnituri veli centrSi:
I
H= (6.6')
2R
da a.S.
es formulebi gviCvenebs, rom magnituri velis daZabulobis ganzomi-
leba udris denis Zalis ganzomilebas gayofils sigrZis ganzomilebaze.
maSasadame SI sistemaSi H –is erTeuli iqneba amperi metrze (a/m). es erT-
euli SeiZleba ganimartos (6.5’) formulis safuZvelze. Tu am formulaSi
1
davuSvebT, rom I = 1 a da R = m, miviRebT H = a/m. e.i. amperi metrze aris
2π
iseTi magnituri velis daZabuloba, romelsac qmnis usasrulo wrfivi
1
gamtari, romelSic gadis 1 a deni misgan m manZilze.
2π

$7. moZravi muxtis magnituri veli

viciT, rom yoveli deniani gamtaris irgvliv aRiZvreba magnituri

veli, romlis sidide gamoiTvleba bio-savar-laplasis formuliT
μ 0 Idl sin α
dB = . (7.1)
4π r2

25
 magram eleqtruli deni aris eleqtruli muxtebis mimarTuli moZrao-
ba, amitom, bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom cakleuli moZravi muxtic unda qmni-
des magnitur vels. es mosazreba dasturdeba cdiT.∗
moZravi muxtis magnituri velis induqcias advilad gamoviTvliT, Tu
(7.1) formulaSi I denis Zalas gamovsaxavT q muxtis sididis, υ moZraobis
siCqarisa da n0 denis gadamtani muxtebis koncentraciis saSualebiT.
gamtaris ganikveTis farTobi aRvniSnoT S –iT da gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom denis simkvrive i = n0 qυ (I tomi, $137), maSin denis Zala

I = iS = n0 qυS . (7.2)
denis Zalis es mniSvneloba SevitanoT (7.1)-Si:
μ 0 n0 qυSdl sin α
dB = ⋅ . (7.3)
4π r2
aseTi induqciis vels qmnis dl elementi, anu Sdl moculobaSi moTavsebuli
yvela muxti, romelTa raodenoba
dN = n0 Sdl .
yvela dN muxti mowesrigebulad moZraobs erTi mimarTulebiT da
erTnairi υ siCqariT, amitom erTi moZravi muxtis magnituri velis induq-
cia iqneba dn –jer naklebi:
dB μ 0 qυ sin α
= B= . (7.4)
dN 4π r2
aseTi induqcia magnituri velisa, romelsac qmnis υ siCqariT moZravi
q muxti misgan r manZiliT daSorebul wertilSi. advili misaxvedria, rom

α aris kuTxe υ –sa da r –s Soris.

Tu gaviTvalisiwnebT B, υ da r veqtorebis mimarTulebas (kerZod

imas, rom B yovelTvis marTobia υ da r veqtorebze gavlebuli sibrtyisa

da mimarTulia burRis wesis Sesabamisad), maSin (7.4) toloba veqtorulad
Semdegnairad Caiwereba:

B=
μ0 q
4π r 3
[ ]
υ r .∗∗ (7.5)

∗
moZravi muxtis irgvliv magnituri velis arseboba, agreTve misi sidide, eqsperimentu-
lad daadgina 1910 wels a. iofem.
∗∗
B -s mimarTulebis sworad gasarkvevad unda gvaxsovdes, rom denis mimarTulebad
miCneulia dadebiTi muxtebis moZraobis mimarTuleba, amitom, Tu q > 0 , B -s mimarTuleba
Tanxvdeba [υ r ]–is mimarTulebas, xolo Tu q < 0 , B -s aqvs [υ r ]–is sawinaaRmdego, e.i.
[r υ ]–s mimarTuleba.
26
 $8. magnituri velis induqciis veqtoris cirkulacia

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, Tu mocemuli gvaqvs romelime A veqtoris veli,

am veqtoris cirkulacia nebismier Caketil wirze, ewodeba gamosaxulebas

∫ A dl ,
l
l sadac Al = A cos α aris A veqtoris gegmili dl –is mimarTulebaze.

I tomis $112-Si naCvenebi iyo, rom eleqtrostatikuri veli warmoad-

gens potenciur vels, rac maTematikurad imiT gamoisaxeba, rom velis daZa-
bulobis cirkulacia nebismieri Caketili wiris gaswvriv aris nulis
toli:

∫ (E dl ) = ∫ E dl = 0 .
l l
l

magnituri induqciis wirebis Caketilobis safuZvelze Cven aRvniSneT

($4), rom magnituri veli warmoadgens grigalur (arapotenciur) vels, ami-
tom, magnituri induqciis veqtoris cirkulacia nebismier Caketil wirze,
sazogadod, nulis toli ar unda iyos.
marTlac, gamoviTvaloT magnituri induqciis veqtoris cirkulacia

∫ B dl .
l
l simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT usasrulo wrfivi deni, romelic mimar-

Tulia naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvengan da gamoviTvaloT B –s cirku-

lacia erT-erTi ( R -radiusiani) induqciis wiris gaswvriv (sur. 8.1). wiris
Semovlis mimarTuleba suraTze isriTaa naCvenebi.

vinaidan yovel wertilSi B induqciis wiris mxebia, α = 0, cos α = 1 , da

μ0 I
Bl = B = .
2πR
amitom

∫ (B dl ) = ∫ B dl = 2πR ∫ dl = 2πR ⋅ 2πR = μ

μ0 I μ0 I
I R l 0 I.
+
l l l

amrigad, magnituri induqciis veqtoris cirkula-

cia Caketili wiris gaswvriv

∫ (B dl ) = ∫ B dl = μ
B I. (8.1)
l 0
l l
sur. 8.1
formula gviCvenebs, rom cirkulaciis mniSvnelo-
ba ar aris damokidebuli wiris radiusze da ganisazRvreba magnituri
mudmivas namravliT denis Zalaze.

27
 (8.1) gamosaxulebis niSani damokidebulia konturis Semovlis mimarTulebaze. Tu es
mimarTuleba denis mimarTulebasTan dakavSirebulia burRis wesiT, maSin α =0 da (8.1)

gamosaxuleba dadebiTia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi α = 180 da uaryofiTia. niSani SeiZleba

gaviTvaliswinoT, Tu davuSvebT, rom I deni algebruli sididea. amasTan, Tu denis
mimarTuleba konturis Semovlis mimarTulebasTan dakavSirebulia burRis wesiT, igi
CaiTvleba dadebiTad, sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis deni ki uaryofiTad.

SeiZleba Cveneba (ix. petitis teqsti), rom (8.1) marTebulia nebismieri

formisa da nebismierad orientirebuli Caketili konturisaTvis, romelic
moicavs dens. Tu konturi dens ar moicavs, maSin cirkulacia aseTi Cake-
tili wiris gaswvriv nulis tolia. formula marTebulia agreTve ara
marto wrfivi, aramed nebismieri formis denisaTvis.

davuSvaT, nebismieri formis konturi Zevs wrfivi denisadmi marTobul sibrtyeSi

(sur. 8.2). konturis yovel wertilSi magnituri induqciis veqtori mimarTulia am wertil-

ze gavlebuli wrewiris mxebad. cirkulaciis gamosaxulebaSi Bl dl SevcvaloT Bdl B –Ti,

sadac dl B = dl cos α ∗
aris konturis dl elementis gegmili B –s mimarTulebaze. suraTidan

Cans, rom dl B = Rdα , sadac R aris manZili deniani gamtaridan konturis dl elementamde,

xolo dα is kuTxea, romliTac Semobrundeba radialuri wrfe R konturis gaswvriv dl

manZiliT gadaadgilebisas. amrigad,

μ0 I
Bl dl = Bdl B = ⋅ Rdα .
2πR
a
+ dα
R dl
+ dα + − dα
B

b
sur. 8.2 sur. 8.3

am tolobis gaTvaliswinebiT magnituri induqciis cirkulaciisaTvis gveqneba:

μ 0 I 2π
∫ Bl dl =
l
2π ∫0
dα = μ 0 I (8.2)

rac Tanxvdeba (8.1)-s.

∗
simciris gamo dl B monakveTi SeiZleba Seicvalos wrewiris rkaliT.
28
 Tu konturi ar Zevs denisadmi marTobul sibrtyeze, maSin yoveli dl SeiZleba dai-

Salos or, dl1 da dl 2 mdgenelebad, romelTagan dl1 moTavsebuli iqneba denis marTob sib-

rtyeSi, xolo dl 2 – mis perperndikularulad: dl = dl1 + dl 2 . maSin

∫ (B dl ) =∫ (B dl ) + ∫ (B dl
l l
1
l
2 ).
π
magram meore Sesakrebi nulis tolia, radgan yoveli α= da cos α = 0 , xolo pirveli
2
Sesakrebi, damtkicebis Tanaxmad, mogvcems μ 0 l -s. amitom, am SemTxvevaSic

∫ (B dl ) =μ
l
0 I.

axla ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca konturi ar m oic av s dens (sur.8.3). am Sem-

TxvevaSi konturis Semovlisas radialuri wrfe Semobrundeba jer erTi mimarTulebiT
( ab ubani), Semdeg sawinaaRmdegoTi ( ba ubani). amis gamo

2π

∫ dα = 0 da (8.2)–is Tanaxmad ∫ B dl = 0 .
0 l
l

Tu konturi moicavs ramodenime, I 1 , I 2 , I 3 , . . . I n dens, maSin, superpozici-

n
is Tanaxmad B = ∑ Bk , sadac Bk aris I k denis mier Seqmnili velis induqcia.
k =1

maSin

∫ (B dl ) = ∫ ⎜ ∑ B ⎟dl = ∑ ∫ (B dl ).
⎛ ⎞ n n

k k
l l ⎝ k =1 ⎠ k =1 l

am integralTagan TiToeuli gvaZlevs μ 0 I k –s, amitom

∫ (B dl ) = μ ∑ I
n

0 k . (8.3)
l k =1

(8.3) gamosaxavs sruli denis kanons magnituri velisaTvis vakuumSi:

magnituri velis induqciis cirkulacia Caketili konturis gas-
wvriv tolia magnituri mudmivas namravlisa im denebis algebrul
jamze, romelsac es konturi moicavs.

erTnairi denebis SemTxvevaSi

∫ (B dl ) = μ nI .
n

∑I
k =1
k = nI da 0 (8.4)
l

B
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom = H , (8.3) toloba miiRebs saxes
μ0

∫ (H dl ) = ∑ I
n

k . (8.5)
l k =1

29
 $9. cirkulaciis formulis gamoyeneba solenoidisa
da toroidis magnituri velis gamosaTvlelad

$ 6-Si vnaxeT, rom bio-savar-laplasis kanoni saSualebas gvaZlevs

gamoviTvaloT sxvadasxva formis deniani gamtaris mier Seqmnili magnituri
velis induqcia. magram rig SemTxvevebSi (roca adgili aqvs garkveul si-
metrias) igive amocanis gadawyveta martivdeba, Tu visargeblebT ara bio-
savar-laplasis, aramed sruli denis kanoniT (8.3).
sruli denis kanoni iseTive mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mudmivi
denis magnituri velis gamoTvlaSi, rogorsac gaus-ostrogradskis Teorema
eleqtrostatikuri velis gamoTvlaSi.
ganvixiloT am kanonis gamoyenebis ramodenime magaliTi.

1. solenoidis magnituri velis induqcia

9.1 suraTze mocemulia solenoidis kveTi da magnituri induqciis wi-
rebis ganlageba. solenoidis sigrZe aRvniSnoT l –iT, masSi gamavali deni
I –iT, xolo xviaTa ricxvi N –iT. Caketil konturad avirCioT induqciis
erT-erTi (NABSN) wiri da gamoviTvaloT cirkulacia mis gaswvriv. vinaidan
arCeuli konturi moicavs I denian N gamtars, amitom (8.4)–is Tanaxmad

∫ B dl = μ
NABSN
l 0 NI (9.1)

magram
∫
NABSN
Bl dl = ∫ B dl + ∫ B dl .
SN
l
NABS
l

induqcia solenoidis SigniT gacilebiT

metia, vidre mis gareT,∗ amitom wina tolobaSi
meore wevri SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT.
garda amisa, vinaidan Caketil konturad
aRebulia induqciis wiri, Bl = B da gveqneba:

∫
NABSN
Bl dl = B ∫ dl = Bl .
SN
(9.2)

(9.1) da (9.2) tolobaTa Sedareba gvaZlevs:

Bl = μ0 NI ,
an
B = μ 0 nI . (9.3)
N
sadac n = aris xviaTa ricxvi solenoidis sigrZis erTeulze.
l

∗
es daSveba miT ufro zustia, rac ufro grZelia solenoidi. SeiZleba Cveneba, rom
usasrulod grZeli solenoidis SemTxvevaSi induqcia mis gareT nulis tolia.
30
 2. toroidis magnituri velis induqcia
9.2 suraTze gamosaxulia toroidis kveTi. R1 da R2 kveTis Siga da
gare radiusebia. toroidis magnituri velis induqciis wirebi warmoadgens
wrewirebs, romelTa centri O wertilSia. cxadia, rom erTi da igive
induqciis wiris gaswvriv B –s ricxviTi mniSvneloba erTi da igive iqneba.
Caketil konturad avirCioT r radiusiani induqciis wiri da gamoviTvaloT
magnituri velis induqciis cirkulacia am konturis gaswvriv. vinaidan am
SemTxvevaSi Bl = B , amitom

∫ B dl = B ∫ dl = B ⋅ 2π r .
l
l
l
(9.4)

meore mxriv, Tu toroidi Seicavs N

xvias, xolo masSi gadis I deni, arCeuli
+
+ +
+ R1 R2 konturi moicavs I –denian N gamtars da
+

+ r 0 (8.4)-is Tanaxmad
+
o
∫ B dl =μ
+ L1 +
+ l 0 NI . (9.5)
+ +
l
(9.4) da (9.5) formulebis Sedareba gvaZlevs
L2 NI
B = μ0 , (9.6)
2πr
saidanac Cans, rom toroidSi
sur. 9.2
magnituri velis induqcia O centridan
daSorebisas klebulobs:
NI NI NI
Bmaqs = μ 0 ; Bmin = μ 0 = μ0 ,
2πR1 2πR2 2π (R1 + d )
sadac d xviis diametria.

⎛ R + R2 ⎞
toroidis RerZul wirze ⎜ r = RsaS = 1 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
NI
BsaS = μ 0 = μ 0 nI (9.7)
2πRsaS
sadac n aris toroidis Suawiris (RerZuli wiris) sigrZis erTeulze
mosuli xviaTa raodenoba.
davuSvaT r < R1 , maSin, vinaidan aseTi radiusiani konturi ( L1

konturi) ar moicavs dens, ∫ B dl = 0

l
l da B = 0 .

Tu r > R2 , maSin aseTi radiusiani konturi ( L2 konturi) moicavs I –

denian 2N gamtars. magram vinaidan N gamtarSi dens aqvs erTi

31
mimarTuleba, xolo danarCen N –Si sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba, yvela
gamtarSi gamavali denebis algebruli jami iqneba nulis toli, amitom

∫ B dl = 0
l
l da B = 0.

amrigad, magnituri veli toroidis gareT nulis tolia, igi mTlianad

lokalizebulia toroidSi.
cxadia, rom rac ufro gavzrdiT toroidis saSualo r radiuss ( d -sa
da n –is mocemuli mniSvnelobebis dros), miT ufro mcire iqneba
gansxvaveba Bmaqs –sa da Bmin –s Soris, e.i. miT ufro erTgvarovani iqneba veli

toroidis SigniT.∗ zRvarSi, roca r → ∞ , toroidis nacvlad miviRebT

usasrulod grZel solenoids. aseTi solenoidis SigniT veli
erTgvarovania, vinaidan B –s yvela wertilSi erTnairi sidide da
mimarTuleba aqvs.

$10. magnituri velis moqmedeba denian gamtarze.

amperis formula

magnituri velis moqmedeba denian gamtarze aRmoaCina danielma

fizikosma erstedma, male mas Semdeg (1920 w), rac mis mier dadgenil iqna
deniani gamtaris moqmedeba magnitur isarze. es moqmedeba eqsperimentulad
Seiswavla frangma mecnierma amperma, romelmac daadgina, rom F Zala,
romliTac erTgvarovani magnituri veli moqmedebs wrfiv denian gamtarze,
damokidebulia magnituri velis induqciaze, gamtaris sigrZeze, masSi
gamaval denze da gamtaris orientaciaze magnitur velSi. kerZod, moqmedi
Zala maqsimaluria, roca gamtari moTavsebulia magnituri velis
marTobulad da nulis tolia, roca moTavsebulia mis paralelurad. es
damokidebuleba mocemulia amperis formuliT (kanoniT):
F = k I B l sin α , (10.1)

sadac α aris kuTxe B –sa da denis mimarTulebas Soris. formulidan Cans,

π
rom roca α= (deniani gamtari moTavsebulia B –s marTobulad),
2
F = Fmaqs = kIBl , xolo roca α = 0, F = 0 .

∗
velis erTgvarovnebaze laparaki pirobiTia, vinaidan am dros yvela wertilSi erTnairi
iqneba B –s ricxviTi mniSvneloba, mimarTuleba ki, cxadia, wertilidan wertilamde
Seicvleba.
32
 proporciulobis koeficientis ricxviTi mniSvneloba damokidebulia
formulaSi Semavali sidideebis erTeulebis SerCevaze. SI sistemaSi k = 1
da
F = IBl sin α . (10.2)
Tu veli araerTgvarovania, xolo gamtari nebismieri formisaa,
gamtari unda daiyos mcire dl elementebad. simciris gamo dl elementi
SeiZleba CaiTvalos wrfivad, xolo veli mis maxloblobaSi (areSi, sadac
moTavsebulia dl ) _ erTgvarovnad. amrigad, amperis kanoni zogad
SemTxvevaSi ase Caiwereba:
dF = IdlB sin α , (10.3)

sadac α aris kuTxe Idl denis elementsa da B –s Soris.

$3-Si aRvniSneT, rom magnituri velis induqcia aris magnituri velis Z a l u r i

π
maxasiaTebeli. marTlac (10.3) formulidan, Tu α=
2
1 dF
B= .
I dl
e.i. magnituri velis induqcia ricxobrivad im Zalis tolia, romliTac magnituri
veli moqmedebs mis marTobulad moTavsebul erTeulovani sigrZis gamtarze, romelSic
gadis erTeulovani deni.

(10.3) formula gansazRvravs amperis Zalis sidides. rac Seexeba

mimarTulebas, misi gansazRvris ramdenime wesi arsebobs.
marcxena xelis wesis Tanaxmad, Tu marcxena xels gavSliT ise,
rom magnituri induqciis wirebi Sediodes xelis gulSi, xolo oTxi TiTi
emTxveodes denis mimarTulebas, marTi kuTxiT gaSlili ceri gviCvenebs
denze moqmedi Zalis mimarTulebas. am wesiT sargebloba gansakuTrebiT
mosaxerxebelia, roca gamtari moTavsebulia magnituri velis marTobulad.
sxva SemTxvevaSi wesi moiTxovs damatebiT ganmartebas (unda aviRoT
magnituri velis is mdgeneli, romelic gamtarisadmi
marTobulia).
I dl
ufro universaluria burRis wesi. am wesis Ta- dF
naxmad, Tu burRis saxelurs vabrunebT I dl veqtoridan

B veqtorisken, burRis gadataniTi moZraobis mimar- B

Tuleba gviCvenebs dF –is mimarTulebas (sur. 10.1).
am wesis gaTvalisiwnebiT (10.3) veqtorulad
sur. 10.1
Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
33
 [
dF = I dl ⋅ B . ] (10.4)
magnituri velis moqmedebas denian gamtarze aqvs mravalmxrivi
teqnikuri gamoyeneba. igi safuZvlad udevs mravali xelsawyos moqmedebas,
romelTaganac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da farTod gavrcelebulia
eleqtroZrava. es moqmedeba safuZvlad udevs agreTve eleqtrosazomi
xelsawyoebis mowyobilobas.

$11. denebis urTierTqmedeba

cda gviCvenebs, rom deniani gamtarebi garkveulad urTierTqmedeben,

rac ganpirobebulia TiToeuli denis magnituri velis moqmedebiT meoreze.
amperis formula saSualebas gvaZlevs martivad gamovTvaloT am
urTierTqmedebis Zalis sidide.

I1 I2 I1 B1
F1 F2 B1 F1 B2 F2
B2 I2

d d

a b
sur. 11. 1.
simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT ori sakmaod grZeli urTierTparale-
luri gamtari, romlebSic gadis I 1 da I 2 deni. Tu am denebs erTnairi
mimarTuleba aqvT, maT ewodeba paraleluri, (sur. 11.1.a) winaaRmdeg SemTxve-
vaSi ki antiparaleluri (sur. 11.1.b). TiToeuli gamtaris sigrZe aRvniSnoT
l –iT, xolo maT Soris manZili d –Ti.
ganvixiloT jer paraleluri denebi.
burRis wesis gamoyenebiT davadgenT, rom I 1 denis magnituri velis

induqciis B1 veqtori I2 denis areSi mimarTulia suraTis sibrtyis

marTobulad Cvengan da (6.5)-is Tanaxmad sididiT tolia:
μ 0 I1
B1 = .
2πd

34
 amperis formulis Tanaxmad, B1 induqciis magnituri veli l sigrZis

⎛ π⎞
I 2 denian gamtarze imoqmedebs ZaliT ⎜ α = ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
μ 0 I1 I 2
F2 = I 2 B1l = l. (11.1)
2πd
marxcena xelis wesis Tanaxmad, am Zalas aqvs suraTze naCvenebi
mimarTuleba, e.i. mimarTulia I 2 denidan I 1 –sken.
analogiuri msjelobiT miviRebT, rom I 2 denis magnituri veli

μ0 I 2
B2 =
2πd
imoqmedebs I 1 denian gamtarze F1 ZaliT, romelic sididiT tolia
μ 0 I1 I 2
F1 = I 1 B2 l = l. (11.2)
2πd
e.i. igivea, rac F2 da mimarTulia denidan I 2 –sken (sur. 11.1.a).
amrigad, miviReT, rom paraleluri denebi erTmaneTs miizidaven
ZaliT:
μ 0 I1 I 2
F= l. (11.3)
2πd
aseve martivad davadgenT, rom antiparaleluri denebi erTmaneTs
ganizidaven imave sididis ZaliT (sur. 11.1.b).
SeiZleba Cveneba, rom Tu deniani gamtarebi erTmaneTs gadakveTen
raRac kuTxiT, maSin maT Soris aRiZvreba magnituri urTierTqmedebis
Zalebi, romlebic cdiloben Semoabrunon gamtarebi da daayenon erTmaneTis
paralelurad ise, rom dens orive gamtarSi hqondes
erTnairi mimarTuleba (sur. 11.2).
(11.3) formula da denis Zalis SI sistemis

I1 α erTeulis _ amperis ganmarteba saSualebas gvaZlevs

I2
davadginoT magnituri mudmivas ricxviTi mniSvneloba,
marTlac, Tu I 1 = I 2 = 1 a, l = 1m da d = 1 m, maSin

F = 2 ⋅ 10 −7 n, amitom
F ⋅ 2πd n ⋅m a ⋅ v ⋅ wm hn
μ0 = = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 2 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 2 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 .
sur. 11. 2. I1 I 2 l a ⋅m a ⋅m m

35
 $12. magnituri velis moqmedeba Caketil denian konturze

$3-Si aRvniSneT, rom magnitur velSi Setanil Caketil denian kontur-

ze moqmedebs mabrunebeli momenti (ris safuZvelzec xdeba magnituri velis
induqciis veqtoris gansazRvra). ganvixiloT es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT.
davuSvaT, nebismieri formis deniani brtyeli da myari Caketili
konturi moTavsebulia B induqciis erTgvarovan magnitur velSi. ganvixi-
loT jer SemTxveva, roca veli mimarTulia konturis sibrtyis mar-
Tobulad Cvengan (sur. 12.1). amperis formulis Tanaxmad konturis TiToeul

dl elementze imoqmedebs dF = IBdl Zala (α = π 2 ) , romelic marcxena xelis

wesis Tanaxmad mimarTuli iqneba konturis SigniT (sur. 12.1a). velis

erTgvarovnebis gamo yvela dl elementze moqmedebs erTnairi sididis Zala,
amitom maTi tolqmedi nulis tolia da konturi mxolod Tanabrad
ikumSeba.
Tu SevucvliT mimarTulebas dens, an magnitur vels, konturze
imoqmedebs Tanabrad gamWimavi Zalebi (sur. 12.1.b).
denisa da magnituri velis mimarTulebis erTdrouli Secvlisas,
cxadia, elementebze moqmedi Zalebi mimarTulebas ar Seicvlis.
amrigad, erTgvarovani magnituri velis marTobulad moTavsebul
konturze moqmedebs gamWimavi an SemkumSveli Zalebi, romlebic kompensir-
deba konturis deformaciis Sedegad aRZruli drekadi ZalebiT.
ganvixiloT axla SemTxveva, roca konturis sibrtye moTavsebulia
magnituri velis paralelurad. gavavloT magnituri velis paraleluri dh
manZiliT daSorebuli ori wrfe, romlebic konturze CamoWrian mopirda-
pire dl1 da dl 2 elementebs (sur. 12.1.g). amperis kanonis Tanaxmad am elemen-
tebze imoqmedebs Zalebi
dF1 = IBdl1 sin α 1 da dF2 = IBdl 2 sin α 2 .
magram
dI 1 sin α 1 = dI 2 sin α 2 = dh ,
amitom
dF1 = dF2 = IBdh .
marcxena xelis wesis gamoyenebiT davadgenT, rom Cvens SemTxvevaSi

dF1 mimarTulia naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvensken, xolo dF2 _

36
Cvengan. e.i. konturis dl1 da dl 2 elementebze moqmedebs ZalTa wyvili,
romlis mabrunebeli momenti
dM = IBdh ⋅ x = IBdS , (12.1)
sadac x aris saSualo manZili dl1 da dl 2 elementebs Soris, xolo dS _
daStrixuli nakvTis farTobi.
mTel konturze moqmed mabrunebel moments miviRebT (12.1)-is
integrebiT:

M = ∫ dM = ∫ IBdS = IBS = Pm B , (12.2)

S S

sadac Pm = IS konturis magnituri momentia.

suraTidan Cans, rom M mabrunebeli momentis moqmedebiT konturi
Semobrundeba da dadgeba sibrtyiT magnituri velis marTobulad, Tanac

I I I
B
+ + dF 2
dl 2 dh dl1

dF 1
dF

a b g
sur. 12. 1. a, b, g.

ise, rom konturis Pm magnituri momentis mimarTuleba emTxveodes gare

magnituri velis induqciis B veqtoris mimarTulebas.

am mdgomareobaSi konturi imyofeba wonasworobaSi. amasTan, wonasworobis es

mdgomareoba mdgradia, vinaidan am mdgomareobidan gamoyvanili konturi TavisTavad

ubrundeba mas. konturi wonasworobaSia maSinac, roca Pm mimarTulia B –s

sawinaaRmdegod, magram advili misaxvedria, rom wonasworobis es mdgomareoba aris
aramdgradi.

zogad SemTxvevaSi, roca konturis sibrtyis n normali adgens nebis-

mier α kuTxes induqciis B veqtorTan, es ukanaskneli paralelogramis we-

siT daiSleba or mdgenelad, romelTagan erTi (B )

1 mimarTulia normalis

gaswvriv, xolo meore B2 ( ) _ mis marTobulad (sur. 12.2). B1 mdgeneli gamo-

37
iwvevs konturis gaWimvas an SekumSvas, B2 n

mdgeneli ki mas Semoabrunebs da daayenebs B1

velis marTobulad. mabrunebeli momenti I

α
M = IB2 = IBS sin α = Pm B sin α (12.3) B

an veqtorulad,
B2
[ ]
M = Pm B . (12.4)
ufro rTulia SemTxveva, roca deniani sur. 12. 2.
konturi moTavsebulia araerTgvarovan mag-
nitur velSi. am dros elementaruli dF Zalebis tolqmedi nulisagan
gansxvavebulia, amitom konturi ara marto deformirdeba, aramed
gadaadgildeba am tolqmedis gaswvriv.
gamoviTvaloT es tolqmedi marTkuTxa CarCos SemTxvevaSi, roca igi
moTavsebulia naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad araerTgvarovan velSi, rom-
lis induqcia izrdeba ox RerZis gaswvriv wrfivi kanoniT, ise rom (sur. 12.3)
∂B
B2 − B1 = b,
B1 Pm B2 ∂x
∂B
a sadac aris B –s cvlilebis siCqare
F1 F2 ∂x
o ox RerZis gaswvriv. maSin F2 > F1 da
∂B ∂B
I b F = F2 − F1 = IaB2 − IaB1 = Iab = IS ;
∂x ∂x
magram
F1 F2 IS = Pm ,
o amitom
∂B
F = Pm . (12.4)
I Pm ∂x
→
suraTidan Cans, rom roca P m ↑↑ B
sur. 12. 3.
(e.i. konturi mdgrad wonasworobaSia),
Zala mimarTulia velis zrdis mxares, e.i. konturi Seizideba velSi,
→
xolo roca P m ↑↓ B (e.i. konturi aramdgrad wonasworobaSia), F Zala
mimarTulia velis Semcirebis mxares, e.i. konturi gamoizideba velidan.
amrigad, erTgvarovan magnitur velSi denian konturze moqmedebs
mxolod mabrunebeli momenti, romlis moqmedebiTac igi dgeba magnituri
velis marTobulad. araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi ki konturze, garda
mabrunebeli momentisa, moqmedebs kidev F Zala, romelic gadaadgilebs mas
38
velis cvlilebis gaswvriv. suraTi savsebiT analogiuria imisa, rac
gvqonda eleqtruli dipolis Setanisas eleqtrul velSi (I tomi, $ 117).

$13. magnituri velis moqmedeba moZrav muxtze.

lorencis Zala

magnituri velis arsebobis erT-erTi gamovlinebaa misi moqmedeba

moZrav muxtze. es moqmedeba advilad aixsneba. marTlac, amperis kanonis
Tanaxmad, magnituri veli garkveuli ZaliT moqmedebs denian gamtarze, deni
ki mowesrigebulad moZravi muxtebis erTobliobaa. amitom cxadia, rom
denian gamtarze magnituri velis moqmedeba ganpirobebuli unda iyos
moZrav muxtebze magnituri velis moqmedebiT (iseve rogorc deniani
gamtaris magnituri veli ganpirobebulia mowesrigebulad moZravi muxtebis
magnituri velebiT ($ 7).
Zalas, romliTac magnituri veli moqmedebs moZrav muxtze,
lorencis Zala ewodeba. am Zalis gamosaTvlelad visargebloT amperis
formuliT, romlis Tanaxmad ($ 10) B induqciis magnituri veli I deniani
gamtaris dl elementze moqmedebs ZaliT
dF = IBdl sin α , (13.1)

sadac α aris kuTxe Idl –sa da B –s Soris (sur. 13.1) magram (7.2)-is Tanaxmad
I = n0 qυS ,
amitom
dF = n0 qυSBdl sin α . (13.2)
aseTi Zala moqmedebs I denis dl elementze, anu Sdl moculobaSi
moTavsebul yvela muxtze, romelTa raodenoba
dN = n0 Sdl .
yvela es muxti mowesrigebulad moZraobs erTi B
mimarTulebiT da erTnairi υ siCqariT, amitom erT
α
moZrav muxtze moqmedi Zala, anu lorencis Zala
dl
iqneba dN –jer naklebi:
S
dF n0 qυSBl sin α
F= = = qυB sin α , (13.3)
dN n0 Sdl
sadac α aris kuTxe υ –sa da B -s Soris.
lorencis Zalis mimarTuleba, iseve rogorc
amperis Zalisa, ganisazRvreba marcxena xelis an I
sur. 13. 1.

39
burRis wesiT, amitom veqtorulad

[ ]
F = qυ B (13.4)
lorencis Zalis mimarTulebis sworad gansazRvrisaTvis unda
gvaxsovdes, rom denis mimarTulebad miCneulia dadebiTi muxtebis moZra-

obis mimarTuleba. amitom F –is mimarTuleba Tanxvdeba [υ B]–s mimar-

Tulebas (e.i. marcxena xelis wesiT gansazRvrul mimarTulebas) maSin,

roca q > 0 . uaryofiTi muxtis (mag.eleqtronis) SemTxvevaSi F –s aqvs B υ –s [ ]

mimarTuleba.
(13.3) formulidan Cans, rom magnitur velSi moZrav muxtze moqmedi
Zalis sidide∗ damokidebulia α –kuTxeze. es Zala minimaluria (nulis to-
lia) roca α = 0 , e.i. roca muxti moZraobs magnituri velis paralelurad
π
da maqsimaluria, roca α = , e.i. roca muxti moZraobs velis marTobulad.
2
maqsimaluria Zalis sidide
Fmaqs = qυB . (13.5)

garda amisa, radgan lorencis Zala marTobia nawilakis moZraobis

siCqarisa, am Zalis muSaoba nulis tolia, e.i. igi ar cvlis siCqaris
sidides,∗∗ cvlis mxolod mis mimarTulebas, anu warmoadgens centrskenul
Zalas

mυ 2
F= ,
R
sadac R traeqtoriis simrudis radiusia.
davuSvaT, υ siCqaris q muxti SeiWra erTgvarovan magnitur velSi

(B = const ) mis marTobulad

⎛
⎝
π⎞
⎜α = ⎟ .
2⎠
muxtze imoqmedebs lorencis

maqsimaluri Zala, romelic ricxobrivad (13.5) formuliT ganisaRvreba. es

Zala mimarTulia υ da B veqtorebis marTobulad, amitom muxti imoZravebs

∗
Tu muxti uZravia, e.i. υ = 0 , maSin F = 0 . e.i. uZrav muxtze magnituri veli saerTod ar
moqmedebs.
∗∗
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom magnituri veli ar cvlis nawilakis siCqaris sidides da
maSasadame mis energias mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca veli mudmivia (drois mixedviT ar
icvleba). cvladi magnituri veli, eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanonis Tanaxmad (ix. $21),
aRZravs grigalur eleqtrul vels, romelic cvlis muxtis siCqaris ara marto
mimarTulebas, aramed sididesac. cvladi magnituri velis moqmedebiT grigaluri eleqt-
ruli velis aRZvra safuZvlad udevs eleqtronebis induqciuri amaCqareblis _
betatronis moqmedebas.
40
B –s marTobul sibrtyeSi. moZraobis traeqtoriis simrudis R radiuss
gavigebT pirobidan:

mυ 2
qυB = ,
R
saidanac
mυ
R= , (13.6)
qB

radgan B = const da, garda amisa, lorencis Zala ar cvlis υ –s

sidides (e.i. υ = const ), amitom traeqtoriis simrudis radiusic mudmivi
iqneba, e.i. nawilaki imoZravebs wrewirze. maSasadame, erTgvarovan
magnitur velSi magnituri Zalwirebis marTobulad moZravi nawilakis
traeqtoria warmoadgens wrewirs, romlis radiusi (13.6) tolobiT
ganisaRvreba. formulidan Cans, rom rac metia nawilakis siCqare, miT met
radiusian wrewirs Semowers igi mocemul magnitur velSi.
brunvis periodi, anu dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic damuxtuli
nawilaki Semowers R –radiusian wrewirs
2π R 2π m
T= = . (13.7)
υ qB
rogorc (13.7) gviCvenebs, brunvis periodi ar aris damokidebuli
nawilakis moZraobis siCqareze (maSasadame, wrewiris radiusze) da
ganisazRvreba mxolod magnituri velis B induqciiT.∗ brunvis periodis
damoukidebloba moZraobis siCqareze safuZvlad udevs damuxtuli
nawilakis cikluri amCqareblis _ ciklotronis muSaobas.

ganvixiloT zogadi SemTxveva, roca damuxtuli nawilaki moZraobs erTgvarovan

magnitur velSi ise, rom misi siCqaris veqtori adgens magnituri induqciis veqtorTan
nebismier (maxvil) α kuTxes. davSaloT siCqaris veqtori or mdgenelad, romelTagan erTi

(υ1 ) aris magnituri velis paraleluri, xolo meore (υ 2 ) _ misi marTobuli: (sur. 13.2.a)

υ1 = υ cos α ,
υ 2 = υ sin α .
υ1 mdgenelze magnituri veli araviTar moqmedebas ar axdens, υ 2 mdgenels ki ucvlis
mxolod mimarTulebas. nawilaki monawileobas iRebs erTdroulad or moZraobaSi: igi

Tanabrad brunavs υ2 siCqariT wrewirze, romlis radiusi

mυ 2 mυ sin α
R= = (13.8)
qB qB

∗
miRebuli Sedegi marTebulia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca nawilakis siCqare gacilebiT
naklebia sinaTlis siCqareze, da, maSasadame, misi masa siCqareze damokidebuli ar aris.
41
da gadaadgildeba magnituri velis gaswvriv (e.i. brunvis sibrtyis marTobulad) mudmivi

υ1 siCqariT. Sedegad nawilaki imoZravebs xr axn ul wi rz e, romlis RerZi Tanxvdeba

magnituri velis induqciis wirs (sur. 13.2.b). xviis radiusi ganisaRvreba (13.8) formuliT,
xolo xraxnis biji

2π m
h = υ1T = υ cos α .
qB

υ1 B
q
α
r

B
h

υ2 υ
a b
sur. 13. 2.

Tu nawilaki moZraobs eleqtromagnitur velSi, masze, garda

magnituri Zalisa, imoqmedebs eleqtruli Zalac F = qE . am SemTxvevaSi
nawilakze moqmedi marezultirebeli Zala miiReba eleqtruli da
magnituri Zalebis geometriuli SekrebiT:

[ ] ( [ ])
F = qE + q υ B = q E + υ B .
am Zalas ewodeba lorencis ganzogadebuli Zala.

dabolos, ganvixiloT moZravi muxtebis magnituri urTierTqmedebis sakiTxi. ori (an

ramdenime) muxtis erTdrouli moZraobisas, maT Soris, garda eleqtruli urTierTqmedebis

⎛ 1 q2 ⎞
Zalisa ⎜⎜ Fe = ⎟⎟ , aRiZvreba magnituri urTierTqmedebis Zalac (Fm = qυB sin α ) , ro-
⎝ 4πε 0 r 2 ⎠
melic imiTaa ganpirobebuli, rom TiToeuli muxti sivrceSi qmnis magnitur vels,
romelSic moZraobs meore muxti. gamoviTvaloT magnituri urTierTqmedebis Zala da
SevadaroT igi eleqtruls.
a' b'
vTqvaT q1 da q 2 erTniSna (dadebiTi) mux-
tebi moZraoben r manZiliT daSorebul parale-
υ υ lur aa ' da bb' wrfeebze erTi da imave υ siC-
B1
Fm Fm
+ + qariT (sur. 13.3). q1 muxtis mier Seqmnili velis
q1 q2
induqcia misgan r manZilze ( q 2 muxtis moTav-
B2
r sebis adgilas) 7.4 formulis Tanaxmad (sin α = 1)
tolia
a b
μ 0 q1υ
B1 = -is
sur. 13. 3.
4π r 2

42
da mimarTulia naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvengan. es veli imoqmedebs q 2 muxtze
lorencis ZaliT (sin α = 1)

μ 0 q1 q 2υ 2
Fm = q 2υB1 = , (13.9)
4π r 2
romelsac aqvs naxazze naCvenebi mimarTuleba.

cxadia, rom sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli igive sididis Zala imoqmedebs q1 muxtze.

amrigad, paralelur traeqtoriebze moZrav erTsaxela muxtebs Soris moqmedebs
magnituri urTierTmizidvis Zala.
magram garda am Zalisa, am muxtebs Soris moqmedebs eleqtruli ganzidvis Zala.

1 q1 q 2
Fe = . (13.10)
4πε 0 r 2
amitom muxtebi erTmaneTs miizidaven an ganizidaven imis da mixedviT, Tu romelia

meti, Fm Tu Fe .
am ZalaTa SedarebisaTvis (13.9) gavyoT (13.10)-ze

Fm
= μ 0 ε 0υ 2 (13.11)
Fe
magram
v ⋅ wm 1 a ⋅ wm
μ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 da ε0 = ,
a ⋅m 4π 9 ⋅ 10 v ⋅ m
9

amitom
2
1 wm 1 1
μ 0ε 0 = = = 2 ,
9 ⋅ 10 m
16 2
⎛ 3 ⋅ 10 8 m ⎞
2
c
⎜ wm ⎟
⎝ ⎠
sadac c = 3 ⋅ 10 8 m/wm sinaTlis siCqarea vakuumSi da sabolood gveqneba:
Fm υ 2
= (13.12)
Fe c 2
(13.12) formulidan Cans, rom Tu υ < c , maSin Fm < Fe . Cveulebriv υ << c , amitom

Fm << Fe , e.i. paralelurad moZrav erTsaxela muxtebs Soris Warbobs ganzidvis Zala.
marTlac, cnobilia, rom eleqtronebis paraleluri kona TandaTan farTovdeba, rac
miRebuli Sedegis eqsperimentuli dadasturebaa.

$14. holis efeqti

damuxtuli nawilakebis gadaxra magnitur velSi, romelic Sedegia

lorencis Zalis moqmedebisa, farTod gamoiyeneba teqnikaSi (damuxtuli
nawilakebis amCqarebeli, eleqtronuli mikroskopi, televizori, rxeviTi da
sxva swrafcvladi procesebis Sesaswavli gamzomi xelsawyoebi da sxv.)

43
 magnituri veli moqmedebs im eleqtronebzec, romelTa mimarTuli
moZraoba ganapirobebs dens myar sxeulSi. es udevs safuZvlad amerikeli
fizikosis holis mier 1880 wels aRmoCenil efeqts, romelic agreTve
farTod gamoiyeneba teqnikaSi.
holis efeqti mdgomareobs SemdegSi. Tu magnitur velSi movaTavsebT
firfitas (Cveulebriv mas amzadeben marTkuTxa paralelepipedis saxiT),
romelSic magnituri velis marTobulad gadis deni, maSin firfitis or
mopirdapire A da C waxnags Soris warmoiSveba potencialTa sxvaoba
V A − VC , romlis sidide proporciulia I denis Zalisa, B magnituri velis
induqciisa da ukuproporciulia firfitis d sisqisa (sur. 14.1):
IB
d V A − VC = R (14.1)
d
A B proporciulobis R koeficients ewodeba
VA holis koeficienti an holis mudmiva. misi ricxvi-

l Ti mniSvneloba damokidebulia firfitis masalaze,

amasTan zogi nivTierebisaTvis igi dadebiTia,
I zogisTvis uaryofiTi.
VC
lorencis Zala saSualebas gvaZlevs ara
C
marto avxsnaT holis efeqti, aramed miviRoT
sur. 14. 1.
gamosaxuleba holis mudmivasaTvis.
marTlac, vinaidan liTonSi eleqtrul dens ganapirobebs eleqtro-
nebis mimarTuli moZraoba, amitom denis naxazze naCvenebi mimarTu-
lebisaTvis, TiToeul eleqtronze imoqmedebs qvevidan zeviT mimarTuli
lorencis Zala. am Zalis moqmedebiT eleqtronebi gadaixrebian qvevidan
zeviT, ris Sedegadac zeda waxnagi daimuxteba uaryofiTad, qveda ki _
dadebiTad.∗ warmoqmnili eleqtruli veli ewinaaRmdegeba eleqtronebis
Semdgom gadaxras, da es gadaxra Sewydeba maSin, rodesac veli miaRwevs
iseT E mniSvnelobas, romlis drosac eleqtronze moqmedi eleqtruli
Zala (Fe = eE ) gaawonasworebs lorencis Zalas (F = eυB ) :

Fe = F
an
eE = eυB da E = υB (14.2)
magram

∗
cxadia, rom Tu deni firfitaSi ganpirobebulia dadebiTi muxtebis mimarTuli
moZraobiT, waxnagebis niSnebi Seicvleba sawinaaRmdegoTi.
44
 V A − VC
E= ,
l
sadac l _ waxnagebs Soris manZilia,
xolo (7..2) tolobidan
I I
υ= = ,
n0eS n0eld
sadac S = ld firfitis ganikveTis farTia,
amitom (14.2)-dan miviRebT
V A − VC IB
= ,
l n0 e ⋅ ld
saidanac
1 IB
V A − VC = . (14.3)
n0 e d
Teoriulad miRebuli (14.3) tolobis Sedareba holis eqsperimentul
(14.1) formulasTan gvaZlevs, rom holis mudmiva
1
R= . (14.4)
n0 e
(14.4) formula gviCvenebs, rom Tu eqsperimentuli gazomviT davadgenT
R –s, martivad ganvsazRvravT myar sxeulSi denis gadamtani muxtebis
(Tavisufali muxtebis) koncentracias.
garda amisa, holis efeqtis niSani saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT,
Tu rogori damuxtuli nawilakebis _ dadebiTis Tu uaryofiTis mimarTuli
moZraoba ganapirobebs dens firfitaSi.∗
dabolos, holis mudmiva SeiZleba davukavSiroT myari xseulis iseT
mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels, rogoricaa Tavisufali muxtebis
(eleqtronebis an xvrelebis) Zvradoba anu maTi saSualo siCqare
erTeulovani daZabulobis velSi. marTlac, omis diferencialuri
kanonidan kuTri eleqtrogamtaroba
i
γ = ;
E
magram
i = n0 eυ ,
amitom
n0eυ
γ= = n0eu ,
E

∗
denis gadamtan dadebiT nawilakebs myar sxeulSi warmoadgens e.w. `xvrelebi~.
45
 υ
sadac u = eleqtronebis Zvradobaa.
E
meore mxriv, holis mudmiva
1
R= ,
n0 e
amitom
u
γ = da u = Rγ (14.5)
R
miRebuli damokidebuleba saSualebas gvaZlevs R –isa da γ –s
gazomviT ganvsazRvroT u .

$15. eleqtronis kuTri muxtis gansazRvra

$ 13-Si vnaxeT, rom eleqtromagnitur velSi moZraobisas damuxtul

nawilakze moqmedebs lorencis ganzogadebuli Zala

( [ ])
F =qE+υ B .
Tu nawilakis masaa m , am Zalis moqmedebiT igi iZens aCqarebas

a=
F q
=
m m
( [ ])
E+υ B . (15.1)

15.1 gviCvenebs, rom nawilakis moZraobis xasiaTi, misi traeqtoria

q
damokidebulia ara nawilakis q muxtze an m masaze cal-calke, aramed
m
fardobaze. rac naklebia es fardoba, miT naklebia a da, maSasadame miT
nakleb cvlilebas ganicdis nawilakis siCqare velSi moZraobisas.
n aw i la k i s muxtis S e f ar d e ba s mis masasTan kuTri muxti
⎛e⎞
ewodeba. eleqtronis kuTri muxti ⎜ ⎟ pirvelad gazoma ingliselma mec-
⎝m⎠
nierma tomsonma 1897 wels. tomsonis meTodis arsi mdgomareobs eleqtro-
nebis nakadze magnituri da eleqtruli velebis erTdroul moqmedebaSi,
romelTa sidide da mimarTuleba isea SerCeuli, rom eleqtronebi gadaxras
ar ganicdian.
cdis sqema aseTia (sur. 15.1): eleqtronul-sxivur milakSi gaxurebuli
K kaTodidan gamosuli eleqtronebi gadian A anodis xvrelSi, viwro
konis saxiT ecemian mafluorescirebel E ekrans da gvaZleven masze mnaT
C wertils. SevqmnaT milakSi erTgvarovani magnituri veli, romlis
induqcia mimarTuli iqneba naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvengan (suraTze

46
magnituri velis moqmedebis are gamoyofilia wyvetili wrewiriT). maSin
eleqtronuli kona gadaixreba zevidan qveviT da mnaTi laqa ekranze
gadaadgildeba C wertilidan C1 –Si.

E
K A +

C1
_

sur. 15. 1.

eleqtronebis gadaxras iwvevs maTze lorencis [ ]

F = eυ B Zalis
moqmedeba. es Zala mimarTulia zevidan qveviT, xolo misi sidide, radgan

υ ⊥ B , gamoiTvleba formuliT F = eυB .

me-13-e paragrafSi Catarebuli msjelobis safuZvelze davaskvniT, rom
vinaidan Cvens SemTxvevaSi lorencis Zala warmoadgens centriskenul
Zalas, amitom

mυ 2
eυB = ,
R
saidanac
e υ
= . (15.2)
m RB
aq R im wrewiris radiusia, romlis rkalsac warmoadgens eleqtro-
nis moZraobis traeqtoria milakSi. misi gansazRvra xdeba mnaTi laqis
gadaxris saSualebiT. magnituri velis B induqcia SeiZleba uSualod
gavzomoT da maSasadame, kuTri muxtis gasagebad saWiroa eleqtronebis
siCqaris povna.∗ υ -s gasagebad tomsoni eleqtronul konaze erTdroulad
moqmedebda eleqtruli veliTac, romelic iqmneboda milakSi moTavsebuli
brtyeli kondensatoris firfitebiT da ise iyo mimarTuli, rom
eleqtronebs xrida qvevidan zeviT, e. i. magnituri velis sapirispirod.
amasTan eleqtruli velis daZabuloba ise SeirCeoda, rom mnaTi laqa isev
C wertilSi dabrunebuliyo. am SemTxvevaSi eleqtronebze moqmedi magni-
turi da eleqtruli Zalebi sididiT erTmaneTis tolia, e. i.
eυB = eE ,

∗
xelsawyoSi uzrunvelyofilia `monoqromatuli konis~ miReba, e.i. iseTis romelSic
yvela eleqtronis siCqare erTnairia.
47
saidanac
E
. υ=
B
υ -s mniSvnelobis Casma (15.2)-Si gvaZlevs:
e E
= .
m RB 2
zusti gazomvebiT eleqtronis kuTri muxtisaTvis miRebulia Semdegi
sidide:

e k CGSE q
= 1,76 ⋅ 1011 = 5,27 ⋅ 1017 .
m kg g
radgan eleqtronis muxti SeiZleba didi sizustiT gaizomos
(magaliTad milikenis meTodiT), amitom eleqtronis kuTri muxtis gazomva
saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT misi masa. eleqtronis muxtis sidide
e = 4,8 ⋅ 10 −10 CGSE q = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 k, amitom eleqtronis masa m = 9,1 ⋅ 10 −28 g = 9,1 ⋅ 10 −31 kg.

eleqtronis siCqaris gansazRvra sxva meTodidac SeiZleba. kerZod, Tu davuSvebT,

rom eleqtronis siCqare kaTodidan amosvlis momentSi nulis tolia, maSin υ siCqariT
moZravi eleqtronis kinetikuri energia amaCqarebeli velis muSaobis tolia, e. i.

mυ 2
= e(ϕ1 − ϕ 2 ) ,
2
2e
saidanac υ= ⋅ ϕ1 − ϕ 2 , romlis CasmiT (15.2)-Si:
m
e 2(ϕ1 − ϕ 2 )
= .
m RB 2
es meTodi nakleb zustia, vidre tomsonis meTodi.

eleqtronebisa da ionebis kuTri muxtis gazomvisas aRmoCenili iqna

mikronawilakis axali Tviseba. kerZod, 1900 w. germanelma mecnierma
kaufmanma daadgina, rom eleqtronis kuTri muxtis sidide damokidebulia
e
misi moZraobis siCqareze _ siCqaris zrdiT mcirdeba. es eqsperimentuli
m
faqti, romelic miuTiTebda eleqtronis masis damokidebulebas siCqareze,
aixsna 1905 wels ainStainis fardobiTobis TeoriiT, romlis Tanaxmad
nawilakis masa
m0
m=
υ2
1−
c2
sadac c _ sinaTlis siCqarea, m0 _ eleqtronis uZraobis masaa, xolo
m _ υ siCqariT moZravi eleqtronis masa. formulidan Cans, rom υ –s
zrdiT m izrdeba, rac iwvevs kuTri muxtis Semcirebas.
48
 $16. ionebis kuTri muxtis gansazRvra.
masspeqtrografi

wina paragrafSi ganxiluli eleqtronis kuTri muxtis gansazRvris

meTodi ionebisaTvis ar gamodgeba. es imiTaa gamowveuli, rom eleqtro-
nebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic Cndebian vakuumSi sivrcis erTsa da imave
adgilas (kaTodis zedapirTan) da amitom eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT
erTnair siCqares iZenen, ionebi warmoiqmneba ganmuxtvis milis sxvadasxva
adgilas, amitom amaCqarebeli Zabvis mniSvneloba maTTvis sxvadasxvaa, ris
gamoc isini sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraoben. sxvadasxva siCqaris ionebi
eleqtrul da magnitur velebSi sxvadasxvanairad gadaixrebian, rac
aZnelebs maT fokusirebas _ miiReba didi zomis, `warecxili~ laqa da
gazomvebi xdeba SeuZlebeli.
ionebis kuTri muxtis gasazomad tomsonma 1907 wels daamuSava para-
bolebis meTodi, romelic gamoricxavda siCqareTa sxvadasxvaobiT gamow-
veul siZneles. meTodis arsi mdgomareobs ionTa konaze urTierTparalelu-
ri (mudmivi) eleqtruli da magnituri velebis erTdroul moqmedebaSi, ris
Sedegadac (ix. petitis teqsti) erTnairi kuTri muxtis, magram sxvadasxva
siCqaris mqone ionebi ekranze parabolur wirze lagdebian. Tu ekranis nac-
vlad movaTavsebT fotografiul firfitas, gamJRavnebis Semdeg miviRebT
parabolas, romlis parametris gazomviT ganisazRvreba ionis kuTri muxti.
radgan ionis muxtis gazomvis ramodenime zusti meTodi arsebobos pa-
rabolebis meTodi saSualebas iZleva didi sizustiT ganisazRvros ionis
masa.

davuSvaT, dadebiTi ionebis kona, romelic miiReba ganmuxtvis milSi warmoqmnili

dadebiTi ionebis kaTodis xvrelSi gasvlis Sedegad, moZraobs urTierTparalelur
eleqtrul da magnitur velebSi, am velebis marTobulad. vTqvaT, eleqtruli da magnituri
velebi mimarTulia z RerZis paralelurad, xolo ionebis moZraoba swarmoebs y RerZis
gaswvriv (sur. 16.1). ganvixiloT mocemuli siCqaris
Z
ionze am velebis moqmedeba cal-calke.
1. E daZabulobis elqtruli veli q muxtis Y
E B
mqone ionze imoqmedebs z
Fe = q ⋅ E Fe υ
P
ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia qvevidan zeviT (q > 0) da x
aniWebs mas FB
O
F qE X
az = e =
m m
sur. 16.1.
49
aCqarebas, sadac m ionis masaa. vinaidan veli mudmivia, es aCqarebac aris mudmivi, amitom
ioni imoZravebs z RerZis gaswvriv TanabaraCqarebulad da raime t droSi gaivlis
a z t 2 qEt 2
z= =
2 2m
manZils. magram amave droSi nawilaki inerciiT ganagrZobs moZraobas y RerZis gaswvriv
y
da gaivlis y = υ ⋅ t manZils, sadac t= da
υ
1 q E ⋅ y2
z= .
2 m υ2
1 2
mocemuli cdis pirobebSi Ey mudmivi sididea; aRvniSnoT igi C1 –iT.
2
maSin

q 1
z = C1 . (16.1)
mυ2
2. B induqciis magnituri veli υ siCqariT moZrav muxtze imoqmedebs lorencis
π
ZaliT, romelic mimarTulia marcxnidan marjvniv da romlis sidide (vinaidan α= )
2
FB = qυB .
am Zalis moqmedebiT ioni imoZravebs x RerZis gaswvriv

FB qυB
ax = =
m m
mudmivi aCqarebiT da imave t droSi am mimarTulebiT gaivlis
a x ⋅ t 2 qυB 2 1 q By 2
x= = t =
2 2m 2m υ
manZils. aqac Tu SemoviRebT aRniSvnas

1 2
By = C 2 ,
2
miviRebT, rom

q 1
x = C2 (16.2)
mυ
(16.1) da (16.2) formulebidan Cans, rom eleqtrul da magnitur velebSi ionis gadaxrebi

q
damokidebulia mis kuTr muxtze da υ siCqareze.
m
q
ionebi, romelTac erTnairi aqvT, magram moZraoben sxvadasxva υ siCqariT, o
m
wertilidan y manZiliT daSorebul xoy sibrtyis paralelur P sibrtyeze moxvdebian
sxvadasxva wertilebSi. am wertilTa geometriul adgils miviRebT, Tu (16.1) da (16.2)
formulebidan gamovricxavT υ siCqares. amisaTvis (16.2) aviyvanoT kvadratSi da gavyoT
(16.1)-ze miviRebT:

50
 C 22 q
x2 = z.
C1 m

C 22 q
es parabolis gantolebaa, romlis p= parametris gazomviT ganisazRvreba ionis
C1 m
kuTri muxti.

Tu ionebis kona Seicavs sxvadasxva kuTri muxtis mqone ionebs, foto-

grafiul firfitaze miviRebT ramodenime parabolas, romelTagan TiToe-
q
uls kuTri muxtis garkveuli mniSvneloba Seesabameba. Tu kona Sedgeba
m
erTnairi muxtis ionebisagan, maSin cxadia, sxvadasxva parabolaze sxvada-
sxva masis ionebi dalagdebian. qimiurad sufTa neonze cdis Catarebisas
tomsonma aRmoaCina, rom garda intensiuri parabolisa, romelsac Seesabame-
boda atomuri masa 20, fotofirze miiReboda mkrTali parabola, romlis
Sesabamisi atomuri masa iyo 22. am faqtis axsnam mecnierebi miiyvana dask-
vnamde, rom arsebobs neonis atomebis ori saxesxvaoba, romelTac qimiuri
Tvisebebi erTnairi aqvT, magram gansxvavdebian masiT. dRevandeli termino-
logiiT mocemuli nivTierebis atomebis aseT saxesxvaobebs izotopebi
ewodeba. amrigad, tomsonis meTodiT, atombirTvis agebulebis garkvevamde
gacilebiT adre, eqsperimentulad iqna dadgenili izotopebis arseboba.
izotopebis atomuri masebis
ufro zusti gansazRvra xdeba as-
toni xelsawyos saSualebiT, ro-
melsac masspeqtrografi ewo-
deba. astonis masspeqtrografSi
ionebis kona gadis Tanmimdevro-
biT urTierTmarTob eleqtrul da magnitur velebSi, romelTa mimarTule-
bebi isea SerCeuli, rom ionebs xrian urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT.
rogorc eleqtrul, ise magnitur velSi erTnairi kuTri muxtis mqone
ionebi miT ufro Zlier ixrebian, rac naklebia maTi siCqare. amis gamo DD1
diafragmebis saSualebiT miRebuli ionebis viwro kona eleqtrul velSi
gavlisas iSleba, xolo magnitur velSi gavlisas kvlav ikribeba,
`fokusirdeba~, viwro zolad, romelic diafragmis xvrelis gamosaxulebas
warmoadgens. sxva kuTri muxtis mqone ionebi sxva zols gvaZleven
(sur. 16.2). Tu ekranis nacvlad movaTavsebT fotofirs, gamJRavnebis Semdeg

51
 q
masze miiReba sxvadasxva zolebi, amasTan TiToeuls Seesabameba –is gar-
m
kveuli mniSvneloba. fotofirze miRebuli suraTi analogiuria optikuri
wiriTi speqtrisa, amitom astonma mas masaTa speqtri uwoda, xolo
xelsawyos _ masspeqtrografi. masspeqtografis saSualebiT naCvenebi iqna,
rom qimiuri elementebis umravlesoba izotopebis narevs warmoadgens.
garda masspeqtografisa, damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraoba eleqtrul
da magnitur velebSi safuZvlad udevs mTeli rigi xelsawyoebisa da
danadgarebis moqmedebas, rogorebicaa eleqtronuli oscilografi,
eleqtronuli mikroskopi, eleqtronuli mikroproeqtori, ciklotroni,
magnitohidrodianmikuri generatori da sxv. gavecnoT mokled eleqtronuli
mikroskopisa da magnitohidrodinamikuri generatoris moqmedebis princips.

eleqtronuli oscilografi∗
eleqtronuli oscilofragi aris xelsawyo, romelic gamoiyeneba swrafad cvladi
eleqtruli rxevebis Sesaswavlad, am rxevebis vizualuri dakvirvebisa da registraciisaT-
vis.∗∗ misi mTavari nawilia eleqtronul-sxivuri milaki, romlis sqemac mocemulia 16.3
suraTze. minis vakuumuri balonis viwro nawilSi moTavsebulia cilindruli kaTodi (2),
romlis fskeri dafarulia eleqtronis gamosvlis mcire muSaobis mqone liTonis Txeli
feniT. (1) spiralSi denis gatarebis Sedegad igi varvardeba da axurebs kaTods, ris gamoc
misgan amoityorcneba eleqtronebi. (3) diafragma amotyorcnili eleqtronebidan gamoyofs
viwro konas – eleqtronul sxivs.∗∗∗ (2) kaTodsa da (4) anods Soris modebulia maRali Zab-

⎛ ~ 10 7 m ⎞
va, amitom eleqtronebi iZenen did siCqares ⎜ wm ⎟⎠
da (7) ekranze dacemisas,
⎝

6
5

1 O

3
2 4 5 7
6

sur. 16. 3.

∗
warmodgeba sityvebisgan oscillo (laT.) _ rxeva, virxevi da grapho (berZn.) _ vwer.
∗∗
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom oscilografis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia a r a -
e l eq t r uli sidideebis (mag. wnevis, temperaturis, simkvrivis da a.S.) rxevis Seswavlac,
Tu am sidideebs specialuri gadamwodebis saSualebiT winaswar gardavqmniT eleqtrulad.
∗∗∗
sinamdvileSi, (3) diafragma warmoadgens uaryofiTad damuxtul cilindrs, romlis
kedlebidan ganzidvis Sedegad eleqtronebi ikvreba viwro konad. mas m a f ok u si r eb el i
c ilin dri ewodeba.
52
 romelic dafarulia fluorescirebadi nivTierebiT, iwveven mis wertilovan naTebas.
anodidan gamosuli eleqtronuli sxivis gzaze moTavsebulia (5-5) da (6-6) brtyeli
kondensatorebi, romelTa firfitebi urTierTmarTobulia. pirveli kondensatori gadax-
ris sxivs horizontaluri mimarTulebiT (marcxniv da marjvniv), meore ki vertikaluri
mimarTulebiT (zeviT da qveviT). amitom maT xSirad uwodeben horizontalurad da verti-
kalurad gadamxrel firfitebs.
vTqvaT, vertikalurad gadamxrel firfitebze movdeT mudmivi Zabva, maSin
eleqtronuli sxivis mimarTuleba Seicvleba da mnaTi O wertili gadaadgildeba vertika-
lurad wiris gaswvriv. Tu firfitebze modebuli Zabva periodulad icvleba, maSin mnaTi
wertili daiwyebs rxevas vertikaluri wiris gaswvriv da Tu rxevis sixSire sakamaod di-
dia, ekranze davixavT naTel vertikalur zols, romlis sigrZe damokidebulia modebul
Zabvaze. maSasadame, am zolis sigrZis mixedviT SeiZleba ganisazRvros modebuli Zabvis
sidide, anu oscilografi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc swrafmoqmedi voltmetri.
imisaTvis, rom rxevis xasiaTi gaxdes TvalsaCino, unda movaxdinoT m i s i g a S l a
d r o i s m i x e d v i T . amisaTvis horizontalurad gadamxrel firfitebze unda movdoT e.w.
xerxiseburi Zabva, romlis dros garkveul Sua-
u
ledSi (sanam sxivi moZraobs horizontalurad ek-
ranis erTi kididan meoremde) izrdeba Tanabrad
(e.i. drois proporciulad), Semdeg ki myisierad
ubrundeba sawyis mdebareobas (sur. 16.4). aseT Zab-
vas gamSleli Zabva ewodeba. cxadia, mxolod gam-

t Sleli Zabvis moqmedebiT mnaTi wertili imoZ-

ravebs Tanabrad horizontaluri wiris gaswvriv
ekranis erTi kididan meoremde, Semdeg ki myisi-
sur. 16.4
erad dabrundeba sawyis mdgomareobaSi.
davuSvaT, eleqtronul sxivze erTdroulad moqmedebs orive kondensatoris veli.
maSin, vertikalur rxevebs, romelsac iZleva (6-6) kondensatori, (5-5) gaSlis horizonta-
luri mimarTulebiT anu droSi (vinaidan gamSleli Zabva drois proporciulad izrdeba),
ris gamoc, Tu (6-6) kondensatorze modebuli Zabva sinusis kanonis mixedviT icvleba, mnaTi
wertili ekranze aRwers sinusoidas. didi sixSiris SemTxvevaSi mnaTi wertilis moZraobas
ver vamCnevT da ekranze davinaxavT uwyvet sinusoidalur wirs. rogorc wesi, vertika-

lurad gadamxrel firfitebze mosdeben xolme gamosakvlev u x Zabvas da oscilografis

ekranze miiReba am Zabvis droSi cvlilebis grafiki, romlis mixedviTac msjeloben
eleqtruli rxevebis xasiaTze.
Tu horizontalurad gadamxrel firfitebzec movdebT imave sixSiris cvlad sinu-
soidalur Zabvas, maSin gveqneba urTierTmarTob rxevaTa Sekreba (I tomi, $39) da imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogoria fazaTa sxvaoba, ekranze miiReba sxvadasxvanairad orientirebuli
wrfe an elifsi, xolo toli amplitudebis SemTxvevaSi _ wrewiri.
eleqtronis umniSvnelo masis gamo, eleqtronul sxivs praqtikulad ar gaaCnia
inercia Zalian swrafad cvladi Zabvis SemTxvevaSic ki (sxivis gadaxra zustad miyveba ve-
lis cvlilebas), rac saSualebas gvaZlevs oscilografis saSualebiT SeviswavloT swra-
fad cvladi eleqtruli procesebi. esaa eleqtronuli oscilografis mTavari Rirseba.
53
 magnitohidrodinamikuri generatori

magnitur velSi damuxtuli nawilakebis moZraoba safuZvlad udevs magnito-

hidrodinamikuri generatoris (mhd generatoris) moqmedebas, romelic eleqtruli energiis
SedarebiT axali da sruliad gansxvavebuli wyaroa. misi gamartivebuli sqema mocemulia
16.5 suraTze. maRal temperaturamde (~3000K) gaxurebul da maSasadame Zlier ionizirebul
airis nakads atareben specialur arxSi, magnituri velis marTobulad (Cvens naxazze
magnituri velis induqciis wirebi mimarTulia naxazis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvensken).∗
lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi (ZiriTadad dadebiTi ionebi
da Tavisufali eleqtronebi) moZrao-
1 ben airis nakadis marTobulad urTi-
erTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT _ el-
eqtronebi 1 eleqtrodisaken, dadebiTi
ionebi _ 2-sken. Tu am eleqtrodebs
airis
mivuerTebT raime momxmarebels, masSi
nakadi
gaivlis eleqtruli deni.
mhd generatori metad perspeq-
tiuli denis wyaroa, vinaidan igi
uSualod gardaqmnis siTbur energias
2
eleqtrul energiad (meqanikur energi-
sur. 16.5
ad gardaqmnis gareSe).

Tavi II

eleqtromagnituri induqcia

$17. eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena.

faradeis cdebi. lencis wesi.

eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena aRmoaCina 1831 wels ingliselma

mecnierma faradeim da igi miekuTvneba yvela drois yvelaze ufro RirSesa-
niSnav aRmoCenaTa ricxvs. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom es aRmoCena safuZvlad
udevs msoflios yvela eleqtrosadguris generatorTa mowyobilobas, ro-
melTa meSveobiTac meqanikuri energia gardaiqmneba eleqtruli denis
energiad.
am movlenis aRmoCena SemTxveviTi ar yofila. mecnierebi, pirvel
rigSi faradei, msjelobdnen ase: Tu eleqtruli deni qmnis (aRZravs)
magnitur vels, xom ar SeiZleba arsebobdes am movlenis Sebrunebuli mxare

∗
ionizirebuli airis moZraoba emorCileba hidrodinamikis kanonebs, rac ganapirobebs gene-
ratoris dasaxelebas.
54
_ magniturma velma Seqmnas eleqtruli deni. faradeim aCvena, rom garkveul
pirobebSi magnituri velic qmnis eleqtrul dens. kerZod, mravalricxovani
cdebis safuZvelze man daadgina:
yovelTvis, rodesac icvleba Caketili gamtari konturiT Se-
mosazRvruli farTobis gamWoli magnituri nakadi, konturSi
aRiZvreba eleqtruli deni, romelic iarsebebs magnituri nakadis
cvlilebis mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi. am dens ewodeba
induqciuri deni ∗ , xolo movlenas _ eleqtromagnituri induqciis
movlena.
ganvixiloT faradeis klasikuri cdebi, ro-
S
melTa saSualebiTac dadgenil iqna es movlena:
1. koWaSi, romelic galvanometrTanaa mierTe-
N
buli, vamoZraoT mudmivi magniti∗∗ (sur. 17.1). koWaSi
aRiZvreba induqciuri deni, romlis mimarTuleba
G
damokidebulia magnitis moZraobis mimarTulebaze,
xolo sidide _ magnitis moZraobis siswrafeze: rac
sur. 17.1
ufro swrafad vamoZravebT magnits koWaSi, miT
ufro didi induqciuri deni aRiZvreba masSi. rodesac magniti gaCerebulia
koWaSi, masSi deni ar aRiZvreba. es cda gviCvenebs, rom koWaSi deni aRiZvre-
ba mxolod misi xviebis gamWoli magnituri nakadis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi.
kerZod, roca magniti Segvaqvs koWaSi, gamWoli magnituri nakadi izrdeba,
xolo roca gamogvaqvs _ mcirdeba. Tu magniti gaCerebulia koWaSi, mas
mudmivi magnituri nakadi ganWolavs da deni ar aRiZvreba.
2. aviRoT ori koWa, A da B . A koWa mierTebulia galvanometrTan, xo-
lo B koWa _ denis wyarosTan (sur. 17.2).∗∗∗ k CamrTvelis CarTvis an amor-
Tvis momentSi, agreTve masSi gamavali
A B
denis gaZlierebis an Sesustebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, A koWaSi aRiZvreba induqciuri
G
k deni. am SemTxvevaSic denis aRZvra da-
kavSirebulia gamWoli magnituri naka-
sur. 17. 2

∗
induqcia (laT) _ aRZvra, aRgzneba.
∗∗
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom analogiur cdebs atarebda faradeis Tanamedrove, Sveica-
rieli fizikosi koladoni, magram igi ver gaxda am didi aRmoCenis Tanaavtori imitom, rom
galvanometri, romelTanac mierTebuli iyo koWas boloebi (galvanometris isris magnitis
moqmedebisagan dacvis mizniT), gatanili iyo mezobel oTaxSi.
∗∗∗
faradeis cdebSi koWebi erTmaneTSi iyo Cadgmuli.
55
dis cvlilebasTan: k CamrTvelis CarTvisas deni B koWaSi izrdeba nu-
lidan raRac sididemde. Sesabamisad izrdeba mis mier Seqmnili magnituri
nakadi. es mzardi magnituri nakadi ganWolavs A koWis xviebs da aRZravs
masSi induqciur dens. k CamrTvelis amorTvisas xdeba piriqiT.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, induqciuri denis sidide damokidebulia
magnituri nakadis cvlilebis siCqareze, magram ar aris damokidebuli
am cvlilebis mizezze. cvlileba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos mag-
nitis moZraobiT, denis cvlilebiT, konturebis urTierTgadaadgi-
lebiT, konturis deformaciiT da sxv.
konturSi erTgvarovani magnetikis Setanisas induqciuri deni μ –jer

izrdeba, riTac dasturdeba, rom induqciur dens ganapirobebs ara H –is

cvlileba, romelic araa damokidebuli im garemos Tvisebebze, romelSic

magnituri veli iqmneba, aramed B –s cvlileba, romelic garemos μ

magnituri SeRwevadobis proporciulia ($25).
induqciuri denis mimarTuleba ganisazRvreba lencis wesiT. am wesis
Camosayalibeblad ganvixiloT Semdegi magaliTi. vTqvaT, mocemulia
erTmaneTSi Cadgmuli ori koWa, A da B (sur. 17.3; suraTze zedxedia gamo-
saxuli).
A koWaSi gavataroT I 0 deni. rogorc viciT, am denis yovelgvari

cvlilebisas B koWaSi aRiZvreba induqciuri deni (I ) . cda gviCvenebs, rom

roca A koWaSi gamavali (induqciis gamomwvevi) deni izrdeba, B koWaSi
aRZrul induqciur dens aqvs misi sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba (sur. 17.3 a),
xolo roca A koWaSi gamavali deni mcirdeba, B koWaSi aRZrul
induqciur dens aqvs misi Tanxvedrili mimarTuleba (sur. 17.3 b).
gavaanalizoT cdis Sedegi: A koWaSi gamavali denis zrdisas izrdeba
misi magnituri nakadic. am dros B koWaSi aRiZvreba sawinaaRmdego mimar-

I Tulebis deni, romelic Ta-

I
visi magnituri nakadiT ewina-
I 0 izrdeba I 0 mcirdeba aRmdegeba (akompensirebs) A
koWaSi gamavali denis magni-

A turi nakadis zrdas. da piri-

A
qiT, A koWaSi gamavali denis
B B
Semcirebisas mcirdeba misi
a b
magnituri veli (magnituri na-
sur. 17. 3
56
kadi), ris Sedegadac B koWaSi aRZrul induqciur dens aqvs iseTive
mimarTuleba, da maSasadame, Tavisi magnituri veliT ewinaaRmdegeba
(akompensirebs) A koWaSi gamavali denis magnituri velis Semcirebas. e.i.
induqciur dens aqvs
yovelTvis iseTi mimarTu-
S N
leba, rom Tavisi magnituri
G G
N S veliT ewinaaRmdegeba (akom-
N N pensirebs) im magnituri na-
kadis yovelgvar cvlile-
S S bas, romelic am denis aR-
sur. 17. 4 Zvris mizezia.
17.4 suraTze gamosaxuli cdis Sedegi, romlis gaanalizebasac
mkiTxvels vTavazobT, saSualebas gvaZlevs lencis wesi Semdegnairad Ca-
movayaliboT (gavixsenoT, rom erTsaxeliani magnituri polusebi erTmaneTs
ganizidavs da piriqiT): induqciur dens aqvs yovelTvis iseTi
mimarTuleba, rom Tavisi magnituri veliT ewinaaRmdegeba mis
gamowvev moZraobas.

$18. induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala. faradeis kanoni

eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenaSi induqciuri deni meoradi

efeqtia. pirveladia induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala, romelic aRiZv-
reba magnituri nakadis cvlilebis Sedegad. eleqtromagnituri induqciis
movlenis aRmoCenisTanave faradeim daadgina, rom induqciis em Zalis
sidide magnituri nakadis cvlilebis siCqaris proporciulia:
dφ
εi ~ .
dt
germanelma mecnierma helmholcma Teoriulad, energiis mudmivobis
kanonis safuZvelze, miiRo induqciis em Zalis gamosaTvleli formula.
gamoviyvanoT es formula.
vTqvaT mocemulia acbd Caketili konturi, romlis erTi gverdi _ ac
aris moZravi (sur. 18.1). k CamrTvelis CarTvisas konturSi gaivlis I deni
da denis wyaro raRac dt droSi Seasrulebs dA = Iεdt muSaobas. es muSaoba
ixarjeba gamtarebis gaTbobaze. gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba gamoiTvleba
joul-lencis kanoniT: dQ = I 2 Rdt . energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad

57
 c c' b dA = dQ , anu Iεdt = I 2 Rdt ,
ε
+ saidanac I = , sadac R wredis
I F R
⊕B ε
dx sruli winaRobaa.
−
k ganvixiloT axla SemTxveva, ro-
a a' d ca konturi moTavsebulia erTgvaro-

sur. 18.1 van magnitur velSi, romlis induq-

ciis B veqtori mimarTulia konturis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvengan. maSin

konturis TiToeul gverdze imoqmedebs amperis Zala, magram vinaidan
moZravi ac gverdia, am Zalis moqmedebiT (romlis mimarTulebac ganisa-
zRvreba marcxena xelis wesiT) mxolod igi gadaadgildeba dt droSi ra-
Rac dx manZiliT da daikavebs a' c' mdebareobas. amperis Zalis sidide
F = IBac (α = 90 ), amitom am gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebuli muSaoba
dA' = F ⋅ dx = IBac ⋅ dx = IBdS = Idφ ,
sadac dS = ac ⋅ dx aris gamtaris gadaadgilebisas mis mier Semowerili
(daStrixuli) farTobi, xolo dφ = BdS _ am farTobis gamWoli magnituri
nakadi.
amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi denis wyaros muSaobis mxolod nawili
ixarjeba joulis siTbos gamoyofaze, nawili ki xmardeba gamtaris
gadaadgilebaze Sesrulebul dA' muSaobas. amitom energiis mudmivobis
kanoni Semdegnairad daiwereba:
dA = dQ + dA' , an Iεdt = I 2 Rdt + Idφ ,
saidanac
dφ
ε−
I= dt . (18.1)
R
aseT saxes iRebs omis kanoni Caketili wredisaTvis. rogorc vxedavT,
dφ
mricxvelSi gaCnda axali wevri − . mas aucileblad unda qondes eleq-
dt
tromamoZravebeli Zalis ganzomileba anu unda izomebodes voltebiT∗ da
radgan igi dakavSirebulia magnituri nakadis cvlilebasTan, bunebrivia
davuSvaT, rom swored is gamosaxavs induqciis eleqtromamoZravebel Zalas.
amrigad,

∗
amis uSualo dadgena SeiZleba magnituri nakadis erTeulis _ veberis ganmartebis
safuZvelze ($ 4).
58
 dφ
εi = − . (18.2)
dt
(18.2) formula gamosaxavs faradeis kanons. igi eleqtromagnituri
induqciis ZiriTadi kanonia. (18.2) formula Cven miviReT im kerZo
SemTxvevisaTvis, roca gamWoli magnituri nakadi Seicvala konturis
deformaciis Sedegad ( acbda konturi dt drois ganmavlobaSi gadaiqca
a ' c' bda ' konturad). magram SeiZleba damtkicdes, rom igi universaluria da
ar aris damokidebuli nakadis Secvlis mizezze.
(18.2) formulaSi minusi niSani lencis wesis gamomxatvelia. marTlac,

⎛ dφ ⎞
Tu nakadi izrdeba ⎜ > 0 ⎟ , aRZruli induqciis em Zala uaryofiTia (ε i < 0 )
⎝ dt ⎠
da konturSi iseTi deni gaCndeba, romlis magnituri veli Seasustebs

⎛ dφ ⎞
(akompensirebs) am nakadis zrdas. da piriqiT _ Tu nakadi mcirdeba ⎜ < 0⎟ ,
⎝ dt ⎠
aRZruli induqciis em Zala dadebiTia (ε i > 0) da konturSi iseTi deni
gaCndeba, romlis magnituri veli am nakads aZlierebs (akompensirebs
nakadis Sesustebas).∗ amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom (18.2) formula
gamosaxavs faradeis da lencis gaerTianebul kanons.

Tu Caketili konturi Sedgeba N xviisagan da TiToeuls ganWolavs erTidaigive φ

magnituri nakadi, maSin sidides ψ = Nφ n a k a d S e b m a ( n a k adT g a d a b m u l ob a ) ewodeba. am
SemTxvevaSi eleqtromagnituri induqciis ZiriTadi kanoni iRebs saxes:

dψ dφ
εi = − = −N .
dt dt
Tu sxvadasxva xviebis gamWoli magnituri nakadebi gansxvavdebian erTamneTisagan, maSin

ψ = φ1 + φ 2 + φ3 + ... + φ n . maSasadame, n a k a dTg a d a b mu l o b a aris s x v a d asxv a x v i eb i s

g a m W ol i m a g n i tu ri n a k a d ebis j a mi .
faradeis kanoni saSualebas gvaZlevs mivceT meorenairi ganmarteba
magnituri induqciis nakadis erTeuls SI sistemaSi _ vebers:
veberi konturiT SemosazRvruli farTobis gamWoli iseTi
magnituri induqciis nakadia, romlis cvlilebiT 1 wamSi
konturSi aRiZvreba 1 voltis toli induqciis em Zala.

∗
faqtiurad, (18.2) formulaSi minusi niSani miuTiTebs imas, rom induqciis emZ mimarTulia
im emZ-is sapirispirod, romelsac gvaZlevs deni wyaro.
59
 $19. induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis aRZvris meqanizmi

gavarkvioT induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis buneba, misi

aRZvris meqanizmi.
induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala aRiZvreba or SemTxvevaSi:
1. roca gamtari moZraobs mudmiv magnitur velSi (Zalwirebis marTobulad)
da
2. roca gamtari uZravia, magram igi moTavsebulia cvlad magnitur velSi.
1. ganvixiloT jer pirveli SemTxveva, vinaidan igi araviTari axali ideis
Semotanas ar saWiroebs da misi garkveva martivad xdeba Cvens mier kursis
aTvisebis procesSi ukve SeZenili codnis safuZvelze. vTqvaT, l sigrZis
liTonis ab Rero moZraobs ox RerZis gaswvriv υ siCqariT mudmiv
erTgvarovan magnitur velSi, romelic mimarTulia oz RerZis gaswvriv
(sur. 19.1). liTonTa eleqtrogamtarobis klasikuri eleqtronuli Teoriis
Tanaxmad, igi Sedgeba dadebiTad damuxtuli ionebisagan, romlebic
moTavsebulia kristaluri mesris kvanZebSi (`bmuli muxtebi~) da
Tavisufali eleqtronebisagan, romlebic qaosurad moZraoben kvanZebs
Sorisis sivrceSi (Itomi; $137). gamtarTan erTad imave υ siCqariT
imoZraveben misi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebi, amitom TiToeul maTganze
imoqmedebs lorencis Zala ($13).

[ ]
F = qυ B .
B b
-_
es Zala dadebiTi ionebis moZarobas _

+
gamtarSi, cxadia, ver gamoiwvevs. eleqtronebi ki
a
daiwyeben moZraobas a -dan b -sken.∗ amis Sedegad +
-
υ
+
+
b boloze aRmoCndeba maTi siWarbe, xolo a
boloze _ maTi nakleboba, anu dadebiTi muxtebis
sur. 19. 1.
siWarbe. es gamoiwvevs gamtaris boloebs Soris
potencialTa sxvaobis warmoqmnas, rac induqciis em Zalis zoma iqneba.
gamoviTvaloT induqciis em Zala. lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT
gamowveuli dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis gancalkeveba gamtarSi warmo-
Sobs a bolodan b -sken mimarTul eleqtrul vels, romlis daZabuloba
ϕ a − ϕb
E= . amitom TiToeul eleqtronze imoqmedebs eleqtruli Zala
l

∗
eleqtronebis qaosuri moZraoba am TvalsazrisiT araviTar efeqts ar iZleva, vinaidan
maTze moqmedi lorencis Zalis saSualo mniSvneloba nulis tolia.
60
F = qE , romelic mimarTulia magnituri Zalis (lorencis Zalis)
sawinaaRmdegod. wonasworoba maSin damyardeba, roca eleqtruli Zala
gautoldeba magniturs:

[ ]
qE = q υ B , anu [ ]
E=υB,

xolo sididiT E = υB (α = 90 ).
lorencis Zala, axdens ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi muxtebis
gancalkevebas, amoZravebs eleqtronebs eleqtruli Zalebis moqmedebis
sawinaaRmdegod, anu igi warmoadgens gare Zalas. ganmartebis Tanaxmad, ab
ubanze moqmedi em Zala (romelic gamtaris moZraobiTaa gamowveuli da
maSasadame, warmoadgens induqciis em Zalas) tolia im muSaobisa, romelsac
gare Zala asrulebs am ubanze erTeulovani dadebiTi muxtis gadasatanad
eleqtrostatikuri Zalebis moqmedebis sawinaaRmdegod e.i.
ε i = ϕb − ϕ a = − El = −υBl .
dx
magram gamtaris moZraobis siCqare υ = , amitom
dt
dx dS
ε i = −B ⋅ l = −B ,
dt dt
sadac dS = ldx aris gamtaris mier dt droSi Semowerili farTobi, xolo
BdS = dφ _ induqciis nakadi am farTobSi. amitom, sabolood
dφ
εi = − ,
dt
rac gamoxatavs eleqtromagnituri induqciis ZiriTad kanons.
Tu ab gamtari warmoadgens Sekruli konturis nawils, maSin
magnitur velSi misi moZraobis dros konturSi gaivlis induqciuri deni.
2. ganvixiloT axla meore SemTxveva, roca gamtari (konturi) uZravia,
xolo magnituri veli _ cvladi. am SemTxvevaSi induqciuri denis
warmoSobis asaxsnelad zemoT ganxiluli msjeloba ar gamodgeba, radgan
uZrav muxtebze lorencis Zala ar moqmedebs. magram uZrav muxtebze
moqmedebs eleqtruli veli, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom cvladi magnituri
veli warmoSobs eleqtrul vels, romelic moqmedebs eleqtrul muxtebze,
mohyavs isini mimarTul moZraobaSi da ganapirobebs induqciur dens. am
daskvnamde pirvelad ingliseli mecnieri maqsveli mivida, riTac gamoav-
lina velis axali fundamenturi Tviseba _ droSi cvlilebisas
magnituri veli warmoqmnis eleqtrul vels. es axali idea

61
safuZvlad daedo maqsvelis saxelganTqmul eleqtromagnitur Teorias, _
warmoadgens mis pirvel ZiriTad debulebas.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom magnituri ve-
B
lis cvlilebis Sedegad aRZrul eleqtrul vels
aqvs sul sxva struqtura, vidre eleqtrostatikurs,
anu uZravi eleqtruli muxtebis mier Seqmnil eleq-
trul vels. igi ar aris uSualod dakavSirebuli
E
eleqtrul muxtebTan da maSasadame misi Zalwirebi
ar SeiZleba maTze iwyebodes da bolovdebodes. isi-
ni saerTod arsad ar iwyebian da ar bolovdebian,

dB aramed, magnituri induqciis wirebis msgavsad, Sek-

>0
dt rul wirebs warmoadgenen. aseT velebs, romelTa

sur. 19. 2. Zalwirebi Sekruli wirebia (da romelTac, maSasa-

dame, ar gaaCniaT wyaro) Cven grigaluri velebi
vuwodeT ($4). amrigad, magnituri velis cvlilebis Sedegad miRebuli
eleqtruli veli grigaluri velia. grigaluri velis Zalwirebi
moicavs magnituri induqciis wirebs (sur. 19.2). maTi mimarTuleba

⎛ dB ⎞
ganisazRvreba lencis wesiT. kerZod, magnituri induqciis zrdisas ⎜ > 0⎟
⎝ dt ⎠

eleqtruli Zalwirebis mimarTuleba B -s mimarTulebasTan qmnis marcxena

xraxns (dakavSirebulia marcxena burRis wesiT)
eleqtrostatikurisagan gansxvavebiT, grigalur velSi Caketil wirze
Sesrulebuli muSaoba nulis toli ar aris, vinaidan gzis yvela ubanze
Zalisa da gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba erTmaneTs emTxveva da muSaobis
erTi da igive niSani aqvs.
rogorc viciT (Itomi, $129), Caketil konturSi (wredSi) eleqtromamoZ-
ravebeli Zala aRiZvreba mxolod maSin, roca konturSi muxtebze moqmedebs
araeleqtrostatikuri bunebis anu gare Zala. gare ZalTa velis daZabu-
lobis cirkulacia Caketili konturis gaswvriv konturSi moqmedi em Zalis
tolia.
uZrav gamtar konturSi magnituri nakadis cvlilebiT aRZruli griga-
luri eleqtruli veli, cxadia, araeletrostatikuri, gare ZalTa daZabu-

lobis velia. Tu am velis daZabulobas aRvniSnavT E -Ti, misi cirkulacia

aRniSnuli konturis gaswvriv konturSi moqmedi induqciis em Zalis toli
iqneba:
62
 ( )
ε i = ∫ Ed l = ∫ El dl = −
∂φ
∂t
∗
(19.1)
l l

fukos deni. zedapiruli efeqti. induqciuri deni aRiZvreba ara marto xazovan gam-
tarebSi, aramed masiur gamtarSic, Tu mas vamoZarvebT (mudmiv) magnitur velSi an
movaTavsebT cvlad magnitur velSi. masiur gamtarebSi aRZruli induqciuri denebi maTi
Semswavleli frangi mecnieris fu k os saxels atarebs. fukos denebis wirebi gamtaris
SigniT Sekrulia, amitom maT gri galu r de ne bs ac uwodeben.
fukos deni, iseve, rogorc induqciuri deni xazovan gamtarebSi, emorCileba lencis
wess: misi magnituri veli isea mimarTuli, rom ewinaaRmdegena missave gamomwvev moZraobas,
anu amuxruWebs mas. marTlac, Tu CaurTveli eleqtromagnitis polusebs Soris spilenZis
masiuri qanqara asrulebs praqtikulad miulevad rxevebs, eleqtromagnitis CarTvis Semdeg
masze iwyebs moqmedebas damamuxruWebeli Zala da igi swrafad Cerdeba. es faqti
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva xelsawyoebis moZravi nawilebis (vTqvaT, galvanometris isris)
dasawynareblad (d empfirebisaTvi s). Tu spilenZis firfitas gavukeTebT radialur
Wrilebs (savarcxliseburad), fukos denebi Sesustdeba da damamuxruWebeli efeqtic mcire
iqneba.
vinaidan masiuri gamtaris winaRoba mcirea, masSi aRZruli fukos denebi did
mniSvnelobas aRwevs. Sesabamisad, didia gamoyofili joulis siTboc. garkveuli pirobebis
dacvisas mas liTonis gadnobac SeuZlia. es faqti gamoyenebulia sainduqcio
metalurgiul RumelSi. am Rumelis upiratesobaa is, rom dnoba SeiZleba warimarTos
vakuumSi, rac iZleva zesufTa masalebis miRebis SesaZleblobas.
xSir SemTxvevaSi fukos denebis moqmedeba mavnea, vinaidan masiuri gamtaris
gaTbobaze daxarjuli energia fuWia. am SemTxvevaSi fukos denebis Sesamcireblad vTqvaT,
transformatoris gularebs an generatoris Ruzebs amzadeben ara masiuri liTonisagan,
aramed erTmaneTisagan ganmxoloebuli Txeli firfitebisagan an Reroebisagan. am teqno-
logiuri uxerxulobis Tavidan asacileblad, anu masiuri Ruzebisa da gularebis da-
samzadeblad, bolo aTwleulebSi farTod iyeneben feritebs,∗∗ rac imiTaa ganpirobebuli,
rom maTSi SesaniSnavi magnituri Tvisebebi (didi magnituri SeRwevadoba da sxv.)
Serwymulia maRal eleqtrul winaRobasTan (107-1011-jer ufro meti, vidre fero-
magnetikebSi). es ki minimumamde amcirebs fukos denebs. aqve SevniSnoT, rom feritebi war-

moadgenen myar xsnarebs, romelic Sedgeba rkinis oqsidisa (Fe2 O3 ) da erTi an ramodenime

liTonis oqsidisagan. esaa upirveles yovlisa magnetiti FeOFe2 O3 . garda amisa, feritis

SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba Sediodes liTiumis, TuTiis, nikelis, kobaltis, tyviis,

∗
magnituri nakadi, romelic figurirebs eleqtromagnituri induqciis ZiriTad kanonSi
SeiZleba Seicvalos sxvadasxva gziT: konturis deformaciiT, misi mdebareobis SecvliT,
dφ
magnituri velis cvlilebiT da sxva. sruli warmoebuli yvelafer amas iTvaliswi-
dt
∂φ
nebs. kerZo warmoebuli miuTiTebs, rom nakadis cvlileba gamowveulia m xo lo d mag-
∂t
nituri velis cvlilebiT.
∗∗
feritebis teqnikuri gamoyenebis are gacilebiT farToa, romelzedac Cven ar SevCerde-
biT.
63
spilenZis, manganumisa da sxva liTonebis Jangeulebi (oqsidebi). martivi feritebis zogad

formulas aqvs saxe MeOFe2 O3 , sadac Me _ erTerTi zemoT CamoTvlili liTonTagania.

grigaluri denebi aRiZvreba sadenebSic, Tu maTSi gadis cvladi deni. amasTan, es

denebi, iseve rogorc yovelgvari induqciuri deni, cxadia, emorCileba lencis wess. am
wesidan gamomdinareobs, rom denis zrdisas da Semcirebisas, gamtarSi aRZrul grigalur
denebs aqvs sur. 19.3-ze naCvenebi mimarTuleba. suraTidan Cans, rom orive SemTxvevaSi
grigaluri denebi isea mimarTuli, rom ewinaaRmdegebian ZiriTadi denis cvlilebas
gamtaris SigniT da xels uwyoben mis cvlilebas gamtaris zedapiris axlos. maSasadame,
cvladi denisaTvis gamtaris Siga nawilebis winaRoba ufro metia vidre gare nawilebis.
amitom, cvladi denis simkvrive gamtaris ganikveTis sxvadasxva nawilebSi sxvadasxvaa _
igi maqsimaluria gamtaris zedapirze da minimaluria mis RerZze. Tu denis Zala icvleba
sakmaod didi sixSiriT, maSin deni gamtaris SigniT praqtikulad moispoba da mTlianad
gaivlis mis zedapirze (ufro zustad, Txel zedapirul fenaSi). am movlenas ewodeba
zedapiruli efeqti an skinefeqti (inglisurad skin _ tyavi). winaRobis gamosaTvleli

l
formula R = ρ am SemTxvevaSi gamousadegaria, vinaidan masSi Sedis mTeli gamtaris
S
ganikveTi. radgan skinefeqtis gamo gamtaris Siga nawilebi maRali sixSiris denebis
gatarebaSi monawileobas ar iReben, aseTi denebis gadasacemad mTlian gamtars cvlian
milisebri gamtariT, an didi raodenobis izolirebuli wvrili mavTulebisagan dawnuli
sadeniT, romlis sasargeblo zedapiris fardoba usargeblo moculobasTan didia.
masiur gamtarSi maRali sixSiris denis xanmokle gatarebisas, skinefeqtis gamo,
gamtaris zedapiruli fena Zalian xurdeba, maSin rodesac gamtaris danarCeni nawili
rCeba civi. amazea damyarebuli zedapiruli wrTobis meTodi: Tu maRali sixSiris deniT
gaxurebul foladis detals, vTqvaT, kbilanas an
dI dI
>0 <0 muxla lilvs swrafad gavacivebT (CavuSvebT
dt dt
zeTSi), detalis Txeli zedapiruli fena
aRmoCndeba nawrTobi, xolo Siga nawili _
uwrTobi, plastikuri. Sedegad mTlianad detali
I I iqneba medegi rogorc zedapiruli cveTisadmi,
aseve dartymiTi datvirTvebisadmi. zedapiruli
wrTobis es meTodi imiTaa SesaniSnavi, rom
cvladi denis sixSiris SecvliT SeiZleba
movaxdinoT wrToba nebismier saWiro siRrmemde
(zedapiruli fenis sisqe, romelSic gadis deni,
a b ukuproporciulia kvadratuli fesvisa denis

sur. 19.3 cvlilebis sixSiridan).

64
 $20. urTierTinduqcia

urTierTinduqcia (iseve, rogorc TviTinduqcia) eleqtromagnituri in-

duqciis kerZo saxea.
vTqvaT, mocemul konturSi gadis deni. am denis yovelgvari cvlile-
bisas Seicvleba misi magnituri nakadic, romelic ganWolavs sxva (mezobel)
konturebs da eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanonis Tanaxmad aRZravs maTSi
induqciur dens. am dens ewodeba urTierTinduqciis deni, xolo movlenas _
urTierTinduqcia.
amrigad, urTierTinduqcia ewodeba mocemul konturSi denis
cvlilebis Sedegad sxva (mezobel) konturebSi induqciuri denis
aRZvras.∗
ganvixiloT erTmaneTis maxloblad mdebare ori Caketili konturi
(sur. 20.1). vTqvaT pirvel konturSi gadis I 1 deni. igi qmnis magnitur vels
(B1 ) , romlis ZalZirebis nawili ganWolavs meore konturs (meore konturiT
SemosazRvrul farTobs). meore konturis gamWoli es magnituri induqciis
nakadi aRvniSnoT φ 21 -iT. igi, garda misi Semqmneli I 1 denisa, damokidebulia
konturebis formaze, zomaze, urTierTganlagebaze da im garemos magnitur
Tvisebebze (μ ) , romelSic isinia
1 moTavsebuli. I1 denis yovelgvari
2
cvlilebisas Seicvleba φ 21 -ic da
I1 eleqtromagnituri induqciis kanonis
Tanaxmad, meore konturSi ariZvreba
urTierTinduqciis em Zala
dφ 21
sur. 20.1. ε 21 = − . (20.1)
dt
radganc ε 21 -is aRZvra gamowveu-
lia I 1 denis cvlilebiT, upriania igi gamovsaxoT am cvlilebis saSuale-

biT: magnituri induqciis nakadis ganmartebis Tanaxmad φ 21 ~ B1 , xolo bio-

savar-laplasis kanonis Tanaxmad B1 ~ I 1 an

φ 21 = L21 ⋅ I 1 . (20.2)

proporciulobis L21 koeficients ewodeba pirveli da meore konturebis

urTierTinduqciis koeficienti an urTierTinduqciuroba. igi damokide-

∗
urTierTinduqciis movlenasTan Cven ukve gvqonda saqme faradeis mier eleqtromagnituri
induqciis movlenis aRmoCenasTan dakavSirebuli cdis ganxilvis dros (sur. 19.2).
65
bulia konturebis formaze, zomaze, urTierTganlagebaze da garemos
magnitur SeRwevadobaze (μ ) . Tu zemoT CamoTvlili parametrebi mudmivia,

maSin L21 = const da

ε 21 = −
d
(L21 I 1 ) = − L21 dI 1 . (20.3)
dt dt
davuSvaT axla, rom pirvel gamtarSi deni ar gadis, xolo meore gam-
tarSi gamavali denis Zala aris I 2 . zemoT Catarebuli msjelobis zustad

gameorebiT miviRebT, rom I2 denis yovelgvari cvlilebisas pirvel

konturSi aRiZvreba urTierTinduqciis em Zala
dI 2
ε 12 = − L12 (20.4)
dt
aqac, L12 pirveli da meore konturebis urTierTinduqciis koeficientia.
mtkicdeba, rom Tu konturebi moTavsebulia araferomagnitur
garemoSi,
L12 = L21 .
urTierTinduqciis koeficientis fizikuri arsis gasagebad SeiZleba
dI 1 a
visargebloT (20.3) an (20.4) formuliT. Tu (20.3)-Si davuSvebT, rom =1 ,
dt wm

miviRebT: ε 21 = − L21 . maSasadame, ori konturis urTierTinduqciis koe-

ficienti ricxobrivad im eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis tolia, romelic
aRiZvreba erTerT konturSi, rodesac meoreSi denis Zala icvleba 1
amperiT wamSi.
urTierTinduqciis koeficientis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris henri.
misi dadgena xdeba imave (20.3) formulidan. Tu am formulaSi davuSvebT
a v ⋅ wm
= 1 henri (hn ) . maSasadame, henri
dI1
rom =1 da ε 21 = 1 v , maSin L21 = 1
dt wm a
aris iseTi ori konturis urTierTinduqciis koeficienti,
a
romelTagan erT-erTSi denis Zalis Secvla 1 -iT meoreSi
wm
aRZravs 1 volt urTierTinduqciis eleqtromamoZravebel Zalas.
urTierTinduqciis movlenas didi gamoyeneba aqvs teqnikaSi. kerZod es
movlena safuZvlad udevs eleqtro da radioteqnikaSi farTod
gavrcelebul eleqtrul mowyobilobas transformators, romelic
gamoiyeneba cvladi denis Zabvis Sesacvlelad.

66
 $21. TviTinduqcia

mocemul konturSi denis cvlilebisas warmoqmnili cvladi

magnituri nakadi ganWolavs ara marto mezobel konturebs (rac
ganapirobebs urTierTinduqcias), aramed TviT am kontursac (Tavis Tavsac)
da masSic aRZravs induqciur dens. am dens, romelic aRiZvreba konturSi
masSive gamavali denis cvlilebis Sedegad, ewodeba TviTinduqciis deni,
xolo movlenas _ TviTinduqcia, amrigad,
TviTinduqcia ewodeba mocemul konturSi denis cvlilebis Sedegad
amave konturSi induqciuri denis aRZvras.∗
TviTinduqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala, cxadia gamoiTvleba imave
formuliT, riTac urTierTinduqciis em Zala, magram vinaiadan axla ori
konturis nacvlad gvaqvs erTi konturi, indeqsebi aRar aris saWiro da
gveqneba:
dφ
εS = − (21.1)
dt
aqac, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom φ ~ B , xolo B ~ I , gveqneba φ ~ I an
φ = LI (21.2)
L -s uwodeben TviTinduqciis koeficients an konturis induqciurobas.
igi damokidebulia konturis zomaze, formaze da im garemos magnitur SeR-
wevadobaze, romelSic konturi imyofeba,∗∗ Tu es parametrebi mudmivia,
maSin L = const da miviRebT:
d
(LI ) = − L dI
εS = − (21.3)
dt dt
(21.3) formula gviCvenebs, rom TviTinduqciis emZ proporciulia gam-
tarSi gamavali denis cvlilebis siCqarisa. amave formulidan davadgenT
induqciurobis fizikur arss:
dI a
Tu =1 , maSin L = ε S . maSasadame, konturis induqciuroba ricxob-
dt wm
rivad im em Zalis tolia, romelic aRiZvreba konturSi masSi gamavali
a
denis 1 -iT cvlilebisas.
wm
induqciurobis erTeuli SI sistemaSi aris henri (hn). (21.3)-dan gamom-
dinareobs rom

∗
TviTinduqciis movlenasTan Cven ukve gvqonda saqme skinefeqtis ganxilvis dros: gamtarSi
denis cvlilebisas aRZruli wriuli denebi TviTinduqciis denebia.
∗∗
am TvalsazrisiT induqciuroba analogiuria gancalkevebuli gamtaris tevadobisa.
67
 1v ⋅ wm
. 1 hn =
1a
maSasadame, henri aris iseTi konturis induqciuroba, romel-
Sic aRiZvreba 1 voltis toli TviTinduqciis em Zala, Tu masSi
deni 1 wm-Si icvleba 1 amperiT.
TviTinduqciis movlena did rols TamaSobs eleqtroteqnikasa da
radioteqnikaSi. wredis induqciuroba arsebiT gavlenas axdens wredSi
cvladi denis gavlaze ($37).

gamoviTvaloT grZeli solenoidis induqciuroba. davuSvaT, mocemulia solenoidi,

romlis sigrZe aris l , xolo xviaTa ricxvi N . CavTvaloT, rom solenoidis sigrZe
bevrad metia xviis radiusze. (6.9) formulis Tanaxmad, aseTi solenoidis RerZze magnituri

velis induqcia B = μ 0 nI , sadac μ0 aris magnituri mudmiva, I _ solenoidSi gamavali

N
denis Zala, xolo n = _ xviaTa ricxvi sigrZis erTeulze. $25-Si Cven vnaxavT, rom
l
nivTierebis Setana magnitur velSi, am ukanasknels μ -jer zrdis, sadac μ _ mocemuli
nivTierebis magnituri SeRwevadobaa. amitom, Tu solenoidi `avsebulia~ nivTierebiT, maSin

magnituri velis induqcia mis RerZze B = μ 0 μ nI . am SemTxvevaSi solenoidis TiToeuli

xviis gamWoli magnituri induqciis nakadi φ ' = BS = μ 0 μ nIS , xolo mTeli solenoidis

gamWoli sruli nakadi (nakadTSebmuloba) φ = Nφ ' = Nμ 0 μ nIS .

Tu solenoidSi deni icvleba, Seicvleba misi gamWoli magnituri nakadic, ris
gamoc solenoidSi aRiZvreba TviTinduqciis em Zala

dφ dI
εS = − = − Nμ 0 μ nS . (21.4)
dt dt
am formulis Sedareba (21.3)-Tan gvaZlevs:

L = Nμ0 μ nS = μ0 μ n 2V , (21.5)

sadac V = Sl _ solenoidis moculobaa. rogorc miRebuli formula gviCvenebs,

solenoidis induqciuroba damokidebulia mis formasa da zomaze (n, V ) da im nivTierebis

magnitur SeRwevadobaze, romelic avsebs solenoids. (21.5) formulidan gamomdinareobs
agreTve, rom denis Zalis cvlilebis erTnairi siCqaris dros didi raodenobis xveulebis
Semcveli koWaSi ufro didi TviTinduqciis em Zala aRiZvreba, vidre imave koWadan
damzadebul erT xveulSi. amitom, didi raodenobis xveulebis Semcvel koWas, rogorc
wesi, sainduqcio koWas uwodeben. Tu eleqtruli wredi Seicavs sainduqcio koWas (koWebs)
amboben, rom mas gaaCnia induqciuroba.

TviTinduqciis dens (em Zalas), lencis wesis Tanaxmad, yovelTvis

iseTi mimarTuleba aqvs, rom igi ewinaaRmdegeba konturSi gamavali
ZiriTadi denis rogorc gazrdas, aseve Semcirebas. amitomaa, rom wredSi,

68
romelsac gaaCnia induqciuroba, CarTvisas denis Zala uceb ki ar aRwevs
Tavis maqsimalur mniSvnelobas, aramed TandaTan izrdeba da garkveuli Δt
drois Semdeg xdeba maqsimaluri (sur. 21.1. a). aseve, gamorTvisas, denis
Zala myisierad ki ar xdeba nulis toli, aramed garkveuli Δt drois
Semdeg (sur. 21.1. b).
analogiur movlenas hqonda adgili meqanikaSi sxeulis inerciis sa-
xiT. SeuZlebeli iyo sxeulis siCqaris myisierad gazrda an Semcireba. maSa-
sadame, eleqtrul wredSi TviTinduqciis movlena analogiuria inerciis
movlenisa meqanikaSi. amboben, rom magnituri veli inerciiT aris
aRWurvili.
wredis CarTvisa da amor- I I
Tvisas aRZrul TviTinduqciis
denebs CarTvisa da amorTvis eq-
stradenebs uwodeben.∗ amorTvis
eqstradeni iwvevs wredis gan-
t t
rTvad ubanze (amomrTvelze, Δt Δt
Camrazze) naperwklis warmoq- a b

mnas.∗∗ sur. 21.1

TviTinduqciis movlenas davakvirdeT Semdegi cdiT: SevadginoT wredi mudmivi denis

wyarosa da ori paraleluri Stosagan. erT StoSi mimdevrobiT CavrToT R winaRoba da
naTura (1), meore StoSi ki _ L koWa da iseTive naTura (2) (sur. 21.2). k CamrTveliT
wredis Sekvrisas pirveli naTura erTbaSad miaRwevs maqsimalur sikaSkaSes, meore naTura
ki _ TandaTan. es imitom xdeba, rom L koWaSi aRiZvreba TviTinduqciis em Zala, ris gamoc

L L
2 b c
I
I'
R 1 R
a A d

k I k

sur. 21.2. sur. 21.3.

∗
Tu wredis induqciuroba didia, amorTvis eqstradeni SeiZleba bevrad meti aRmoCndes
gamorTvamde wredSi gamaval (ZiriTad) denze.
∗∗
wredis didi induqciurobis SemTxvevaSi, misi swrafi ganrTvisas, aRiZvreba didi TviT-
induqciis em Zala, romelic iwvevs amomrTvelis kontaqtebs Soris arsebuli dieleq-
trikis (sahaero RreCos) garRvevas (Itomi, $111) da naperwklis warmoqmnas. naperwkali
azianebs kontaqtebs, amitom mZlavri denebis SemTxvevaSi, amorTvis win dens TandaTanobiT
asusteben, TviT amomrTvels ki aTavseben karg dieleqtrikSi, magaliTad zeTSi.
69
denis Zala masSi maqsimalur sidides aRwevs garkveul Δt drois Semdeg.
wredis ganrTvisas TviTinduqciis movlenis dasakvirveblad isev ganvixiloT
mudmivi denis wyaros da ori paraleluri Stosagan Sedgenili wredi. erT StoSi CavrToT
L koWa, meoreSi _ R winaRoba da ampermetri. k CamrTveliT wredis ganrTvisas denis
wyaros kavSiri StoebTan wydeba. am dros ikvreba zeda ( abcd ) wredi, romelsac `kvebavs~
L koWaSi aRZruli TviTinduqciis em Zala. igi xels uwyobs pirvandeli denis
SenarCunebas, amitom ganrTvis momentSi ampermetrSi gaivlis I ' deni (wyvetili isari),
romelsac eqneba ganrTvamde arsebuli I denis sapirispiro mimarTuleba (uwyveti isari).
Tu ad da bc StoebSi CavrTavT naTurebs, isini abcd wredSi mimdevrobiT aRmoCndeba
CarTuli, amitom orive naTura nelnela, magram erTdroulad Caqreba.

$22. denis Zalis cvlileba wredis CarTvisa da amorTvis dros

wina parafrafSi aRvniSneT, rom wredis CarTvisa da amorTvis dros aRiZvreba

TviTinduqciis denebi (CarTvisa da amorTvis eqstradenebi), ris gamoc denis Zalis
cvlileba wredSi gansxvavdeba imisagan, rac iqneboda TviTinduqcias rom ar qondes
adgili.
davadginoT denis Zalis cvlilebis kanoni wredis CarTvisa da amorTvis dros.
ganvixiloT wredi, romelSiac CarTulia L induqciuroba, R winaRoba da denis
wyaro, romlis em Zalaa ε (sur. 22.1). k CamrTvelis saSualebiT denis wyaro SeiZleba
CavrToT an amovrToT ise, rom wredi darCes Sekruli.
d a v a d gin oT jer d e ni s Z a li s c vlil e bi s x a s i aT i wr e di s g a n rT vi s
dros.
vTqvaT, k CamrTveli mierTebulia a kontaqtze, maSin wredSi gadis deni

ε
I0 = . (22.1)
R
(denis wyaros Siga winaRoba ugulebelvyofilia). sawyis t=0 momentSi
gamovrToTYdenis wyaro, risTvisac k CamrTveli mivuerToT b kontaqts. denis wyaros

gamorTva gamoiwvevs I 0 denis Semcirebas da wredSi aRiZv-

L
reba TviTinduqciis em Zala εS , romelic ganapirobebs

amorTvis eqstradens (romelsac ZiriTadi denis mimar-

Tuleba aqvs).

R dI
L
εS
I= = − dt .
R R
b
cvladTa gancalkevebis Semdeg gveqneba:

k dI R
a = − dt
ε I L
movaxdinoT integreba 0-dan t -mde (roca t =0, maSin I = I 0 )
sur. 22.1.
70
 I t
dI R I R
∫I I = − L ∫0 dt =→ ln I 0 = − L t ,
0

saidanac, potencirebis Semdeg miviRebT:

R
− ⋅t
I = I 0e L
(22.2)

(22.2) formulis grafiki (sur. 22.2a) savsebiT eTanxmeba Cvens Tvisobriv daskvnas
wredis amorTvisas denis TandaTan da ara mkveTrad Semcirebis Sesaxeb. am formulis
Tanaxmad, amorTvisas deni eqsponencialurad mcirdeba, anu xdeba nulis toli usasrulod
didi drois Semdeg. sinamdvileSi ki, Cveulebrivi wredebis SemTxvevaSi, deni mcirdeba
sakmaod swrafad da miT ufro, rac metia R da naklebia L . kerZod, Tu wredis
induqciuroba L = 0 , maSin I = 0 , e.i. denis Zala am SemTxvevaSi nulamde ecema myisve.

⎛ I0 ⎞
dro τ , romlis ganmavlobaSic denis Zala Semcirdeba orjer ⎜ I = ⎟ , (24.2)-is
⎝ 2⎠
Tanaxmad tolia:

L L
τ = ln 2 ≈ 0,7 .
R R
Tu magaliTad, L = 0,1 henris, xolo R = 0,7 oms, maSin τ = 0,1 wams. winaRobis
gazrdisas, an L -is Semcirebisas, es dro sagrZnoblad mcirdeba.
axla d a vad g in o T d e ni s Z a li s c vlil e bi s x a s i aT i wr e di s C ar Tv is
d r o s . k CamrTveli gadavrToT a kontaqtze anu wredSi CavrToT denis wyaro, romlis em
Zalaa ε. vidre deni wredSi ar miaRwevs (22.1) formuliT gamosaxul d a m y ar e b ul
mniSvnelobas, masSi, garda CarTuli eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalisa, imoqmedebs denis

zrdis Sedegad aRZruli TviTinduqciis em Zala εS , amitom, omis kanonis Tanaxmad, denis

Zala wredSi iqneba:

ε +εS L dI
I= = I0 − ,
R R dt
saidanac
dI R
= dt ,
I0 − I L
vinaidan I 0 = const , amitom dI = − d (I 0 − I ) da sabolood gveqneba:

d (I 0 − I ) R
= − dt ,
I0 − I L
I I
romlis integreba gvaZlevs:

ln (I 0 − I ) = −
R
t +C. (22.3) I0 I0
L
integrebis C mudmivas mniS-
vnelobas davadgenT sawyisi pirobe-
bidan, kerZod, roca t = 0 , maSin t t
I = 0 ; amitom C = ln I 0 . C - am mniS- a b

vnelobis CasmiT (22.3)-Si gveqneba: sur. 22.2.

71
 I0 − I R
ln =− t,
I0 L
saidanac, potencirebis Semdeg miiReba:
⎛ − t ⎞
R
⎜
I = I 0 ⎜1 − e L ⎟⎟ . (22.3)
⎝ ⎠
aseTia denis Zalis cvlilebis xasiaTi wredis CarTvis dros. misi grafiki
mocemulia 22.2 b suraTze. (22.3) formulidan Cans, rom denis Zala aRwevs Tavis maqsimalur
R
− t
L
I0 mniSvnelobas ara myisve, aramed TandaTan, sanam TviTinduqciis deni I 0e ar

moispoba. es ki xdeba miT male, rac metia R da naklebia L .

wredis amorTvisas aRZruli TviTinduqciis eqstradeni gamoyenebul iqna zegamtaro-
bis Sesaswavlad (Itomi, $130). zegamtar mdgomareobaSi R = 0 , amitom, (22.2) formulis
Tanaxmad I = I 0 , anu deni iarsebebs wredSi ragind didxans.
holandieli mecnieri kamerling-onesi, romelic iTvleba dabali temperaturebis
fizikis mamamTavrad, cdas atarebda Semdegnairad: koWa, romlis boloebi erTmaneTTan
mokledaa SeerTebuli, moTavsebulia mZlavri eleqtromagnitis polusebs Soris da

civdeba Txevadi heliumiT gadasvlis kritikul Tk temperaturaze ufro dabla.

eleqtromagnitis amorTvisas solenoidSi aRiZvreba induqciuri deni, romelic miedineba

koWaSi ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnobi Semcirebis gareSe.

$23. denis magnituri velis energia

rogorc viciT ($1), magnituri velis pirvelwyaros warmoadgens eleq-

truli deni. igi warmoiqmneba, icvleba da ispoba eleqtruli denis warmo-
qmnasTan, cvlilebasTan da mospobasTan erTad. magnitur vels, iseve
rogorc eleqtruls, gaaCnia energia. ra warmoadgens denis magnituri velis
energiis zomas?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad davuSvaT, rom L induqciurobisa da
R omuri wianaRobis mqone wredSi gadis mudmivi I deni. am SemTxvevaSi
denis wyaros mier dt droSi Sesrulebuli muSaoba dA = Iεdt (sadac ε
wredSi CarTuli mudmivi denis wyaros em Zalaa) mTlianad ixarjeba
gamtarebis gaTbobaze, anu gamoiyofa siTbos saxiT. joul-lencis kanonis
Tanaxmad, dt droSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba dQ = I 2 Rdt . energiis
mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad
Iεdt = I 2 Rdt . (23.1)
sul sxvanairadaa saqme, rodesac wredSi gadis cvladi deni, vTqvaT,
zrdadi deni, rasac adgili aqvs, kerZod, wredis CarTvis dros. am dros

72
aRiZvreba TviTinduqciis em Zala ε S , romelic, lencis wesis Tanaxmad,

ewinaaRmdegeba denis zrdas. amitom deni Tavis mudmiv (maqsimalur) I

mniSvnelobas aRwevs ara myisve, aramed raRac t drois Semdeg. am drois
ganmavlobaSi denis wyaros garkveuli damatebiTi muSaobis Sesruleba
uxdeba TviTinduqciis em Zalis dasaZlevad, amitom, cxadia, (23.1) formuliT
warmodgenili energiis mudmivobis kanoni samarTliani aRar aris.
imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra saxes iRebs am SemTxvevaSi energiis mudmi-
vobis kanoni, davweroT omis kanoni Caketili wredisaTvis. wredis CarTvis
momentidan, vidre denis Zala ar miaRwevs mudmiv I mniSvnelobas, masSi
garda CarTuli denis wyaros ε eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalisa, moqmedebs
dI
TviTinduqciis em Zala ε S = − L , amitom denis Zala wredSi iqneba
dt
dI
ε −L
ε +εS dt .
I= =
R R
tolobis orive mxare gavamravloT IRdt sidideze:
I 2 Rdt = Iεdt − LIdI ,
saidanac
Iεdt = I 2 Rdt + LIdI . (23.2)
aseT saxes iRebs energiis mudmivobis kanoni. (23.2) formulidan Cans,
rom drois ganxilul (0 − dt ) periodSi wyaros mier Sesrulebuli Iεdt

muSaobis mxolod nawili xmardeba joulis siTbos (I 2 Rdt ) gamoyofas, meore

nawili ki dakavSirebulia induqciur movlenebTan da xmardeba denis Zalis
gazrdas dI sididiT. es muSaoba
dA = LIdI . (23.3)
sruli muSaoba, romelic sruldeba denis gasazrdelad nulidan mis
maqsimalur I mniSvnelobamde, miiReba (23.2) tolobis integrebiT:

LI 2
I
A = ∫ dA = ∫ LIdI = .
0
2

vinaidan denis gazrdisas izrdeba misi magnituri veli, bunebrivia

CavTvaloT, rom A warmoadgens denis magnituri velis Seqmnaze
Sesrulebul damatebiT muSaobas, anu denis magnituri velis energiis
zomas:

LI 2
Wm = A = (23.4)
2
73
 miRebuli formula msgavsia kinetikuri energies formulisa

⎛ mυ 2 ⎞
⎜⎜W = ⎟⎟ . masSi masis magivrobas asrulebs induqciuroba (romelic
⎝ 2 ⎠
warmoadgens konturis inerciulobis zomas), xolo siCqaris magivrobas _
denis Zala. aseTi msgavsebas adgili aqvs magnetizmisa da meqanikis sxva
formulebs Sorisac.
(23.4) formulaSi denis magnituri velis energia gamosaxulia gamtaris
damaxasiaTebeli sidideebiT ( L, I ) . gamovsaxoT es energia TviT velis
damaxasiaTebeli sidideebiT. amisaTvis gavixsenoT, rom grZeli solenoidis
SigniT veli erTgvarovania da mis RerZze magnituri velis induqcia
(formula 6.9) B = μ 0 μ n I , xolo aseTi solenoidis induqciuroba (formula

23.5) L = μ 0 μ n 2V ( n aris xviaTa ricxvi solenoidis sigrZis erTeulze, V _

solenoidis moculoba). Tu L -is mniSvnelobas SevitanT (23.4)-Si miviRebT,
rom solenoidis SigniT erTgvarovani velis energia
1
Wm = μ 0 μ n 2 I 2V .
2
magram
B
nI = ,
μ0 μ
amitom
1 B2
Wm = V. (23.5)
2 μ0 μ

magnituri velis induqcia B = μ 0 μH ($27), amitom denis magnituri

velis energia SeiZleba daiweros Semdegi sami ekvivalenturi formiT,
romlebic am energiis gamosaxaven magnituri velis damaxasiaTebeli
sidideebiT (B, H , V ) :

1 B2 1 1
Wm = V = μ 0 μ H 2V = BHV . (23.6)
2 μ0 μ 2 2

vinaidan veli erTgvarovania, misi energia Wm ganawilebulia velis

mTel moculobaSi Tanabrad. energiis moculobiTi simkvrive anu
moculobis erTeulis energia
Wm 1 B 2 1 1
ωm = = = μ 0 μ H 2 = BH . (23.7)
V 2 μ0 μ 2 2
aRsaniSnavia, rom iseve, rogorc eleqtruli velis SemTxvevaSi (23.7)
formulebi samarTliania araerTgvarovani velisaTvisac. gansxvavebaa isaa,
74
rom erTgvarovani velis SemTxvevaSi ωm sivrcis yvela wertilSi
erTnairia, araerTgvarovani velis SemTxvevaSi ki wertilidan wertilamde
icvleba.
Cven ganvixileT wredis CarTvis SemTxveva da miviReT gamosaxuleba
denis magnituri velis energiisaTvis. wredis ganrTvisas deni ispoba da
denis mier momaragebuli energia gamoiyofa ama Tu im saxiT. es mJRavndeba
sakmaod mZlavr naperwkalSi, romelic didi induqciurobis wredSi
warmoiqmneba. Tu wredi isea Sedgenili, rom denis wyaros amorTvisas xdeba
koWas boloebis mierTeba R winaRobaze (sur. 22.1, k CamrTveli gadairTo a
konturidan b -ze), maSin am koWaSi aRZruli amorTvis eqstradenis energia
gamoiyofa R winaRobaze joulis siTbos saxiT.

Tavi III

magnituri veli nivTierebaSi

$24. magnetikebi

aqamde Cven vixilavdiT magnitur movlenebs vakuumSi. davuSvaT axla,

rom sivrce, romelSic deniani gamtaria moTavsebuli, Sevsebulia garemoTi.
cda da Teoria gviCvenebs, rom bunebaSi arsebuli yvela sxeuli magni-
turad aqtiuria im gagebiT, rom magnitdeba gareSe magnitur velSi Seta-
nisas da iwvevs mis cvlilebas. magniturad aqtiur sxeulebs zogjer
magnetikebsac uwodeben.
magnituri aqtivobis TvalsazrisiT ansxvaveben sustmagnitur da Zli-
ermagnitur sxeulebs. sustmagnitur sxeulebs miekuTvneba paramagnituri
da diamagnituri sxeulebi (paramagnetikebi da diamagnetikebi), Zlier-
magniturs ki _ feromagnituri sxeulebi (agreTve antiferomagnituri
da ferimagnituri sxeulebi. ferimagnitur sxeulebs, romlebsac, naxevar-
gamtaruli Tvisebebic aqvT, feritebi ewodeba).
gavixsenoT jer, ra movlenas hqonda adgili dieleqtrikis Setanisas
eleqtrostatikur velSi. velSi Setanisas dieleqtriki polarizdeba, ris
Sedegadac mis zedapirze warmoiqmneba bmuli eleqtruli muxtebi garkveu-
li σ ' zedapiruli simkvriviT (simartivisaTvis vuSvebT, rom dieleqtriki
erTgvarovania). es muxtebi qmnian Tavis eleqtrostatikur vels, romelic
ikribeba Tavdapirvel velTan _ Tavisufali muxtebis mier Seqmnil velTan.
75
Tu Tavisufali muxtebis mier Seqmnili velis daZabulobas aRvniSnavT E 0 -iT,
'
bmuli muxtebisas E -iT, maSin jamuri velis daZabuloba sxeulis SigniT
'
E = E0 + E .
'
aRsaniSnavia, rom E yovelTvis E 0 -is sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli, rac
imas niSnavs, rom dieleqtrikis Setanisas eleqtrostatikur velSi veli
sustdeba.
analogiurad, magnetikis Setanisas gareSe (makrodenebis mier Seqmnil)
magnitur velSi, igi modis gansakuTrebul mdgomareobaSi _ magnitdeba.
damagnitebuli magnetiki qmnis (aRZravs) sakuTar magnitur vels, romelic
ikribeba gareSe magnitur velTan da cvlis mas. Tu gareSe magnituri velis

induqcias aRvniSnavT B 0 -iT, damagnitebuli magnetikis mier Seqmnili velis

'
induqcias B -iT,∗ maSin, superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, jamuri velis
induqcia sxeulis SigniT
'
B = B0 + B . (24.1)
'
an, vinaidan B 0 = μ 0 H , B = μ0 H + B .
'
dieleqtrikisagan gansxvavebiT, B -s SeiZleba hqondes B 0 –is rogorc
sawinaaRmdego, ise Tanxvdenili mimarTuleba. maSasadame, magnetikis
Setanisas magnitur velSi es ukanaskneli SeiZleba rogorc Sesustdes, ise
gaZlierdes. iseT magnetikebs, romlebic iwveven magnituri velis Sesus-
tebas, diamagnetikebi ewodeba, xolo iseT magnetikebs, romlebic aZliereben
gareSe magnitur vels _ paramagnetikebi. rogorc dia, aseve paramagnituri
sxeulebi gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi magnitur
Tvisebebs ar amJRavnebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela diamagnituri sxeulisTvis, agreTve paramagni-
turi sxeulebis didi umravlesobisTvis, B ' mcirea B0 _Tan SedarebiT. maSa-
sadame, am sxeulebis Setana gareSe magnitur velSi umniSvnelod cvlis mas.
magram paramagnituri sxeulebisagan gamoiyofa mcirericxovani, magram me-
tad didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis mqone jgufi sxeulebisa, romelTaT-
visac B ' >> B0 , e.i. am sxeulebis Setana magnitur velSi iwvevs am

∗
damagniteba dakavSirebulia sxeulSi mikrodenebis arsebobasTan, amitom, sxeulSi aRZrul
damatebiT vels zogjer mikrodenebis vels uwodeben.
76
ukanasknelis mkveTr zrdas. maT, jgufis mTavari warmomadgenlis _ rkinis
mixedviT, feromagnetikebi ewodeba.
dabolos SevniSnoT, rom damagnitebuli sxeulis sakuTari magnituri
veli (B ),
'
rogorc sxeulis SigniT, ise mis gareT, damokidebulia ara mar-
to nivTierebis gvarobaze, aramed sxeulis formazec (Rero, birTvi, rgoli
da sxv.). magram aRmoCnda, rom aseTi damokidebulebis ugulebelyofa SeiZ-
leba, Tu damamagnitebeli veli erTgvarovania da gamosakvlevi nivTiereba
mTlianad avsebs mas. aseTi pirobebis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia, Tu,
magaliTad, gamosakvlev nivTierebas mivcemT cilindris formas da
movaTavsebT mas grZeli solenoidis SigniT.

$25 damagnitebis veqtori. nivTierebis magnituri SeRwevadoba

sxeulis damagnitebis xarisxis dasaxasiaTeblad Semotanilia

damagnitebis veqtoris cneba. damagnitebis veqtori ewodeba magnetikis
erTeul moculobaSi moTavsebul molekulaTa magnituri
momentebis veqtorul jams. Tu ΔV moculobis magnitur moments
N
avRniSnavT ∑P
i =1
mi iT, maSin, ganmartebis Tanaxmad,

∑P mi

P= i =1
, (25.1)
ΔV

sadac P mi i -uri molekulis magnituri momentia, xolo N _ molekulebis

saerTo ricxvi ΔV moculobaSi. ΔV unda iyos imdenad mcire, rom mis
farglebSi veli SeiZleba CaiTvalos mudmivad. Tu magnetiki erTgvarovani
da izotropiulia, mis yvela molekulas aqvs erTnairi magnituri momenti

P m , maSin (najerobamde damagnitebis SemTxvevaSi)

N

∑P
i =1
mi = N Pm da

N Pm
P= = nP m , (25.2)
V
N
sadac n = molekulebis koncentraciaa.
V
wriuli denis magnituri momentis ganmartebidan gamomdinareobs ($3),
rom SI sistemaSi damagnitebis veqtoris sazomi erTeulia a/m.

77
 vinaidan sxeulis damagniteba Sedegia mikrodenebze gareSe magnituri

velis (H ) moqmedebisa, cxadia, rom damagnitebis xarisxi P damokidebuli ()

iqneba am velis sidideze. cda gviCvenebs, rom sustmagnituri sxeulebisTvis

P –sa da H –s Soris wrfivi damokidebuleba arsebobs da izotropuli

garemos SemTxvevaSi aqvs Semdegi saxe:

P = km H ∗ (25.3)
an (2.1) –is gaTvaliswinebiT
km
P= B0 , (25.4)
μ0
k m proporciulobis koeficients nivTierebis magnituri amTvisebloba
an damagnitebis koeficienti ewodeba. igi uganzomilebo sididea, vinaidan

P da H erTi da imave erTeulebiT izomeba. k m damokidebulia nivTierebis

gvarobaze, amasTan cxadia, rom paramagnetikebisaTvis igi dadebiTia ( P -s

aqvs H –is mimarTuleba), diamagnetikebisaTvis ki _ uaryofiTi.

(25.3) formulis fizikuri arsi naTelia. marTlac, rac ufro Zlieria gareSe
magnituri veli, paramagnituri sxeulebis SemTxvevaSi miT ufro ukeTesad axdens
mikrodenebis orientacias (romlis xelSemSleli faqtori siTburi moZraobaa), xolo
diamagnituri sxeulebis SemTxvevaSi miT ufro did inducirebul moments warmoqmnis ($27).
amitom gareSe velis zrdiT proporciulad izrdeba mikrodenebis saSualo velic.
mikrodenebis veli kolinearulia (mimarTulia imave wrfis gaswvriv) makrodenebis velisa
da misi proporciulia.

cxadia, rom unda arsebobdes gar-

kveuli kavSiri damagnitebis P veqtorsa

da damagnitebuli sxeulis (magnetikis)
'
sakuTar (mikrodenebis) B magnitur vels
Soris. davadginoT es kavSiri.
davuSvaT, rom erTgvarovani izo-
tropiuli magnetiki mTlianad avsebs im
sur. 25. 1 sivrces, sadac gareSe magnituri velis

∗
aseT proporciulobas adgili aqvs diamagnituri sxeulebisaTvis da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
H ar aris Zalian didi, xolo temperatura Zalian dabali _ paramagnituri
sxeulebisaTvisac. feromagnituri sxeulebisaTvis aseT proporciulobas adgili ara aqvs.
garda amisa, Tu magnetiki anizotropulia, P da H veqtorebis mimarTulebebi SeiZleba
arc daemTxves erTmaneTs. aseTi magnetikisaTvis kavSiri P -sa da H -s Soris xorcieldeba
magnituri amTviseblobis tenzoris saSualebiT.
78
induqcia nulisagan gansxvavebulia. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom
magnetiki warmoadgens cilindruli formis sxeuls, romelic moTavsebulia
misi msaxvelis paralelur magnitur velSi, magaliTad, grZeli solenoidis

SigniT. vinaidan solenoidis SigniT veli erTgvarovania (B 0 )

= const ,

magnetikic erTgvarovnad damagnitdeba (P = const ). solenoidis velis

moqmedebiT wriuli molekuluri denebis magnituri momentebi orientir-
debian cilindris RerZis gaswvriv, TviT wriuli denebi ki am RerZis mar-
Tobulad, rogorc es naCvenebia 25.1 suraTze. ganvixiloT magnetikis

erTerTi ganivikveTi. radgan P = const , SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom am kveTaSi

yvela molekuluri deni erTnairia, rac gamoiwvevs maT
urTierTgabaTilebas kveTis SigniT. gaubaTilebeli rCeba denebi mxolod
kveTis gare konturze, amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxeulis sakuTari mag-
'
nituri veli B Seqmnilia cilindris RerZis marTobuli wriuli denebiT,
romlebic cilindris gare zedapirze miedinebian. es denebi msgavsia
solenoidSi gamavali denisa, amitom isini sxeulis SigniT qmnian magnitur
vels, romlis B' induqciis gamosaTvlelad SeiZleba visargebloT (6.9)
formuliT solenoidis magnituri velis induqciisaTvis. Tu erT-erTi
wriuli denis sidide aris I ' , xolo cilindris erTeul sigrZeze maTi
ricxvi n , maSin (6.9) formulis Tanaxmad
B ' = μ 0 nI ' . (25.5)
meore mxriv, ganvixiloT magnetikis mcire Δl elementi, romlis
moculoba ΔV = SΔl , sadac S nimuSis ganikveTis farTia. wriul denTa rao-
denoba am elementze iqneba nΔl , xolo misi magnituri momenti
N

∑P
i =1
mi = nΔlI ' S ' .

damagnitebis P veqtoris sidide

N

∑P
i =1
mi
nΔlI ' S
P= = = nI ' . (25.6)
ΔV SΔl
(25.5) da (25.6) formulebis Sedareba gvaZlevs
B ' = μ0 P . (25.7)
'
damagnitebis ganxiluli meqanizmidan cxadia, rom B da P veqtorebi
paralelurni arian, amitom (25.7) tolobas veqtoruli xasiaTic eqneba:
'
B = μ0 P . (25.8)
79
SevitanoT (25.8) formulaSi P –is mniSvneloba (25.4)-dan
' km
B = μ0 B 0 = km B 0
μ0
'
da B –is miRebuli mniSvneloba CavsvaT (24.1)-Si
B = B 0 + B = B 0 (1 + k m ) ,
'

an
B = μ B0 . (25.9)

uganzomilebo sidides μ = 1 + km ewodeba nivTierebis fardobiTi

magnituri SeRwevadoba, an ubralod magnituri SeRwevadoba. magnituri
SeRwevadoba nivTierebis mniSvnelovani magnituri maxasiaTebelia. igi gviC-
venebs, Tu ramdenjer metia (an naklebia) makrodenis mier Seqmnili magnitu-

()
ri velis induqcia mocemul nivTierebaSi B vidre sicarieleSi B 0 . ( )
diamagnituri sxeulebisaTvis km < 0 , amitom μ < 1; paramagnituri

sxeulebisaTvis k m > 0 da μ > 1;

unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc dia-, ise paramagnituri nivTierebebisaT-
vis k m metad mcirea (Sesabamisad 10-9 da 10-7 rigisa), ris gamoc maTTvis μ

umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTisagan. feromagnituri sxeulebisaTvis μ >> 1 .*

Tu (25.9) formulaSi gaviTvaliswinebT, rom B 0 = μ 0 H , gveqneba:

B = μ0 μ H . (25.10)
miviReT metad mniSvnelovani Sedegi: aRmoCnda, rom rig SemTxvevebSi

magnituri velis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblis B induqciis veqtoris gansazRvra

SesaZlebelia mikrodenebis velis codnis gareSe _ sakmarisia
ganvsazRvroT makrodenebis magnituri veli da vicodeT garemos magnituri
SeRwevadoba. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom (25.9) da, maSasadame (25.10)

formuliT gamosaxuli martivi kavSiri B –sa da B 0 –s, B -sa da H –s Soris

samarTliania mxolod erTgvarovani, izotropuli magnetikebisaTvis,

romlebic mTlianad avseben im sivrces, sadac gareSe veli H ≠ 0 . yvela

sxva SemTxvevaSi B –s gasagebad saWiroa mikrodenebis magnituri velebis

saTanado gaTvla, rac gacilebiT rTulia.**

*
25.9 Tanafardoba marTebulia feromagnetikebisaTvisac, magram am sxeulebSi μ mudmivi ki
ar aris, aramed damokidebulia damamagnitebeli velis sidideze (§32).
**
nebismieri garemosaTvis vargisi universaluri kavSiri B -sa da H -s Soris mocemulia
§31-Si.
80
 §26. eleqtronebisa da atomebis magnituri momenti

rogorc § 24-Si aRvniSneT, magnitur aqtivobas amJRavnebs uklebliv

yvela sxeuli, amitom bunebrivia davuSvaT, rom sxeulis magnituri Tvisebe-
bi ganpirobebulia elementaruli nawilakebiT, romlebisganac Sedgeba yove-
li atomi. yvela atomisaTvis saerTo aseTi elementaruli nawilakebia
eleqtronebi, protonebi da neitronebi. gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom
protonebisa da neitronebis magnituri momentebi TiTqmis 1000-jer naklebia
eleqtronis umcires magnitur momentze, amitom pirvel miaxloebaSi
birTvis magnituri momenti SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT da CavTvaloT, rom
atomis magnituri Tvisebebi mTlianad ganpirobebulia eleqtronebiT.
SevafasoT eleqtronis magnituri momenti. ganvixiloT umartivesi Sem-
Txveva, roca erTi eleqtroni, romlis masaa m , xolo muxti e , moZraobs
uZravi dadebiTi birTvis garSemo wriul orbitaze (wyalbadis atomi).
eleqtronis es moZraoba ganapirobebs wriul dens, romlis magnitur
moments eleqtronis orbituli magnituri momenti ( p0 ) ewodeba. ganmartebis

Tanaxmad, p0 = IS , sadac I aris denis Zala, xolo S _ orbitis farTi.

1
I = ev , sadac v = brunTa ricxvia erT wamSi, xolo S = π r 2 , sadac r
T
wriuli orbitis radiusia. Tu eleqtronis wirul siCqares aRvniSnavT υ –
υ
Ti, v = , amitom magnituri momentisTvis gveqneba:
2π r

eυ 1
p0 = IS = π r 2 = eυ r . (26.1)
2π r 2
eleqtrons, orbituli magnituri momentis garda, gaaCnia impulsis

orbituli meqanikuri momenti L 0 .

[ ]
L0 = m r υ ; L0 = mυ r .
magnituri momentis Sefardebas Sesabamis meqanikur momentTan ewodeba
giromagnituri fardoba (G ) da orbituli momentisaTvis igi toli:
p0 1 eυ r 1 e
G0 = = = , (26.2)
L0 2 mυ r 2 m
saidanac
1 e
p0 = L0 . (26.3)
2m

81
 Tu gaviTvaliwinebT p0 –is da L0 –is mimarTulebebs (sur.26.1), toloba
(26.3) veqtorulad Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
1 e
p = −G0 L 0 = − L0 . (26.4)
2m
(26.4) formula erTmaneTTan akavSirebs eleqtronis orbitul magni-
tur da meqanikur momentebs. am formulaSi ar Sedis eleqtronis orbitis
nomeri. maSasadame, orbituli giromagnituri
fardoba nebismieri orbitisaTvis erTnairia
L0
1 e
da udris -s.
I 2m
SeiZleba Cveneba, rom (26.4) formula,
p0 romelic miviReT wriuli orbitisaTvis,
zogadia da marTebulia eleqtronis nebismieri
υ
elifsuri orbitisTvisac.
sur. 26.1
viciT, rom boris postulatis Tanaxmad,
romelic gansazRvravs stacionaluri
h
orbitis radiuss, eleqtronis impulsis orbituli momenti ricxvis
2π
jeradia:
h
Lon = n ⋅,
2π
sadac n = 1,2,3, . . . gansazRvravs orbitis nomers, xolo h = 6,62 ⋅ 10 −34 j.wm
plankis mudmivaa.
Tu Lon –is mniSvnelobas SevitanT (26.3)–Si, wyalbadis atomis
orbituli magnituri momentisaTvis miviRebT:
eh
. p on = n
4πm
orbituli magnituri momentis umciresi mniSvneloba miiReba, roca
eleqtroni moZraobs pirvel orbitaze (n = 1) . am elementarul magnitur

moments boris magnetoni ewodeba da aRiniSneba μ B –Ti:

eh 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 ⋅ 6,62 ⋅ 10 −34 j

μB = = = 0,927 ⋅ 10 − 23 ;
4πm 4 ⋅ 3,14 ⋅ 9,1 ⋅ 10 −31
tl
birTvis garSemo brunvis gamo eleqtroni waagavs bzrialas, es
garemoeba safuZvlad udevs giromagnitur anu magnitomeqanikur movlenebs _
magnetikis damagniteba iwvevs mis brunvas da piriqiT, magnetikis brunva

82
iwvevs mis damagnitebas. pirveli movlenis arseboba eqsperimentulad
daamtkices ainStainma da de-haasma, meoresi_barnetma.

1. barnetis cda (1914 w).

Tu rkinis patara cilindrs swrafad vabrunebT sakuTari RerZis gar-
Semo, cilindri damagnitdeba. am efeqtis mizezia is garemoeba, rom nivTie-
rebis atomebs gaaCnia rogorc magnituri, ise meqanikuri momentebi, romle-
bic, rogorc es vaCveneT eleqtronis orbituli brunvis magaliTiT, erT-
maneTTan xistadaa dakavSirebuli (formula 26.4) da, maSasadame, erTis
cvlilebam unda gamoiwvios meores cvlileba. cilindris brunvis dros,
`eleqtronuli bzrialebi”, giroskopis mzgavsad, cdiloben miiRon iseTi
orientacia, rom maTi meqanikuri momentebi cilindris brunvis RerZis
paraleluri iyos. Cveulebriv, meqanikuri momentebi qaosuradaa orienti-
rebuli da maTi aseTi mowesrigeba iwvevs magnituri momentebis saTanado
mowesrigebas, ris Semdegac cilindri magnitdeba.
unda aRiniSnos, rom barnetis efeqtiT gamowveuli damagniteba Zalian
mcirea: magnituri velis daZabuloba, romelsac qmnis cilindri, roca igi
wamSi 100 bruns akeTebs, 1000-jer naklebia dedamiwis magnituri velis daZa-
bulobaze. amitom am efeqtis dakvirveba SeiZleba mxolod Zliermagnitur
sxeulebze _ feromagnetikebze.

2. ainStainis da de-haasis cda (1915 w).

am cdaSi rkinis cilindri (Rero) Camokidebulia solenoidis SigniT
kvarcis wvril Zafze (sur. 26.2). solenoidSi denis gatarebisas Rero Semob-
rundeba garkveuli kuTxiT, romlis sididesac gviCvenebs sarkeze aTinaTis
gadaadgileba.
am movlenasac safuZvlad udevs atomis magnitur da meqanikur
momentebs Soris uerTierTkavSiri. solenoidSi denis gatarebisas rkinis
Rero damagnitdeba, e.i. atomebis magnituri momentebi orientirdeba gareSe
(solenoidis) magnituri velis mimarTulebiT. (26.4) formulis Tanaxmad
aseTive orientacias, oRond velis sawinaaRmdegod miiRebs `eleqtronuli

bzrialebis” impulsis L oi momentebi, ris Semdegadac jamuri meqanikuri mo-

enti ∑L oi nulisagan gansxvavebuli iqneba. magram impulsis momentis mudmi-

vobis kanonis Tanaxmad, izolirebuli sistemis _ `Rero-eleqtronebi” _

83
moZraobis raodenobis momenti unda iyos mudmivi, amitom Rero iZens _

∑L oi -is tol moZraobis raodenobis moments da iwyebs brunvas.

Reros mobrunebis kuTxe Zalian mcirea, amitom, efeqtis gasaZliereb-

lad iyeneben rezonansis movlenas: solenoidSi atareben cvlad dens, rom-
lis sixSire sistemis rxevis sakuTari sixSiris tolia.
Reros Semobrunebisas kvarcis Zafi igrixeba, ris saSualebiTac ga-
nisazRvreba Reros impulsis momenti, romelic elqtronebis impulsis
momentebis geometriuli jamis tolia. Semdeg Reros damagnitebis
saSualebiT gaigeba eleqtronebis jamuri magnituri momenti da amrigad, ga-
nisazRvreba giromagnituri Tanafardoba G0 . mosalodneli iyo, rom es Ta-

e e
nafardoba -is toli iqneboda. cdis Sedegad ki miRebuli iqna , e.i.
2m m
orjer meti. es gansxvaveba fizikosebisTvis sruliad gaugebari iyo TiT-
qmis 10 wlis manZilze, vidre haudsmitma da ulenbekma ar gamoTqves mosaz-
reba, rom eleqtrons, garda orbituli magnituri da meqanikuri momentebi-
sa, gaaCnia e.w. spinuri magnituri da meqanikuri momentebi, romlebic
dakavSirebulia eleqtronis brunvasTan sakuTari RerZis garSemo.
spinuri momentebisaTvis giromagnituri fardoba tolia:
ps e
GS = = .
Ls m
e.i. zustad Tanxvdeba cdis Sedegebs. amrigad, ainStainisa da de-haasis
cdaSi miRebuli giromagnituri fardoba warmoadgens spinur da ara
orbitul giromagnitur fardobas.
giromagnituri fardobisaTvis aseTive sidide iqna miRebuli a.iofesa
da p.kapicas cdebSi (1917 w.). am cdebs safuZvlad udevs cnobili faqti, rom
yoveli feromagnituri sxeulisaTvis arsebobs gansakuTrebuli tem-
peratura, e.w. `kiuris wertili”, romelzedac damagniteba ispoba (sxeuli
kargavs feromagnitur Tvisebebs da xdeba paramagnituri). rkinisaTvis
kiuris temperatura 770C –is tolia. damagnitebul rkinis Reros hkideben
kvarcis wvril Zafze da swrafad axureben kiuris temperaturamde. damagni-
tebul ReroSi `eleqtronuli bzrialebi” orientirebulia RerZis gaswvriv.

maSasadame, maT gaaCniaT jamuri impulsis momenti ∑L 0i (sur. 26.2,a). ganmag-

nitebisas xdeba `eleqtronuli bzrialebis” RerZebis dezorientacia

(sur. 26.2,b), ris Sedegadac maTi jamuri impulsis momenti nulis toli

84
xdeba. impulsis momentis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad Rero iZens _

∑L 0i -is tol impulsis moments da iwyebs brunvas.

zemoaRwerili giromagnituri
cdebi, romelic SemdgomSi mraval-
jer iqna gameorebuli sxva mecnier-
Ta mier, giromagnituri fardobisaT-
vis yovelTvis iZleoda erTi da igi-
ve sidides _ orjer mets imasTan
SedarebiT, rac eleqtronis orbi-
tuli brunvidan gamomdinareobs. uf-
ro zusti radiospeqtroskopuli
meTodis gamoyeneba, romlis saSu-
*S *S alebiTac xdeba amJamad giromagni-
a b turi fardobis gansazRvra, gvaZlevs

sur. 26.2. igive Sedegs.

amrigad, cdebiT sabolood
dadgenilia, rom ZiriTad faqtors, romelic gansazRvravs rkinis (da
saerTod, feromagnituri sxeulis) magnetizms, warmoadgens eleqtronis ara
orbituli moZraoba, aramed spini.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Tavdapirvelad spinis Sesaxeb gamartivebuli war-
modgena hqondaT da mas ukavSirebdnen eleqtronis brunvas sakuTari RerZis
garSemo. SemdgomSi dadginda, rom aseTi warmodgena swori ar aris, spini
eleqtronis iseTive ganuyofel, fundamentur Tvisebas warmoadgens, ro-
gorc masa da muxti da misi dayvana sxva raime ufro martivamde ar
SeiZleba.
amrigad, eleqtrons, garda orbituli magnituri ( p0 ) da meqanikuri

(L0 ) momentebisa, gaaCnia spinuri magnituri ( ps ) da meqanikuri (Ls )

momentebi, amasTan spinuri giromagnituri fardobis sidide (Gs ) orjer

metia orbituli fardobis sidideze (G0 ) :

ps e
Gs = = 2G0 = .
Ls m
cdiT dadgenilia, rom spinuri magnituri momenti boris magnetonis
tolia:

85
 eh
ps = μ B = .
4π m
atomis (molekulis) sruli magnituri momenti miiReba misi yvela
eleqtronis orbituli da spinuri magnituri momentebis geometriuli
SekrebiT (birTvul momentebs ugulebelvyofT):
z z
P a = ∑ p 0i + ∑ p si .
i =1 i =1

§27. diamagnetizmisa da paramagnetizmis buneba*

wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT, rom elementarul nawilaks, romelic Zi-

riTadad ganapirobebs nivTierebis magnitur Tvisebebs, warmoadgens
eleqtroni da gamovTvaleT eleqtronis magnituri momenti. vTqviT, rom
atomis (molekulis) magnituri momenti miiReba misi yvela eleqtronis
magnituri momentebis geometriuli SekrebiT. cxadia, rom imis mixedviT, Tu
rogoria atomSi Semavali eleqtronebis magnituri momentebis (rogorc
orbitulis, aseve spinuris) orientacia, atomis magnituri momenti iqneba
nulisagan gansxvavebuli an nulis toli. amis Sesabamisad bunebaSi arsebuli
nivTierebebi iyofa or jgufad:
1. nivTierebebi, romelTa Semadgeneli atomebis (molekulebis) magni-
turi momentebi nulisagan gansxvavdeba.
Cveulebriv pirobebSi (gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxveva-
Si) es elementaruli atomuri magnituri momentebi qaosurad arian orienti-
rebulni da erTmaneTs abaTileben, amitom sxeuli magnitur Tvisebebs ar
amJRavnebs. gareSe (makrodenis) magnitur velSi Setanisas xdeba
elementaruli magnituri momentebis orientacia, ris Sedegadac sxeuli
iZens makroskopuli sididis magnitur moments _ igi magnitdeba.
damagnitebuli magnetiki qmnis sakuTar magnitur vels. amasTan, cxadia, rom
am SemTxvevaSi magnetikis sakuTari velis (mikrodenebis mier Seqmnili
velis) B' induqcias eqneba gareSe velis B0 induqciis mimarTuleba da
gaaZlierebs mas, e.i. sxeuli iqneba paramagnituri.
maSasadame, paramagnetizmi damaxasiaTebelia iseTi nivTierebebisaTvis,
romelTa Semadgenel atomebs Cveulebriv (gareSe magnituri velis ararse-
bobis) pirobebSi gaaCniaT nulisagan gansxvavebuli magnituri momenti. para-

*
am paragrafSi paramagnetizmi da diamagnetizmi axsnilia Tvisobrivad. sakiTxis
raodenobrivi mxare ganxilulia §28-30-Si.
86
magnetikis damagnetebis meqanizmi daiyvaneba gareSe magnituri velis
moqmedebiT calkeuli atomebis elementaruli magnituri momentebis orient-
taciamde.
paramagnetikebs miekuTvneba tute liTonebi, iSviaT-miwaTa elementebi,
perioduli sistemis gardamaval elementTa jgufi (Cr , Mn, Pt ) , zogierTi
airi (mag. Jangbadi), zogierTi marili da maTi wyalxsnarebi da sxv.
paramagnetikis damagniteba gareSe velis mimarTulebiT iwvevs imas,
rom araerTgvarovan magnitur velSi masze moqmedebs velis zrdis gaswvriv
mimarTuli Zala, romlis moqmedebiTac is Seizideba Zlieri velis areSi.
2. nivTierebebi, romelTa Semadgeneli atomebis (molekulebis) magni-
turi momentebi nulis tolia (amas maSin aqvs adgili, roca atomis cal-
keuli eleqtronebis magnituri momentebi iseTnairad arian orientirebul-
ni, rom erTmaneTs abaTileben). atomis magnitur velSi Setanisas mis
TiToeul eleqtronze moqmedebs lorencis Zala, rac iwvevs brunvis kuT-
xuri siCqaris Secvlas. es tolfasia damatebiTi wriuli denis warmoqmnisa
(inducirebisa), romelsac (lencis wesis Tanaxmad) iseTi mimarTuleba aqvs,
rom misi Sesabamisi magnituri momenti yovelTvis gareSe magnituri velis
sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli. amrigad, magnituri velis moqmedebiT atomis

TiToeuli eleqtroni iZens damatebiT Δ p mi magnitur moments da vinaidan

atomis yvela eleqtronisaTvis Δ p mi -s erTnairi (gareSe velis sawinaaRmde-

go) mimarTuleba aqvs, cxadia, rom maTi veqtoruli jami iqneba nulisagan
gansxvavebuli da imave mxares mimarTuli. calkeuli atomebis magnituri
momentebis Sekrebis Sedegad sxeuli iZens makroskopuli sididis magnitur
moments _ igi magnitdeba.
damagnitebis ganxiluli meqanizmidan naTelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi
sxeulis sakuTari magnituri velis B ' induqcia mimarTuli iqneba gareSe
magnituri velis B0 induqciis sawinaaRmdegod da Seamcirebs mas, e.i. sxeu-
li iqneba diamagnituri.
maSasadame, diamagnitizmi damaxasiaTebelia iseTi nivTierebebisaTvis,
romelTa Semadgenel atomebs gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis
pirobebSi magnituri momenti ar gaaCniaT, diamagnetizmis damagnitebis
meqanizmi daiyvaneba gareSe magnituri velis moqmedebiT calkeul atomebSi
velis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli magnituri momentebis induqcirebamde.

87
 diamagnetikebs miekuTvneba nivTierebaTa didi umravlesoba: yvela in-
ertuli airi, wyali, mina, faifuri, naxSirorJangi (CO2 ) , organuli naerTe-
bis umravlesoba, agreTve tyvia, vercxliswyali, naxSirbadi, germaniumi,
siliciumi, spilenZi, vercxli, oqro, TuTia.
paramagnituri da diamagnituri sxeulebis damagnitebis ganxiluli
meqanizmidan gamomdinareobs, rom paramagnetikis damagniteba damokidebuli
unda iyos temperaturaze, vinaidan magnituri velis maorientebeli moqme-
debis xelSemSleli faqtors warmoadgens siTburi moZraoba, diamagnetikis
damagniteba ki temperaturaze damokidebuli ar aris.
diamagnetikis damagniteba
gareSe velis sawinaaRmdegod
S N
iwvevs imas, rom araerTgvarovan
magnitur velSi masze moqmedebs
N S
velis Semcirebis gaswvriv mi-
a marTuli Zala, romlis moqmede-
biTac is gadaadgildeba velis
NS
Semcirebis mimarTulebiT. 27.1
suraTze naCvenebia araerT-
N S
gvarovani magnituri velis moq-

b medeba para-(a) da diamagnitur

sur. 27.1. (b) sxeulebze.

dabolos, SevniSnoT Sem-
degi: radgan diamagnitizmi ganpirobebulia birTvis irgvliv mbrunav
eleqtronebze lorencis Zalis moqmedebiT, igi warmoadgens universalur
efeqts, e.i. damaxasiaTebelia yvela atomisa da maSasadame, yvela
nivTierebisaTvis. magram paramagnetikebSi es efeqti gadaifareba ufro
Zlieri, orientaciis efeqtiT. amitom sufTa saxiT diamagnitizmi gvxvdeba
mxolod iseT nivTierebebSi, romelTa Semadgenel atomebs Cveulebriv piro-
bebSi magnituri momenti ar gaaCniaT.*

*
sityvebi `sufTa saxiT~ SemTxveviT ar aris naTqvami. saqme imaSia, rom atoms Cveulebriv
pirobebSi SeiZleba gaaCndes nulisagan gansaxvavebuli magnituri momenti, magram imdenad
mcire, rom igi gadafaros gareSe veliT inducirebulma magniturma momentma. aseTebia,
magaliTad, oqros, vercxlis, spilenZis atomebi da amiT aixsneba am nivTierebebis
diamagnetizmi. sazogadod, nivTierebis dia- an paramagnetizms ganapirobebs is, Tu romeli
efeqti sWarbobs masSi _ orientaciuli Tu induqciuri. Tu orientaciuli efeqti
sWarbobs, nivTiereba paramagnituria da piriqiT.
88
 §28. atomi magnitur velSi. larmoris Teorema

ganvixiloT ra gavlenas moaxdens gare magnituri veli eleqtronis orbitul moZ-

raobaze. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom mocemulia wyalbadis atomi, romelSic eleqtroni
brunavs wriul orbitaze. gare magnituri veli mivmarToT orbitis sibrtyis marTobulad.
gare magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi birTvsa da eleqtrons Soris

moqmedi kulonis urTierTqmedebis Zala (Fk ) warmoadgens centriskenul Zalas (Fc ) . am

Zalis moqmedebiT eleqtroni brunavs birTvis garSemo ω0 kuTxuri siCqariT. maSasadame,

Fc = Fk = mω 02 r ,
sadac r orbitis radiusia.
gare magnituri velis CarTvisas eleqtronze, garda kulonis Zalisa, imoqmedebs
lorencis Zala

FB = eυB0 .
imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria gare magnituri velis mimarTuleba, lorencis Zalis mi-
marTuleba sawinaaRmdegoa (sur. 28.1, a) an Tanxvdeba (sur. 28.1,b) centriskenuli Zalis
mimarTulebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi eleqtronis siCqare Semcirdeba. es tolfasia eleqtro-
nis moZraobisa Δυ siCqariT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (an brunvisa Δω kuTxuri siC-

qariT sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulebiT). amis Sedegad aRiZvreba damatebiTi ( Δ p ) magnituri

momenti, romelic mimarTulia velisa da orbituli magnituri momentis sawinaaRmdegod. am
moments i nd u ci re b uli momenti ewodeba. meore SemTxvevaSi eleqtronis siCqare izrdeba.

am drosac aRiZvreba damatebiTi (induqcirebuli) Δ p magnituri momenti momenti, romlis

mimarTuleba Tanxvdeba orbituli momentis mimarTulebas,
Δp
magram kvlav sawinaaRmdegoa gareSe magnituri velis
υ mimarTulebisa.
FB gamoviTvaloT velis moqmedebiT gamowveuli siCqaris
Fk
es cvlileba. magnituri velis CarTvis Semdeg centris-
B0
kenuli Zala warmoadgens kulonisa da lorencis Zalebis
tolqmeds:

Fc = Fk ± FB
p0
a CavsvaT mniSvnelobebi:
mω 2 r = mω 02 r ± eυB0
υ
magram ω = ω 0 ± Δω , amitom

m(ω 0 ± Δω ) r = mω 02 r ± eυB0
Fk 2

B0 FB mω 02 r ± 2mω 0 Δω r + mΔω 2 r = mω 02 r ± eυB0

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Δω 2 << ω 0 Δω , miviRebT:

Δp
b ± 2mω 0 Δωr = ±eυB0 ,
p0
saidanac, radgan υ = ω0 r , miviRebT:
sur. 28. 1 a, b
89
 eυB0 e
Δω = = B0 . (28.1)
2mω 0 r 2m
gamoyvanis dros igulisxmeboda, rom orbitis radiusi r ucvlelia.
SevniSnoT, rom Δω warmoadgens wriuli sixSiris mcire danamats: Δω << ω 0 .
marTlac, es piroba SeiZleba Caiweros Semdegnairad:

2mω 0
B0 << . (28.2)
e
SevitanoT e, m, ω 0 -is ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi:
A
2 ⋅ 9,1 ⋅ 10 −31 kg ⋅ 1015 wm −1
B0 << −19
≈ 10 4 tl .
1,6 ⋅ 10 k
dRemde miRebuli maqsimaluri sididis magnituri veli
ar aRemateba 103 teslas, ase rom (28.2) piroba kargad
sruldeba.
ganxiluli SemTxveva (eleqtronis orbita mar-
Tobulia magnituri velisa) larmoris Teoremis kerZo
P SemTxvevaa.

O ganvixiloT zogadi SemTxveva, roca orbita velis

maTobuli ar aris. mivmarToT meqanikur models _
sur. 28. 2
gavixsenoT bzrialas (giroskopis) brunva. gaSvebis
Semdeg bzrialaze, Tu misi RerZi mkacrad vertikaluri ar aris, imoqmedebs simZimis Zalis
mabrunebeli momenti, ris gamoc is, garda sakuTari RerZis garSemo swrafi brunvisa, Seas-
rulebs kidev damatebiT brunviT moZraobas, romelsac p r ec e si a ewodeba. precesia
bzrialas RerZis vertikalis garSemo brunvaa. romelic sakuTari RerZis garSemo
brunvasTan SedarebiT mcirea. precesiis Sedegad bzrialas OA RerZi, romlis gaswvrivac
mimarTulia misi impulsis momenti L , aRwers konuss verti-
B0
kalis mimarT (sur. 28.2). SevniSnoT, rom vertikalis
mimarTuleba Tanxvdeba simZimis Zalis mimarTulebas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, eleqtroni, birTvis garSemo swra-
p0
fi brunvis gamo, SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc Tavi-
seburi bzriala. amitom ganxiluli SemTxvevis analogiurad,
atomis moTavsebisas gareSe magnitur velSi, eleqtronul

orbitaze imoqmedebs [p B ]
0 0 mabrunebeli momenti, ris Se-
−e
r
degadac adgili eqneba orbitis precesias. am momentis moq- υ
medebiT p 0 veqtori da maSasadame L –ic precesirebs B0 veq-
toris mimarT (sur 28.3). mtkicdeba, rom eleqtronis monawi- Δυ
leoba precesiul moZraobaSi tolfasia misi damatebiTi r' −e
e
brunvisa Δω = B0 kuTxuri siCqariT, rac, larmoris Teo-
2m Δp
remis Sesabamisad, iwvevs velis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli
sur. 28.3

90
damatebiTi (inducirebuli) magnituri momentis warmoSobas.
1895 wels ingliselma mecnierma larmorma daamtkica Torema, romlis arsi
eleqtronis orbituli brunvis mimarT daiyvaneba Semdegze: eleqtronis orbitul brunvaze
magnituri velis moqmedebis erTaderTi Sedegi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom imis mixedviT, Tu
rogoria magnituri velis mimarTuleba, eleqtronis brunvis kuTxuri siCqare izrdeba an

e
mcirdeba erTi da imave Δω = B0 sididiT. amasTan eleqtronuli orbita da p0
2m
veqtori ganicdian precesias B 0 veqtoris mimarT.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom larmoris precesiis sixSire mocemuli atomis yvela
eleqtronisaTvis erTnairia, vinaidan is damokidebuli ar aris orbitis radiusze, eleq-
tronis moZraobis siCqaresa da gareSe magnituri velis mimarT orbitis daxris kuTxeze
(formula 28.1).
gamovTvaloT damatebiTi magnituri momenti, romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, yovel-
Tvis gareSe velis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli: eleqtronis damatebiTi brunva Δω ku-

Δω
I ' = eΔv = e ; S = π r , sadac S aris eleq-
' '2 '
Txuri siCqariT warmoSobs damatebiT dens
2π
tronis orbitis S farTobis gegmili B 0 veqtoris marTobul sibrtyeze. amitom
Δω eB r '2 e 2 r '2
I 'S ' = e ⋅ π r '2 = e 0 = B0 ;
2π 2 ⋅ 2m 4m
veqtorulad
e2 r '2
Δp = − B0 . (28.3)
4m

sadac niSani `_” gamosaxavs mravaljer aRniSnul faqts, rom Δ p yovelTvis mimarTulia

B0 –is sawinaaRmdegod.
(28.3) formula gamosaxavs erTeleqtroniani atomis inducirebul magnitur moments;

Tu atomi Seicavs Z eleqtrons, romelTa orbitis gegmilis ri' radiusebi sxvadasxvaa,

maSin jamuri inducirebuli magnituri momenti Δpa toli iqneba:

e2 B0 Z
Δ pa = −
4m
∑r
i =1
i
'2
. (28.4)

(28.4) formula gviCvenebs, rom mravaleleqtroniani atomis an molekulis inducirebuli

magnituri momenti, romelic proporciulia eleqtronebis radiusebis kvadratebis jamisa,
ZiriTadad ganisazRvreba centridan meti manZiliT daSorebuli eleqtronebis orbituli
moZraobiT.
sabolood SevniSnoT, rom gareSe velis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli inducirebuli
magnituri momentis warmoqmna warmoadgens universalur efeqts, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
nebismieri nivTierebis atomebisaTvis.

91
 §29. diamagnetikebi

diamagnetizmi warmoiSoba gareSe magnituri velis moqmedebiT eleqtronis orbitu-

li moZraobis Secvlis Sedegad. maSasadame, is damaxasiaTebelia yvela nivTierebisaTvis,
magram xSirad misi gamovlineba ar xdeba, vinaidan gadaifareba xolme ufro Zlieri para-
da feromagnetizmiT. sufTa saxiT diamagnetizmi mxolod iseT nivTierebebSi gvxvdeba,
romelTa atomebisa da molekulebis jamuri magnituri momenti gareSe magnituri velis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi nulis tolia. aseTi atomebisa da molekulebisagan Sedgenil
nivTierebebs d i a m a gn e t i k e b i ewodeba. maTi damagniteba, romelsac adgili aqvs mxolod
gareSe magnitur velSi, yovelTvis mimarTulia velis sawinaaRmdegod, amitom araerTgva-
rovan magnitur velSi xdeba diamagnetikebis gadaadgileba velis Semcirebis
mimarTulebiT.
imisaTvis, rom atomis an molekulis magnituri momenti nulis toli iyos, saWiroa,
adgili hqondes masSi Semavali eleqtronebis orbituli da spinuri magnituri momentebis
srul kompensacias. aseT kompesacias yovelTvis aqvs adgili iseT atomebSi, romlis eleq-

tronuli Sreebi ( K , L, M , N ) mTlianad aris Sevsebuli eleqtronebiT. amitom yvela iner-

tuli airi (He, Ne, Ar , Kr , Xe, Rn ) diamagnetikia. diamagneturia agreTve yvela ioni, rom-
lis eleqtronuli konfiguracia iseTivea, rogorc inertuli airis atomisa. aseTi ionebia,

magaliTad, Na + , Cl − da sxv.
spinuri magnituri momentebis sruli kompensaciisaTvis saWiroa atomi an molekula

Seicavdes eleqtronebis wyvil raodenobas. magram bevri elementi Cu 29 , Ag 47 , Sb 51 , rom-

lebic Seicaven eleqtronebis kent raodenobas, amJRavnebs diamagnitur Tvisebebs. es imiT
aixsneba, rom am nivTierebebSi paramagnituri efeqti imdenad mcirea, rom ver faravs
diamagniturs.
garda CamoTvlili nivTierebebisa, diamagnituri Tvisebebis matarebelia Zn, Pb, C ,
Hg , Si, Ge, S , CO2 wyali, mina, faifuri da organuli naerTebis umravlesoba.
diamagnituri atomis induqcirebuli magnituri momentisaTvis miviReT gamosaxuleba
(28.4)

e2 B0 Z
Δ pa = −
4m
∑r
i =1
i
'2
.

erTgvarovani izotropuli diamagnetikis SemTxvevaSi yvela atomis induqcirebuli

magnituri momenti erTnairia da velis sawinaaRmdegodaa mimarTuli, amitom moculobis
erTeulis magnituri momenti toli iqneba:

e2 B 0 Z '2 e 2 μ0 H Z
P = nΔ p a = − n ∑i
4m i =1
r = − n
4m
∑r
i =1
i
'2
,

sadac n atomebis ricxvia diamagnetikis moculobis erTeulSi. meore mxriv, (25.3)-is

Tanaxmad P = k m H amitom

e2 μ0 Z
k m = −n
4m
∑r
i =1
i
'2
. (29.1)

92
 rogorc (29.1) gamosaxuleba gviCvenebs, diamagnetikis magnituri amTvisebloba
damokidebuli ar aris arc temperaturaze, arc magnitur velze da elementis Z rigiTi
nomris proporciulia.
magnituri amTviseblobis temperaturaze damoukidebloba advili gasagebia. diamag-
netikis damagnitebis meqanizmi ganpirobebulia eleqtronis Siga atomuri moZraobis cvli-
lebiT (larmoris precesia), romelzec siTburi moZraoba TiTqmis ar axdens gavlenas.

(29.1) formulis marjvena nawilSi Semavali yvela sidide dadebiTia, amitom k m yov-
elTvis arsebiTad uaryofiTia, k m < 0 . aqedan gamomdinare diamagnituri nivTierebis mag-
nituri SeRwevadoba naklebia erTze:

μ = 1 + km < 1 da B = μB0 < B0 .

SevafasoT wyalbadis magnituri amTviseblobis sidide: orbitis radiusi r ≈ 0,5 ⋅ 10 −10 m,

atomebis koncentracia (normalur pirobebSi) n = 2,7 ⋅ 10 25 m −3 , amitom

2,7 ⋅ 10 25 ⋅ 1,6 2 ⋅ 10 −38 ⋅ 4π ⋅ 10−7 ⋅ 0,52 ⋅ 10 −20

km = − 31
≅ −1,2 ⋅ 10 − 9 .
4 ⋅ 9,1 ⋅ 10
cda gvaZlevs, rom wyalbadis magnituri amTvisebloba k m = −1,95 ⋅ 10 −9 . rogorc vxe-

davT, Tanxvedra sakmaod kargia (miTumetes, rom formulaSi CavsviT r da ara r ' ).
vinaidan sxvadasxva nivTierebebis atomebis orbitebis radiusebi Zlier ar gansxvav-
deba erTmaneTisagan, amitom erTi da imave agregatul mdgomareobaSi maTi magnituri
amTviseblobebic Zlier ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. marTlac, magaliTad,

argonisaTvis km = −1,09 ⋅ 10−9 .

siTxeebsa da myar sxeulebSi atomebis koncentracia daaxloebiT 1000-jer metia, ami-

tom metia maTi magnituri amTviseblobac. magaliTad, wylisaTvis k m = −9 ⋅ 10 −6 , xolo

vercxlisaTvis k m = −25 ⋅ 10 −6 .

§30. paramagnetikebi

Cven aRvniSneT, rom nivTierebebi, romelTa atomebs an molekulebs ar gaaCnia mud-

mivi magnituri momenti, diamagnetikebia. nivTierebebi, romelTa atomebs da molekulebs ga-
reSe magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia mudmivi magnituri momenti, imis
mixedviT, Tu rogoria calkeul atomebs Soris urTierTqmedebis xasiaTi, SeiZleba iyos
paramagnetikebi an feromagnetikebi (agreTve antiferomagnetikebi da ferimagnetikebi).
ganvixiloT paramagnetikebi. gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
atomebis magnituri momentebi qaosuradaa orientirebuli da erTmaneTs abaTilebs, ris
gamoc paramagnetikis magnituri momenti nulis tolia. gareSe magnituri velis CarTvisas
xdeba atomuri magnituri momentebis upiratesi orientacia velis gaswvriv da sxeuli iZens
nulisagan gansxvavebul jamur magnitur moments, romlis mimarTuleba emTxveva gareSe

93
velis mimarTulebas∗. sxeulis damagniteba am SemTxvevaSi ganisazRvreba statistikuri
wonasworobiT velis maorientirebel moqmedebasa da siTburi moZraobis madezorientire-
bel moqmedebas Soris. es ukanaskneli efeqti miT Zlieria, rac maRalia sxeulis
temperatura. amitom cxadia, rom diamagnetikisagan gansxvavebiT, paramagnetikis magnituri
amTvisebloba damokidebuli unda iyos temperaturaze.
paramagnetizmis klasikuri Teoria Camoayaliba frangma mecnierma lanJevenma jer
kidev 1905 wels. am TeoriaSi daSvebuli iyo, rom atomebi ar urTierTqmedeben da ar iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli magnituri momentebis sivrculi dakvantva, e. i. paramagnetiki ganxiluli
iyo rogorc idealuri airi magnituri momentebisa (isrebis), romlebic erTmaneTTan ar
urTierTqmedeben. paramagnetikis damagnitebis gamoTvla xdeboda statistikuri fizikis me-
TodebiT. amasTan igulisxmeboda, rom siTburi moZraobis gamo atomuri magnituri
momentebis orientacia qaosuri iyo.
gareSe magnituri velis moqmedebiT momentebi orientirdeba velis gaswvriv, amasTan,
atomis magnituri momentis proeqcia H –is mimarTulebaze
paH = pa cos Θ , (30.1)

sadac Θ aris kuTxe Pa -sa da H -s Soris.

Tu magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Θ kuTxis kosinusis saSualo mniSvne-

loba cos Θ nulis toli iyo axla ukve atomuri magnituri momentebis upiratesi orient-

taciis gamo cos Θ ≠ 0 . lanJevenma atomuri magnituri momentebis wonasworuli gana-

wilebisaTvis mimarTulebebis mixedviT gamoiyena bolcmanis kanoni da miiRo, rom cos Θ

tolia magnitur velSi atomuri magnetikis potenciuri energiis (Ep = pa μ0 μH ) naxevaris

⎛ 3 ⎞
fardobisa siTburi moZraobis kinetikur energiasTan ⎜ Ek = kT ⎟ :
⎝ 2 ⎠
1
μ0 pa H μ p H
cos Θ = 2 = 0 a , vinaidan μ = 1. (30.2)
3 3kT
kT
2
aRsaniSnavia, rom (30.2) formula miRebulia daSvebiT: pa μ0 H << kT . Zlieri magnitu-
ri velisa da Zalian dabali temperaturis dros myardeba magnituri gajereba, p -sa da
H –s Soris wrfiv kavSirs adgili aRara aqvs da (30.2) formuliT gamosaxuli kanonzomie-
reba irRveva.
velis mimarTulebaze magnituri momentis proeqciis saSualo mniSvnelobisaTvis
gveqneba:

1 pa2 Hμ0
p aH = pa cos Θ = ,
3 kT
xolo damagnitebis veqtorisaTvis

∗
rogorc wina paragrafSi iyo aRniSnuli, orientaciuli (paramagnituri) efeqtis garda
nebismieri nivTierebis atomebSi adgili aqvs induqcirebul (diamagnitur) efeqts.
paramagnetikis damagniteba am ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego efeqtis moqmedebiT xdeba.
amasTan, masSi orientaciuli efeqti ufro Zlieria, vidre induqciuri, amitom sxeuli
magnitdeba gareSe velis mimarTulebiT.
94
 P = n p aH ,
sadac n atomebis koncentraciaa.
magnituri amTviseblobisaTvis miiReba sidide:

P nμ0 pa2 C
km = = = , (30.3)
H 3kT T
nμ0 pa2
sadac C= damokidebulia nivTierebis gvarobaze da mas kiuris mudmiva ewodeba.
3k
C
km = Tnafardobas kiuris kanoni ewodeba, vinaidan es kanonzomiereba eqsperimen-
T
tulad dadgenili iyo kiuris mier 1895 wels (lanJevenis Teoriis Seqmnamde), Tumca mas
Teoriuli dasabuTeba ar hqonda. am kanonzomierbam Teoriuli dasabuTeba hpova lanJevenis
SromaSi. (30.3) Tanafardobas mTlianad l an Je ve nis gant ol eb a ewodeba.
paramagnetizmis kvanturi Teoria, romelic iTvaliswineb atomis magnituri momentis
sivrcul dakvantvas, magnituri amTviseblobis temperaturaze damokidebulebisaTvis iZle-
va (30.3) Tanafardobis analogiur gamosaxulebas.
SevafasoT paramagnituri nivTierebebis magnituri amTvisebloba oTaxis temperatu-

raze (T = 293C ) . airisaTvis n ≈ 2,7 ⋅ 10 25 m −3 , p a -s nacvlad CavsvaT misi umciresi mniS-

vneloba _ boris magnetoni. gveqneba:

2,7 ⋅ 10 25 ⋅ 0,927 2 ⋅ 10 −46 ⋅ 4π ⋅ 10−7

km = − 23
≈ 2,3 ⋅ 10− 7 .
3 ⋅ 1,38 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 293
cda gvaZlevs, rom oTaxis temperaturaze Jangbadis amTvisebloba km = 1,86 ⋅ 10−7 ,

xolo azotis Jangisa (NO ) k m = 0,8 ⋅ 10 −7 .

myari paramagnetikebis magnituri amTvisebloba gacilebiT meti unda iyos, rac das-
turdeba cdiT.
amrigad, paramagnetikebis magnituri amTvisebloba daaxloebiT 100-jer metia diamag-
netikebisaze. amitomaa, rom paramagnitur nivTierebebSi ar xdeba diamagnituri Tvisebebis
gamovlena. aq diamagnituri efeqti gadaifareba ufro mZlavri paramagnituri efeqtiT.
dabolos, SevniSnoT, rom liTonis magnitur Tvisebebze gavlenas axdens is
garemoeba, rom birTvidan yvelaze ufro daSorebuli savalento eleqtronebi, romelTa
erToblioba qmnis kvantur kanonebs daqvemdebarebul eleqtronul airs, faqtiurad Ta-
visufalia. gareSe magnituri veli orgvar moqmedebas axdens Tavisufal eleqtronebze.
erTi mxriv, magnituri veli amrudebs eleqtronebis moZraobis traeqtorias (romelic
dajaxebebs Soris wrfivi iyo) da aiZulebT maT imoZraon xraxnul wirebze, romelTa
RerZebi Tanxvdeba gareSe magnituri velis mimarTulebas. l. landaum aCvena, rom,
eleqtronebis aseTi moZraoba iwvevs liTonis damagnitebas velis sawinaaRmdegod e.i.
warmoSobs diamagnetizms. mas l an d a u s diamagnetizmi ewodeba. meore mxriv, el-
eqtronebi, romlebsac gaaCnia spinuri magnituri momentebi, magnituri velis moqmedebis
Sedegad ganicdian maorientirebel moqmedebas. es iwvevs liTonis damagnitebas gareSe
velis mimarTulebiT, e.i. warmoSobs paramagnitur efeqts.
landaum Teoriulad gamoiTvala, rom Tavisufali eleqtronebis paramagnituri
efeqti samjer metia diamagniturze, amitom eleqtronuli airi mTlianad paramagnituria.
95
 §31. magnituri velis cirkulacia nivTierebaSi

§8-Si gamovTvaleT magnituri velis B 0 induqciis veqtoris cirkula-

cia vakuumSi. ganvazogadoT miRebuli Sedegi nivTierebisaTvis. viciT, rom
'
nivTierebaSi B = B 0 + B , sadac B' sxeulSi mikrodenebis mier Seqmnili
velis induqciaa. amitom cirkulacia

∫ (Bdl ) = ∫ (B dl ) + ∫ ⎜⎝ B dl ⎟⎠
0
⎛ ⎞ '

l l l

(8.2)-is Tanaxmad
∫ (B
l
0 )
dl = μ 0 ∑ I k = μ 0 I makro .

'
analogiurad B veqtoris cirkulaciisaTvis SeiZleba daiweros
⎛ ' ⎞
∫l ⎜⎝ B dl ⎟⎠ = μ 0 I mikro .
I makro da Imikro Sesabamisad im makroskopuli, anu gamtarobis da mikro-

skopuli, anu molekuluri denebis algebruli jamia, romlebsac moicavs

Caketili konturi (anu is marezultirebeli makro- da mikro- denebia,
romlebic gadis l konturiT SemosazRvrul S zedapirSi).
maSasadame, nivTierebaSi jamuri magnituri velis induqciis veqtoris
cirkulaciisaTvis gveqneba:

∫ (B dl ) = μ (I
l
0 makro )
+ I mikro . (31.1)

gamovTvaloT I mikro . SevniSnoT, rom molekuluri denebis algebrul

jamSi wvlils gvaZlevs mxolod is molekuluri denebi, romlebic `asxmu-

li~ arian l konturze (sur. 31.1a). marTlac, molekuluri denebi, romlebic
ar akmayofilebs am pirobas, an saerTod ar gadakveTen S zedapirs (deni
I ' mol ), an gadakveTen orjer urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT (deni I '' mol ).
gamovyoT l konturis mcire dl elementi da davuSvaT, rom kuTxe P
damagnitebis veqtorsa da dl -s Soris aris α (sur. 31.1 b). suraTidan Cans,
rom dl elementze `asxmulia~ mxolod is molekuluri denebi, romelTa
centrebi moTavsebulia irib cilindrSi, romlis simaRlea dl da fuZe S mol ,

sadac S mol _ molekuluri deniT SemosazRvruli farTobia. am cilindris

moculoba dV = S mol dl ⋅ cos α . Tu molekulebis koncentracias aRvniSnavT n –

iT, maSin molekulebis raodenoba cilindrSi

96
 '
I mol.
P

l
α

''
I mol.
dl

a b
sur. 31.1

dn = n ⋅ S mol .dl ⋅ cos α

xolo jamuri dI mikrodeni, romelsac `moicavs~ dl elementi

dI mikro = I mol. n ⋅ S mol. dl ⋅ cos α .
magram I mol. S mol. = p a aris calkeuli molekulis magnituri momenti,

xolo n ⋅ I mol. S mol. = np a _moculobis erTeulis magnituri momenti, anu damag-

nitebis veqtori P . amitom

dI mikro = Pdl ⋅ cos α = P dl . ( ) (31.2)

jamuri mikrodeni (I mikro ), romelsac moicavs l Caketili konturi mi-

iReba (31.2) gamosaxulebis integrebiT:

I mikro = ∫ P dl . ( )
l

I mikro -s miRebuli mniSvneloba SevitanoT (31.1) formulaSi:

∫ (Bdl ) = μ
l
I
0 makro
l
( )
+ μ 0 ∫ P dl ,

saidanac yvela wevris μ 0 –ze gayofisa da mcire gardaqmnebis Semdeg mivi-

RebT:

⎛⎛ B ⎞ ⎞
⎜⎜
∫l ⎜ ⎜ μ 0 ⎟⎟ ⋅ dl ⎟⎟ = I makro .
− P (31.3)
⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎠
⎛ B ⎞
⎜ − P ⎟ veqtors uwodeben magnituri velis daZabulobis veqtors da
⎜ μ0 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
aRniSnaven H –iT:
B
H= −P (31.4)
μ0
da sabolood gveqneba:

97
 ∫ (H
l
)
dl = I makro . (31.5)

(31.5) formula warmoadgens (8.3) formulis ganzogadebas da gamosaxavs

sruli denis kanons nivTierebaSi: magnituri velis daZabulobis
veqtoris cirkulacia Caketili konturis mimarT tolia im makro-
skopuli denebis algebruli jamisa, romelsac es konturi moi-
cavs. rogorc vxedavT, damxmare veqtoris _ magnituri velis daZabulobis
veqtoris Semotanam saSualeba mogvca gamogvericxa cirkulaciis Teore-
midan mikrodenebi (rac niSnavs imas, rom H . ar aris damokidebuli niv-
Tierebis gvarobaze).

erTgvarovani, izotropuli garemos SemTxvevaSi P = k m H , amitom

B
H= − km H ,
μ0

H (1 + k m ) =
B
,
μ0
da
B
H= (31.6)
μ0 μ
sadac μ = 1 + k m _ nivTierebis magnituri SeRwevadobaa.
davuSvaT, makrodeni vakuumSi qmnis erTgvarovan vels, romlis induq-

ciaa B 0 . vTqvaT, es aris solenoidis magnituri veli. (31.6)–is Tanaxmad am

velis daZabuloba

B0
H0 = . (31.7)
μ0
SevitanoT solenoidSi cilindruli formis erTgvarovani, izotropu-

li magnetiki. igi damagnitdeba, amasTan P damagnitebis veqtori kolenia-

luri iqneba B 0 veqtorisa. viciT ($25), rom magnetikSi aRZruli sakuTari

'
velis induqcia B = μ 0 P , amitom jamuri veli magnetikSi
'
B = B 0 + B = B 0 + μ0 P . (31.8)

B -s miRebuli mniSvneloba SevitanoT (31.4)–Si

B B 0 + μ0 P B0
H= −P= −P= = H0.
μ0 μ0 μ0

miviReT, rom magnituri velis daZabuloba magnetikSi (H ) Tanxvdeba

( )
velis daZabulobas vakuumSi H 0 . miRebuli Sedegi samarTliania mxolod
98
maSin, rodesac erTgvarovani, izotropuli magnetiki mTlianad avsebs im

B
sivrces, sadac H 0 ≠ 0 . Tu es pirobebi ar sruldeba, maSin H = − P ar
μ0

B0
udris H 0 = -s.
μ0

§32. feromagnetikebi

rogorc 24-e paragrafSi iyo aRniSnuli, paramagnituri sxeulebidan

gamoiyofa mcirericxovani, magram didi ptaqtikuli mniSvnelobis jgufi
sxeulebisa, romlebSic mikrodenebis mier Seqmnili magnituri veli
(sakuTari veli) asjer da aTasjer SeiZleba sWarbobdes damamagnitebel
gareSe vels (makrodenebis vels). maT feromagnetikebi ewodebaT. feromag-
netikebia: rkina, nikeli, kobalti, mTeli rigi Senadnobebi da sxv.∗ fero-
magnetizmi maTSi Tavs iCens mxolod kristalur mdgomareobaSi.
para- da diamagnetikebisagan gan-
cxrili I sxvavebiT (romlebisTvisac μ erTisa-
feromagnituri nivTiereba μ gan umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba), fero-
kobalti ~150 magnituri sxeulebisaTvis magnituri
nikeli ~250 SeRwevadoba Zalian did mniSvnelo-
Tuji (Fe + 3%C ) ~2000 bebs aRwevs. I cxrilSi moyvanilia
rkina ~5000 zogierTi feromagnetikis magnituri
kaJiani rkina (Fe + 3,3% Si ) ~10000
SeRwevadobis maqsimaluri mniSvnelo-
permaloi (78% Ni + 28% Fe ) ~100000 bebi.
feromagnituri masalebis far-
To gamoyeneba mxolod me-19-e saukunis bolos daiwyes, roca warmoiSva
eleqtruli manqanebisa da magnituri wredis aparatebis Seqmnis aucileblo-
ba, romlebsac eqneboda rac SeiZleba mcire magnituri winaRoba.
feromagnetikebis eqsperimentuli Seswavla dawyebul iqna stoletovis
mier 1871 wels. aRmoCnda, rom feromagnituri sxeulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-
lia magnituri SeRwevadobis ara marto didi mniSvneloba, aramed misi
damokidebuleba magnitur velze: H –is gazrdiT μ Tavdapirvelad swrafad
izrdeba, aRwevs maqsimums, Semdeg mcirdeba da (Zlier didi velebis

∗
feromagnituri Tvisebebis matarebelia agreTve gadoliniumi, erbiumi, dispoziumi,
tuliumi, golmiumi da Terbiumi. amasTan, ukanaskneli xuTi iSviaTmiwaTa elementebis
feromagnetizmi Tavs iCens mxolod metad dabal temperaturebze.
99
SemTxvevaSi) miiswrafvis erTisaken∗ (sur. 32.1 a). amitom, Tumca formula
B = μ 0 μH marTebulia feromagnetikebisTvisac, am sxeulebSi magnituri
induqcia ukve aRar aris damamagnitebeli velis proporciuli: velis
daZabulobis SedarebiT mcire H m mniSvnelobis dros induqcia aRwevs did

μ B

1
Bm

O O Hm
H H
a b
sur. 32.1

(gajerebis) Bm mniSvnelobas, ris Sedegadac is icvleba ukve nela, H -is

proporciulad (sur. 32.1, b), e. i. daaxloebiT ise, rogorc paramagnetikSi.
feromagnetikis damagnitebis mrudi gamosaxulia 32.2 suraTze. aRsaniSnavia,
rom damamagnitebeli velis ukve ~(10 _100) a/m mniSvnelobebis dros adgili
aqvs gajerebas.∗∗ SevniSnoT, rom P = f (H ) mrudis gansakuTrebiT swrafi

cvlileba Seesabameba μ = f (H ) mrudis maqsi-

P mums.
feromagnituri sxeulebisaTvis damaxa-
Pm siaTebelia magnituri histerezisis movlena _
feromagnetikis gadamagnitebis sruli ciklis
Sesrulebis Sedegad miiReba Caketili mrudi
(sur. 32.3), romelsac histerezisis maryuJi
ewodeba. aseTi mrudis miRebas ganapirobebs
O Hm H is garemoeba, rom cvlad magnitur velSi

sur. 32.2.
feromagnetikis damagnitebis cvlileba Camor-

B μ (H + P ) P
∗
marTlac, μ= = 0 = 1+ → 1. roca H → ∞ .
μ0 H μ0 H H
∗∗
B = f (H ) mrudis saxe eTanadeba P = f (H ) mruds: gajerebis momentSi P = const da
magnituri induqcia B = μ 0 (H + P ) izrdeba H -is proporciulad.
100
Ceba magnituri velis cvlilebas.∗ histerezisis mrudis ZiriTadi maxasia-
Teblebia Pr narCeni magnetizmi da H k koercitiuli Zala.∗∗ visargebloT

32.3 suraTiT da mivyveT P = f (H ) mrudis cvlilebas: Tavdapirvelad, H -is

zrdiT izrdeba P –c da H m –is raRac mniSvnelobis dros miiReba gajereba

Pm . es procesi mimdinareobs OA mrudis

Sesabamisad, romelsac Tavdapirveli
damagnitebis mrudi ewodeba. Tu amis
Semdeg daviwyebT H –is Semcirebas, Sem-
cirdeba damagnitebac, magram P –s Sem-
cireba CamorCeba H –is Semcirebas, ris
gamoc, roca H = 0, P = Pr ≠ 0; Pr gansa-
zRvravs narCen magnetizms. mis mosax-
snelad saWiroa sxeulze movdoT sawi-
naaRmdego mimarTulebis veli, romlis raRac H k mniSvnelobis dros Pr

xdeba nulis toli. H k -s ewodeba koercitiuli Zala. am velis Semdgomi

zrda gamoiwvevs feromagnetizmis damagnirebas sawinaaRmdego mimarTu-
lebiT, romlis - H m mniSvnelobis dros aRwevs najerobas (− Pm ) , xolo

misi nulamde Semcirebisas miiReba narCeni magnetizmi (− Pr ) . magnituri ve-

lis dadebiTi mniSvnelobis ganmeorebiTi gazrda gamoiwvevs sxeulis damag-
nitebas _ Pr A mrudis Sesabamisad da mrudi Seikvreba. amrigad, rogorc
suraTidan Cans, feromagnetikis damagnitebis
cxrili II veqtori ar warmoadgens damamagitebeli velis
kiuris calsaxa funqcias. P –s mniSvneloba damokidebu-
nivTiereba wertili
C lia ara marto H –is mniSvnelobaze, aramed
kobalti 1127 damagnitebis winaistoriazec: velis erTsa da
rkina 770
imave H 0 mniSvnelobas Seesabameba damagnitebis
nikeli 357
gadoliniumi 16 sami sxvadasxva mniSvneloba (P1 , P2 , P3 ) . histerezi-
Terbiumi -43 sis maryuJiT SemosazRvruli farTobi gansa-
disproziumi -168 zRvravs feromagnetikis gadamagnitebis muSao-
tuliumi -222
bas, romelic sxeulSi gamoiyofa siTbos saxiT.
erbiumi -253

∗
histerezisi berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs CamorCenas.
∗∗
sityva `koerticiuli~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs Semakavebels.
101
 cxadia, am muSaobis sidide damokidebulia narCen magnetizmze da
koercitiul Zalaze. es udevs safuZvlad feromagnetikebis dayofas rbil-
magnitur da xistmagnitur sxeulebad. rbilmagnituri sxeulebisaTvis Pr da

Hk mcirea (mcirea, maSasadame, gadamagnitebis dros gamoyofili siTbos

raodenobac) da isini gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, transformatoris gularebis
dasamzadeblad. xistmagnituri sxeulebisaTvis, piriqiT, Pr da H k didia da
isini gamoiyeneba mudmivi magnitebis dasamzadeblad.
yoveli feromagnetikisaTvis arsebobs gansakuTrebuli temperatura,
e.w. kiuris wertili, romlis zeviTac sxeuli kargavs feromagnitur
Tvisebebs da iqceva ise, rogorc Cveulebrivi paramagnetiki. II cxrilSi
moyvanilia zogierTi feromagnetikis kiuris wertili.

§33 feromagnetizmis axsna

avxsnaT feromagnetizmi, gavarkvioT misi buneba. feromagnetizmis Ta-

viseburebani ar SeiZleba aixsnas ubralo klasikuri warmodgenebis safuZ-
velze. am Taviseburebebis asaxsnelad frangma fizikosma veisma 1907 w. wamo-
ayena ori hipoTeza, romelic safuZvlad daedo feromagnetizmis naxevrad
fenomenologiur Teorias.
pirveli hipoTezis Tanaxmad yovel feromagnetikSi kiuris wertilze
dabla adgili aqvs gareSe magnituri velisagan damoukidebel spontanur
(TavisTavad) damagnitebas.
am hipoTezidan gamomdinareobs, rom yoveli feromagnituri sxeuli
yovelTvis unda iyos damagnitebuli, rac cdiT ar dasturdeba.
Seqmnili winaaRmdegobis gadasalaxavad veisma wamoayena meore hipo-
Teza, romlis Tanaxmadac yoveli feromagnetiki kiuris temperaturaze dab-
la iyofa mcire sididis (≈ 10 −2 sm ) areebad (domenebad), romelTa fargleb-

Si adgili aqvs spontanur damagnitebas najerobamde.∗ amasTan, gareSe magni-

turi velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi domenebis magnituri veqtorebis
orientacia qaosuria (sur. 33.1,a), ris gamoc sxeulis jamuri damagniteba
udris nuls.
gareSe magnituri velis moqmedebiT xdeba domenebs Soris sazRvrebis
gadaadgileba da maTi moculobis Secvla. is domenebi, romlebic orienti-

∗
am TvalsazrisiT feromagnetiki hgavs segnetoeleqtriks, romelSic agreTve aris
TavisTavadi polarizaciis areebi.
102
rebulia velis gaswvriv, izrdeba sxvagvarad orientirebuli domenebis xar-
jze da sxeuli magnitdeba (sur. 33.1, b). gareSe magnituri velis garkveuli
H m mniSvnelobis dros domenebs Soris sazRvrebis gadaadgilebis procesi
damTavrebulia, yvela domeni Semotrialebulia velis gaswvriv da sxeuli
warmoadgens erT mTlian domens (sur. 33.1, g). am mdgomareobas Seesabameba
feromagnetikis damagniteba najerobamde.
veisis pirveli hipoTeza safuZvlad udevs TavisTavadi damagnitebis
Teorias, romelic feromagnetizmis bunebis axsnis gasaRebs warmoadgens.
meore hipoTeza safuZvlad udevs damagnitebis mrudis Teorias, ro-
melic xsnis feromagnetikis qcevas gareSe magnitur velSi moTavsebisas.

H =0 H Hm

a b g

sur. 33. 1

feromagnetizmis bunebis gasarkvevad saWiroa pasuxi gaeces Semdeg

kiTxvebs:
1. eleqtronebis romeli magnituri momentebi _ orbituli Tu spinuri
_ ganapirobebs feromagnetizms?
2. ra aris spontanuri damagnitebis mizezi?
3. ra aris feromagnetikis domenebad dayofis mizezi?
dasmul kiTxvebze sruli pasuxis gacema eyrdnoba rTul kvantur-meqa-
nikur gamoTvlebs da scildeba Cveni kursis farglebs. ganvixiloT am
gamoTvlebidan gamomdinare mokle pasuxebi.
1. pirvel kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema xdeba giromagnituri cdebis safuZ-
velze, romelic adre ganvixileT. cdiT miRebuli giromagnituri fardobis
saSualebiT dadginda, rom feromagnetizms ganapirobebs eleqtronis
spinuri da ara orbituli momenti.
magram spini gaaCnia ara marto rkinis, nikelis, kobaltis atomebis
eleqtronebs, aramed, spilenZis, vercxlis, oqros atomebis eleqtronebsac

103
da saerTod, yvela eleqtrons. ratomaa, rom spilenZi, vercxli da oqro
araferomagnituri arian?
feromagnituri nivTierebebis atomebis eleqtronuli struqturis gan-
xilva gviCvenebs, rom maT aqvT Seuvsebeli Siga eleqtronuli qveSreebi,
romelTa spinebi arakompensirebulia. mTlianad Sevsebuli qveSre yovel-
Tvis magniturad neitraluria, vinaidan adgili aqvs eleqtronuli spinuri
momentebis srul kompensacias.
amrigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom nivTierebebis feromagnetizmis
arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa mis atomebSi Seuvsebeli qveSrisa da
maSasadame arakompensirebuli spinuri momentebis arseboba.
2. nivTierebis feromagnetizmisaTvis mis atomebSi arakompensirebuli
spinebis arseboba warmoadgens aucilebel, magram arasakmaris pirobas.
marTlac, Seuvsebeli Siga eleqtronuli Sre aqvT ara marto fero-
magnituri nivTierebebis atomebs, aramed sxva elementebis atomebsac. aseTe-
bia rkinis jgufis gardamavali elementebi (Sc, Ti, Cr , V , Mn, Fe, Co, Ni ) . maSasa-
dame, saWiroa kidev atomebs Soris adgili hqondes iseT urTierTqmedebas,
romelic ganapirobebda spinebis paralelur orientacias da maSasadame,
spontanur damagnitebas.
sabWoTa fizikosebis i.dorfmanisa da i.frenkelis, agreTve germaneli
fizikosis haizenbergis Sromebis Sedegad dadginda, rom feromagnetikis
kristalur meserSi sxvadasxva atomebis Seuvsebeli qveSris eleqtronebs
Soris adgili aqvs e.w. gacvliT urTierTqmedebas, romelic energetikulad
ufro xelsayrels xdis spinebis paralelur orientacias, rac ganapirobebs
spontanur damagnitebas.
3. feromagnetizmis domenebad dayofis mizezi unda veZioT aseTi
struqturis warmoqmnis energetikul xelsayrelobaSi.
marTlac, ukve viciT, rom gacvliTi urTierTqmedeba qmnis im pi-
robebs, rom mTel feromagnetikSi Seiqmnas erTgvarovani spontanuri damage-
niteba. amis Sedegad, marTalia, gacvliTi urTierTqmedebis energia iqne-
boda minimumi, magram sasruli zomis feromagnetikis boloebze
warmoiqmneboda magnituri polusebi, e.i. miiReboda mudmivi magniti
(sur. 33.2,a). feromagnetiis aseT mdgomareobas Seesabameba mis mier aRZruli
magnituri velis mniSvnelovani sididis energia. feromagnetikis domenebad
dayofisas magnituri veli da masTan dakavSirebuli energia mcirdeba
(sur. 33.2, b). landaum da lifSicma aCvenes, rom energetikulad yvelaze uf-

104
ro xelsayrelia iseTi domenuri struqtura, rodesac spontanur damage-
nitebasTan dakavSirebuli magnituri nakadi ikvreba feromagnetikis SigniT
(sur. 33.2, g).
rac Seexeba gacvliTi urTierTqmedebis energias, is yvela eleqtroni-

N
N S

PS

S S N
a b g

sur. 33. 2
saTvis, garda domenebis sazRvrebze myofisa, ucvleli rCeba. aRmoCnda, rom
feromagnetikis domenebad dayofisas, erTi mimarTulebis domenidan meore-
ze mkveTri gadasvla energetikulad xelsayreli ar aris, amitom warmoiq-
mneba sasazRvro fena, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba erTi domenidan meoreze
TandaTanobiTi gadasvla. es, cxadia, zrdis gacvliTi urTierTqmedebis
energias, magram gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, rom es efeqti mcirea magnituri
velis energiis SemcirebasTan SedarebiT, amitom saboloo jamSi feromag-
netikis domenebad dayofa energetikulad xelsayrel process warmoadgens.
da bolos SevniSnoT, rom sasazRvro fenaSi myofi atomebis gacvliTi
energia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc zedapiruli energia, vinaidan is
proporciulia domenebis gamyofi zedapiris farTobisa. feromagnetikis
domenebad dayofisas gamyofi zedapirebis farTobi izrdeba. masTan erTad
izrdeba gacvliTi urTierTqmedebis sruli energiac, xolo magnituri
velis energia mcirdeba. domenebad dayofa Sewydeba maSin, roca magnituri
da gacvliTi energiebis jami minimumi gaxdeba. minimumis es piroba gansa-
zRvravs domenebis zomas.
arsebobs domenuri struqturi eqsperimentu-
li dakvirvebis ramdenime meTodi, romelTagan yve-
laze martivi da TvalsaCinoa akulov-biteris me-
TodiT. 1931 wels sabWoTa mecnierebma n.akulovma
da m.dextiarma da maTgan damoukideblad amerikel-
ma mecnierma s.biterma mogvces domenebis uSualo
sur. 33.3
105
dakvirvebis meTodi: feromagnituri kristalis zedapiri gulmodgined po-
lirdeba da masze daaqvT feromagnituri nivTierebis (magaliTad, magnetiti
Fe2 O3 ) metad wvril marcvlovani fxvnilis wylis suspenzia. nawilakebis
ganlageba zedapirze iRebs seleqciur xasiaTs: magnituri Zalebis
moqmedebiT isini moZraoben domenebis sazRvrebisken (sadac xdeba magnituri
velis Zalwirebis gamosvla), iq ileqebian da amrigad, gvaZleven domenuri
struqturis moxazulobas, romelic kargad Cans mikroskopSi (sur. 33.3).

§34. feromagnetizmis damagnitebis meqanizmi

Cven gavarkvieT, rom feromagnetizmis movlenas safuZvlad udevs spontanuri

damagniteba. gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi feromagnituri sxeuli iyofa
domenebad, romelTa magnituri momentebi orientirebulia ioli damagnitebis mimarTule-
bebiT, Tanac ise, rom kuTxe mezobeli domenebis magnitur momentebs Soris an 180-ia
(antiparaleluri orientacia) an 90°. domenebis aseTi orientacia energetikulad xelsay-
relia, vinaidan spontanur damagnitebasTan dakavSirebuli magnituri nakadi ikvreba
feromagnetikis SigniT.
amrigad, gareSe magnituri velis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi domenebis orientacia ise-
Tia, rom feromagnetikis jamuri magnituri momenti udris nuls (sur. 34.1,a). gareSe magni-
tur velSi Setanisas feromagnetikis iZens nulisagan gansxvavebul magnitur moments _ is
magnitdeba. feromagnetikSi momdinare fizikuri movlenebis xasiaTis mixedviT damagnitebis
procesi sam stadiad iyofa: domenebs Soris sazRvrebis gadanacvlebis procesi, damag-
nitebis veqtoris brunvis procesi da paraprocesi. damagnitebis mrudze (sur. 34.2) am pro-
cesis Sesabamisi monakveTebia: OA, AB da BC . ganvixiloT TiToeuli procesi calcalke.

H H < Hm Hm

a b g d

sur. 34.1

1. gadanacvlebis procesi. SevitanoT feromagnetiki garkveuli mimarTulebis mcire

sididis magnitur velSi. maSin feromagnetikis saerTo energias daemateba misi magnitur
velTan urTierTqmedebis energia. am SemTxvevaSi energiis minimumis piroba, cxadia, ganxor-
cieldeba domenebis magnituri momentebis sxva orientaciisaTvis, rac gamoiwvevs feromag-
netikis damagnitebas. marTlac, im domenebis energia, romelTa magnituri momentebi velis
mimarTulebasTan adgens did kuTxes, meti gaxdeba im domenebis enrgiaze, romelTaTvisac
es kuTxe SedarebiT mcirea. amis Sedegad moxdeba energetikulad xelsayreli orientaciis

106
domenebis zrda mezobeli domenebis xarjze. es zrda xorcieldeba domenebs Soris
sazRvrebis gadanacvlebiT, amitom process ewodeba g a d a n a cvl eb is p r oc e si.
Cvens naxazze energetikulad yvelaze ufro xelsayreli orientacia aqvs zeda
domens. amitom igi gaizrdeba mezobeli domenebis xarjze (sur. 34.1b). gareSe velis zrda

agrZelebs gadanacvlebis process, romelic velis garkveuli H < H m mniSvnelobis dros

mTavrdeba. am dros feromagnituri sxeuli warmoadgens erT did domens (sur. 34.1 g). da-
magnitebis mrudze (sur. 34.2) gadanacvlebis process Seesabameba OA monakveTi. am monakve-

Tis dasawyisSi (OO ) ,

'
H -is mcire mniSvnelobebis dros, damagniteba mimdinareobs Tanda-
Tan da process aqvs Seqcevadi xasiaTi _ magnituri velis moxsnisas damagniteba mTlianad
'
ispoba. magnituri velis Semdegomi zrdisas damagnitebis procesi Seuqcevadia (O A
monakveTi).
2. brunvis procesi. gadanacvlebis procesis

damTavrebis Semdeg feromagnetikis Pm magnituri mo-

P
menti (spontanuri damagnitebis veqtori) maqsimalu-
C
B ria, magram is adgens garkveul kuTxes H –is mimar-
A
TulebasTan. H –is Semdgomi zrda iwvevs damag-
nitebis veqtoris TandaTanobiT Semobrunebas velis
O' Pm mimarTulebiT. Semobrunebis es procesi mTavrdeba

H –is H m mniSvnelobis dros. feromagnetikis damag-

O Hm H
niteba aRwevs teqnikur najerobas (sur. 34.1 d).
sur. 34.2.
3. paraprocesi. teqnikuri najerobis miRwevis
Semdeg, H -is zrdiT feromagnetikis damagniteba Zalian nela, magram mainc izrdeba ( BC
monakveTi). es imiT aixsneba, rom absoluturi nulisagan gansxvavebul temperaturaze spon-
tanurad damagnitebuli areebis yvela spini urTierTparaleluri ar aris. siTburi moZra-
obis gamo atomebis nawilis spinebs antiparaleluri orientacia aqvs (sur. 34.3). Zlieri
magnituri velis moqmedebiT xdeba aseTi spinebis Semobruneba 180-iT, rac iwvevs sxeuli
damagnitebis zrdas. teqnikur najerobamde damagnitebul feromagnetikis damagnitebis
zrdis process p a r a pr o c es i ewodeba.
davuSvaT, feromagnetiki imyofeba teqnikuri naje-
robis mdgomareobaSi. daviwyoT magnituri velis Semcireba.
es gamoiwvevs magnituri urTierTqmedebis Semcirebas da

spontanuri damagnitebis veqtoris gadaxras H –is mimar-

Tulebidan. H –is SemcirebiT damagnitebis veqtori sul
sur. 34. 3. ufro da ufro Sordeba H –is mimarTulebas da
uaxlovdeba uaxloesi ioli damagnitebis mimarTulebas. rodesac veli Semcirdeba
nulamde, sxeulis damagniteba nulis toli ar iqneba, vinaidan atomebis spinuri magnituri
momentebi umTavresad orientirebuli iqneba ioli damgnitebis mimarTulebiT. amiT aixsneba
narCeni damagnitebis warmoSoba. mis mosaspobad saWiroa kristalze movdoT sawinaaRmdego

107
mimarTulebis veli, romelic zemoT aRwerili sqemis mixedviT gamoiwvevs domenebis
moculobis cvlilebas _ zogs gazrdis, zogs ki Seamcirebs.
feromagnetikis damagnitebis ganxiluli sqema, Tumca sworad asaxavs damagnitebis
calkeul etaps, magram idealizebulia. realur pirobebSi adgili aqvs gadanacvlebis,
brunvis da paraprocesebis zeddebas. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba mxolod imis mtkiceba, rom
susti velebis SemTxvevaSi sWarbobs gadancvlebis procesi, xolo Zlier velebSi _
brunvisa da paraprocesebi.

Tavi IV

cvladi deni

$35. cvladi denis miReba

cvladi deni warmoadgens iZulebiT eleqtromagnitur rxevebs. vnaxoT,

rogor xdeba misi miReba.
mudmiv da erTgvarovan magnitur velSi movaTavsoT mavTulis abcd
xvia (CarCo). am xviis Tanabari brunvisas (magnituri velis marTobuli) OO '
RerZis irgvliv (sur. 35.1), misi farTobis gamWoli magnituri induqciis
nakadi ganuwyvetliv icvleba rogorc sididiT, ise mimarTulebiT. eleq-
tromagnituri induqciis kanonis Tanaxmad, xviaSi aRiZvreba sididiT da mi-
marTulebiT cvladi induqciis em Zala. Tu xvias gavwyvetT da mis boloebs
mivuerTebT raime momxmarebels, momxmarebelSi idens sididiT da
mimarTulebiT cvladi deni.
amrigad, magnitur velSi mbrunavi xvia warmoadgens cvladi denis
wyaros, xolo zemoT aRwerili mowyobiloba _ cvladi denis umartivesi
(erTfaziani) generatoris models.
gamoviTvaloT xviaSi aR-
b
O' Zruli induqciis em Zala.
ω = const vTqvaT, sawyis momentSi (t = 0) ,
xviis sibrtye marTobulia
a
B = const magnituri induqciis wirebis:
c
B -sa da CarCos normals So-
O ris kuTxe α = 0 . maSin misi
gamWoli magnituri induqciis
d
sur. 35.1 nakadi Φ 0 maqsimaluria da ga-
moiTvleba formuliT:

108
Φ 0 = BS , sadac S _ xviiT SemosazRvruli farTobia. Tu xvia brunavs ω
kuTxuri siCqariT, maSin t droSi is Semobrundeba α =ω t kuTxiT,
induqciis nakadi Semcirdeba da gaxdeba
Φ = Φ 0 cos α = BS cos ω t . (35.1)

(35.1) gviCvenebs, rom xviis brunvisas misi gamWoli magnituri nakadi

periodulad icvleba. (18.2)-is Tanaxmad, xviaSi aRZruli induqciis em Zala
dΦ
ε =− = BSω Sinω t = ε 0 Siω t , (35.2)
dt
sadac ε 0 = BSω _ em Zalis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa, (romelsac igi iRebs

roca Sinω t = 1 ).
amrigad, mudmiv magnitur velSi (gamtari) xviis Tanabari brunvisas,
masSi aRiZvreba cvladi em Zala, romelic sinusis kanoniT icvleba. es em
Zala momxmarebelSi warmoqmnis sinusoidur cvlad dens
ε ε0
I= = sin ω t = I 0 sin ω t . (35.3)
R R
ε0
sadac I 0 = denis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa, xolo R _ momxmareblis wina-
R
Roba. (35.3) gviCvenebs, rom cvladi deni warmoadgens rxeviT process
(harmoniul rxevas), amitom, rxeviTi procesis damaxasiaTebeli sidideebis
dasaxeleba (tomi I, $36), ZalaSi rCeba cvladi denis SemTxvevaSic. saxel-
dobr, ε 0 -s ewodeba em Zalis amplituda, I 0 -s _ denis Zalis amplituda, ω -s
_ denis wriuli sixSire, ω t -s _ cvladi denis faza. cvladi deni
α 2π
xasiaTdeba agreTve periodiT (T ) da sixSiriT (v ) , amasTan ω = = = 2πv .
t T
yofili sabWoTa kavSirisa da evropis mTel rig qveynebSi
sayofacxovrebo da teqnikuri miznebisaTvis iwarmoeba cvladi deni,
romlis sixSire v = 50 hercs. aSS-Si samrewvelo denis sixSire 60 hercia.
Tu em Zala ω sixSiriT icvleba, denis Zalac imave sixSiriT
Seicvleba. magram aucilebeli ar aris rom denis cvlilebis faza emTxve-
odes em Zalis cvlilebis fazas. amitom, zogad SemTxvevaSi
I = I 0 sin (ω t + ϕ ) , (35.4)
sadac ϕ aris fazaTa sxvaoba (fazaTa Zvra) denis Zalasa da em Zalas
Soris.

109
 omis kanoni da misgan gamomdinare kirhofis kanonebi dadgenili iyo mudmivi
(stacionaruli) denisaTvis. magram es kanonebi marTebulia cvladi denisa da
ZabvisaTvisac, Tu maTi cvlileba ar xdeba Zalian swrafad. kerZod, Tu τ dro, romelic
saWiroa eleqtromagnituri SeSfoTebis∗ misaRwevad wredis yvelaze daSorebul ubnebamde,

gacilebiT naklebia cvladi denis T periodze, maSin denis Zalisa da Zabvis myisi
mniSvnelobebi wredis yvela kveTSi iqneba praqtikulad erTnairi da SesaZlebeli iqneba
maTTvis mudmivi denis kanonebis gamoyeneba. dens, romelic am pirobas akmayofilebs,
k v a z i s t a c i o n a r u l i d e n i ewodeba.
amrigad, denis kvazistacionarobis piroba Semdegnairad daiwereba:
τ << T (35.5)
eleqtromagnituri SeSfoTebis gavrcelebis siCqare Zalian didia (vakuumSi
sinaTlis c siCqaris tolia). Tu manZils wredis yvelaZe daSorebul ubnamde (anu wredis

l
xazovan zomas) aRvniSnavT l -iT, maSin τ≈ da (35.5) piroba ase daiwereba:
c
l
<< T , anu l << cT . magram cT = , amitom l <<
c
teqnikuri denisaTvis v = 50 hc, T = 0,02 wm; sinaTlis siCqare c = 3 ⋅ 10 km/wm da
5

kvazistacionarobis piroba am SemTxvevaSi iqneba: l << 0,02 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 10 5 = 6000 km. e.i. teqnikuri
deni CaiTvleba kvazistacionalurad, Tu wredis sigrZe ramdenime aseuli kilometriT
ganisazRvreba.
kvazistacionarobis piroba SeiZleba Sesruldes maRali sixSiris denis
SemTvevaSic, Tu wredis zoma mcirea. magaliTad, rxeviT konturSi SeiZleba aRiZvras deni,

romlis sixSire v = 10 6 hc, e.i. periodi T = 10 −6 wm. Tu konturis (koWas gragnilis da

l 3m
SemaerTebeli sadenebis sigrZe l = 3 m, maSin τ= = = 10 −8 wm da (35.5) piroba
c 3 ⋅ 10 8 m
wm
sruldeba.

$36. cvladi da mudmivi denis generatorebi

m a n q a n as , r o m el i c m e q an i k ur e n e r gi a s g a r d a q m n i s e l e q t r ul e n e rg i a d ,
e l eq tr o ma n q an ur i g e n e r at o ri e wo d e b a.∗∗ mis moqmedebas safuZvlad udevs
eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena.∗∗∗ rogorc viciT ($35), mudmiv magnitur velSi

∗
ase uwodeben eleqtromagnituri velis cvlilebas, romelic ganpirobebulia denis Zali-
sa da muxtebis ganawilebis SecvliT.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan generator – mwarmoebeli. sazogadod, generatori
ewodeba yovelgvar mowyobilobas, aparats an manqanas, romelic awarmoebs raime pro-
duqcias (mag. karbidis generatori, orTqlis generatori), gamoimuSavebs eleqtroenergias
(mag. eleqtromanqanuri generatori, magnitohidrodinamikuri generatori, galvanuri
elementi, Termoelementi) an warmoqmnis eleqtrul, eleqtromagnitur, optikur, bgeriT
signalebs _ rxevebs, impulsebs (mag. radiosignalebis generatori, kvanturi generatori,
ultrabgeris generatori).
∗∗∗
amitomaa, rom mas xSirad induqciur generators uwodeben.
110
liTonis CarCos Tanabari brunvisas, CarCoSi aRiZvreba sididiT da mimarTulebiT cvladi
induqciis em Zala. Tu CarCos boloebze liTonis rgolebs mivarCilavT, am
ukanasknelidan, mosriale a da b musebis saSualebiT, CarCoSi aRZruli cvladi deni
SeiZleba gadaviyvanoT gare wredSi. cxadia, rom CarCos erTi brunvis dros musebis
polaroba orjer icvleba.
am principze agebuli umartivesi generatoris sqema mocemulia 36.1. suraTze.
generatorebis momWerebze maRali Zabvis misaRebad iReben ara erT xvias, aramed
mimdevrobiT SeerTebul xviaTa did ricxvs _ gragnils.
cvladi denis generatoris zemoaRwerili tipi,
romelSic magnituri sistema (i nd uqt o ri ) uZravia, xo-
lo gragnili, romelSic aRiZvreba cvladi deni (Ruza)
moZravi, didi simZlavris misaRebad ar gamoiyeneba. saqme
imaSia, rom didi Zabvis SemTxvevaSi mosriale musebsa da
rgolebs Soris adgili aqvs Zlier naperwklur gan-
muxtvas, romelsac SeuZlia mwyobridan gamoiyvanos gene-
ratori. amitom, cvladi denis generatorebSi, gragnili
(Ruza) magrdeba uZravad, xolo magnituri sistema
(induqtori) mohyavT brunviT moZraobaSi. manqanis uZrav nawils s t a t or i ∗ ewodeba, xolo
moZravs _ r o t or i . ∗ ∗ unda aRiniSnos, rom induqtori, rogorc wesi, e l eq t r o m a gn i t s
w a rm oad g e n s, r o m eli c m ud mi vi d en iT i k v eb e b a. amitom mosriale musebi da rgolebi
aqac saWiroa. magram eleqtromagnitis damamagnitebeli deni mniSvnelovnad sustia
generatoris mier gamomuSavebul denze, amitom kontaqtebis mwyobridan gamosvlis
albaTobac bevrad naklebia.
Tu Cvens mier ganxilul manqanaSi rgolebs SevcvliT naxevarrgolebiT, gare
wredSi miviRebT mudmivi mimarTulebis dens. aseT manqanas mudmivi denis generatori ewo-
deba. misi sqema mocemulia 36.2 suraTze.
suraTidan Cans, rom im momentSi, rodesac CarCoSi deni icvlis mimarTulebas, naxe-
varrgolebi musebs Seicvlian. amitom gare wredSi dens mudam erTi da igive mimarTuleba
eqneba. denis sidide ki mudam icvleba ise, rogorc ic-

vleba sinusis funqcia 0 -dan 180 -mde. aseT dens

gamarTuli pulsirebuli deni ewodeba. 36.3 suraTze
naCvenebia gare wredSi gamavali aseTi pulsirebuli
denis grafiki. punqtir-sinusoidiT gamosaxulia denis
grafiki CarCoSi.
zemoaRwerili wesiT CarCos boloebze mirCi-
luli naxevarrgolebi umartives koleqtors warmoad-
gens, xolo misi saSualebiT cvladi denis gamarTvas
koleqtoruli gamarTva ewodeba. amrigad, mudmivi
denis generatoris umartivesi modeli cvladi denis

∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan stator _ dgoma.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan rotore _ brunva.
111
generatorisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod gansakuTrebuli avtomaturi (meqanikuri)
gadamrTveliT _ koleqtoriT.
denis pulsacia Semcirdeba anu ufro `gasworebul~ dens miviRebT, Tu erTi xviis
nacvlad aviRebT 2,3,4 da a.S. xvias. Sesabamisad mogvixdeba koleqtoris ara erTi, aramed
2,3,4 da a.S. wyvilis gamoyeneba. 36.4 suraTze mocemulia denis cvlilebis grafiki (msvili
mrudi) im SemTxvevisaTvis, rodesac aRebulia mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli ori marTkuTxa
CarCo, romelTa gverdebi Ruzaze Tanabradaa ganawilebuli. denis cvlilebis grafiki Ti-
Toeul xviaSi gamoisaxeba erTi da imave mrudiT (suraTze wvrili wirebi), magram TviT
mrudebi wanacvlebulia erTmaneTis mi-
I
marT periodis meoTxediT. denis saer-
To sidide yovel momentisaTvis miiRe-
ba orive mrudis ordinatebis Sekre-
biT.
t
mudmivi denis Tanamedrove gene-
ratoris Ruza metad rTuli, Caketili
sistemaa. igi Sedgeba didi raodenobis
sur. 36. 3 (ramdenime aTeuli) calke naxvevebisa-
gan _ seqciebisagan, romlebic Cawyobi-
lia Ruzis doluri gularis kiloeb-
Si da fi rfi t ov an i koleqtorisagan.
koleqtoris firfitebis ricxvi udris
seqciebis ricxvs. koleqtoris yovel
firfitasTan mierTebulia erTi seqci-
is bolo da meoris dasawyisi. seqcie-
bis didi raodenoba uzrunvelyofs
praqtikulad mudmiv dens momxmarebelSi.

$37. cvladi denis sruli wredi

ganvixiloT cvladi denis sruli wredi. es eleqtruli wredis

yvelaze zogadi SemTxvevaa, vinaidan igi Seicavs wredis yvela elements _
R omur winaRobas,∗ L induqciurobis koWas da C tevadobis kondensators
(sur. 37.1). vTqvaT, wredSi CarTuli cvladi denis wyaro icvleba
harmoniuli kanoniT:
ε = ε 0 sin ω t
miviRoT denis Zalis gamosaTvleli formula. rodesac K CamrTvels
CavrTavT, wredSi gaivlis I deni, romelic gamoiwvevs Zabvis vardnas R

∗
omur winaRobas aqamde ubralod winaRobas vuwodebdiT. misi axali saxelwodeba
dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom cvladi denis wredSi gvxvdeba sxva saxis winaRobebic.
112
winaRobaze (IR ) da C kondensatorze (u = ϕ1 − ϕ 2 ) . kirxhofis meore kanonis
Tanaxmad, Caketil wredSi ZabvaTa vardnis jami wredSi moqmed em ZalTa
jamis tolia. Cvens wredSi moqmedebs ori em Zala: 1. wredSi CarTuli denis
wyaros em Zala ε = ε 0 sin ω t da 2. denis cvlilebis Sedegad L koWaSi

dI
aRZruli TviTinduqciis em Zala ε S = − L .
dt R
amrigad, kirxhofis meore kanonis Tanaxmad
gveqneba:

IR + U = ε 0 sin ω t − L
dI
. ε~ L
dt
magram kondesatoris tevadobis ganmartebis k ϕ1 ϕ 2
q
Tanaxmad U = , amitom c
C
sur. 37.1.
1 dI
IR + q = ε 0 sin ω t − L .
C dt
gavawarmovoT miRebuli toloba droiT da gaviTvaliswinoT rom
dq
= I , gveqneba:
dt
d 2I dI 1
L 2
+ R + I = ε 0ω cos ω t (37.1)
dt dt C
miviReT meore rigis diferencialuri gantoleba, zustad iseTi,
rogoric gvqonda iZulebiTi meqanikuri rxevebis ganxilvis dros (tomi I,
$41). amitom, mis amoxsnas (romlis Sesrulebasac mkiTxvels vTavazobT) Cven
ar gavimeorebT. ubralod mivuTiTebT amoxsnis gzas:
davuSvaT, (37.1) gantolebis amoxsnas aqvs saxe:
I = I 0 sin (ω t − ϕ ) , (37.2)

sadac I 0 aris cvladi denis amplituda, xolo ϕ _ fazaTa sxvaoba denis

Zalasa da em Zalas Soris. maT mniSvnelobebs vipoviT moTxovnidan, rom
roca (37.2) funqcias CavsvamT (37.1) gantolebaSi, igi unda gadaiqces
igiveobad. amisaTvis (37.2) gavawarmooT orjer, I -s da misi warmoebulis
mniSvnelobebi SevitanoT (37.1) gantolebaSi da movaxdinoT sin (ω t − ϕ ) -s da

cos(ω t − ϕ ) -s gaSla.∗ miviRebT raRac gantolebas. es gantoleba rom

igiveobas warmoadgendes, saWiroa tolobis orive mxares sin ω t -sTan da
cos ω t -sTan mdgomi koeficientebi iyos erTmaneTis toli. es moTxovna

∗
sin (ω t − ϕ ) = sin ω t ⋅ cos ϕ − cos ω t ⋅ sin ϕ ; cos(ω t − ϕ ) = cos ω t ⋅ cos ϕ + sin ω t ⋅ sin ϕ .
113
 mogvcems or gantolebas, romelTa amoxsniT miiReba Semdegi mniSvnelobebi
fazaTa sxvaobisa da amplitudisaTvis:
1
Lω −
Cω ε0
tgϕ = (37.3) I0 = (37.4)
R 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
R 2 + ⎜ Lω − ⎟
⎝ Cω ⎠
Tu fazaTa sxvaobisa da amplitudis miRebul mniSvnelobebs SevitanT
(37.2)-Si, miviRebT cvladi denis srul wredSi denis Zalis gamosaTvlel
formulas:

⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ Lω − ⎟
ε0 Cω
I= sin ⎜ ω t − arctg ⎟∗
⎛ 1 ⎞
2 ⎜ R ⎟
R 2 + ⎜ Lω − ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
Cω ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎝
ganvixiloT kerZo SemTxvevebi.
1. cvladi denis wredi Seicavs mxolod omur winaRobas, e.i.
R ≠ 0, L = 0 da C = ∞ . es ukanaskneli gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom, Tu
wredi ar Seicavs kondensators, rac niSnavs, rom igi Secvlilia uwyveti
gamtariT, maSin damatebiTi potencialTa sxvaoba ar warmoiqmneba, anu
q
u = ϕ1 − ϕ 2 = 0 . magram u = da radgan q ≠ 0 , maSasadame, C = ∞ .∗∗
C
(37.3) tolobidan gamomdinareobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi tgϕ = 0 da ϕ = 0 .
maSasadame, rodesac wredi Seicavs mxolod omur winaRobas, fazaTa sxvao-
ba em Zalasa da denis Zalas Soris nu-
I ε lis tolia, anu isini irxevian erTna-
ε
ir fazebSi, rac niSnavs imas, rom erT-
I
droulad aRweven amplitudur da nu-
lovan mniSvnelobebs (sur. 37.2). garda
t
amisa, (37.4) tolobis Tanaxmad, am dros
ε0
I0 = da (37.2)-dan miviRebT (ϕ = 0 ) :
R
sur. 37. 2

∗
gavixsenoT, rom arctg x aris kuTxe, romlis tangensi x -is tolia. Cveulebriv, am
Canaweris dros, kuTxe gamosaxeba ara gradusul, aramed radialur zomebSi.
∗∗
igive Sedegi SeiZleba Semdegnairadac aixsnas: kondensatoris firfitebis erTmaneTTan
miaxloebiT kondensatoris tevadoba izrdeba da rodesac isini erTmaneTs Seexeba (anu
ε 0ε S
rodesac kondensatori, rogorc aseTi, ispoba) maT Soris manZili d = 0 da C = =∞.
d
114
 ε 0 sin ω t ε
I = I 0 sin ω t = = ,
R R
e.i. sruldeba omis kanoni im saxiT, rogorc es mudmivi denisaTvis
gvqonda.
aqve aRvniSnoT, rom rodesac cvladi denis wredi Seicavs
mimdevrobiT SeerTebul wredis yvela elements, omis kanoni sruldeba
denis Zalis mxolod amplituduri (da rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, efeqturi)
2
⎛ 1 ⎞
mniSvnelobisaTvis (formula 37.4), sadac sidides Z = R + ⎜ Lω −
2
⎟
⎝ Cω ⎠

wredis sruli winaRoba an impedansi ∗ ewodeba.

2. cvladi denis wredi Seicavs mxolod L induqciurobis koWas, ∗∗

e.i. L ≠ 0, R = 0 da C = ∞ .

Lω π ⎛ π⎞
(37.3)-dan tgϕ = = ∞ da ϕ = . amitom I = I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − ⎟ .
R 2 ⎝ 2⎠
maSasadame, rodesac wredi Seicavs mxolod induqciurobis koWas,
π
denis Zala CamorCeba eleqtromamoZravebel Zalas -is toli faziT.∗∗∗ Ca-
2
π
morCena faziT grafikulad mocemulia 37.3 suraTze.∗∗∗∗
2
(37.4)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom
omis kanons am SemTxvevaSi aqvs
ε0
Semdegi saxe: I 0 = , anu winaRobis
Lω
rols asrulebs sidide Lω . mas
ewodeba induqciuri winaRoba da
aRiniSneba RL -iT:

∗
impedansi, romelic cvladi denis wredis sruli winaRobis moZvelebuli saxelwodebaa,
warmodgeba inglisuri sityvidan impedance _ laT. imedio _ vewinaaRmdegebi.
∗∗
SemaerTebeli gamtarebis R omuri winaRoba imdenad mcirea, rom SeiZleba misi
ugulebelyofa.
Lω
∗∗∗
Tu wredi Seicavs omur winaRobasac, maSin tgϕ = , e.i. am dros CamorCena
R
Lω π
ϕ = arctg -is tolia, rac -ze naklebia. maSasadame, omuri winaRobis arseboba
R 2
amcirebs fazaTa sxvaobas.
⎛ π⎞
∗∗∗∗
gavixsenoT, rom sin ⎜ ωt ∓ ⎟ = ∓ cos ωt .
⎝ 2⎠
115
 RL = L ⋅ ω (37.6)
rogorc misi gamosaxuleba gviCvenebs, induqciuri winaRoba sixSiris
proporciulia. mudmivi denis SemTxvevaSi ω = 0 da induqciuri winaRobac

⎛ ε volti ⎞
nulis tolia. cxadia, RL -s aqvs winaRobis ganzomileba ⎜⎜ RL = 0 = ⎟
⎟
⎝ I 0 amperi ⎠
da izomeba omebiT. magaliTad, induqciuri winaRoba 1 henri induqciurobis
mqone koWasi, romelic CarTulia v = 50 herci sixSiris cvladi denis
vwm 1
wredSi, tolia: R L = Lω = L 2πv = 314 = 314omi. v = 5000 herci sixSiris
a wm
dros imave koWas induqciuri winaRoba izrdeba 31400 omamde.

3. cvladi denis wredi Seicavs mxolod C tevadobis

kondensators, e.i. C ≠ ∞, R = 0 da L = 0 .
1
π ⎛ π⎞
(37.3)-dan tgϕ = − Cω = −∞ da ϕ = − . amitom I = I 0 sin ⎜ ω t + ⎟ .
R 2 ⎝ 2⎠
maSasadame, rodesac wredi Seicavs mxolod tevadobas, denis Zala win
π T
uswrebs em Zalas faziT, an droSi -iT.
2 4
π
winswreba faziT grafikulad mocemulia (37.4) suraTze.
2

winswreba faziT Semdegnairad aixsneba:

kondensatoris denis wyarosTan mier-
TebisTanave (t = 0, Zabva kondensatoris
Semonafenebze u = 0 ), imis gamo, rom
SemaerTebeli gamtarebis winaRoba
praqtikulad nulis tolia, deni maSinve iRebs

maqsmimalur mniSvnelobas (I = I 0 ) . iwyeba kon-

densatoris damuxtva. kondensatoris damux-

tvasTan erTad Zabva mis Semonafenebze
TandaTan izrdeba, ewinaaRmdegeba ra muxtebis Semdgom modinebas. amitom, deni wredSi

T
TandaTan mcirdeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaros em Zala TandaTan izrdeba. rodesac
4
drois Semdeg em Zala miaRwevs maqsimalur mniSvnelobas (ε = ε 0 ) , Zabva kondensatoris

Semonafenebze maqsimaluria da tolia ε 0 -is (u = ε 0 ) . cxadia, am dros muxtebis modineba

Semonafenebze Sewydeba da deni gaxdeba nulis toli. amrigad, sawyis momentSi deni iyo

116
maqsimaluri, em Zala ki minimaluri (ε = 0) . T
drois Semdeg denis Zala minimaluria
4
(I = 0 ) , em Zala ki _ maqsimaluri. amis Semdeg iwyeba kondensatoris ganmuxtva, deni

T
TandaTanobiT izrdeba (sapirispiro mimarTulebiT, em Zala ki _ mcirdeba. drois
2
Semdeg deni maqsimaluria, em Zala ki minimaluri da a.S.

(37.4)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom omis kanons am SemTxvevaSi aqvs saxe:

ε0 1
I0 = , anu winaRobis rols asrulebs sidide . mas ewodeba
1 Cω
Cω
tevaduri winaRoba da aRiniSneba RC -Ti:

1
RC = (37.7)
Cω
rogorc misi gamosaxuleba gviCvenebs, tevaduri winaRoba sixSiris ukupro-
porciulia. mudmivi denisaTvis ω = 0 da RC = ∞ . e.i. kondensatori mudmiv
dens ar atarebs. cxadia, SI sistemaSi tevaduri winaRobac izomeba omebiT.
magaliTad tevaduri winaRoba C = 10 mkf = 10 −5 f tevadobis kondensatorisa,
romelic CarTulia v = 50 hc sixSiris cvladi denis wredSi, tolia:
1 1 1
RC = = = ≈ 318 omi. v = 5000 hc sixSiris dros imave kondensa-
Cω C 2πv 314 ⋅ 10 −5
toris tevaduri winaRoba mcirdeba ~ 3 omamde.
unda aRiniSnos, rom induqciuri da tevaduri winaRobebi analogiuria
omuri winaRobisa mxolod denis Zalis amplitudaze moqmedebis
TvalsazrisiT. gansaxvaveba ki mdgomareobs imaSi, rom:
1. induqciuri da tevaduri winaRobebi warmoqmnian fazaTa sxvaobas
denis Zalasa da em Zalas Soris, agreTve damokidebuli arian sixSireze.
omuri winaRoba ki ar warmoqmnis fazaTa sxvaobas da arc sixSirezea
damokidebuli.
2. omur. winaRobaze xdeba energiis gamoyofa joulis siTbos saxiT,
induqciur da tevadur winaRobebze ki energia ar gamoiyofa.∗ amis gamo

∗
saqme imaSia, rom energia, romelic periodulad ixarjeba kondensatoris Semonafenebs
Soris eleqtruli velis Seqmnaze (misi damuxtvis dros), imave raodenobiT da imave
periodulobiT brundeba wredSi am velis mospobisas (misi ganmuxtvis dros). zustad aseve,
energia, romelic periodulad ixarjeba magnituri velis Seqmnaze induqciurobis koWaSi
(denis zrdis dros), imave raodenobiT da imave periodulobiT brundeba wredSi am
magnituri velis mospobisas (denis Semcirebis dros). sinamdvileSi energiis mcire
danakargebs mainc aqvs adgili kondensatoris eleqtruli velisa da koWas magnituri
velis energiis gabnevis gamo, koWas omur winaRobaze (romelic mcire, magram nulisagan
gansxvavebulia) joulis siTbos gamoyofis gamo da sxv.
117
omur winaRobas uwodeben aqtiur winaRobas, induqciur da tevadur
winaRobebs ki _ reaqtiuls.
(37.4)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu wredi Sedgeba mimdevrobiT Seer-
Tebuli L induqciurobis koWasa da C tevadobis kondensatorisagan, maSin
wredis reaqtiuli winaRoba induqciuri da tevaduri winaRobebis sxvaobis
1
tolia: χ = L ω − .
Cω

$ 38. ZabvaTa rezonansi

(37.3) da (37.4) formulebi gadavweroT Cvens mier SemoRebuli

aRniSvnebis Sesabamisad:
RL − RC
tgϕ = . (38.1)
R
ε0
I0 = . (38.2)
R 2 + (RL − RC )
2

⎛ π⎞
(38.1) gviCvenebs, rom Tu RL > RC , maSin tgϕ > 0 da ϕ > 0 ⎜0 < ϕ < ⎟ ,
⎝ 2⎠

⎛ π ⎞
xolo Tu RL < RC , maSin tgϕ < 0 da ϕ<0 ⎜ − < ϕ < 0 ⎟ . e.i. denis Zala
⎝ 2 ⎠
garkveuli faziT CamorCeba an win uswrebs em Zalas imis mixedviT, Tu
romeli winaRobaa meti _ induqciuri Tu tevaduri. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa SemTxveva, roca
RL = RC . (38.3)

maSin, (38.1)-dan tgϕ = 0 da ϕ = 0 . e.i. fazaTa sxvaoba denis Zalasa da em

Zalas Soris ara marto maSin aris nulis toli, roca wredSi CarTulia
mxolod omuri winaRoba, aramed maSinac, roca wredi Seicavs (mimdevrobiT
SeerTebul) yvela elements da sruldeba (38.3) piroba.
garda amisa, am dros wredis reaqtiuli winaRoba (χ = RL − RC ) nulis

tolia, sruli winaRoba Z minimaluria (Z = Z min = R ) , xolo denis Zalis am-

ε0
plituda I 0 = _ maqsimaluri. am movlenas eleqtruli rezonansi ewo-
R
deba. rezonansis pirobas gamosaxavs (38.3) toloba, saidanac gavigebT
rezonansul sixSires (ω ),
rez Tu masSi SevitanT RL -sa da RC -s

mniSvnelobebs:

118
 1 1
Lωrez = , saidanac ωrez = . (38.4)
Cωrez LC

rac naklebia wredis aqtiuri winaRoba (R ) , miT metia rezonansuli ampli-

tudis sidide, an, rogorc amboben xolme, miT ufro mkveTria rezonansi
(sur. 38.1).
denis Zalis gazrdasTan er-
I0 Tad rezonansis dros mkveTrad iz-
rdeba Zabva (Zabvis vardna) induqci-
R3 < R2 < R1
urobis koWaze da kondensatorze.
R3
maqsimaluri Zabva induqciurobis
R2
koWaze da kondesatorze (roca
R1
ω = ωrez ) Sesabamisad tolia:

O
ωrez ω ε0 L
u 0 L = I 0 RL = I 0 Lωrez = ;
R C
sur. 38. 1 1 ε0 L
u 0C = I 0 RC = I 0 = ;
Cωrez R C

rogorc vxedavT, Zabvis amplitudebi induqciurobis koWaze da

kondensatorze erTmaneTis tolia, magram fazebi aqvT sawinaaRmdego (Zabva
π
induqciurobaze denis Zalas uswrebs faziT, xolo Zabva kondensatorze
2
π
CamorCeba denis Zalas faziT), ris gamoc isini erTmaneTs akompensireben
2
da mTel Caketil wredSi Zabvis vardna ganisazRvreba Zabvis vardniT
aqtiur winaRobaze (u R = I 0 R ) , romelic wredSi CarTuli em Zalis tolia.∗

⎛ L⎞
Tu wredis aqtiuri winaRoba mcirea ⎜⎜ R << ⎟ , maSin Zabvis amplitu-
⎟
⎝ C ⎠
dam induqciurobis koWaze da kondensatorze SeiZleba bevrad gadaaWarbos
wyaros em Zalis amplitudas ( u 0 L >> ε 0 da u 0C >> ε 0 ).

wina paragrafSi moyvanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom sixSire v = 50 hc (ω = 314hc ) ,

warmoadgens rezonansul sixSires wredisaTvis, romelic Sedgeba mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli
L = 1hn-is toli induqciurobis koWasagan da C = 10mkf-is toli tevadobis

∗
kirxhofis meore kanonis Tanaxmad ε = u R + u L + uC . rezonansis dros u L da uC
erTmaneTs akompensirebs, amitom ε = uR .
119
kondesatorisagan. am SemTxvevaSi R L = RC ≈ 315 om. Tu wredis aqtiuri winaRoba R = 10oms,∗

xolo wredSi CarTuli denis wyaros em Zalis amplituda ε 0 = 180volts (es niSnavs, rom

em Zalis efeqturi mniSvneloba ε ef = 127v. ix. Semdegi paragrafi), maSin denis Zalis

ε0
amplituda I0 = = 18 a, xolo Zabvebis amplitudebi induqciurobis koWaze da
R
kondensatorze toli iqneba:

u 0 L = u 0C = I 0 RL = I 0 RC = 18 ⋅ 315 = 5670 v.
aqtiuri winaRobis SemcirebiT denis Zalis amplituda da Sesabamisad ZabvaTa

amplitudebi reaqtiul winaRobebze izrdeba. mag. Tu R = 1oms, maSin I 0 = 180v da

u 0 L = u 0C = 56700 v.
vinaidan ganxilul SemTxvevaSi Zabvis vardna induqciurobis koWaze
da kondensatorze mkveTrad izrdeba da amasTan isini wredSi mimdevrobiT
arian CarTuli, eleqtruli rezonansis am
saxes ewodeba ZabvaTa rezonansi (mimdevrobi-
Ti rezonansi).
~ ε = ε 0 sin ωt c L
arsebobs eleqtruli rezonansis meore saxe,
romelsac d e n ebi s re z on a ns i (paraleluri rezonansi)
ewodeba. amas maSin aqvs adgili, roca induqciurobis L
koWa da C tevadobis kondensatori paraleluradaa Car-
sur. 38. 2 Tuli (sur. 38.2). rezonansuli sixSire am SemTxvevaSic
(38.4) tolobidan ganisazRvreba. paraleluri rezonansi
rezonansis gansakuTrebuli saxea, romelsac antirezonansic ki SeiZleba ewodos. saqme
imaSia, rom am dros paralelur StoebSi gamavali denebis amplitudebi aRweven udides
mniSvnelobas, magram imyofebian sawinaaRmdego fazebSi, amitom gare wredSi amplituda im
I denisa, romelic calkeul StoebSi denebis algebruli jamis tolia, aris minimaluri.
idealur SemTxvevaSi, roca Stoebis aqtiuri winaRoba nulis tolia, iqneba nulis toli.
swored am movlenas, anu gare wredSi m kv e Tr Semcirebas denis Zalisa, romelic kvebavs
paralelurad CarTul kondensatorsa da induqciurobis koWas, rodesac modebuli Zabvis
sixSire uaxlovdeba rezonansul sixSires, ewodeba denebis rezonansi (paraleluri
rezonansi). sazogadod, paraleluri rezonansi (iseve rogorc mimdevrobiTi) miT ufro
mkveTrad gamoisaxeba, rac naklebia wredis aqtiuri winaRoba.

L
∗
am SemTxvevaSi sruldeba piroba R << .
C
120
 $39. simZlavre cvladi denis wredSi

eleqtruli simZlavre aris fizikuri isdide, romelic axasiaTebs

eleqtruli energiis gadacemis an gardaqmnis siCqares.
rogorc viciT (tomi I, $133), mudmivi denis Caketil wredSi gamoyofi-
li simZlavre denis Zalisa da em Zalis namravlis tolia:
P = Iε . (39.1)
drois Zalian mcire intervalSi cvladi denic SeiZleba CaiTvalos
mudmivad, amitom cvladi denis myisi simZlavre imave (38.1) formuliT
ganisazRvreba, oRond I = I 0 sin (ω t − ϕ ) da ε = ε 0 sin ω t . maSasadame, cvladi
denis myisi simZlavrisaTvis gveqneba:
P = I 0 ε 0 sin ω t ⋅ sin (ω t − ϕ ) . (39.2)
praqtikuli miznebisaTvis sainteresoa vicodeT simZlavris ara myisi,
aramed saSualo mniSvneloba mravali periodis Semcveli didi drois gan-
mavlobaSi. amisaTvis sakmarisia ganvsazRvroT saSualo simZlavre erTi
periodis ganmavlobaSi, radgan momdevno periodebSic simZlavre cxadia,
igive iqneba.
am amocanas advilad gadavwyvetT, Tu gamoviyenebT ori sinusis
namravlis formulas:
1
sin α ⋅ sin β = [cos(α − β ) − cos(α + β )] .
2
Cven SemTxvevaSi α = ω t, β = (ω t − ϕ ) , amitom (39.2) formula
Semdegnairad gadaiwereba:
1
P= I 0 ε 0 [cos ϕ − cos(2ω t − ϕ )] . (39.3)
2
(39.3) formulaSi droze mxolod frCxilebSi moTavsebuli meore
wevria damokidebuli. periodis ganmavlobaSi misi saSualo mniSvneloba

udris nuls: cos(2ω t − ϕ ) = 0 . amitom periodis ganmavlobaSi saSualo

simZlavrisaTvis miviRebT:
1
P= I 0 ε 0 cos ϕ . (39.4)
2
1
visargebloT dayvanis cnobili formuliT: cos ϕ = da gavixse-
1 + tg 2ϕ

RL − RC R
noT, rom tgϕ = . maSin cos ϕ = . cos ϕ -s miRebuli mniSvne-
R + (RL − RC )
R 2 2

121
loba SevitanoT (39.4)-Si da gaviTvaliswinoT, rom (38.2)-is Tanaxmad
ε0 1 2 I
R 2 + (RL − RC ) =
2
. miviRebT: P = I 0 R . SemoviRoT aRniSvna I ef = 0 , maSin
I0 2 2

P = I ef
2
R. (39.5)

Tu deni wredSi ar asrulebs meqanikur muSaobas, maSin saSualo

simZlavre gamoiyofa aqtiur winaRobaze siTbos saxiT.
sasrul t droSi denis mier gamoyofili siTbos raodenobisaTvis
gveqneba:

Q = Pt = I ef
2
Rt . (39.6)
miRebuli formula SevadaroT mudmivi I denis mier imave R aqtiur
winaRobaze imave t droSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenobis formulas
(joul-lencis kanoni):
Q ' = I 2 Rt . (39.7)
am Sedarebidan Cans, rom Tu Q = Q ' , maSin I ef = I . I ef -s ewodeba

cvladi denis Zalis moqmedi anu efeqturi mniSvneloba. am dasaxelebas

safuZvlad udevs is faqti, rom igi iZleva iseTive energetikul efeqts,
rogorc misi toli mudmivi deni. amrigad, cvladi denis Zalis moqmedi
anu efeqturi mniSvneloba ewodeba iseTi mudmivi denis Zalas,
romelic imave winaRobaze da imave droSi gamoyofs iseTive siT-
bos raodenobas, rogorsac mocemuli cvladi deni.
analogiurad ganisazRvreba em Zalisa da Zabvis efeqturi
mniSvnelobebi:
ε0 u0
ε ef = ; uef = .
2 2
amitom cvladi denis saSualo simZlavrisaTvis (39.4) formulis
safuZvelze sabolood gveqneba:

P = I ef ⋅ ε ef ⋅ cos ϕ . (39.8)
miRebuli formula gviCvenebs, rom saSualo simZlavre, garda denis
Zalisa da em Zalisa, damokidebulia kidev fazaTa sxvaobaze I -sa da ε -s
Soris. simZlavre maSinaa maqsimaluri, roca cos ϕ = 1 , anu roca ϕ = 0 . amas
ki, rogorc viciT, adgili aqvs or SemTxvevaSi:
1. roca wredSi CarTulia mxolod omuri winaRoba. es SemTxveva
praqtikul interess ar warmoadgens.
2. roca wredSi CarTulia yvela elementi, magram sruldeba rezonansis
piroba RL = RC .
122
 Tu wredi Seicavs mxolod reaqtiul winaRobas (R = 0 ) , maSin cos ϕ = 0 da saSualo
simZlavre nulis tolia, ra sididisac ar unda iyos denis Zala da em Zala. es imiT
aixsneba, rom energia, romelsac wyaro awvdis wreds periodis meoTxedis ganmavlobaSi
(vTqvaT, kondensatoris damuxtvisas), ukanve ubrundeba wyaros periodis meore meoTxedSi
(kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas).

vinaidan cvladi denis saSualo simZlavre cos ϕ -s proporciulia,

cos ϕ -s uwodeben simZlavris koeficients. gamoTqma `gaizarda wredis cos ϕ ~
niSnavs, rom gaizarda cvladi denis wredSi gamoyofili simZlavre. cvladi
denis wredebis proeqtirebisas induqciur da tevadur datvirTvebs
iseTnairad arCeven, rom cos ϕ axlos iyos erTTan. cos ϕ -s umciresi
dasaSvebi mniSvneloba daaxloebiT 0,85-ia.

Tu (38.2) formulis orive mxares gavyofT 2 -ze, amplituduri

mniSvnelobebi Seicvleba efeqturiT:
ε ef
I ef = (39.10)
R 2 + (RL − RC )
2

maSasadame, cvladi denis SemTxvevaSi omis kanoni sruldeba denis

Zalis da em Zalis ara marto amplituduri, aramed efeqturi
mniSvnelobebisaTvisac.
gavarkvioT, Tu ratom avirCieT cvladi denis dasaxasiaTeblad misi siTburi
moqmedeba. saqme imaSia, rom cvladi denis daxasiaTeba misi saSualo mniSvnelobiT ar
SeiZleba, vinaidan saSualo mniSvneloba periodis ganmavlobaSi nulis tolia. sazogadod,
cvladi denis daxasiaTeba ar SeiZleba arc erTi iseTi movleniT, romlis damaxasiaTebeli
fizikuri sidide icvlis niSans denis Zalis mimarTulebis Secvlis dros (mag. magnitur
velSi deniani konturis gadaxra, eleqtrolizis dros gamoyofili nivTierebis raodenoba
da sxva). cvladi denis daxasiaTeba misi amplituduri mniSvnelobiT principSi
SesaZlebelia, magram praqtikulad Znelia iseTi xelsawyos ageba, romelic uSualod am
sidides gazomavda. maSasadame, cvladi denis dasaxasiaTeblad unda gamoviyeneoT misi
iseTi moqmedeba, romelic denis mimarTulebaze ar aris damokidebuli da mudmiv densac
axasiaTebs. aseTia denis siTburi moqmedeba _ gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba denis Zalis
kvadratis proporciulia da e.i. denis mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris. amitomaa,
rom denis siTburi moqmedebis safuZvelze SemoviReT misi damaxasiaTebeli sidide _ denis
Zalis efeqturi mniSvneloba. roca laparakia cvladi denis Zalis, Zabvis an em Zalis
konkretul mniSvnelobebze, am sidideebis efeqturi mniSvnelobebi igulisxmeba.
cvladi denis eleqtrosazomi xelsawyo gviCvenebs swored cvladi denis Zalis,

Zabvis an em Zalis efeqtur mniSvnelobas, romelic 2 -jer naklebia mis amplitudur

mniSvnelobaze. amitom xelsawyos gaangariSeba saWiroa im varaudiT, rom

zemoTCamoTvlili sidideebi calkeul momentebSi aRwevs 2 -jer met mniSvnelobebs.

123
 $40. samfaziani deni

Cven mier $35-Si ganxilul cvlad dens (romelic generatoris erTi eleqtro-
mamoZravebeli Zalis mieraa Seqmnili) erTfaziani deni ewodeba. erTfazianma denma, rigi
mizezebis gamo, romlebzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari, ver hpova iseTi farTo gamoyeneba,
rogorc e.w. samfazianma denma, romelic dReisaTvis eleqtroenergiis warmoebis, gadace-
misa da gamoyenebis denis ZiriTad sistemas warmoadgens.
s a mf a zi a ni d en i e w o de b a is e Ti s a mi e r Tf a zian i d e ni s e r T o bli o b as ,
r o ml e bs ac t ol i a m pl it ude b i da si x Si r ee bi a qv T, faz e bi T ki w an a cvl e -

⎛2 ⎞ 1
bul ni ari an erTi meoris mi marT 120 ° -iT ⎜ π − iT ⎟ , an droS i _ peri odiT .
⎝3 ⎠ 3
aseTi xasiaTis denebi miiReba denis samfaziani generatoris saSualebiT, romlis
sqema mocemulia 40.1 suraTze: generatoris statorze (4) moTavsebulia sami erTnairi
gragnili (`polusuri gragnilebi~) 1, 2, 3, romlebsac generatoris fazebi ewodeba da
romlebic wanacvlebulia erTmaneTis mimarT 120°-iT (anu wrewiris mesmediT). rotors,
isevev rogorc erTfaziani generatoris SemTxvevaSi, warmoadgens mudmivi magniti an
eleqtromagniti (5). rotoris brunvisas TiToeul gragnilSi aRiZvreba cvladi em Zala,
romelTac erTnairi sixSire da apmlituda aqvT, magram wanacvlebulni arian erTmaneTis

2
mimarT π faziT, an droSi _ periodis mesamediT:
3
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
ε 1 = ε 0 sin ω t , ε 2 = ε 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟, ε 3 = ε 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟ . (40.1)
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
vTqvaT, TiToeuli gragnilis wredSi CarTulia toli sididis R1 , R2 , R3 omuri
winaRobebi (`simetriuli datvirTva~), maSin am wredSi miviRebT toli sididis denebs,
romlebic fazebiT saTanado em Zalebs emTxveva:

⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞
I 1 = I 0 sin ω t , I 2 = I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟, I 3 = I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟ . (40.2)
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
amrigad, samfaziani denis generatori warmoadgens sami Cveulebrivi (erTfaziani)
cvladi denis generatoris erTobliobas. misi TiToeuli gragnili warmoadgens
eleqtroenergiis damoukidebel wyaros da SeiZleba SeerTebul iqnes calkeul momxmare-
belTan, risTvisac saWiro iqneba eqvsi gamtari _ sam gamtarSi
deni midis denis wyarodan momxmarebelTan, danarCen samSi ki
ukan brundeba. aseTi damoukidebeli sistemebi (rodesac
generatoris calkeuli fazebi erTmaneTTan eleqtrulad
dakavSirebulni ar arian) praqtikaSi TiTqmis ar gamoiyeneba,
vinaidan aRmoCnda, rom samfaziani generatoris gragnilebis
garkveuli wesiT SeerTebisas, miiReba sami an oTxgamtariani
sistemebi, rac ekonomikurad gacilebiT xelsayrelia. arse-
bobs gragnilebis SeerTebis ori wesi: `varskvlaviseburad~ da
~samkuTxedad~.

124
 v a r sk v l av i s eb u r ad SeerTebas miviRebT, Tu generatoris samive gragnilis
boloebs SevaerTebT erT saerTo A wertilSi, romelsac nulovani an neitraluri werti-
III li ewodeba, xolo dasawyisebs miv-
uerTebT momxmarebelTan (Cven Sem-
I3
R3 TxvevaSi R1 , R2 , R3 winaRobebTan)
3
mimyvan I, II, III sadenebs. Tu winaRo-
I1 + I 2 + I 3 B
bebsac SevaerTebT varskvlavisebu-
1 rad, miviRebT sur. 40.2-ze gamosaxul
uf R2 R1
2
sqemas.
II I2 momxmarebelTan (datvirTvebTan)
ux SemaerTebel I, II, III sadenebs x a z i s
I I1 s a d en e b i ewodeba, xolo nulovani
wertilebis SemaerTebel AB sadens
sur. 40 .2
_ n u l ov an i (neitraluri) sadeni.
Zabvebs xazis sadenebs Soris da am sadenebSi gamaval denebs xazurs uwodeben, xolo
dens, romelic gadis generatoris fazis gragnilebsa da datvirTvis fazebSi, agreTve maT
Zabvebs _ f a zu r s . amrigad fazuri Zabva generatoris fazis Zabvaa (romelic sur. 40.2-ze
moyvanili sqemis Tanaxmad nulovan sadensa da nebismier xazis sadens Soris arsebuli
Zabvis tolia), xolo xazuri Zabva generatoris fazebs Soris arsebuli Zabvaa. suraTidan
Cans agreTve, rom varskvlaviseburi SeerTebis dros xazuri da fazuri denebi erTmaneTis

tolia (I x )
= I f , xolo xazuri da fazuri Zabvebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba.

gamoviTvaloT nulovan sadenSi gamavali I1 , I 2 , I 3 denebis jami im SemTxvevi-

saTvis, roca datvirTvis winaRobebi erTmaneTis tolia. maSin I 1 , I 2 , I 3 denebic sididiT

toli iqneba da gamoiTvleba (40.2) formulebiT. SevkriboT jer I 1 da I 2 . amisaTvis
gamoviyenoT trigonometriidan cnobili ori kuTxis sinusis jamis formula:

α+β α −β 2
sin α + sin β = 2 sin ⋅ cos ; Cven SemTxvevaSi α = ω t, β = ω t − π , amitom
2 2 3
⎛ 2 ⎞ ⎛ π⎞ π ⎛ π⎞
I 1 + I 2 = I 0 sin ω t + I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟ = 2 I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − ⎟ cos = I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − ⎟ .
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠
davumatoT am jams I 3 :

⎛ π⎞ ⎛ 4 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ π
I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − ⎟ + I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟ = 2 I 0 sin ⎜ ω t − π ⎟ ⋅ cos = 0 .
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ 2

e.i. am SemTxvevaSi AB sadenSi deni nulis tolia (amitom uwodeben mas nulovan
sadens) da igi saWiro aRar aris. amrigad, roca datvirTvis winaRobebi erTmaneTis tolia
generatoris momxmarebelTan samfaziani denis misayvanad eqvsis nacvlad sami sadenia

sakmarisi. igive Sedegi ( I 1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0 ) martivad miiReba veqtoruli diagramis gamoyenebiT

(sur. 40.3).

125
 samfaziani denis ZravaSi samive gragnilis winaRoba erTnairia, amitom aseTi Zravas
wredSi CarTvisas sami sadenia saWiro.
Tu datvirTvis winaRobebi erTmaneTis toli ar aris,

maSin I 1 , I 2 , I 3 denebis jami nulis toli ar iqneba da saWiroa

meoTxe sadenis gamoyenebac. sacxovrebeli saxlebis (da saerTod
Senobebis) eleqtroficirebisas, saWiroa oTxi sadenis Seyvana,
radgan nakleb savaraudoa, rom samive fazaSi denis Zala
erTnairi iyos. garda amisa, nulovani sadeni imitomac aris saWi-
ro, rom igi uzrunvelyofs samfazian wredSi erTfaziani datvir-
Tvis (televizoris, macivris da a.S.) CarTvis SesaZleblobas.
rogorc aRvniSneT, varskvlaviseburad SeerTebis dros

fazuri da xazuri Zabvebi (u f da u x ) erTmaneTisagan

sur. 40.3
gansxvavdeba. davadginoT maT Soris damokidebuleba. meti

sicxadisaTvis davuSvaT, rom wredi ganrTulia ( R1 = R2 = R3 = ∞ ), maSin, ganmartebis

Tanaxmad, u f = ε 1 = ε 0 sin ω t , xolo ux = ε 1 − ε 2 . visargebloT (40.1) formulebiT da ori
kuTxis sinusis sxvaobis formuliT:

α +β α −β
sin α − sin β = 2 cos sin ,
2 2
sadac α da β igive sidideebia, rac wina SemTxvevaSi. gveqneba:

⎛ 2 ⎞ π ⎛ π⎞
ux = ε 1 − ε 2 = ε 0 sin ω t − ε 0 ⎜ sin ω t − π ⎟ = 2ε 0 sin cos⎜ ω t − ⎟ .
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝ 3⎠

π 3 ⎛ π⎞ ⎛ π π⎞ ⎛ π⎞
magram sin = , xolo cos⎜ ω t − ⎟ = sin ⎜ ω t − + ⎟ = sin ⎜ ω t − ⎟ ,
3 2 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3 2⎠ ⎝ 6⎠
amitom
⎛ π⎞
ux = ε 1 − ε 2 = 3ε 0 ⎜ sin ω t − ⎟ .
⎝ 6⎠

miviReT, rom xazuri Zabvis, anu fazebs Soris Zabvis amplituda 3 -jer metia
fazuri Zabvis amplitudaze ( ε 0 -ze). cxadia, igive Sedegs miviRebT Tu gamoviTvliT

(romlis Sesrulebasac mkiTxvels vTavazobT) (ε 2 − ε 3 ) -s, an (ε 1 − ε 3 ) -s.

saqarTvelos eleqtroqselis TiToeul fazaSi Zabva 220 voltia, fazebs Soris Zabva

ki 3 ⋅ 220 = 1,73 ⋅ 220 = 380 volti.

Tu SevajamebT zemoT naTqvams SeiZleba davaskvnaT:
samfaziani denis erTi upiratesoba erTfazianTan Sedare-
biT isaa, rom eqvsi mimyvani sadenis nacvlad saWiroa sami
(maqsimum oTxi) sadeni, rac mniSvnelovand amcirebs masalis
danaxarjs.
samfaziani denis meore da SeiZleba iTqvas, yvelaze
mniSvnelovani upiratesoba isaa, rom igi warmoqmnis m b r u -
sur. 40. 4
126
n av magnitur v e ls. rogorc viciT, samfaziani deni miiReba rotoris mudmivi magnituri
velis brunviT statoris SigniT. cda da Teoria gviCvenebs, rom SesaZlebelia Sebru-
nebuli procesic: Tu samfaziani generatoris fazebs CavrTavT samfazian eleqtrul qsel-
Si, statoris SigniT Cndeba mudmivi mbrunavi magnituri veli. amaSi advilad avrwmundebiT,
Tu statoris SeigniT movaTavsebT magnitur isars _ igi daiwyebs brunvas. samfaziani denis
es Tviseba safuZvlad udevs samfazi ani asi nq ronuli Zrav as moqmedebas.
samfaziani asinqronuli Zravas umartivesi sqema mocemulia 40.4 suraTze. misi
statori iseTivea rogorc generatoris, rotorze ki moTavsebulia ori mokled CarTuli

K 1 da K 2 polusuri koWebi.∗ statoris 1, 2, 3 gragnilebis samfazian wredSi CarTvisas,

masSi warmoiqmneba mbrunavi magnituri veli, ris gamoc K 1 da K 2 koWebs ganWolavs cvla-
di magnituri nakadi da aRZravs maTSi induqciur dens. am denebis urTierTqmedebis Sede-
gad mbrunav magnitur velTan, rotori daiwyebs brunvas (yovelgvari mosriale kontaqtebis
gareSe). lencis wesis Tanaxmad, induqciuri deni ewinaaRmdegeba mis gamomwvev mizezs. aseTi
mizezia magnituri velis brunva rotoris mimarT, rac iwvevs rotoris koWebis gamWoli
magnituri nakadis cvlilebas. maSasadame, induqciuri deni winaaRmdegobas gauwevs am
brunvas, magram vinaidan magnituri velis brunvis Seferxeba mas ar SeuZlia (igi gareSe
faqtoriTaa ganpirobebuli), winaaRmdegobis gaweva am SemTxvevaSi imiT gamoixateba, rom
rotori daiwyebs brunvas magnituri velis brunvis mimarTulebiT, rac gamoiwvevs
gamWoli magnituri nakadis cvlilebis Semcirebas. rotoris brunvis zrdasTan erTad es
cvlileba sul ufro mcirdeba. amis gamo mcirdeba masSi aRZruli induqciuri deni da
mabrunebeli momentic. Tu davuSvebT, rom rotoris brunva gautolda magnituri velis
brunvas, nakadis cvlileba da mabrunebeli momentic gaxdeba nulis toli. amitom rotori,
romelzec yovelTvis moqmedebs winaaRmdegobis Zalis (mag. xaxunis) momenti, daiwyebs
gaCerebas, damuxruWebas. brunvis siCqaris Semcireba Tavis mxriv gamoiwvevs gamWoli
magnituri nakadis cvlilebas da kvlav gaCndeba mabrunebeli momenti, romelic rotoris
Tanabari brunvis dros yovelTvis winaaRmdegobis Zalis (Zalebis) momentis tolia.
davuSvaT axla, rom winaaRmdegobis Zalis momenti (mamuxruWebeli momenti) iqmneba
rotoris meqanikuri datvirTviT. maSin, amiT gamowveuli rotoris brunvis Senelebis Sede-
gad, mis koWebSi aRiZvreba induqciuri deni da rotorze imoqmedebs mabrunebeli momenti,
romelic SesaZleblobas miscems Zravas daZlios datvirTvis mamuxruWebeli momenti e.i.
Seasrulos meqanikuri muSaoba. zemonaTqvamidan cxadia, rom aRniSnuli Zravas brunTa
ricxvi ar iqneba mudmivi da ramdenadme Seicvleba datvirTvis cvlilebasTan erTad.
amrigad, datvirTuli Zravas rotoris brunvis siCqare yovelTvis CamorCeba
magnituri velis brunvis siCqares. am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom rotoris brunva magnituri
velis mimarT aris asinqronuli (araerTdrouli), ris gamoc aRniSnuli tipis Zravas
a s i n q r on u l i Zr a v a ewodeba.
CamorCena brunvaSi xasiaTdeba e.w. sri ali s koef ici e ntiT :

N −n
K= ⋅ 100% ,
n

∗
arsebobs sxva konstruqciis rotorebic.
127
sadac N da n Sesabamisad magnituri velisa da rotoris brunTa ricxvebia wuTSi.
normaluri datvirTvebisas K Cveulebriv Seadgens (3-4)%-s.
asinqronuli Zrava xasiaTdeba konstruqciis gansakuTrebuli simartiviT (ar
saWiroebs mosriale kontaqtebs da sxv.) da maRali saimedoobiT, amitom man farTo
gamoyeneba hpova teqnikaSi.
s a m k uT x e dad SeerTebis dros generatoris pirveli gragnilis bolo uerTdeba
meoreis dasawyiss, meoris bolo mesamis dasawyiss da mesamis bolo _ pirvelis dasawyiss.

Tu datvirTvis R1 , R2 da R3 winaRobebsac SevaerTebT samkuTxedad, miviRebT 40.5 suraTze

gamosaxul sqemas. suraTidan Cans, rom samkuTxedad SeerTebis dros iqmneba mxolod sam-
gamtariani sistema, romelSic moqmedebs mxolod erTi Zabva, vinaidan Zabva fazebs Soris

igivea, rac erT fazaSi: u f = u x . rac Seexeba denis Zalas, SeiZleba Cveneba, rom denis Za-

lis amplituda xazis sadenSi 3 -jer metia, vidre fazaSi.

dasasrul, aRvniSnoT, rom 40.2 da 40.5 suraTebze warmodgenilia is SemTxvevebi,
roca generatoris fazebi da dat-
If virTvebi SeerTebulia erTnairad _
If
an varskvlaviseburad, an samkuTxe-
u x = uf
dad. ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba visar-
gebloT kombinirebuli sqemiT,
Ix
roca generatoris fazebi SeerTebu-
lia varskvlaviseburad, datvir-
sur. 40. 5
Tvebi ki samkuTxedad, an piriqiT.

§41. eleqtruli energiis gadacema. transformatori.

eleqtruli energiis umTavresi upiratesoba sxva saxis energiebTan

SedarebiT mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SesaZlebelia misi gadacema Sor
manZilze sadenebis saSualebiT. magram sadenSi denis gavlisas igi Tbeba
(joul-lencis kanoni). sadenis gaTbobaze daxarjuli energia fuWad
daxarjuli energiaa. eleqtroenergiis gadacema ekonomikurad xelsayreli
rom iyos, saWiroa sadenebis gaTbobaze daxarjuli energia rac SeiZleba
SevamciroT. rogor movaxerxoT es?
joul-lencis kanoni Q = I 2 Rt gviCvenebs, rom sadenebis gaTbobaze
daxarjuli energia SeiZleba Semcirdes ori gziT: an sadenebis winaRobis
SemcirebiT, an denis Zalis SemcirebiT. pirveli gza moiTxovs sadenis

⎛ l⎞
ganikveTis gazrdas ⎜R = ρ ⎟ , rac ekonomikurad araxelsayreli (bevri
⎝ S⎠

128
spilenZi daixarjeba) da teqnikurad mouxerxebelia (mZime sadenebs anZebze
ver davamagrebT).
maSasadame, siTburi danakargebis Sesamcireblad unda gamoviyenoT
meore gza _ denis Zalis Semcireba. es ki moiTxovs Zabvis Sesabamisad
gazrdas, vinaidan simZlavre P = Iu .
amrigad, Sor manZilze eleqtroenergiis gadasacemad aucileblad
unda visargebloT maRali ZabviT.
momxmarebelTan miyvanisas maRali Zabvis deni unda gardavqmnaT
dabali Zabvis denad.
naTqvamidan gamomdinareobs, rom cvladi denis gadacemisa da
moxmarebisaTvis unda SegveZlos misi Zabvis regulireba _ gazrda da
Semcireba. amis ganxorcileba xdeba transformatoris saSualebiT.
transformatori∗ ewodeba iseT statikur (uZravnawilebian) eleqtro-
magnitur mowyobilobas (aparats), romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba cvladi
Zabvis da denis sidideebis gardaqmna _
N1 N2 gazrda an Semcireba (sixSiris Seucvle-
lad). mis moqmedebas safuZvlad udevs
eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena.

u1 S1 S2 u2 transformatoris gulari Sedgeba

foladis calkeuli firfitebisagan (fu-
kos denebTan brZolis mizniT), romlebic
Sekrulia Caketili CarCos saxiT. gular-
ze moTavsebulia ori gragnili (koWa) S1
sur. 41.1.
da S 2 (sur. 41.1). gragnilebs aqvT mcire

omuri winaRoba da didi induqciuroba. S1 gragnils (romelic mierTebulia

cvladi Zabvis wyarosTan) vuwodoT pirveladi, xolo S 2 -s (romelic

mierTebulia momxmarebelTan) _ meoradi. xveulebis ricxvi gragnilebSi
Sesabamisad aRvniSnoT N 1 -iT da N 2 -Ti.
transformatoris sruli Teoria, gansakuTrebiT Tu igi iTvalis-
winebs gularis histerezisis rolsac, rTulia. Cven SemovifargloT trans-
formatoris muSaobis gamartivebuli aRweriT.

∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan transformo _ gardavqmni.
129
S1 gragnilis boloebs movdoT cvladi u1 Zabva. gragnilSi gaivlis

cvladi I 0 deni, romelic daamagnitebs gulars da warmoSobs masSi cvlad

magnitur nakads.
denis TandaTan zrdasTan erTad izrdeba gularSi magnituri nakadi.
magnituri nakadis zrda ki iwvevs S1 gragnilSi TviTinduqciis em Zalis

aRZvras (ε S ) . es ukanaskneli, lencis wesis Tanaxmad, ewinaaRmdegeba denis

zrdas gragnilSi da rogorc ki TviTinduqciis em Zala gautoldeba
modebuli Zabvis sidides, pirveladi gragnilis wredSi denis zrda
Sewydeba. amrigad, pirveladi gragnilis wredSi moqmedebs modebuli Zabva
u1 da TviTinduqciis em Zala ε S . u1 metia ε S -ze gragnilSi Zabvis vardnis

sididiT ( I 0 R ) ,∗ magram igi Zalian mcirea, vinaidan gragnilis omuri

winaRoba (R ) aris mcire. amitom, miaxloebiT SeiZleba daiweros (sididiT):

u1 ≈ ε S . (41.1)
transformatoris gularSi warmoqmnili cvladi magnituri nakadi,
ganWolavs ra S 2 gragnils, aRZravs masSi induqciis em Zalas ε 2 -s. rodesac

meoradi gragnilis wredi ganrTulia, mis boloebs Soris u 2 Zabva tolia

induqciis em Zalisa, e.i.
u2 = ε 2 . (41.2)
satransformatoro foladisagan damzadebuli gulari axdens
magnituri velis koncentracias, ase rom magnituri nakadi arsebobs
praqtikulad mxolod gularSi da mis yvela kveTaSi erTnairia.∗∗ vinaidan
S1 da S 2 gragnilebs ganWolavs erTidaigive magnituri nakadi, cxadia, maT
TiToeul xviaSi aRiZvreba erTidaigive sididis induqciis em Zala. Tu mas
aRvniSnavT e -Ti, gveqneba:
ε S = N 1e
(41.3)
ε 2 = N 2e
(41.1), (41.2) da (41.3) tolobebis Sedareba gvaZlevs:
u1 N 1
= = K , e.i. (41.4)
u2 N 2

∗
pirveladi gragnilis wredi warmoadgens wredis araerTgvarovan ubans, amitom misTvis
omis kanons aqvs saxe: I 0 R = u + ε S . Tu I 0 R ≈ 0 , maSin u1 ≈ −ε S
∗∗
sinamdvileSi, nakadis gabnevis gamo, S 2 gragnilis gamWoli magnituri nakadi ramdenadme
naklebia, vidre S1 -is.
130
transformatoris pirveladi gragnilebis boloebze modebuli Zabva ise
Seefardeba meoradi gragnilis boloebze miRebul Zabvas, rogorc
pirveladi gragnilis xviaTa ricxvi meoradi gragnilis xviaTa rixvs.
mudmiv K sidides ewodeba transformatoris transformaciis koefi-
cienti. (41.4)-dan Cans, rom Tu N 2 > N 1 (K < 1) , maSin u 2 > u1 . aseT
transformators ewodeba samaRlebeli da piriqiT.
vidre meoradi gragnilis wredi ganrTulia (e.i. masSi deni ar gadis),
transformatoris muSaoba fuWia.∗ am dros energiis gadacema pirveladi
gragnilis wredidan meoreSi ar xdeba. fuWi svlis dros transformatoris
mier moxmarebuli energia mcirea, vinaidan S1 koWas didi induqciurobis

gamo gularis damamagnitebeli I 0 deni metad mcirea.

davtvirToT transformatori _ meoradi gragnilis wredSi CavrToT
R winaRobis raime momxmarebeli. masSi gaivlis induqciuri deni (I 2 ) . I2
deni, lencis wesis Tanaxmad, gamoiwvevs gularSi magnituri nakadis
Semcirebas. magnituri nakadis Semcirebas mohyveba pirvelad gragnilSi
TviTinduqciis em Zalis Semcireba da wonasworoba u1 -sa da ε S -s Soris

dairRveva. amis Sedegad pirvelad gragnilSi deni gaizrdeba, raRac I1

sididiT da gaxdeba (I 0 + I1 ) -is toli. denis gazrda gamoiwvevs magnituri

nakadis gazrdas da darRveuli wonasworoba u1 -sa da ε S -s Soris kvlav

aRdgeba. amrigad, transformatoris datvirTva iwvevs pirveladi
gragnilis wredSi denis gazrdas I 1 sididiT. I 1 deni gansazRvravs
S1 gragnilis datvirTvis dens.
pirvelad gragnilSi denis Zalis gazrda xdeba energiis mudmivobis
kanonis Sesabamisad. kerZod, meoradi gragnilis wredSi momxmareblis mier
daxarjuli energia, tolia pirveladi gragnilis mier qselidan miRebuli
energiisa. Tu transformatoris datvirTva axloa nominalurTan,∗∗ simZlav-
reebi pirveladi da meoradi gragnilis wredSi daaxloebiT tolia:
u1 I 2
I 1u1 ≈ I 2 u 2 , saidanac = , (41.5)
u 2 I1

∗
unda aRiniSnos, rom (41.4) toloba zustad mxolod am dros sruldeba. muSa svlis dros
tolobaSi Semaval sidideebs Soris damokidebuleba ufro rTulia.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan nominalis _ saxelobiTi, rac aRniSnulia rameze
(xelsawyoze, danadgarze da a.S).
131
e.i. Zabvis ramdenjerme gazrda iwvevs denis Zalis imdenjerve
I 2 N1
Semcirebas da piriqiT. (41.5)-is Sedareba (41.4)-Tan gvaZlevs: = , e.i.
I1 N 2
transformatoris pirveladi da meoradi gragnilebis datvirTvis denebi
maTSi xviebis ricxvis ukuproporciulia.
rogorc aRvniSneT (41.5) toloba miaxloebiTia, sinamdvileSi
I 2 u 2 < I 1u1 , vinaidan transformatoris muSaobis dros energiis nawili
ixarjeba gragnilebis gaTbobaze, gularSi fukos denebis aRZvraze, adgili
aqvs magnituri nakadis gabnevas da sxv. magram es danakargebi mcirea.
Tanamedrove transformatoris mqk 97-99%-ia.
arsebobs transformatorebis sxvadasxva saxe. laboratoriuli mizne-
bisaTvis farTod gamoiyeneba avtotransformatori. aseTi transforma-
toris meorad gragnils warmoadgens pirveladi
gragnilis nawili (sur. 41.2). aseTi transformatore-
bi sadablebelia da piriqiT _ Tu u1 Zabva modebu-

lia gragnilis nawilze, u 2 Zabvis moxsna ki xdeba

u1 mTeli gragnilidan _ avtotransformatori samaRle-
u2 belia. avtotransformatoris erTerT kontaqts
xSirad akeTeben mosriales, rac saSualebas iZleva
mdored vcvaloT meoradi gragnilidan mosaxsneli
sur. 41.2
Zabvis sidide.∗
amamaRlebel transformatorebs Soris gamoiyofa sruliad gansxvaveuli tipis
trasformatori, romelsac s a i nd u qci o ko W a (induqtori, bobina) ewodeba. induqtoris
gansxvavebulba imiT gamoixateba, rom misi saSualebiT xdeba m u d mi vi de ni s gardaqmna
maRali sixSiris cvlad denad. magram mudmivi deni aRZravs induqciur dens mxolod misi
CarTvis da amorTvis momentSi. amitom, mudmivi denis transformaciisaTvis aucilebelia
igi gardaiqmnas w yv e til (p ul si r ebu l ) denad. es xorcieldeba sxvadasxva
konstruqciis avtomaturi m w y v et e bi s saSualebiT, romlebsac Cven ar ganvixilavT.
sainduqcio koWas gulari Cauketavia, igi Sedgeba foladis calkeuli Reroebisagan.
masze moTavsebulia ori gragnili (koWa) _ pirveladi da meoradi. pirveladi gragnili
damzadebulia mcire winaRobis mqone msxvili mavTulisagan da Seicavs xviaTa SedarebiT
mcire raodenobas. meoradi gragnili piriqiT _ damzadebulia metad wvrili mavTulisagan
da Seicavs xviaTa Zalian did raodenobas.∗∗
pirveladi gragnili, romlis wredSi CarTulia ama Tu im konstruqciis avtomaturi
mwyveti, ikvebeba mudmivi denis wyarodan, magaliTad, akumulatorebis batareidan (sur. 41.3).

∗
aseTia, magaliTad CvenTan farTod gavrcelebuli rusuli warmoebis laboratoriuli
avtotransformatori `ЛАТР~.
∗∗
meoradi gragnilis dasamzadeblad kilometrobiT sigrZis mavTuli ixarjeba.
132
meoradi gragnilis boloebi gamotanilia gareT (momxmarebelTan misaerTeblad). pirvelad
gragnilSi denis (`pirveladi denis~) yoveli CarTvis dros meorad gragnilSi aRiZvreba
pirveladi denis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis deni, amorTvisas ki _ pirveladi denis mi-
marTulebis deni (lencis wesi). amasTan, vinaidan meoradi
gragnilis xviaTa ricxvi gacilebiT aRemateba pirveladi
gragnilis xviaTa ricxvs, masSi aRZruli em Zala aRwevs
ramdenime aseul aTas volts (sixSiriT 1000-2000 hc).
sur. 41.4-ze mocemuli grafikebi gamosaxavs induq-
toris pirvelad gragnilSi gamavali denis (a) da meorad
gragnilSi aRZruli induqciis em Zalis (b) droze damo-

kidebulebas. t1 Seesabameba drois im moments, rodesac

mwyveti rTavs pirvelad dens, xolo t 2 _ roca amorTavs.

41.4 a grafikidan Cans, rom pirvelad gragnilSi denis Zalis zrda CarTvisas mimdinareobs
ufro nela ( oa ubani), vidre misi Semcireba amorTvisas ( ab ubani). Sesabamisad, meorad
gragnilSi aRZruli induqciis em Zala CarTvisas ufro naklebia vidre amorTvisas (sur.
41.4 b). amrigad, meoradi gragnilis momxmarebelTan mierTebisas, masSi gadis asimetriuli
cvladi deni, magram, cxadia, rom orive mimarTulebiT gadatanili eleqtrobis raodenoba
iqneba erTi da igive. Tu meoradi gragnilis boloebs Soris davtovebT raime Sualeds
(rogorc es Cvens suraTzea gakeTebuli), maSin CarTvis momentSi aRZruli induqciis em
Zala ar iqneba sakmarisi boloebs Soris arsebuli airis garRvevisa da naperwklis
warmoqmnisaTvis. naperwkali warmoiSoba mxolod pirvelad gragnilSi denis amorTvis
momentSi. am SemTxvevaSi meo-
I radi gragnilis wredSi gaiv-
a lis pulsirebuli, magram yo-
a velTvis erTi da igive mimar-

b Tulebis deni.
o
sainduqcio koWa far-
t
Tod gamoiyeneba rogorc
laboratoriul praqtikaSi,
ε aseve teqnikaSi. magaliTad,
induqtoris gamoyenebiT her-
b cma, pirvelad msoflioSi, mi-
iRo eleqtromagnituri tal-
Rebi (§49), induqtoris (bo-
t binis) meSveobiT xdeba Siga-
t1 t2 wvis ZravaSi sawvavi narevis
sur. 41.4 aaleba da sxv.

133
 Tavi V

eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi.

maqsvelis gantolebebi

§42. rxeviTi konturi. tomsonis formula.

eleqtromagnitur rxevebs gaaCnia sixSireTa erTob farTo diapazoni.

sxvadasxva sixSiris rxevebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rogorc
TvisebebiT, ise miRebis saSualebebiT. amitom miRebulia maTi dayofa ramode-
nime saxed. aseTi dayofa mocemulia cxrilSi, 49-e paragrafis bolos. cxadia,
rom saxeobebs Soris sazRvari ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos mkveTri. adgili
aqvs mezobel saxeTa sixSireTa intervalis nawilobriv gadafarvas. mocemul
paragrafSi ganxilulia im maRali sixSiris eleqtromagnituri rxevebis miRe-
ba, romelic gamoyenebulia radiokavSirgabmulobaSi (radiotalRebi). aseTi
rxevebi miiReba rxeviTi konturis saSualebiT, romelic warmoadgens
nebismieri radioteqnikuri mowyobilobis ganuyofel nawils.
rxeviTi kon-
a K b
turi ewodeba eleqt-
− rul wreds, romelic
C L L
+
Sedgeba C kondensa-
torisa da L induq-
a b
sur. 42.1 ciurobis koWasagan
(sur. 42.1. a). misi da-
niSnulebaa maRali sixSiris (radiosixSiris) eleqtromagnituri rxevebis
aRZvra. vnaxoT, rogor xdeba es.
K gadamrTveli gadavrToT a kontaqtze da davmuxtoT kondensatori
(sur. 42.1.b). amis Sedegad firfitebs Soris Seiqmneba eleqtruli veli, romlis

q 2 Cu 2
energia W = = , sadac q kondensatoris muxtia, C _ misi eleqtroteva-
2C 2
doba, xolo u _ firfitebs Soris potencialTa sxvaoba. amis Semdeg K gadam-
rTveli gadavrToT b kontaqtze da daviwyoT aqedan drois aTvla (t = 0) . am
momentisaTvis kondensatoris muxti da firfitebs Soris Zabva maqsimaluria,
Sesabamisad maqsimaluria eleqtruli velis energiac. koWaSi ki jer deni ar

134
 ⎛ LI 2 ⎞
gadis, amitom nulis tolia koWas magnituri velis energia ⎜⎜ = 0 ⎟⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
(sur. 42.3. b). K gadamrTvelis b kontaqtze gadarTvis Semdeg kondensatori
iwyebs ganmuxtvas _ eleqtronebi daiwyeben moZraobas uaryofiTad damuxtuli
firfitidan dadebiTisaken da wredSi gaivlis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis
deni. es deni aRZravs magnitur vels, romelic faqtiurad koWas SigniTaa
koncentrirebuli. kondensatoris ganmuxtvisas misi eleqtruli velis energia
gardaiqmneba koWas magnituri velis energiad, msgavsad imisa, rogorc
wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gadaxrili zambariani qanqaras potencialuri

⎛ Kx 2 ⎞ ⎛ mυ 2 ⎞
energia ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , gadadis kinetikurSi ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ burTulas wonasworobis
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
mdebareobisaken moZarobisas. rogorc viciT (It. §36), burTula, miaRwevs ra
wonasworobis mdebareobas, ar Cerdeba _ igi inerciiT ganagrZobs moZraobas,
romlis drosac xdeba SeZenili kinetikuri energiis gadasvla potenciurSi.
ramdenadme analogiur movlenas aqvs adgili rxeviT konturSi. ufro
kargad rom gaverkveT rxeviT konturSi mimdinare procesebSi, gavwyvitoT igi
da mivuerToT eleqtronul oscilografs (§16). ekranze miviRebT konturSi ga-
mavali denis cvlilebas drois mixedviT (sur. 42.2). grafikidan Cans, rom gan-
muxtvis deni uceb ki ar aRwevs Tavis maqsimalur mniSvnelobas ( oa ubani),
aramed izrdeba TandaTan, iseve rogorc TandaTan ganimuxteba kondensatori.
amis mizezia koWaSi aRZruli TviTinduqciis em Zala, romelic lencis wesis
Tanaxmad, ewinaaRmdegeba denis yovelgvar cvlilebas (am SemTxvevaSi _ gazrdas).
rodesac deni miaRwevs maqsimalur mniSvnelobas ( a wertili. es moxda
T
konturis CarTvidan t= drois
I 4
Semdeg), kondensatoris firfitebs
a
Soris Zabva nulamde daecema. amri-
T
gad, drois ganmavlobaSi konden-
b 4
o
T T 3 T d t satoris eleqtruli velis energia
T
4 2 4
gardaiqmna koWas magnituri velis
c
energiad (es zambariani qanqaras
sur. 42.2 SemTxvevaSi eqvivalenturia imisa,
135
rom burTula mivida wonasworobis mdebareobaSi da misi potenciuri energia

⎛ u⎞
mTlianad gadavida kinetikurSi). omis kanonis Tanaxmad ⎜ I = ⎟ , rogorc ki
⎝ R⎠
Zabva firfitebs Soris gaxda nulis toli, denis Zalac myisve unda Semcire-
buliyo nulamde. grafiki ki gviCvenebs, rom deni, miedineba ra imave mimarTu-
lebiT, mcirdeba TandaTan ( ab ubani) da mxolod garkveuli drois Semdeg
T
(kerZod, drois Semdeg) xdeba nulis toli ( b wertili). amis mizezia L
4
koWaSi aRZruli TviTinduqciis em Zala, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba denis swraf
Semcirebas. denis TandaTanobiTi Semcirebisas xdeba kondensatoris firfi-
tebis gadamuxtva. (koWas magnituri velis energia gardaiqmneba kondensatoris
eleqtruli velis energiad). es gadamuxtva mTavrdeba maSin, roca deni koWaSi
gaxdeba nulis toli. am dros Zabva kondensatoris firfitebs Soris
maqsimaluria, magram eleqtrul vels aqvs Tavdapirveli velis sawinaaRmdego
mimarTuleba: axla ukve kondensatoris qveda firfitaze gvaqvs uaryofiTi
T
muxti, zedaze _ dadebiTi (konturis CarTvidan gavida dro).
2
amis Semdeg yvelaferi meordeba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ( bcd ubani)
T
da kidev drois Semdeg, e.i. konturis CarTvidan T drois Semdeg, igi aRmoC-
2
ndeba Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi.
amrigad, rxeviT konturSi adgili aqvs kondensatoris eleqtruli veli-
sa da koWas magnituri velis periodul cvlilebas. eleqtruli da magni-
turi velebis periodul cvlilebas eleqtromagnituri rxevebi
ewodeba.

sur. 42.3-ze mocemulia Sedareba rxeviT konturSi mimdinare processa da zambariani

qanqaras rxevebs Soris.
sur. 42.3 a gamosaxavs im SemTxvevas, roca kondensatori jer ar damuxtula, anu rxeviT
konturs energia ar gadacemia. zambariani qanqaras semTxvevaSi amas Seesabameba misi is mdgo-
mareoba, roca burTula wonasworobis mdgomareobidan jer ar gamouyvaniaT. kondesatoris
damuxtvas Seesabameba burTulas gadaxra wonasworobis mdebareobidan x sididiT.

drois aTvla (t = 0) iwyeba konturis CarTvidan anu K gadamrTvelis b kontaqtze ga-

dayvanidan. qanqaras SemTxvevaSi es Seesabameba wonasworobis mdgomareobidan x manZiliT
gadaxrili burTulas ganTavisuflebas (xelis gaSvebas). am momentisaTvis kondesatoris

136
muxti da Zabva firfitebs Soris maqsimaluria, e.i. maqsimaluria kondesatoris eleqtruli
velis energia, koWaSi denis Zala ki nulis tolia, e.i. nulis tolia magnituri velis energia.
qanqaras SemTxvevaSi amas Seesabameba burTulas maqsimaluri gadaxra, e.i. misi potenciuri

⎛ Kx 2 ⎞
energia ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ maqsimaluria, xolo kinetikuri energia nulis tolia, vinaidan burTula jer
⎝ 2 ⎠
kidev gaCerebulia (sur. 42.3 b).

T
t= momentisaTvis kondesatori mTlianad ganmuxtulia, xolo deni koWaSi maqsima-
4
luria (I 0 ) . e.i. am droisaTvis kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energia mTlianad gardaq-

mnilia koWas magnituri velis energiad. qanqaras SemTxvevaSi amas Seesabameba burTulas
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi mosvla, roca misi siCqare maqsimaluria, e.i. maqsimaluria misi
kinetikuri energia; potenciuri energia ki nulis tolia, vinaidan zambaras deformaciaa nuli
(sur. 42.3 g).
am momentidan iwyeba koWaSi denis Semcireba da kondensatoris gadamuxtva. am process

T T
sWirdeba kidev dro da konturis CarTvidan drois gasvlis Semdeg gvaqvs: koWaSi deni
4 2
nulis tolia, kondensatoris muxti ki maqsimaluria (gadamuxtva damTavrebulia), oRond el-
eqtrul vels kondensatorSi
aqvs Tavdapirvelis sawinaaRmde-
go mimarTuleba. qanqaras SemTx-
a C L vevaSi amas Seesabameba burTulas
gadaxra marcxena ukidures mdgo-
t=0 mareobaSi, roca misi potenciuri

− q0
υ =0 energia maqsimaluria, kinetikuri
b
+ q0 I =0 ki nulis tolia, vinaidan bur-
Tula wamierad gaCerebulia
x
(sur. 42.3d).
t =T
4 amis Semdeg yvelaferi me-
υ maqs
ordeba sawinaaRmdego mimarTu-
g I0 T
lebiT da kidev drois Sem-
2
t =T deg, anu konturis CarTvidan T
2
υ=0 drois Semdeg, sistema aRmoCnde-
+ q0
ba Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi
d − q0 I =0
(sur. 42.3b). Sesruldeba erTi
x
sruli rxeva. amis Semdeg aRweri-
li procesi ganmeordeba.

sur. 42.3
137
 eleqtromagnituri rxevis periodi (T ) ewodeba drois im
umcires Sualeds, romlis ganmavlobaSic eleqtruli veli konden-
storis Semonafenebs Soris (E ) , an magnituri veli koWaSi (B ) , ic-
vleba ra Tavis romeliRac mniSvnelobidan, kvlav Rebulobs amave
mniSvnelobas rogorc sididiT, ise mimarTulebiT.
cxadia, rom eleqtromagnituri rxevis periodi damokidebuli unda iyos
rxeviTi konturis parametrebze _ kondensatoris tevadobaze da koWas induq-
ciurobaze. kerZod, C -s da L -is gazrdiT T unda gaizardos. marTlac, rac
metia kondensatoris tevadoba, miT met muxts daitevs igi da miT meti dro
iqneba saWiro misi ganmuxtvisaTvis. meores mxriv, rac metia L , miT meti
TviTinduqciis em Zala aRiZvreba koWaSi da miT ufro nela moxdeba masSi
denis gazrda an Semcireba (e.i. miT ufro nela moxdeba kondensatoris gan-
muxtva). Teoria iZleva Semdeg formulas:

T = 2π LC , (42.1)
sadac L aris koWas induqciuroba gamosaxuli henrebSi, C _ tevadoba fara-
debSi, T _ periodi wamebSi. (42.1) formulas tomsonis formula ewodeba.
gamoviyvanoT tomsonis formula. amisaTvis unda davuSvaT, rom rxeviTi
konturi idealuria, anu misi omuri winaRoba R = 0 . am SemTxvevaSi konturSi
gveqneba erTi Zabvis vardna (kondensatorze) da erTi induqciis em Zala
(koWaSi aRZruli TviTinduqciis em Zala ε S ). amitom kirxhofis II kanoni Sem-
degnairad daiwereba:
u = εS . (42.2)

q dI dq
magramM u = ; ε S = − L , xolo I = . am sidideebis Casma (42.2)-Si mogvcems:
C dt dt
d 2q 1
L + q = 0.
dt 2 C
Tu tolobis yvela wevrs gavyofT L -ze da SemoviRebT aRniSvnas
1
ω 02 = , (42.3)
CL
sabolood miviRebT:

d 2q
2
+ ω 02 q = 0 . (42.4)
dt

138
 es gantolrba zustad Tanxvdeba harmoniuli rxevis diferencialur
gantolebas (Itomi, §36). viciT, rom mis amonaxsens aqvs saxe
q = q 0 cos(ω 0 t + ϕ ) . (42.5)
amitom
q q0
u= = cos(ω 0 t + ϕ ) = u 0 cos(ω 0 t + ϕ )
C C
da

⎛ π⎞
= −ω0 q0 sin (ω0t + ϕ ) ,
dq
I= an I = I 0 cos⎜ ω0t + ϕ + ⎟ (42.6)
dt ⎝ 2⎠
sadac q 0 , u 0 da I 0 muxtis, Zabvisa da denis Zalis maqsimaluri anu amplitu-
duri mniSvnelobebia.
miRebuli formulebi gviCvenebs, rom rxeviT konturSi kondensatoris
Semonafenebze muxti da Zabva, xolo koWaSi deni periodulad icvleba, rac
savsebiT eTanxmeba Cvens mier paragrafis dasawyisSi gakeTebul Tvisobriv
daskvnas.
1
ω0 = aris konturis rxevis wriuli sixSire. magram viciT (I tomi,
LC
2π
§36) rom T = , amitom T = 2π LC , rac Tanxvdeba (42.1)-s.
ω0
rxevis sixSire (rxevaTa ricxvi wamSi) ν periodis Sebrunebuli sididea.
amitom
1 1
ν= = (42.7)
T 2π LC
(42.7) formulis Tanaxmad, maRali sixSiris eleqtromagnituri rxevebis misaRe-
bad L da C unda iyos rac SeiZleba mcire. mag. rxeviTi konturi, romelic
Seicavs C = 0,0001mkf = 10 −10 faradis tol tevadobas da L = 0,0001 hn-is tol
induqciurobas, aRZravs rxevebs, romlis sixSire
1 1
ν= = hc ≈ 1,6 ⋅ 10 6 hc .
2π LC −4
2 ⋅ 3,14 10 ⋅ 10 −10

cxadia, veraviTari induqciuri generatori aseTi sixSiris rxevebs (cvlad

dens) ver aRZravs, vinaidan amisaTvis saWiro iqneboda rotors Seesrulebina
milioni bruni wamSi.
Tu konturis omuri winaRoba R ≠ 0 , rxevis periodi izrdeba (§43):
139
 2π
T= 2
.
1 ⎛ R ⎞
−⎜ ⎟
LC ⎝ 2 L ⎠
Cveulebriv, rxeviTi konturis omuri winaRoba mcirea, amitom periodis
gamosaTvlelad, rogorc wesi, sargebloben (42.1) formuliT.

§43. milevadi eleqtromagnituri rxevebi

Cvens mier wina paragrafSi ganxiluli eleqtromagnituri rxevebi rxe-

viT konturSi aRiZvra erTxel miniWebuli energiis xarjze _ kondensatori
erTxel davmuxteT. aseT rxevas, romelic warmoebs erTxel miniWebuli ener-
giis xarjZe, sakuTari anu Tavisufali rxeva ewodeba,∗ xolo Sesabamis six-
Sires _ rxevis sakuTari sixSire. sakuTari imitom, rom igi damokidebulia
merxevi sistemis sakuTar Tvisebebze ( C -ze da L -ze). sakuTari eleqtro-
magnituri rxevebi, rogorc amas sur. 42.2-ze moyvanili grafiki gviCvenebs,
yovelTvis milevadia (meqanikuris msgavsad), vinaidan erTxel miniWebuli
energia ixarjeba konturis winaaRmdegobis daZlevaze (realurad konturis
omuri winaRoba yovelTvis gansxvavdeba nulisagan), misi Sevseba ki ar xdeba.
gamoviyvanoT muxtis Zabvisa da denis cvlilebis formulebi realuri
konturisaTvis (R ≠ 0 ) . am SemTxvevaSi kirxhofis meore kanoni Semdegnairad
daiwereba:
u + IR = ε S . (43.1)

q dq dI
radgan u = , I= , xolo ε S = − L , miviRebT:
C dt dt
d 2q dq 1
L 2
+R + q = 0. (43.2)
dt dt C
es diferencialuri gantoleba Tavisi formiT savsebiT analogiuria
zambariani qanqaris milevadi rxevis diferencialuri gantolebisa (Itomi, §40,
40.3 gantoleba):

d 2x dx
m 2
+r + kq = 0 . (43.3)
dt dt

∗
an, rac igivea, Tavisufali rxeva ewodeba iseT rxevas, romelic aRiZvreba sistemaSi
Sinagani Zalebis moqmedebiT, misi wonasworobis mdgomareobidan gamoyvanis Semdeg.
140
 (43.2)-Si m masis analogs warmoadgens L induqciuroba, winaRobis r
dx dq
koeficientisas _ wredis R omuri winaRoba, winaRobis r Zalisas _ R ,
dt dt
1
zambaris drekadobis K koeficientisas _ , xolo x gadaxrisas _ q muxti.
C
(43.3) gantolebis amoxsnisaTvis, axali cvladis Semoyvanis meTodis
gamoyenebiT, Cven miviReT:
r
−
cos(ω t + ϕ ) = A cos(ω t + ϕ ) ,
t
x = A0 e 2m
(43.4)
r
− t
sadac A = A0 e 2m
da ϕ _ amplituda da sawyisi fazaa, xolo
2
K ⎛ r ⎞
ω = ω −β = 2
0
2
−⎜ ⎟ (43.5)
m ⎝ 2m ⎠
milevadi rxevis wriuli sixSirea.
(43.4)-is analogiurad (43.3)-is amoxsnas aqvs saxe:
R
−
cos(ω t + ϕ ) = A cos(ω t + ϕ ) ,
t
q = q0 e 2L
(43.6)
sadac
R
− t
A = q0 e 2L
(43.7)
kondensatoris muxtis rxevis amplitudaa, ϕ - sawyisi faza, xolo ω _
wriuli sixSire, romlisTvisac (43.5)-is analogiurad gveqneba:
2
1 ⎛ R ⎞
ω = ω −β = −⎜ ⎟ . 2
0 (43.8) 2

LC ⎝ 2 L ⎠
(43.7) gviCvenebs, rom realur konturSi muxtis rxevis amplituda drois
mixedviT eqsponencialurad mcirdeba, anu rxeva milevadia. (43.6) warmoadgens
milevadi eleqtromagnituri rxevis gantolebas. rxevis mileva miT ufro
R
swrafad xdeba, rac metia β = -is sidide, anu rac metia R da naklebia L .
2L
β -s ewodeba milevis koeficienti.
milevadi rxevis periodi∗

∗
sazogadod milevadi rxeva perioduli ar aris, vinaidan merxevi sidide TandaTan mcirdeba
da aRar ubrundeba sawyis mniSvnelobas. amitom, mkacrad Tu vimsjelebT, misTvis
gamousadegaria sixSirisa da periodis cnebebi. magram Tu mileva didi ar aris, SeiZleba
pirobiTad periodi vuwodoT drois Sualeds merxevi fizikuri sididis or momdevno
maqsimums (an minimums) Soris.
141
 2π 2π
T= = . (43.9)
ω 1 ⎛ R ⎞
2

−⎜ ⎟
LC ⎝ 2 L ⎠
(43.8) da (43.9) formulebi gviCvenebs, rom realuri rxeviTi konturis
sixSire naklebia, xolo periodi metia, vidre idealuris, rac gasagebia,
vinaidan winaaRmdegobis Zalis arseboba, cxadia, gamoiwvevs yovelgvari rxevis
(rogorc meqanikuris, aseve eleqtromagnituris) sixSiris Semcirebas.
muxtis cvlilebis (43.6)

q, A kanonzomierebidan advilad da-

q = q 0 e − βt cos(ωt + ϕ )
vadgenT Zabvisa da denis Zalis
cvlilebis kanonzomierebebs,
A = q 0 e − βt q dq
A0 radganac u = , xolo I = .
A1 C dt
q 0 cos ϕ A2
(43.1) suraTze mocemulia

t muxtis (uwyveti wiri) da

amplitudis (wyvetili wiri)
cvlilebis grafikebi∗ (I tomis
c
40.2 suraTze milevadi rxevis
grafiki Seesabameba im SemTxve-
sur. 43.1 vas, roca ϕ = 0 ).

(43.9) formula saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT piroba, romelsac unda akmayofi-

lebdes konturis damaxasiaTebeli sidideebi (C , L, R ) imisaTvis, rom konturSi aRiZvras

rxeva. es piroba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom konturs unda gaaCndes namdvili periodi, anu fes-
vqveSa gamosaxuleba unda iyos dadebiTi:

1 R2 CR 2
− 2 > 0, anu L> .
LC 4 L 4
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi kondensatoris rxeva iqneba ape rio dul i (araperioduli) xasiaTis _
q muxti monotonurad Semcirdeba drois mixedviT.

∗
roca t = 0, A = A0 = q 0 , xolo q = q 0 cos ϕ < q 0 .
142
 §44. iZulebiTi eleqtromagnituri rxevebi. TviTrxevebi

ganmartebis Tanaxmad, iZulebiTi rxeva ewodeba iseT rxevas,

romelic warmoebs periodulad cvladi gareSe Zalis moqmedebiT.
iZulebiT eleqtromagnitur rxevebTan Cven saqme gvqonda cvladi denis sruli
wredis ganxilvisas (§37) _ cvladi deni swored dabali sixSiris eleqtro-
magnituri rxevebia. aq periodulad cvlad gareSe Zalas warmoadgenda wredSi
CarTuli cvladi denis wyaros em Zala:
ε = ε 0 sin ω t .
deni aseT konturSi icvleba kanoniT
I = I 0 cos(ω t − ϕ ) ,
sadac
1
Lω −
ε0 Cω .
I0 = da tgϕ =
⎛ 1 ⎞
2 R
R 2 + ⎜ Lω − ⎟
⎝ Cω ⎠
am SemTxvevaSi konturSi rxeva iarsebebs nebismierad didi drois
ganmavlobaSi, anu sistema Seasrulebs aramilevad rxevebs.
magram es rxevebi, romelic aRiZvreba eleqtrosadgurSi cvladi denis
generatoris mier gamomuSavebuli em Zalis moqmedebiT, rogorc zemoT iyo
aRniSnuli, dabali sixSiris eleqtromagnituri rxevebia. aseT generators ar
SeuZlia radiokavSirisaTvis aucilebeli maRali sixSiris eleqtromagnituri
rxevebis aRZvra, vinaidan amisaTvis saWiro iqneboda rotors Seesrulebina
asiaTasobiT bruni wamSi.
maRali sixSiris eleqtromagnitur rxevebs warmoqmnis rxeviTi konturi,
magram rogorc §43-Si vnaxeT, realuri konturis SemTxvevaSi (R ≠ 0 ) , es rxeve-
bi yovelTvis milevadia. rxevebi rom aramilevadi iyos, saWiroa ganuwyvetliv
Seivsos konturis omuri winaRobis daZlevaze daxarjuli energia. gare
perioduli Zalis moqmedebiT amis miRweva, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT rxevis sixSi-
res, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia. magram aRmoCnda, rom arsebobs aramilevadi
rxevebis aRZvris sxva gzac. kerZod, Tu sistema romelSic SesaZlebelia
Tavisufali rxevebis aRZvra, Seicavs energiis wyaros da Tu sistemas
TviTonve SeuZlia areguliros rxeviTi konturisaTvis energiis miwodeba

143
omuri winaRobis daZlevaze daxarjuli energiis sakompensaciod, maSin rxevis
milevas adgili ar eqneba.
sistemas, romelSic warmoiqmneba aramilevadi rxeva sistema-
Sive arsebuli wyarodan energiis miRebis xarjze, TviTmerxevi
sistema ewodeba, xolo aramilevad rxevebs, romelbic arseboben sistemaSi
gare perioduli Zalis moqmedebis gareSe _ TviTrxevebi ∗ (avtorxevebi). aRsa-
niSnavia, rom TviTrxevebis amplituda da periodi ganisazRvreba sistemis
TvisebebiT (iZulebiTi rxevisagan gansxvavebiT).
TviTmerxev sistemebs, romelTa saSualebiTac miiReba maRali sixSiris
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi miekuTvneba milakiani da tranzistoruli genera-
torebi. maT ase ewodeba imitom, rom rxeviTi konturisa da energiis wyaros
garda, pirveli Seicavs sameleqtrodian eleqtronul milaks (troids), xolo
meore _ agreTve sameleqtrodian naxevargamtarul xelsawyos, romelsac
tranzistori ∗ ∗ ewodeba (`naxevargamtaruli triodi~ tranzistoris moZvele-
buli saxelwodebaa).

§45. wanacvlebis deni

rogorc viciT (§19), cvlad magnitur velSi velSi moTavsebul uZrav

gamtar konturSi induqciuri denis aRZvris asaxsnelad maqsvelma Camoayaliba
eleqtromagnituri velis Teoriis pirveli ZiriTadi debuleba: magnituri
velis yovelgvari cvlilebisas droSi warmoiqmneba grigaluri eleqtruli
veli.
sxvadasxva eleqtromagnituri procesebis analizis safuZvelze maqsveli
mivida daskvnamde, rom unda arsebobdes Sebrunebuli movlenac: eleqtruli
velis yovelgvari cvlileba droSi iwvevs grigaluri magnituri
velis warmoqmnas. es mtkiceba gamosaxavs eleqtromagnituri velis
umniSvnelovanes Tvisebas da warmoadgens maqsvelis Teoriis meore ZiriTad
debulebas. radgan magnituri veli yovelTvis dakavSirebulia eleqtrul
denTan (eleqtruli deni warmoadgens magnituri velis pirvelwyaros (§2)),

∗
TviTrxevebi aRiZvreba ara marto eleqtrul, aramed meqanikur sistemebSic. umartives
meqanikur TviTmerxev sistemas warmoadgens qanqariani saaTi, romelSic energiis wyaros
warmoadgens aweuli tvirTis potenciuri energia.
∗∗
warmodgeba inglisuri sityvebidan transfer _ gadatana da resistor _ winaRoba.
144
amitom maqsvelma cvlad eleqtrul vels uwoda wanacvlebis deni,
ganasxvava ra igi gamtarobis denisagan, romelic ganpirobebulia muxtebis
mowesrigebuli moZraobiT.
eleqtruli velis cvlilebis Sedegad warmoq-
E
mnili grigaluri magnituri velis induqciis wirebi
moicavs eleqtruli velis Zalwirebs, msgavsad imisa,
rogorc grigaluri eleqtruli velis Zalwirebi
moicavs magnituri induqciis wirebs, magram axla,
B
⎛ dE ⎞
eleqtruli velis daZabulobis zrdisas ⎜ > 0⎟ ,
⎝ dt ⎠
kavSiri magnituri induqciis wirebis mimarTulebasa
dE
>0 da E veqtoris mimarTulebas Soris mocemulia mar-
dt
jvena burRis wesiT (amboben, rom induqciis wirebis
sur. 45. 1.
mimarTuleba E veqtoris mimarTulebasTan qmnis mar-
jvena xraxns) (sur. 45.1).
wanacvlebis denis SemoRebis Semdeg Seicvala Cveni warmodgena cvladi
denis wredis Cauketavobis Sesaxeb. rogorc viciT (I tomi, §127), mudmivi denis
wredi yovelTvis Caketilia. rac Seexeba cvladi
denis wreds, iTvleboda, rom igi SeiZleba iyos +σ −σ
+ D -
Cauketavic. amas maSin aqvs adgili, roca cvladi
denis wredi Seicavs kondensators. kondensato- + -

ris damuxtvisa da ganmuxtvis dros denis gadis + dD -

dt
Semonafenebis SemaerTebel gamtarSi da ar gadis + -
I I
Semonafenebs Soris dieleqtrikSi. A B
wanacvlebis denis cnebis Semosatanad gan- K
vixiloT brtyeli kondensatori, romlis A da
B firfitebis (Semonafenebi) damuxtulia ± σ ze- sur. 45.2

dapiruli simkvriviT (sur. 45.2). vidre wredi gan-

rTulia, firfitebs Soris veli erTgavrovania, magram K CamrTvelis
CarTvisas kondensatori iwyebs ganmuxtvas da velic icvleba (mcirdeba) dro-
is mixedviT. ganmuxtvis I deni, romelic mimarTulia firfitebis SemaerTebel
gamtarSi (`gare wredSi~) A -dan B -sken, gamtarobis denia _ igi

145
ganpirobebulia Tavisufali muxtebis moZraobiT. gamtarobis denis Zala
dq
I= , xolo simkvrive
dt
I 1 dq d ⎛ q ⎞ dσ
i= = = ⎜ ⎟= . (45.1)
S S dt dt ⎝ S ⎠ dt
cxadia, rom gamtarobis denis simkvrivis veqtoric mimarTuli iqneba A -dan B -
sken.
radgan A da B firfitebs Soris dieleqtrikia (an vakuumi), aq muxtebis
moZraobas adgili ara aqvs da gamtarobis deni nulis tolia _ denis wirebi
Cauketavia. denis wirebis uwyvetobis SesanarCuneblad maqsvelma Semoitana wa-
nacvlebis denis cneba:
σ
t momentSi firfitebs Soris velis daZabuloba (I tomi, §120) E = ,
ε 0ε
xolo induqcia (§121) D = ε 0 εE , saidanac
D =σ . (45.2)

amasTan, vinaidan A firfita damuxtulia dadebiTad, D mimarTulia A -dan B -

sken. ganmuxtvisas, raRac dt droSi firfitis muxti Seicvleba dσ -Ti, amitom
A da B firfitebs Soris sivrceSi induqciis veqtoris cvlilebis siCqare
iqneba
dD dσ
= . (45.3)
dt dt
D induqciis, iseve rogorc σ -is cvlileba xdeba drois mixedviT,
amitom (45.3) tolobaSi sruli warmoebuli SeiZleba Seicvalos kerZo warmo-
ebuliT:
∂D ∂σ
= . (45.4)
∂t ∂t
∂D
sidides maqsvelma uwoda wanacvlebis denis simkvrive.
∂t
∂D
iwan = (45.5)
∂t
rogorc (45.3) toloba gviCvenebs, igi gamtarobis denis simkvrivis tolia
iwan = i , e.i. nebismier momentSi firfitebs Soris wanacvlebis denis simkvrive

iseTia, rogorc gare wredSi gamtarobis denis simkvrive.

146
 ∂D
vinaidan ganmuxtvisas σ mcirdeba, Semcirdeba D -c, amitom uaryofi-
∂t

∂D
Tia da veqtors eqneba D veqtoris sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba (sur. 45.2).
∂t
magram

∂D
=i (45.6)
∂t
wan

aris wanacvlebis denis simkvrivis veqtori. e.i. wanacvlebis denis simkvrivis

veqtori firfitebs Soris mimarTulia B -dan A -sken, rac imas niSnavs, rom
gare wredSi gamtarobis denis wirebi uwyvetad gadadian firfitebs
Soris wanacvlebis denis wirebSi (gamtarobis deni ikvreba wanacvlebis
deniT)∗ sruli simkvrive

∂D
i sr = i + i wan = i + . (45.7)
∂t
sruli simkvrive uwyvetia rogorc sididiT, ise mimarTulebiT. amitom, Tu
eleqtruli denis qveS vigulisxmebT srul dens, aRmoCndeba, rom bunebaSi
yvela eleqtruli denebi Sekrulia. es mniSvnelovani daskvna gaakeTa
maqsvelma.
dieleqtrikSi induqciis veqtori ori nawilisagan Sedgeba (Itomi, §121):

D = ε0 E + P . (45.8)

meore wevri, P polarizaciis veqtori, marTlac axasiaTebs bmuli muxtebis

wanacvlebas dieleqtrikis polarizaciis procesSi. dieleqtrikSi wanac-
vlebis denis simkvrive (45.8)-is Sesabamisad ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:

∂E ∂P
i wan = ε 0 + ;
∂t ∂t
pirvel Sesakrebs ewodeba wanacvlebis denis simkvrive vakuumSi, meores
_ polarizaciis denis simkvrive.

∗
A firfitis dadebiTi muxti izrdeba, deni
kondensatoris damuxtvis SemTxvevaSi, roca
∂D
firfitebs Soris SemaerTebel gamtarSi miamarTulia B -dan A -sken. magram am dros
∂t
∂D
dadebiTia da veqtors aqvs D -s mimarTuleba. e.i. am SemTxvevaSic gamtarobis deni
∂t
ikvreba dieleqtrikSi wanacvlebis deniT.

147
 rodesac gamtarSi gadis cvladi deni, gamtaris SigniT warmoiqmneba
cvladi eleqtruli veli, maSasadame, wanacvlebis denic da denis sruli sim-
kvrive ganisazRvreba (45.7) formuliT. magram Cveulebriv, Tu cvlilebis
sixSire (denis sixSire) Zalian didi ar aris, wanacvlebis deni mcirea da
gaTvlebisas mas mxedvelobaSi ar iReben.
Tu gamtarobis deni Sekruli ar aris, rasac adgili hqonda Cvens mier
ganxilul magaliTSi, rogorc es gamomdinareobs (45.3) tolobidan, gamtaro-
bisa da wanacvlebis denebi, ubralod, erTmaneTis tolia. miuxedavad wanac-
vlebis denis mniSvnelovani sididisa, mTeli rigi gaTvlebi tardeba misi gaT-
valiswinebis gareSe. marTlac, wanacvlebis deni, kravs ra kondensatoris
firfitebs Soris gamtarobis dens, am sivrceSi qmnis iseTive magnitur vels,
rogoric Seiqmneboda gamtarobis dens rom gaevlo gauwyvetel wredSi. amitom
wanacvlebis denis arseboba gavlenas ar axdens magnituri velis, TviT-
induqciis koeficientis da a.S. gaTvlaze.
dasasrul, unda aRiniSnos, rom termini `wanacvlebis deni~ ar aris
mTlad mosaxerxebeli. dieleqtrikSi am terminis arsebobas kidev aqvs gar-
kveuli safuZveli, vinaidan eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT iq marTlac xdeba
bmuli muxtebis wanacvleba. magram termini gamoiyeneba vakuumisaTvisac, sadac
araviTari muxtebi ar aris. termini istoriulia da SesaZloa, dakavSirebulia
im drosTan, roca eleqtruli velis cvlileba vakuumSi ganixileboda,
rogorc hipotezuri garemos _ eTeris nawilakebis wanacvleba. erTaderT
∂D
gamarTlebad, sidides rom wanacvlebis denis simkvrive uwodes, SeiZleba
∂t
CaiTvalos is, rom mas aqvs denis simkvrivis ganzomileba.
wanacvlebis dens ar axasiaTebs gamtarobis denis arc erT
Tviseba (siTburi, qimiuri da sxv.) garda erTisa _ igi qmnis mag-
nitur vels.

§46. maqsvelis gantolebebi

wanacvlebis denis cnebis SemoRebam maqsvels saSualeba misca Seeqmna

(me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi) eleqtruli da magnituri movlenebis erTiani
Teoria, romelSic gadawyvetilia eleqtrodinamikis ZirTadi amocana: eleq-

148
truli da magnituri velebis damaxasiaTebeli sidideebis (E , B, D, H ) povna
maTi Semqmneli muxtebisa da denebis saSualebiT.
maqsvelis Teoria eleqtromagnituri velis fenomenologiuri Teo-
riaa, rac niSnavs imas, rom TeoriaSi ar ganixileba garemos (romelSic
arsebobs eleqtromagnituri veli) molekuluri aRnagoba da masSi mimdinare
Siga procesebi. garemos eleqtruli da magnituri Tvisebebi xasiaTdeba sami
parametriT (ε , μ , γ ) , romelTa mniSvnelobebi cdebiTaa dadgenili.
maqsvelis Teoria makroskopuli Teoriaa, vinaidan igi ganixilavs mak-
roskopul eleqtrul da magnitur velebs, romlebic Seqmnilia makroskopuli
muxtebisa da denebis mier∗.
maqsvelis Teoriis maTematikur gamosaxulebas warmoadgens maqsvelis
oTxi gantoleba, romelTa Cawera miRebulia ori formiT _ integraluriT da
diferencialuriT.
maqsvelis gantolebebi bunebis fundamenturi gantolebebia, romlebic
iseTive rols TamaSobs eleqtromagnetizmis moZRvrebaSi, rogorsac niutonis
kanonebi meqanikaSi. maqsvelis gantolebebma ara marto axsna im droisaTvis
cnobili yvela cdiseuli faqti, (rac TavisTavad metad mniSvnelovania), ara-
med iwinaswarmetyvela mTeli rigi axali movlenebi, romelTa arseboba Sem-
degSi dadasturda cdiT. maqsvelis gantolebebidan gamomdinare Sedegebs So-
ris yvelaze mniSvnelovania daskvna eleqtromagnituri talRebis
arsebobis Sesaxeb, romelTa gavrcelebis siCqare sasrulia da
sinaTlis siCqaris tolia.∗∗ am talRebis Teoriuli gamokvlevis Sedegad
maqsvelma Seqmna sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri Teoria.
xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom maqsvelis gantolebebis gamoyvana ar
SeiZleba. isini miRebulia eleqtrostatikisa da eleqtromagnetizmis iseTi
mniSvnelovani kanonebis ganzogadebis safuZvelze, rogorebicaa gaus-ostro-
gradskis Teorema, sruli denis kanoni da eleqtromagnituri induqciis Ziri-
Tadi kanoni. gavecnoT am kanonebis ganzogadebas.

∗
e.i. iseTi uZravi da moZravi muxtebis mier, romelTa zomebi gacilebiT metia atomis zomaze.
∗∗
im droisaTvis fizosa da maikelsonis cdebis Sedegad cnobili iyo sinaTlis gavrcelebis
siCqare.
149
1. maqsvelis pirveli gantoleba. eleqtromagnituri induqciis ZiriTadi
kanonis Tanaxmad cvlad magnitur velSi moTavsebul uZrav gamtar
konturSi aRZruli induqciis em Zala gamoiTvleba formuliT:

∫ (Ed l ) = − ∂t
∂Φ
(46.1)

erTi SexedviT SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom eleqtromagnituri induqciis

movlenaSi mTavar rols gamtari TamaSobs. magram maqsvelis mosazrebis Tanax-
mad, es ase ar aris _ gamtari mxolod xels gviwyobs, gvexmareba am movlenis
aRmoCenaSi. eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlenis WeSmariti arsi ki mdgo-
mareobs imaSi, rom droSi cvalebadi magnituri veli sivrceSi, damo-
ukideblad imisa aris iq gamtari Tu ara, warmoSobs grigalur eleqtrul
vels (maqsvelis eleqtromagnituri Teoriis pirveli ZiriTadi debuleba). ase
rom (46.1) formula samarTliania ara marto gamtari konturisaTvis, aramed
cvlad magnitur velSi azrobrivad gamoyofili nebismieri Caketili kon-
turisaTvis. aseTnairad ganzogadebuli (46.1) formula warmoadgens maq-
svelis pirvel gantolebas integraluri formiT. ikiTxeba Semdegnairad:
eleqtruli velis daZabulobis cirkulacia nebismieri (uZravi)
Caketili l konturis gaswvriv tolia am konturis momWimavi
zedapiris (konturze dayrdnobili zedapiris) gamWoli magnituri
nakadis cvlilebis siCqarisa Sebrunebuli niSniT.
magram

( )
Φ = ∫ Bd S da
∂Φ ∂
∂t ∂t S
( )
⎛ ∂B
= ∫ Bd S = ∫ ⎜
⎜ ∂t
⎞
⋅dS⎟.
⎟
S S⎝ ⎠
amitom maqsvelis pirveli integraluri gantoleba SeiZleba aseTi saxiTac
daiweros:

∫ (Ed l ) = ∫ ⎜⎜ ∂t
⎛ ∂B ⎞
⋅dS⎟. (46.2)
⎟
l S ⎝ ⎠
2. maqsvelis meore gantoleba. rogorc viciT (§31), sruli denis kanons
nivTierebaSi aqvs saxe:

∫ (H d l ) = I
l
makro (46.3)

150
 wanacvlebis denis cnebis SemoRebam (rasac safuZvlad udevs maqsvelis
eleqtromagnituri velis Teoriis meore ZiriTadi debuleba) saSualeba misca
maqsvels ganezogadebina sruli denis kanoni. maqsvelis Tanaxmad, vinaidan
magnitur vels qmnis rogorc makroskopuli (gamtarobis), ise wanacvlebis
deni, amitom (46.3) gantolebis marjvena mxares unda daematos wnacvlebis deni:

∫ (H d l ) = I
l
makro + I wan. (46.3)

(46.3) formula, romelic gamosaxavs sruli denis kanonis ganzogadebul saxes,

warmoadgens maqsvelis meore gantolebas integraluri formiT. ikiTxe-
ba Semdegnairad: magnituri velis daZabulobis cirkulacia nebismieri
(uZravi) Caketili l konturis gaswvriv, tolia im makrodenebisa da
wancvlebis denis algebruli jamisa, romelsac es konturi moicavs
(an, rac igivea, romelic gadis konturis momWimav zedapirSi).
magram denis simkvrivis ganmartebis Tanaxmad

( )
I makro = ∫ idS n = ∫ i d S da ( ) ⎛ ∂D
I wan. = ∫ i wan. d S = ∫ ⎜
⎜ ∂t
⎞
⋅dS⎟,
⎟
S l S⎝ ⎠
sadac i da i wan Sesabamisad gamtarobisa da wanacvlebis denebis sim-

kvrivis veqtorebia, amitom maqsvelis meore integraluri gantoleba SeiZleba

aseTi saxiTac daiweros:

(∫ H d l ) = ∫ ⎛⎜⎜ i + ∂∂Dt ⎞⎟⎟ ⋅ d S ,

(46.4)
⎝ ⎠ l S

e.i. daZabulobis veqtoris cirkulacia nebismieri Caketili l konturis gas-

wvriv tolia sruli denis simkvrivis veqtoris nakadisa am konturis momWimavi
S zedapiris mimarT.
3. maqsvelis mesame gantoleba. rogorc viciT (I tomi, §121), gaus-
ostogradskis Teoremas eleqtrostatikuri (stacionaruli) velisaTvis∗
dieleqtrikSi aqvs saxe:

∫ (Dd S ) = q , (46.5)

∫ (Dd S ) = N
S

sadac aris induqciis nakadi S Caketili zedapiris mimarT, xolo

S

q = ∑ qi aris am zedapiris SigniT moTavsebuli Tavisufal muxtTa algebruli

∗
eleqtrostatikuri veli stacionaluri velia, vinaidan igi drois mixedviT ar icvleba.
151
jami. maqsvelma ganazogada es Teorema, gamoTqva ra varaudi, rom igi samara-
Tliania nebismieri _ rogorc stacionaruli, ise cvladi _ eleqtruli
velisaTvis. aseTnairad ganzogadebuli (46.5) formula warmoadgens maqsve-
lis mesame gantolebas integraluri formiT. ikiTxeba Semdegnairad:
eleqtruli induqciis nakadi eleqtromagnitur velSi azrobrivad
gavlebuli nebismieri Caketili zedapiris mimarT, tolia am
zedapiris SigniT moTavsebuli Tavisufal muxtTa algebruli

jamisa. magram q = ∫ ρdV , sadac ρ aris S zedapiriT SemosazRvruli V mocu-

V

lobis SigniT arsebuli Tavisufal muxtTa simkvrive. amitom maqsvelis mesame

integraluri gantoleba SeiZleba Semdegi saxiTac daiweros:

∫ (Dd S ) = ∫ ρdV
S V
(46.6)

4. maqsvelis meoTxe gantoleba: gaus-ostrogradskis Teoremas

magnituri velisaTvis vakuumSi aqvs saxe (§4):

∫ (Bd S ) = 0
S
(46.7)

maqsvelma ganazogada es Teoremac, gamoTqva ra varaudi, rom igi

samarTliania nebismieri magnituri velisaTvis (rogorc vakuumSi, aseve ga-
remoSi, rogorc stacionaruli, aseve cvladisaTvis), aseTnairad ganzoga-
debuli (46.7) toloba warmoadgens maqsvelis meoTxe gantolebas integra-
luri formiT. ikiTxeba Semdegnairad:
magnituri induqciis nakadi eleqtromagnitur velSi azrobri-
vad gavlebuli nebismieri (uZravi) Caketili zedapiris mimarT
nulis tolia.
maqsvelis gantolebebi ar aris simetriuli eleqtruli da magnituri
velebis mimarT, rac imis Sedegia, rom bunebaSi eleqtruli muxti arsebobs,
magnituri muxti (magnituri monopoli) ki _ ara.
rogorc aRvniSneT maqsvelis Teoria fenomenologiuri Teoriaa, masSi
ar ganixileba garemoSi mimdinare Siga anu molekuluri procesebi, romlebic
ganapirobeben eleqtruli da magnituri velebis warmoSobas. amitom saWiroa
maqsvelis gantolebebi SevavsoT e.w. materialuri gantolebebiT, romle-

152
bic Seicaven garemos individualuri Tvisebebis damaxasiaTebel sidideebs ( ε -
s, μ -s, γ -s). es gantolebebi CvenTvis cnobilia kursis sxvdasxva nawilidan:

D = ε 0 ε E (I tomi, §121); B = μ 0 μ H (§25); i = γ E (I tomi, §137).

§47. maqsvelis diferencialuri gantolebebi

maqsvelis integraluri gantolebebi amyarebs damokidebulebas eleq-

truli da magnituri velis damaxasiaTebeli sidideebs Soris sivrcis sxvada-
sxva wertilebisaTvis (Caketili konturis wertilebi da am konturis
momWimavi zedapiris wertilebi, an Caketili zedapiris wertilebi da am zeda-
piris SigniT arsebuli wertilebi). maqsvelis integraluri gantolebebidan
SeiZleba gadavideT diferencialur gantolebebze, romlebic am kavSirs
amyareben sivrcis erTidaimave wertilebisaTvis. es gadasvla xdeba
veqtoruli analizis ori Teoremis _ gausis Teoremisa da stoqsis Teoremis
saSualebiT. gavecnoT am Teoremebs.

gausis Teorema. romelime velis damaxasiaTebeli A veqtoris nakadi

am velSi azrobrivad gavlebuli nebismieri S Caketili zedapiris mimarT to-

lia A veqtoris divergenciis integralisa, aRebuli am zedapiriT SemosazR-

vruli V moculobiT:

∫ (Ad S ) = ∫ diυ AdV ,

∂Ax ∂Ay ∂Az
sadac diυ A = + + (47.1)
S V
∂x ∂y ∂z

stoqsis Teorema. romelime velis damaxasiaTebeli A veqtoris cirku-

lacia am velSi azrobrivad gavlebuli nebismieri Caketili l konturis gas-

wvriv tolia rot A veqtoris nakadisa am konturis momWimavi S zedapiris mimarT:∗

∫ (Ad l ) = ∫ (rot A ⋅ d S ).
l S
(47.2)

∗ rotori maTematikaSi veqtoruli A velis `brunviTi mdgenelis~ veqtoruli maxasiaTebelia,

∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax ∂Az ∂Ay ∂Ax
romlis gegmilebia (koordinatebia) − , − da − , e.i.
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
⎛ ∂A ∂Ay ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ax ∂Az ⎞ ⎛ ∂Ay ∂Ax ⎞
rot A = i⎜⎜ z − ⎟ + j⎜ − ⎟ + k⎜ − ⎟⎟ , sadac i, j da k erTeulovani
⎝ ∂y ∂z ⎟⎠ ⎝ ∂z ∂x ⎠ ⎜⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
veqtorebia. zog SemTxvevaSi rotors veqtoruli velis grigalsac uwodeben.
153
 1. maqsvelis pirveli diferencialuri gantoleba. stoqsis (47.2)
Teoremis Tanaxmad

∫ (Ed l ) = ∫ (rot E ⋅ d S ).
l S
(47.3)

am formulis Sedareba maqsvelis pirvel integralur gantolebasTan

(∫ Ed l ) = ∫ ⎛⎜⎜ ∂∂Bt d S ⎞⎟⎟ , gvaZlevs:

l S ⎝ ⎠

∂B
. rot E = − (47.4)
∂t
es aris maqsvelis pirveli diferencialuri gantoleba.
2. maqsvelis meore diferencialuri gantoleba. stoqsis Teoremis
Tanaxmad

∫ (H d l ) = ∫ (rot H ⋅ d S ).
l S

am formuli Sedareba maqsvelis meore integralur gantolebasTan

(∫ H d l ) = ∫ ⎛⎜⎜ i + ∂∂Dt ⎞⎟⎟ ⋅ d S , gvaZlevs:

l S ⎝ ⎠

∂D
. rot H = i + (47.5)
∂t
es aris maqsvelis meore diferencialuri gantoleba.
3. maqsvelis mesame diferencialuri gantoleba. gausis (47.1) Teoremis
Tanaxmad

∫ (Dd S ) = ∫ diυ DdV .

S V
am formulis Sedareba maqsvelis mesame integralur gantolebasTan

∫ (Dd S ) = ∫ ρdV
S V
, gvaZlevs maqsvelis mesame diferencialur gantolebas:

diυ D = ρ . (47.6)
4. maqsvelis meoTxe diferencialuri gantoleba. gausis Teoremis
Tanaxmad

∫ (Bd S ) = ∫ diυ BdV .

S V
am formulis Sedareba maqsvelis meoTxe integralur gantolebasTan

∫ (Bd S ) = 0 , gvaZleva
S
maqsvelis meoTxe diferencialur gantolebas.

154
 diυ B = 0 . (47.7)
davweroT maqsvelis diferencialur gantolebaTa sistema:

∂B ∂D
rot E = − , rot H = i + , diυ D = ρ , diυ B = 0 .
∂t ∂t
am oTxi gantolebidan ori veqtorulia, oric _ skalaruli (asea inte-
graluri gantolebebis SemTxvevaSic). Tu maT CavwerT koordinatebSi,
miviRebT rva gantolebas. es rva gantoleba akavSirebs 16 sidides: TxuTmeti _

E , D, B, H , i veqtorebis mdgenelebi da skalari ρ . cxadia, rom 16 sididisaTvis

(ucnobisaTvis) rva gantoleba sakmarisi ar aris. swored amitom umateben maq-

svelis gantolebebs materialur gantolebebs: D = ε 0 ε E ; B = μ 0 μ H da i = γ E ,

romlebic amasTan, Seicavs garemos individualuri Tvisebebis damaxasiaTebel
ε , μ , γ mudmivebs.

§48. eleqtromagnituri veli

ganvixiloT sivrcis iseTi nawili, sadac ar aris Tavisufali muxtebi

( )
da maSasadame, eleqtruli deni i = 0 . maSin, maqsvelis pirvel da meore dife-
rencialur gantolebebs, marjvena nawilebSi niSnis sizustiT, aqvT simet-
riuli saxe:

∂B ∂D
rot E = − , rot H = . (48.1)
∂t ∂t
∂D
gansxvaveba niSanSi adasturebs imas, rom da H veqtorebis mimarTu-
∂t

∂B
lebebi qmnian marjvena xraxnul sistemas (sur. 48.1 a), xolo da E veqto-
∂t
rebis mimarTulebebi _ marcxena xrax-
∂D ∂B
nul sistemas (sur. 48.1 b).
∂t ∂t
maqsvelis (48.1) gantolebebidan ga-
momdinareobs metad mniSvnelovani das-
kvna imis Sesaxeb, rom eleqtrul da
H E
magnitur velebs Soris arsebobs
a b mWidro kavSiri: magnituri velis
sur. 48.1
155
cvlileba iwvevs garemomcvel sivrceSi cvladi eleqtruli velis
gaCenas; analogiurad, eleqtruli velis cvlileba iwvevs garemom-
cvel sivrceSi cvaladi magnituri velis gaCenas.
∂D
rac ufro didi siCqariT icvleba eleqtruli veli, miT ufro Zli-
∂t
eri magnituri veli aRiZvreba, romelic eleqtrul velTan aris dakavSirebu-
∂B
li. zustad aseve, rac ufro didi siCqariT icvleba magnituri veli, miT
∂t
ufro Zlieri eleqtruli veli aRiZvreba, romelic magnitur velTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
cvladi eleqtruli velis da masTan uwyvetad dakavSirebuli
cvladi magnituri velis erTobliobas eleqtromagnituri veli
ewodeba.
orive veli, eleqtrulic da magnituric grigaluria: maTi Zalwirebi Ca-
ketilia da amasTan urTierTgadaxlarTuli _ eleqtruli Zalwirebi `Semo-
xveulia~ magnitur Zalwirebze, xolo magnituri Zalwirebi _ eleqtrulze.
garkveuli warmodgena eleqtromagnituri velis xasiaTze SeiZleba
mogvces 48.2 suraTma, romelzec veli gamosaxulia monacvleobiTi eleqtruli
da magnituri Caketili Zalwirebis Zewkvis saxiT.
eleqtruli da magni-
E E E E turi velebis gancalkevebu-
lad warmodgenas aqvs far-
dobiTi xasiaTi. marTlac,
B B B uZravi muxti qmnis mxolod
sur. 48.2 eleqtrul vels. magram
muxti uZravia garkveuli aTvlis sistemis mimarT. aTvlis sxva sistemebis
mimarT igi moZraobs da maSasadame, qmnis magnitur velsac. zustad aseve,
mudmivdeniani uZravi gamtari qmnis mxolod mudmiv magnitur vels, magram
gamtari uZravia mxolod garkveuli aTvlis sistemis mimarT. aTvlis sxva
sistemis mimarT igi SeiZleba moZraobdes, ris gamoc misi magnituri veli
iqneba cvladi, romelic Tavis mxriv aRZravs grigalur eleqtrul vels.
eleqtruli da magnituri velebi warmoadgens erTi mTlianis _
eleqtromagnituri velis gamovlenas.

156
 §49. eleqtromagnituri talRa

eleqtromagnituri velis SesaniSnavi Tvisebaa misi sivrceSi yvela

mimarTulebiT gavrcelebis unari. velis swored es Tviseba uzrunvel-
yofs radiokavSiris SesaZleblobas.
vTqvaT, sivrcis romelime wertilSi gaCnda cvladi eleqtruli veli. es
veli sivrcis mezobel wertilebSi induqciiT aRZravs cvlad magnitur vels.
cvladi magnituri veli Tavis mxriv mezobel wertilebSi induqciiT aRZravs
cvlad eleqtrul vels da a.S. cvladi eleqtruli da magnituri velebi moe-
deba sivrcis axal-axal areebs da vrceldeba (rogorc gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs)
sicarieleSi 300000 km/wm siCqariT, e.i. sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqariT vakuumSi.
eleqtromagnituri velis gavrcelebis procesi warmoadgens
talRur process _ eleqtromagnitur talRas.
Cvens mier Tvisobrivi msjelobis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvna eleq-
tromagnituri talRebis Sesaxeb∗ dasturdeba maTematikurad, maqsvelis dife-
rencialuri gantolebebis amoxsniT. rogorc wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT,
maqsvelis gantolebebidan gamomdinare Sedegebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo
daskvna eleqtromagnituri talRebis arsebobis Taobaze.
CamovTvaloT maqsvelis diferencialuri gantolebebis amoxsniT miRebu-
li ZiriTadi Sedegebi:
1. eleqtromagnituri veli vrceldeba sivrceSi eleqtromagnituri tal-
Ris saxiT sasruli siCqariT.
2. eleqtromagnituri talRis gavrcelebis siCqare garemoSi gamoiTvleba
1
formuliT υ = , sadac ε 0 da μ 0 Sesabamisad eleqtruli da magnituri
ε 0 μ 0 εμ
mudmivebia, xolo ε da μ _ garemos fardobiTi dieleqtrikuli da magnituri
SeRwevadobebi.
1 f
magram ε 0 = ,
4π ⋅ 9 ⋅ 10 m
9

hn
xolo μ 0 = 4π ⋅ 10 −7 .
m

∗
rasac safuZvlad udevs maqsvelis Teoriis orive ZiriTadi debuleba.
157
 1 1 m
e.i. = = 9 ⋅ 1016 = 3 ⋅ 10 8 . es aris sinaTlis gavrcelebis
ε 0 μ0 4π ⋅ 10 −7 wm
4π ⋅ 9 ⋅ 10 9
C
siCqare vakuumSi, romelic, Cveulebriv C -Ti aRiniSneba. amitom υ = .
εμ
nebismieri garemosaTvis εμ > 1 , amitom υ < C . sicarieleSi ε = μ = 1 da υ = C ,
e.i. eleqtromagnituri talRa sicarieleSi vrceldeba sinaTlis siCqariT.
3. eleqtromagnituri talRa aris
ganivi talRa, rac imas niSnavs, rom
talRaSi eleqtruli velis daZa-
bulobisa da magnituri velis induq-
ciis veqtorebi irxevian erTmaneTis
da talRis gavrcelebis υ siCqaris

marTobulad ( E , B da υ veqtorebi qmnian marjvena xraxnul sistemas). amasTan,

rxevebi warmoebs erTnair fazebSi (sur. 49.1)
4. im faqtma, rom vakuumSi eleqtromagnituri talRis siCqare emTxveva
sinaTlis siCqares vakuumSi, afiqrebina maqsvels, rom sinaTle aris eleqtro-
magnituri talRa, romelic sxva eleqtromagnituri talRebisagan gansxvavdeba
mxolod talRis sigrZiT. amiT man Seqmna sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri Teoria.
C
radgan sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqare υ = , amitom garemos gardatexis ab-
εμ
C
soluturi maCvenebeli n = = εμ . gamWvirvale sxeulebi, rogorc wesi, ara-
υ
feromagnituria, maTTvis μ umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTisagan da amitom

miaxloebiT SeiZleba daiweros: n ≈ ε .

maqsvelma daadgina, rom sxvadasxva dieleqtrikebisaTvis am formuliT gamoT-
∗
vlili gardatexis absoluturi maCvenebeli kargad Tanxvdeba cdiseul Sedegebs.

∗
am formuliT sargeblobisas unda gvaxsovdes rom aq ε aris nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli
14
SeRwevadoba maRali sixSiris eleqtromagnitur velSi ( ~ 10 hc) da amitom misi sidide didad
gansxvavdeba (naklebia) mudmiv eleqtrul velSi misi sidididagan. magaliTad, wylisaTvis
ε = 81 da misi gardatexis absoluturi maCveneblisaTvis miiReba 9, cdiseuli 1,33-is nacvlad.
swrafad cvlad velSi ε -is Semcireba imis Sedegia, rom periodis naxevris ganmavlobaSi
wylis dipoluri molekulebi ver aswreben orientacias velis gaswvriv.
158
 5. eleqtromagnituri talRa raime zedapirze dacem-
isas awarmoebs garkveul wnevas. marTlac davuSvaT, rom I gamt

eleqtromagnituri talRa marTobulad ecema A gamtar

zedapirs∗ (sur. 49.2). talRis eleqtruli mdgeneli iwvevs
gamtarobis denis gaCenas, magnituri mdgeneli ki am denze F
moqmedebs F ZaliT, romelic, marcxena xelis wesis
Tanaxmad, mimarTulia talRis gavrcelebis gaswvriv. rad- A B
gan sinaTle warmoadgens eleqtromagnitur talRas, maq-
sur. 49.2
svelis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs sinaTlis wnevis arse-
boba, rac eqsperimentulad daadastura rusma mecnierma p. lebedevma 1901 wels.
6. kavSiri eleqtruli da magnituri velis daZabulobebs Soris mocemulia
formuliT:
ε 0 εE 2 = μ 0 μH 2
ε 0 εE 2
magram viciT, rom eleqtruli velis energiis simkvrive ω E = , xolo
2
μ0 μH 2
magnituris _ ω H = . maSasadame, eleqtromagnitur talRaSi eleqtruli
2
energia nebismier momentSi tolia magnituris.

formula n = εμ amyarebs damokidebulebas nivTierebis optikur,

eleqtrul da magnitur Tvisebebs Soris. magram am fromulidan ar
gamomdinareobs, rom n damokidebuli unda iyos talRis sigrZeze. meores
mxriv, cdiseuli faqtebi (magaliTad, dispersia) adasturebs aseTi
damokidebulebis arsebobas. maqsvelis Teoriis es nakli Sedegia imisa, rom
igi ar iTvaliswinebs nivTierebis Sinagan aRnagobas da ixilavs mxolod
makroskopul eleqtrul da magnitur velebs.
maqsvelis eleqtromagnituri velis Teoriam Semdgomi ganviTareba
hpova lorencis klasikur eleqtronul TeoriaSi (1896w). am TeoriaSi
daSvebulia, rom nivTiereba Sedgeba atomebisagan, romlebic Tavis mxriv
Seicavs dadebiT da uaryofiT muxtebs da eleqtruli da magnituri
movlenebis mTeli mravalsaxeoba ganpirobebulia am muxtebisa da

∗
sinaTlis wneva, cxadia, arsebobs aragamtar sxeulebze (maT Soris airebzec), magram misi
axsna ise martivi da TvalsaCino ar aris, rogorc gamtari sxeulebis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad,
dieleqtrikSi eleqtromagnituri veli iwvevs muxtebis periodul rxevas, rac agreTve
ganapirobebs talRis gavrcelebis gaswvriv mimarTuli Zalis warmoSobas.
159
mikrodenebis urTierTganlagebiT, moZraobiTa da urTierTqmedebiT. am
muxtebisa da denebis mier Seqmnili mikroveli aRiwereba gantolebebiT,
romlebic analogiuria maqsvelis gantolebebisa. es gantolebebi, droiTa da
sivrciT gasaSualoebis Semdeg, gadadis maqsvelis gantolebebSi. es
gasaSualoeba xdeba drois intervalis mixedviT, romelic bevrad aRemateba
Sigaatomuri procesebis periods da velis moculobis mixedviT, romelic
bevrad aRemateba atomebisa da molekulebis moculobas.

§50. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamosxiveba da miReba

rogorc viciT (§42) rxeviTi konturis daniSnulebaa maRali sixSiris

eleqtromagnituri rxevebis aRZvra, rac Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs radio-
kavSirgabmulobis SesaZleblobas. magram radikavSiris ganxorcilebisaTvis
saWiroa eleqtromagnituri talRebis uwyveti generacia da maSasadame, miule-
vadi eleqtromagnituri rxevebis miReba. rxeviT konturSi aRZruli sakuTari
rxevebi ki milevadia, rac ZiriTadad∗ ganpirobebulia imiT, rom konturisadmi
miniWebuli energia ixarjeba omuri winaRobis daZlevaze da gamoiyofa siTbos
saxiT. rxeviTi konturis am siZneleze Cven ukve gvqonda laparaki §44-Si da
viciT, rom dReisaTvis sakiTxi gadawyvetilia sameleqtrodiani eleqtronuli
milakis an tranzistoris gamoyenebiT (TviTrxevebi).
istoriulad, rxeviTi konturisaTvis energiis periodulad
miwodebisaTvis, germanelma mecnierma hercma gamoiyena sainduqcio koWa (§41)
da 1887 wels, pirvelad kacobriobis istoriaSi, miiRo maqsvelis TeoriiT
nawinaswarmetyvelebi eleqtromagnituri talRebi.
hercma rxeviT konturSi Seitana axali elementi _
sanaperwklo Sualedi (1), romelsac mosdo cvladi
1 Zabva sainduqcio koWas (2) meoradi gragnilidan
(sur. 50.1). es Zabva TandaTan muxtavda kondensators
2 da rodesac mis Semonafenebs Soris Zabva miaRwevda
garRvevis mniSvnelobas (I tomi, §153), sanaperwklo
SualedSi Cndeboda (`gaxteboda~) naperwkali, ro-
sur. 50.1

∗
energiis nawili ixarjeba gamosxivebaze.
160
melic kravda wreds. Sedegad konturSi aRiZvreboda eleqtromagnituri rxe-
vebi da igi asxivebda eleqtromagnitur talRebs. erTdroulad xdeboda sain-
duqcio koWas gamorTva (`damokleba~). sanaperwklo Sualeds didi winaRoba
aqvs, amitom rxevebi male miileoda da wredi wydeboda. magram am dros kvlav
irTveboda sainduqcio koWa, kondensatori imuxteboda, rasac Tan sdevda
axali naperwklis gaxtoma da eleqtromagnituri talRebis generireba da a.S.
rxeviTi konturis meore siZnele mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eleqtruli ve-
lis energia faqtiurad lokalizebulia kondensatoris firfitebs Soris, mag-
nituri velis energia ki _ koWas SigniT.∗ aseTi rxeviTi konturi, romelsac
Caketili ewodeba, eleqtromagnitur talRebs TiTqmis ar asxivebs. gavix-
senoT (§42, formula 42.7), rom rac ufro mcirea kondensatoris tevadoba da
koWas induqciuroba, miT metia rxeviTi konturis mier generirebuli eleqtro-
magnituri rxevis siSire da maSasadame, gamosxivebuli eleqtromagnituri
talRis intensivoba.∗∗ amitom, am meore naklis gamoricxvis mizniT, anu gamos-
xivebis intensivobis gazrdis mizniT, hercma kondensatoris firfitebi daaSo-
ra erTmaneTs, xolo koWa saerTod amoiRo konturidan (ufro sworad, Sec-
vala erTi xviiT). aseTi gardaqmnebis Sedegad (sur. 50.2 a, b, g), man miiRo e.w.
Ria rxeviTi konturi, romelsac SemdgomSi hercis vibratori ewoda. Tu
Tavdapirveli formis konturSi cvladi eleqtruli veli lokalizebulia
kondensatoris firfitebs Soris da mcire moculoba ukavia (sur. 49.2 a), her-
cis vibratorSi eleqtruli veli gars akravs vibrators da bevrad gazrd-
ilia mis mier dakavebuli moculoba (sur. 50.2 g), rac sagrZnoblad zrdis

a b g
sur. 50.2

∗
es imiT aixsneba, rom sxvadasxva niSniT damuxtuli kondensatoris Semonafenebis mier
Seqmnili sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis eleqtruli velebi konturidan moSorebiT sididiT
TiTqmis erTmaneTis tolia, amitom isini TiTqmis mTlianad akompensireben erTmaneTs. aseve,
koWas xviis mopirdapire elementebSi dens aqvs sapirispiro mimarTulebebi, amitom
konturidan moSorebiT maTi magnituri velebi TiTqmis akompensireben erTmaneTs.
∗∗
sixSiris gazrdiT gamosxivebuli energia mkveTrad izrdeba. kerZod, SeiZleba damtkicdes,
rom drois erTeulSi gamosxivebuli energia sixSiris meoTxe xarisxis proporciulia.
161
gamosxivebis intensivobas.
eleqtromagnituri talRebis registraciisaTvis hercma gamoiyena
rezonansis movlena: gamomsxivebeli (1) vibratoris maxloblad man moaTavsa
meore (2) vibratori, romelsac hqonda iseTive rxevis sakuTari sixSire,
rogorc pirvels, anu imyofeboda masTan rezonansSi, ris gamoc mas rezo-
natori ewoda. rodesac (1) vibratoris mier gamosxivebuli eleqtromagnituri
talRa aRwevda rezonators, masSi aRiZvreboda eleqtruli rxevebi, rasac Tan
axlda burTulebs Soris naperwklis gaCena (sur. 50.3).
vibratorisa da rezonatoris saSualebiT hercma 1887-91 wlebSi eqsperi-
mentulad Seiswavla eleqtromagnituri talRebis struqtura da gavrcelebis
kanonzomierebebi. kerZod, man daadgina, rom eleqtromagnituri talRa ganivi
talRaa, misi gavrcelebis siCqare haerSi sinaTlis siCqaris tolia. am talRe-
bis arekvla (liTonis zedapiridan), gardatexa ori garemos (dieleqtrikis)
sazRvarze da interferencia iseve warmoebs, rogorc sinaTlis talRebisa da sxv.
eleqtromagnituri talRebis aRZvris
ganxilul meqanizms is nakli hqonda, rom
sainduqcio koWadan konturisTvis (vibrato-
risTvis) energiis miwodebis sixSire bevrad
naklebi iyo konturis rxevis sakuTar
sixSireze. amitom hercis vibratorSi aRZru-
1 2
li eleqtruli rxevebi warmoadgenen mile-
sur. 50.3
vad rxevebs, romlebic meordebodnen erTime-
oris miyolebiT drois mcire intervalis Semdeg (sur. 50.4). rogorc paragra-
fis dasawyisSi iyo aRniSnuli, es nakli SemdgomSi aRmofxvril iqna sameleq-
trodiani eleqtronuli milakis, mogvianebiT ki tranzistoris gamoyenebiT.
herci Tavis vibratoriT iRebda da
I
ikvlevda eleqtromagnitur talRebs, ro-
melTa sigrZe 102sm-is rigis iyo (rac See-
sabameba 3 ⋅ 10 8 hc sixSires). gamosxivebuli t

talRis sigrZis Semcireba SesaZlebelia

sur. 50.4
vibratoris zomis SemcirebiT, vinaidan
am dros mcirdeba vibratoris (liTonis Reroebis) tevadobac da
induqciurobac. am gziT p.lebedevma 1895 wels, gamoiyena ra platinis wvrili
162
Reroebisagan damzadebuli miniaturuli vibratori, miiRo milimetruli sig-
rZis eleqtromagnituri talRebi (6-4mm). kidev ufro mokle talRebi (~0,1 mm
sigrZis) miiRo sabWoTa fizikosma glagoleva-arkadievam 1923 wels e.w.
masobrivi gamomsxiveblis∗ meSveobiT. am talRebma gadafares are infrawiTeli
(siTburi) talRebisa, romlebic miiReba atomebsa da molekulebSi muxtebis
rxevis Sedegad.
paragrafis bolos moyvanilia eleqtromagnitur talRaTa cxrili, rome-
lSic miTiTebulia TiToeuli diapazonis talRebis gamosxivebis wyaro.
cxadia, sazRvari talRaTa calkeul diapazonebs Soris sakmaod pirobiTia.

dabolos, aRvniSnoT, rom maqsveli Tavis genialuri Teoriis triumfs _ eleqtromagni-

turi talRebis arsebobis eqsperimentul dadasturebas ver moeswro. es moxda hercis Sro-
mebis Sedegad mxolod misi gardacvalebidan (1879w) rva wlis Semdeg. gaivlis kidev rva weli
da 1895 wels, radios erTerTi gamomgonebeli, rusi mecnieri popovi gadascems msoflioSi
pirvel radiogramas, romelic Sedgeba mxolod ori sityvisagan _ `henrix herci~. amiT popovma
pativi miago hercis udides damsaxurebas eleqtromagnituri talRebis miRebisa da Seswavlis
saqmeSi.

cxrili
talRis sigrZe, talRis sixSire,
talRis saxe gamosxivebis wyaro
m hc
dabali sixSiris cvladi denis meqanikuri
talRebi > 10 4 < 3 ⋅ 10 4 generatori.
rxeviTi konturi, hercis
radiotalRebi 10 4 − 10 −4 3 ⋅ 10 4 − 3 ⋅ 1012 vibratori, masobrivi
gamomsxivebeli.
infrawiTeli
sxivebi
10 −4 − 7,7 ⋅ 10 −7 3 ⋅ 1012 − 4 ⋅ 1014
sxvadasxva tipis naTurebi,
sinaTlis sxivebi 7,7 ⋅ 10 −7 − 4 ⋅ 10 −7 4 ⋅ 1014 − 7,5 ⋅ 1014 lazeri
ultraiisferi
sxivebi
4 ⋅ 10 −7 − 10 −8 7,5 ⋅ 1014 − 3 ⋅ 1016
rentgenis sxivebi 10 −8 − 10 −11 3 ⋅ 1016 − 3 ⋅ 1019 rentgenis mili
radioaqtiuri daSla,
γ _ sxvivebi < 10 −11 > 3 ⋅ 1019 birTvuli procesebi

∗
ase ewoda mowyobilobas, romelic eleqtromagnitur talRebs asxivebs (satransformatoro)
zeTSi Setivtivebul liTonis umcires nawilakebs (naqlibs) Soris naperwklebis gaxtomis
Sedegad.
163
 meore nawili

optikis safuZvlebi

$51. optikis ganviTarebis mokle istoria. sinaTlis dualizmi

optika aris mecniereba sinaTlis Sesaxeb. igi Seiswavlis sinaTlis bune-

bas, misi gavrcelebisa da nivTierebasTan urTierTqmedebis kanonebs. tradici-
ulad miRebulia optikis dayofa or nawilad: geometriuli optika da fizi-
kuri optika.
g e o m e t r i u l i o p t i k a optikis uZvelesi nawilia. jer kidev 300 wliT
adre Cvens welTaRricxvamde evklides geometriaSi mocemuli iyo sinaTlis
arekvlisa da wrfivi gavrcelebis kanonebi. geometriul optikas didi praqti-
kuli gamoyeneba aqvs, magram igi ar ixilavs sinaTlis bunebas (ar akeTebs ara-
viTar daSvebas imis Sesaxeb Tu ra aris sinaTle), amitom moicavs optikuri
sakiTxebis SedarebiT viwro wres. geometriuli optikis ZiriTadi cnebaa
sinaTlis sxivis cneba, aseTad ki miiCneva sinaTlis gavrcelebis mimarTuleba.
ufro zustad, sinaTlis sxivi aris wiri, romelic uCvenebs sinaTlis energiis
gavrcelebis mimarTulebas.∗ optikuri xelsawyoebis moqmedeba daiyvaneba
sinaTlis sxivebis arekvla-gardatexisa da wrfivi gavrcelebis kanonebze.
f i z i k u ri o p t i ka , rogorc mecnieruli disciplina, Camoyalibda gaci-
lebiT gvian, me-17 saukuneSi. fizikuri optika garkveul daSvebas akeTebs si-
naTlis bunebis Sesaxeb da amitom moicavs optikuri movlenebis gacilebiT
farTo wres. unda aRiniSnos, rom fizikuri optika saSualebas iZleva ara
marto gamoviyvanoT geometriuli optikis kanonebi, aramed davadginoT maTi
gamoyenebis sazRvrebic.
optikuri movlenebis sirTulem ganapiroba is, rom istoriulad (TiT-
qmis erTdroulad) Camoyalibda ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego fizikuri Teoria:
sinaTlis korpuskuluri Teoria da sinaTlis talRuri Teoria.

∗
es maTematikuri abstraqciaa, vinaidan, difraqciis gamo SeuZlebelia sinaTlis nakadidan
sinaTlis usasrulod wvrili konis (`wiris~) gamoyofa. fizikis TvalsazrisiT sxivi aris
sasruli zomis, magram sakmaod viwro sinaTlis kona, romlis miRebis principul
SesaZleblobasac iZleva difraqciis movlena (ufro sworad, am viwro konebis RerZebi
miiCneva sxivebad). sinaTlis sxivis `danaxva~ SesaZlebelia kvamlian (an mtvrian) oTaxSi,
rodesac masSi viwro xvrelidan (WuWrutanidan) Sedis sinaTle.
164
 k o r p u s k u l u r i T e o r i i s fuZemdebelia didi ingliseli mecnieri niu-
toni. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTle aris nakadi umciresi nawilakebis – kor-
puskulebisa,∗ romlebic gamoedinebian mnaTi sxeulidan (`gamodinebis Teoria~).
sinaTlis korpuskulebis moZraobis analizisaTvis niutoni iyenebda mis mier-
ve Camoyalibebul meqanikis kanonebs. magaliTad, am nawilakebis inerciiT moZ-
raobiT aixsneboda sinaTlis wrfivi gavrceleba. am Teoriis mixedviT sinaT-
lis arekvla da gardatexa Sedegia mizidvisa da ganzidvis Zalebisa, romle-
bic aRiZvreba ori garemos gamyofi zedapiris Txel fenaSi. amasTan igulis-
xmeba, rom nawilakebi zedapirs ecemian `sxvadasxva faziT~. fazis zogierTi
mniSvnelobisaTvis isini ganizidebian zedapiris mier (arekvla), zogierTi
mniSvnelobisaTvis ki _ miizidebian (gardatexa). gardamtexi garemos mier si-
naTlis korpuskulebis mizidva ara marto ganapirobebs sinaTlis gardatexas,
aramed cvlis kidec mis siCqares. am warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT martivad
miiReba arekvlisa da gardatexis kanonebi, amasTan gardatexis kanonidan
gamomdinareobda, rom sinaTlis siCqare optikurad metad mkvriv garemoSi
ufro metia, vidre naklebad mkvrivSi, rac, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ar Seesaba-
meboda sinamdviles.∗∗ sinaTlis dispersias niutoni xsnida sinaTlis korpus-
kulebis sxvadasxva zomiT. igi Tvlida, rom wiTeli feris sinaTlis korpus-
kula yvelaze didia, iisferis ki – yvelaze patara. sxvadasxva zomis korpus-
kulebi sxvadasxvanairad gadaixrebian samwaxnaga prizmaSi gavlisas, rac gana-
pirobebs speqtris warmoqmnas. magram sinaTlis korpuskuluri Teoria ver
xsnida sinaTlis interferencias, difraqcias, sinaTlis sxivTa damoukideblo-
bis princips (Zneli asaxsneli iyo, Tu ratom ar moqmedeben erTmaneTze siv-
rceSi gadakveTili sinaTlis konebi _ sinaTlis korpuskulebi xom unda eja-
xebodnen erTmaneTs da ganicdidnen gabnevas da sxv.
ta lRu r i T eo ri i s fuZemdebelia holandieli mecnieri hiugensi. am
Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTle warmoadgens drekadi deformaciis talRas, rome-
lic vrceldeba msoflios eTerSi. eTeri hipotezuri garemoa, romelic avsebs

∗
sityva `korpuskula~ laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs nawilaks.
∗∗
1850 wlamde cnobili iyo sinaTlis siCqare mxolod vakuumSi, romelic gazoma danielma
mecnierma riomerma 1675 wels astronomiuli meTodiT, iupiteris erT-erT Tanamgzavr io s
dabnelebaze dakvirvebiT da miiRo daaxloebiT 300000 km/wm. aqve SevniSnoT, rom Tanamedrove
monacemebiT planetaSoris sivrceSi 1 sm3-ze modis saSualod erTi atomi, maSin rodesac
laboratoriul pirobebSi miRebuli yvelaze maRali vakuumis SemTxvevaSic ki 1 sm3-Si
milionze meti atomi an molekulaa.
165
mTel sivrces da aRwevs yvela (gamWvirvale) sxeulSi (ikavebs sxeulis nawi-
lakebs Soris arsebul Sualedebs). mas gaaCnia garkveuli meqanikuri Tvisebebi
_ drekadoba da simkvrive. amasTan eTeris simkvrive metismetad mcirea, riTac
aixsneba planetebis orbitebis praqtikuli ucvleloba.
sinaTlis talRuri TeoriiT advilad miiReboda arekvlisa da gardate-
xis kanonebi, amasTan gardatexis kanonidan gamomdinareobda, rom sinaTlis
siCqare optikurad metad mkvriv garemoSi naklebia, vidre naklebad mkvrivSi.
aseve advilad gasagebi iyo sinaTlis sxivTa damoukideblobis principi _
wylis zedapirze warmoqmnili talRebi xom ar urTierTqmedeben da Tavisuf-
lad gadian erTmaneTSi. Teoria xsnida interferenciisa da difraqciis movle-
nebs da sxva. magram sinaTlis talRuri Teoria ver xsnida sinaTlis wrfiv
gavrcelebas (wylis zedapirze warmoqmnili talRebi xom gars uvlian dab-
rkolebas), ferebis warmoqmnas, sinaTlis polarizacias (romelic, sxvaTa So-
ris, hiugensma aRmoaCina), vinaidan, hiugensis Tanaxmad, drekadi deformaciis
talRa iyo gaswvrivi∗ da sxv.
korpuskuluri Teoriis simartivem (ar saWiroebda hipotezur garemos)
da niutonis didma mecnierulma avtoritetma ganapiroba is, rom Tavdapirve-
lad, xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, am Teorias ufro meti mimdevari hyavda.
brZola am ori Teoriis momxreebs Soris saukuneze met xans gagrZelda
da dasrulda talRuri Teoriis sruli gamarjvebiT. am gamarjvebaSi didi ro-
li iTamaSa iungis da gansakuTrebiT frenelis Sromebma sinaTlis interfe-
renciasa da difraqciaSi. da mainc, saboloo da gamanadgurebeli dartyma si-
naTlis korpuskulurma Teoriam miiRo 1850-ian wlebSi, roca frangma fiziko-
sebma fizom da fukom daamuSaves sinaTlis siCqaris gazomvis laboratoriu-
li meTodebi da daadgines, rom sinaTlis siCqare wyalSi naklebia vidre vakuumSi.
am droidan moyolebuli, talRuri Teoriis sisworeSi da maSasadame,
msoflio eTeris arsebobaSi eWvi aravis ar epareboda, Tumca eTeris buneba
kvlav rCeboda gaurkveveli. yovelgvari cda, mieweraT eTerisaTvis iseTi
Tvisebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofda yvela cnobili optikuri movlenis
axsnas, marcxiT mTavrdeboda.

∗
polarizacia damaxasiaTebelia mxolod ganivi talRebisaTvis. drekadi ganivi talRebi ki
aRiZvreba da vrceldeba mxolod myar sxeulebSi.
166
 msoflio eTeris arsebobis sayovelTao aRiarebasTan erTad mecnierebis
winaSe daisva sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, waritaceba Tu ara igi moZravi sxeulebis
mier. Zneli iyo iseTi kavSiris warmodgena sxeulisa da eTeris nawilakebs
Soris, romelic uzrunvelyofda am watacebas, wayolas. magram Tu es ase ar
aris, e.i. Tu eTeri (absoluturad) uZravia, maSin sxeulebis moZraobisas masSi
unda warmoiSvas eTeris qari. amerikeli mecnieris maikelsonis mier
Catarebulma metad zustma eqsperimentebma (1881 w. da Semdgom) cxadyo, rom
sxeulebis, kerZod, dedamiwis moZraobisas, araviTari eTeris qari ar warmoiq-
mneba. miRebul iqna Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, ramac aiZula mecnierebi gadaesin-
jaT arsebuli warmodgenebi sivrcisa da drois kategoriebis Sesaxeb. am gada-
sinjvis Sedegi iyo ainStainis mier fardobiTobis Teoriis Seqmna, rac
Tanamedrove fizikis qvakuTxedia.∗
me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi maqsvelisa da hercis Sromebis Sedegad
dadginda sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri buneba, riTac moxda optikisa da eleq-
trodinamikis Serwyma, sinTezi.
eleqtromagnituri Teoriis Tanaxmad sinaTle aris eleqtromag-
nituri talRa. es talRa aris ganivi, rac niSnavs imas, rom talRaSi eleq-
truli velis daZabulobis da magnituri velis induqciis veqtorebi irxevian
erTmaneTis da talRis gavrcelebis υ siCqaris marTobulad (sur. 49.1).
sinaTlis eleqtromagnitur Teorias didi miRwevebi hqonda. man
brwyinvaled axsna im droisaTvis cnobili optikuri movlenebis umravlesoba
(sinaTlis interferencia, difraqcia, dispersia, polarizacia da sxv.). amitom,
sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri buneba iTvleboda uryevad TiTqmis me-19 saukunis
bolomde, Tumca am droisaTvis dagrovili iyo mTeli rigi sakiTxebi, romel-
sac es Teoria ver xsnida. am sakiTxTa ricxvs miekuTvneba fotoefeqti,
absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis speqtrSi energiis ganawileba da sxv.
sakiTxebis es jgufi aixsna sinaTlis kvanturi TeoriiT.
k v a n t u r i T e o r i i s fuZemdebelia germaneli mecnieri maqs planki, ro-
melmac dauSva (1900 w.) rom nivTierebis atomebi da molekulebi eleqtromagni-
tur energias asxiveben ara uwyvetad, e.i. ara talRis saxiT, aramed wyvetilad,
energiis calkeuli porciebis saxiT. energiis am calkeul porciebs kvantebi

∗
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove teqnikis iseTi dargebi, rogorebicaa birTvuli
energetika da elementaruli nawilakebis amaCqareblebis teqnika, am Teoriazea dafuZnebuli.
167
ewoda. mogvianebiT (1905 w), fotoefeqtis asaxsnelad, ainStainma dauSva, rom
nivTierebis mier eleqtromagnituri energiis STanTqmac xdeba calkeuli
porciebis anu kvantebis saxiT. optikuri diapazonis Sesabamis gamosxivebis
kvantebs f ot o n e bi ewoda. a m r i gad , k v a n tu r i T eo r i i s T a n ax m ad si -
n a T l e a r i s f o t o n e b i s n a k a d i . TiToeuli fotonis energia gamoiTvleba
formuliT: ε = hv , sadac h = 6,62 ⋅ 10 −34 j.wm aris plankis mudmiva, xolo v - rxe-
vis sixSire. fotoni sinaTlis gansakuTrebuli nawilakia, romelsac aqvs
energia, impulsi, magram ar gaaCnia uZraobis masa. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,
rom kvanturi Teoriis Seqmna da sinaTlis nawilakebze _ fotonebze warmod-
genis ganviTareba ar aris dabruneba wminda korpuskuluri Teoriisken, vi-
naidan kvantur TeoriaSi SenarCunda talRuri warmodgenebic: energiis kvanti
raodenobrivad gamoisaxeba rxevis sixSiris (talRis sigrZis) saSualebiT.
s i na T l i s d u a l i z m i : amrigad, ra aris sinaTle?
arsebobs sinaTlis ori Tamanedrove Teoria _ eleqtromagnituri da
kvanturi. eleqtromagnituri Teoriis Tanaxmad sinaTle aris eleqtromagni-
turi talRa. am TeoriiT aixsneba iseTi optikuri movlenebi, rogorebicaa in-
terferencia, difraqcia, polarizacia da sxv. kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad
sinaTle aris fotonebis nakadi. am TeoriiT aixsneba fotoefeqti, energiis ga-
nawileba absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis speqtrSi, luminescencia da
sxva (SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gavrcelebis dros sinaTle iqceva talRis msgav-
sad, xolo gamosxivebisa da STanTqmis dros _ nawilakebis nakadis msgavsad).
arcerT am Teorias ara aqvs upiratesoba meoris mimarT, vinaidan calke aRe-
buli vercerTi ver xsnis yvela optikur movlenas. es miuTiTebs imas, rom
sinaTles aqvs rTuli, ormagi buneba. sinaTlis bunebis o r m a g o ba s
s i n a T l i s d u a l iz m i e w o d e b a . ∗
sinaTlis dualizmi, rac ganapirobebs sinaTlis bunebis Sesaxeb ori
Teoriis arsebobas, erTgvari gamowvevaa mecnierebisadmi _ Seiqmnas sinaTlis
erTiani Teoria, romelSic asaxuli iqneba sinaTlis rogorc talRuri, aseve
kvanturi (korpuskuluri) buneba. am mimarTulebiT mimdinareobs intensiuri
muSaoba, Tumca erTiani Teoriis damuSaveba jer damTavrebuli ar aris.

∗
SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, fizikuri bunebis es ormagoba damaxasiaTebelia ara marto sinaTlisa-
Tvis, aramed nebismieri mikronawilakebisTvisac ($ ).
168
 Tavi VI

geometriuli optikis elementebi

$52. geometriuli optikis ZiriTadi kanonebi

geometriuli (anu sxivuri) o p t ik a aris o p t ik i s n a w i l i,

r o m e l ic S e i s w a v l i s s i n a T l i s sx iv Ta ga vr c ele b i s k a n o n e b s . ∗ jer
kidev sinaTlis bunebis garkvevamde cdebiT iyo dadgenili geometriuli opti-
kis oTxi ZiriTadi kanoni. esenia: sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebis kanoni, sinaT-
lis sxivTa konebis damoukideblobis kanoni (principi), sinaTlis arekvlis
kanoni da sinaTlis gardatexis kanoni. ganvixiloT mokled es kanonebi.
1. s i n a T l i s w r f i v i g a v r ce l e b i s k a n o n i . Tu Tvalsa da sinaT-
lis wyaros Soris raime gaumWvir sxeuls movaTavsebT, Cven sinaTlis wyaros
ver davinaxavT, rac imaze metyvelebs, rom e r T g v a r o v a n g a r e m o S i s i n a T -
le wr fi v a d v r ce ld e ba . sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebiT aixsneba Crdilisa
da naxevarCrdilis warmoqmna, agreTve mcire xvretis saSualebiT sagnis gamo-
saxulebis miReba.
Crdili, anu are, sadac ar xvdeba sinaTlis energia, miiReba mcire zomis
(`wertilovani~) S sinaTlis wyaros SemTxvevaSi (sur. 52.1 a), xolo naxevar-
Crdili anu aramkveTri Crdili (romelic gars akravs Crdils) miiReba roca
sinaTlis wyaro didi zomisaa (sur. 52.1 b).

S S

a b
sur. 52.1

∗
ufro zustad, geometriuli optikis amocanaa sinaTlis sxivis svlis dadgena iseT garemoSi,
romlisTvisac cnobilia n gardatexis maCveneblis damokidebuleba koordinatebze da
piriqiT _ gamWvirvale da amrekl garemoTa Tvisebebisa da formis dadgena cnobili sxivTa
svlis mixedviT.
169
 mcire xvretis saSualebiT sagnis gamosaxulebis miReba naCvenebia 52.2
suraTze. sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebis gamo AB sagnis TiToeuli wertili-
dan gamosuli sxivi E ekranze iZleva TiTo mnaT wertils, romelTa erTob-
lioba qmnis sagnis A ' B ' gamosaxulebas. gamosaxuleba Sebrunebulia.
magram aRmoCnda, rom Zalian mcire zo-
mis xvrelis SemTxvevaSi sinaTlis wrfivi
B gavrcelebis kanoni irRveva. marTlac, cda
A′
gviCvenebs, rom yvelaze kargi gamosaxuleba

B′ miiReba, roca xvrelis zoma daaxloebiT

A
0,5 mm-ia. xvrelis zomis TanadaTanobiTi Sem-
E cirebiT gamosaxuleba xdeba sul ufro
sur. 52.2
metad bundovani, Semdeg kargavs formas da
sagans aRar gavs, xolo roca zoma gaxdeba ≈0,0005 mm-is toli, gamosaxuleba
saerTod qreba da miiReba sustad, magram TiTqmis Tanabrad ganaTebuli
ekrani.∗ cxadia, aRwerili cdis Sedegi SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod imiT, rom Za-
lian viwro xvrelSi gavlisas irRveva sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebis kanoni.
e r T g v a ro v a n g a r e m o S i s i na T l i s wrf ivi ga v rcelebi s kan oni s dar-
R ve v a s d i f raq ci a e w ode b a . difraqciis movlenas Cven ganvixilavT VIII
TavSi.

vinaidan xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe 0,0005 mm-is rigisaa, ganxiluli cdis Sedegi
saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT geometriuli optikis gamoyenebis sazRvrebi: difraqciis
movlenis ugulvebelyofa da sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebis kanonis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia
manam, vidre xvrelis (an sagnis, romelsac ecema sinaTle) zoma gacilebiT metia sinaTlis
talRis sigrZeze.

2. sina Tl is sx iv Ta k o ne bi s da m ou k i de b lo b i s k an o ni . am kanonis
arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom sxivTa konebis gadakveTisas maTi urTierTqmedeba
ar xdeba, e.i. TiToeuli vrceldeba meoresgan damoukideblad ise, TiTqos gan-
saxilveli konis garda sxva konebi ar arsebobdes. marTlac, Tvalis badu-
raze miRebuli sagnis gamosaxuleba ar Seicvleba, Tu sinaTle, romelic qmnis
am gamosaxulebas, Tavis gzaze gadakveTs sinaTlis gverdiT konebs, romlebic
TvalSi ar xvdeba. aRmoCnda, rom es kanoni samarTliania mxolod wrfiv

∗
ekranis srul ganaTebamde miiReba bneli da naTeli koncentruli rgolebis erToblioba
($67).
170
optikaSi anu arc Tu Zalian didi intensivobis sinaTlis konebis SemTxvevaSi.∗
mZlavri lazeruli sxivebis gadakveTisas adgili aqvs maT urTierTqmedebas.
3. s i n aTl is a re k v lis kan o ni . uZvelesi droidan aris cnobili, rom
rodesac sinaTle ecema ori (gamWvirvale) garemos gamyof zedapirs, misi
nawili ukuigdeba zedapiris mier anu airekleba, nawili ki gadadis meore
garemoSi da vrceldeba Secvlili mimarTulebiT anu gardatydeba.
kuTxes dacemul sxivsa da (ori garemos gamyofi zedapirisadmi) dacemis
O wertilSi aRmarTul perpendikulars Soris dacemis kuTxe ewodeba (i1 ) , xo-
lo kuTxeebs arekvlil da gardatexil sxivebsa da imave perpendikulars So-
ris _ Sesabamisad arekvlisa da garda-

N texis kuTxeebi i1' () da (i2 ) (sur. 52.3).

arekvlis kanoni optikis erTerTi
S1 S′
uZvelesi kanonia (romelic cnobili iyo
′
i1 i1 I garemo jer kidev 300 wliT adre Cvens wel-
TaRricxvame) da mdgomareobs SemdegSi:
M O N
dacemuli s x iv i , arekvlili sxivi
i2 II garemo
da da c em i s wer t ilSi a R ma rTu li
S2 p er p e nd i k u l a r i e r T si b r t y eSi m d e -

sur. 52.3 ba r eo b s ; ∗ ∗ a r e k v l i s kuTxe dacemis

k uT xi s to li a i1 = i1' .

Tu sxivs davcemT S ' O mimarTulebiT, arekvlis kanonis Sesabamisad igi

gavrceldeba OS1 mimarTulebiT. e.i. d a c e m u l i da arekvlili sxivebi
u rT ie r T Se q ce v a di a .

∗
susti sinaTlis eleqtromagnitur velebTan ⎜ E ≤ 10
⎛ v ⎞
sm ⎟⎠
Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom
⎝
optikuri movlenebis (mag. STanTqmis) xasiaTi ar aris damokidebuli gamosxivebis
intensivobaze. aseT movlenebs wrfivi optikuri movlenebi ewodeba, xolo optikis nawils,
romelic Seiswavlis aseT optikur movlenebs _ wrfivi optika. wrfiv optikas safuZvlad
udevs is faqti, rom arsebobs wrfivi damokidebuleba polarizaciis veqtorsa da eleqtruli
velis daZabulobas Soris: P = kE . aqve SevniSnoT, rom arawrfivi optika dasabams iRebs 1960
wlidan, da dakavSirebulia sinaTlis mZlavri wyaros _ lazeris SeqmnasTan. lazeris
saSualebiT miiReba iseTi sinaTlis talRa, romelSic eleqtruli velis daZabuloba aRwevs
v
10 6 -s. SedarebisaTvis aRvniSnoT, rom dedamiwis zedapiris maxloblad mzis gamosxivebaSi
sm
v
eleqtruli velis daZabuloba E ≈ 7
sm
∗∗
am sibrtyes dacemis sibrtye ewodeba.
171
 ori garemos gamyofi zedapiris Tvisebebis mixedviT arekvlas SeiZleba hqones sarkuli
an gabneuli xasiaTi.
sarkuli arekvla ewodeba iseT arekvlas, rodesac zedapirze dacemuli
paraleluri sxivTa kona airekvleba erTi garkveuli mimarTulebiT (sur. 52.4 a). amas maSin
aqvs adgili, rodesac arekvla xdeba sarkuli zedapiridan, anu iseTidan, romlis uswormaswo-
robaTa zomebi sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze naklebia. Tavisi TvisebebiT sarkuls uaxlovdeba
kargad gaprialebuli liTonis zedapiri, gluvi minis zedapiri da sxv.
g a b n e u l i a n u d i f u z u r i arekvla ewodeba iseT arekvlas, roca areklili sxivebi
vrceldeba yvela mimarTulebiT (sur. 52.4 b). amas maSin aqvs adgili, roca arekvla xdeba
mqise, xorkliani zedapiridan, anu iseTidan, romlis uswormasworobaTa zomebi sinaTlis
talRis sigrZeze metia.
difuziuri gabnevis gamoa, rom Cven vxedavT sagnebs, romlebic TviTon ar asxiveben
sinaTles. aseTi ki Cven irgvliv arsebul saganTa udidesi umravlesobaa. mcire gabnevas
adgili aqvs gluvi zedapiridanac, mag. sarkidan da amitomaa, rom vxedavT sarkes.
absoluturad sarkuli zedapiri uxilavia. vxedavT mxolod misgan arekvlil sxivebs,
romlebic sinaTlis wyarodan ecema, anu vxedavT TviT sinaTlis wyaros.
ganvixiloT wertilis gamosaxulebis brtyel sarkeSi, anu iseT sibrtyeSi, romelic

a b
sur. 52.4
sinaTles sarkulad areklavs. vTqvaT, MN aris brtyeli sarke, xolo S _ mnaTi wertili.

ganvixiloT am wertilidan gamosuli ori sxivi _ SO da SO ' (sur. 52.5). arekvlis kanonis
gamoyenebiT miviRebT, rom arekvlili sxivebi aris ganSladi. am ganSladi sxivebis TvalSi
'
moxvedrisas adamians eCveneba, rom sinaTle gamodis am sxivebis gagrZelebis gadakveTis S

wertilidan. S ' wertili aris S wertilis gamosaxuleba brtyel sarkeSi. am gamosaxulebas

'
ewodeba warmosaxviTi, vinaidan S wertilSi ikveTeba ara TviT arekvlili sxivebi, aramed
' ' ' '
maTi gagrZelebebi. sinaTlis energia S wertils ar gadaecema. SMO da S MO tolobidan

gamomdinareobs, rom SM = S M , rac niSnavs, rom

'
S ' wertili sarkis mimarT S wertilis
simetriulia. cxadia amitom, rom brtyel sarkeSi sagnis gamosaxulebis misaRebad saWiroa
moinaxos am sagnis TiToeuli wertilix simetriuli wertili. sagnis gamosaxuleba brtyel
sarkeSi sididiT TviT sagnis zomisaa (sur. 52.6).

172
 S B

M O O' N M N

A′
B′
S′
sur. 52.5 sur. 52.6

4. s i n a T l is gardatexis kanoni. gardatexis kanoni dadginda

gacilebiT gvian, 1621 wels, holandieli mecnieris sneliusis mier da
mdgomareobs SemdegSi (sur. 52.3): d a c e m u l i s x i v i , g ar d a t e x i l i s x i v i d a
da c e m i s w er t il Si a Rm a r T ul i p erp e nd i k u l a r i erT s i br t y e S i
m d e b a r e o b s ; d a c e m i s k u T x i s s i n u s i s f a r d o ba g a r d a t e x i s k u T x i s
sinu s T an mo c emuli ori g ar e m o sa T v i s mudmivi sididea da mas
e w o de ba m e o r e g a r em o s g a r d a t e x i s m a C v en e b e l i p ir v el is m i m a r T :
sin i1
= n21 . (52.6)
sin i2
cda gviCvenebs, rom Tu sxivs davcemT S 2 O mimarTulebiT, gardatexis

Semdeg is gavrceldeba OS1 mimarTulebiT. e.i. da c em u li d a ga rdat e xi li

s x iv e b i u r T ie r T S e q c ev a d i a . urTierTSeqcevadobis safuZvelze SeiZleba
davweroT:
sin i2
= n12 . (52.7)
sin i1
(53.1) da (53.2) tolobebis Sedareba gvaZlevs:
1
. n21 = (52.8)
n12
mocemuli garemos gardatexis maCvenebels vakuumis mimarT ewodeba am
garemos a b s ol u t ur i ga rd a te xi s m aCv n e be l i . gardatexis absolutur
maCvenebels Rrma fizikuri Sinaarsi aqvs. igi gviCvenebs, Tu ramdenjer metia
sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqare vakuumSi (C ) vidre mocemul garemoSi (υ ) :
C
n= .
υ

173
 vinaidan haeris gardatexis maCvenebeli erTisagan umniSvnelod gansxvav-
deba (n = 1,0003) , amitom mocemuli garemos gardatexis maCvenebeli haeris mimar-
Tac miCneulia am garemo gardatexis absolutur maCveneblad.
davamyaroT damokidebuleba fardobiT
da absolutur gardatexis maCvenebels So-
i
haeri ris. SevadginoT naxazi da davweroT gar-
datexis kanonebi:
i1 i1 I garemo sin i sin i1 sin i2 1
= n1 ; = n21 ; = .
sin i1 sin i2 sin i3 n2
dadgenilia, rom yvela SemTxvevaSi
i2 i2
i3 = i , anu gamosuli sxivi dacemulis para-
II garemo
leluria. amis gaTvaliswinebiT samive to-
i3 haeri lobis erTmaneTze gadamravlebiT miviRebT:
n1 ⋅ n21 n
sur. 52.7 1=
, saidanac n21 = 2 ;
n2 n1
miRebuli Sedegis gaTvaliswinebiT gardatexis (52.1) kanoni miiRebs saxes
sin i1 n2
= . (52.9)
sin i2 n1
paragrafis bolos kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT, rom geometriuli optikis
kanonebi samarTliania wrfiv optikaSi da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca xvre-
lis an dabrkolebis zoma gacilebiT metia sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze.

$53. sinaTlis sruli Sinagani arekvla da misi gamoyeneba

wina paragrafSi miRebuli gardatexis kanoni (52.9) gadavweroT Semdeg-

nairad:
n1 sin i1 = n 2 sin i2 (53.1)
ori garemos erTmaneTTan Sedarebisas erT-erT maTgans, romlis absolu-
turi gardatexis maCvenebeli ufro metia, ewodeba op t ik u r a d m e ta d
m k v r ivi .
(53.1) formula gviCvenebs, rom Tu n1 < n2 , maSin i 2 < i1 da piriqiT, e.i. Tu
sxivi gadadis optikurad naklebad mkvrivi garemodan metad mkvrivSi,
gardatexili sxivi uaxlovdeba normals (sur. 53.1a) da piriqiT (sur. 53.1b).

174
 ganvixiloT es meore SemTxveva ufro dawvrilebiT, roca sxivi gaadadis
opitikurad metad mkvrivi garemodan naklebad mkvrivSi, vTqvaT, minidan haerSi
(sur. 53.2). suraTidan Cans, rom dacemis kuTxis TandaTanobiTi zrda iwvevs
gardatexis kuTxis Sesabamis zrdas (sur. 53.2 a,b). amitom cxadia, rom dacemis
kuTxis raRac i0 mniSvnelobis dros gardatexis kuTxe gaxdeba 90 –is toli,
anu gardatexili sxivi isrialebs ori garemos gamyof zedapirze (sur. 53.2 g).
Tu dacemis kuTxes kidev gavzrdiT,
i1 i1 gardatexili sxivi saerTod aRar iarse-
n1 n1 < n2 n1 n1 > n2 bebs, anu sxivi meore garemoSi ar gadava da
n2 n2 mTlianad airekvleba imave garemoSi
i2 i2
(sur.53.2d). am movlenas ewodeba sinaTlis
a b s r u l i S i na g a n i a r e k v l a. dacemis i0 ku-
sur. 53.1
Txes, romlis Sesabamisi gardatexis kuTxe
90 –ia, ewodeba sruli Sinagani arekvlis z R vru li k uTxe .
amrigad, srul Sinagan arekvlas rom hqondes adgili saWiroa Sesrul-
des ori piroba: 1. sxivi gadadiodes optikurad metad mkvrivi garemodan nak-
lebad mkvrivSi da 2. dacemis kuTxe iyos zRvrul kuTxeze meti.
sruli Sinagani
N N N N
arekvlis zRvrul kuTxes
i0
advilad gamoviTvliT.
n1 n1 > n2
n2 radgan am dros
90
gardatexis kuTxe = 90 ,
a b g d 1
amitom gveqneba: sin i0 = .
sur. 53.2 n
sruli Sinagani
arekvlis movlenas mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba aqvs. magaliTad, es movlena udevs
safuZvlad e.w. sruli Sinagani arekvlis prizmebis moqmedebas, romelTa
saSualebiTac xdeba sxivis mimarTulebis Secvla 90 da 180 -iT, gamosaxulebis
amotrialeba (sur. 53.3 a,b,g).

175
 sinaTlis sruli Sinagani arekvla gamoiyeneba
bo Wk ov an op tika Si sinaTlisa da gamosaxulebis
gadasacemad specialuri Suqsatarebis saSualebiT.
S u q s a t a r i warmoadgens cilindruli (an sxva) for-
mis minis wvril, moqnil Reros _ boWkos, romelsac
SeiZleba mivceT nebismieri forma. boWko dafarulia
gamWvirvale garsis Txeli feniT, romlis gardatexis
maCvenebeli naklebia minis gardatexis maCvenebelze.
mravaljeradi sruli Sinagani arekvlis Sedegad
sinaTle SesaZlebelia mivmarToT nebismierad mrud
gzaze (sur. 53.4), rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
Znelad misadgomi ubnebis gasanaTeblad, magaliTad,
sur.53.3
adamianis Sinagani organoebis dasamzerad.
boWkos mier gadacemuli sinaTlis energiis gasazrdelad unda gaizardos boWkos
ganivkveTi, magram es gamoiwvevs misi moqnilobis da maSasadame, gamoyenebis aris SezRudvas.
imisaTvis, rom boWkos moqnilobis Seumcireblad gazardon gadacemuli sinaTlis energia,
boWoebs kreben konebad e.w. CaliCebad.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos rom brilianti∗ Tavis gansakuTrebul brwyinva-

lebas unda umadlodes sinaTlis srul Sinagan arekvlas. brilianti warmoad-
gens almasis kristals, romelsac didi gardatexis maCvenebeli (n = 2,42) da

Sesabamisad, mcire zRvruli kuTxe α 0 = 24 ( ) aqvs. amitom briliantis Sesabami-

si (e.w. saiuveliro) dawaxnagebis SemTxvevaSi∗∗ sinaTlis didi nawili, rome-

lic ecema briliants yvela mxridan, mTlianad airekvleba da gamodis
briliantis zeda waxnagze (waxnagebze), ris
gamoc igi moCans moelvare, mbrwyinavi.
igive principi moqmedebs brolis Sem-
TxvevaSi, romelic warmoadgens Cveulebriv
sur. 53.4 minas tyviis danamatiT (gardatexis maCve-
neblis gasazrdelad).

∗
sityva franguli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs mbrwyinavs, elvares.
∗∗
aseTi dawaxnagebis SemTxvevaSi brilians aqvs 56 gverdiTi waxnagi.
176
 $54. sxivTa svla brtyel paralelur firfitaSi da samwaxnaga prizmaSi

vTqvaT, b r t y e l p ar a l e l u r f i r f i ta s , romlis sisqea d , A wertil-

Si ecema sxivi i1 kuTxiT. igi gardatydeba ufro naklebi, i2 kuTxiT (sur. 54.1).
vinaidan firfitis waxnagebi paraleluria, gardatexili sxivi qveda waxnags
B wertilSi daecema imave i2 kuTxiT da sxivTa Seqcevadobis gamo gardat-
ydeba i1 kuTxiT. amrigad, brtyel paralelur firfitaSi gavlisas sxivi mimar-
Tulebas ar icvlis, igi mxolod gadaad-

N gildeba TavisTavis paralelurad.

gadaadgilebis l sidides advilad
i1
gamoviTvliT. marTlac ΔABK -dan
A BK = l = AB sin (i1 − i2 ) ; xolo ΔABC -dan
i2
d sin (i1 − i2 )
d i2 K AB = ; amitom l=d . miRebuli
cos i2 cos i2
formula gviCvenebs, rom sxivis gadaadgi-
C B
i1 leba miT naklebia, rac naklebia firfi-
l tis sisqe da sxivis dacemis kuTxe ( l ram-
sur. 54.1 denadme damokidebulia firfitis garda-
texis maCvenebelzec, romelic gansa-
zRvravs gardatexis kuTxes).
axla ganvixiloT s x iv T a sv la sa m wa xna ga p riz ma S i . mocemulia
ABC samwaxnaga prizma, romlis gardatexis maCvenebelia n , xolo gardamtexi
kuTxe _ α . vTqvaT, prizmis AB wax-
nags ecema sxivi i1 kuTxiT. igi gar-

datydeba i2 kuTxiT, i 2 < i1 vinaidan

sxivi gadadis naklebad mkvriv ga-
remodan metad mkvrivSi (haeridan mi-
naSi). gardatexili sxivi ecema BC
waxnags i1' kuTxiT da gardatydeba i2'

kuTxiT (sur. 54.2). i2' > i1' , vinaidan

sxivi gadadis metad mkvrivi garemo-
sur. 54.2
dan naklebad mkvrivSi. amrigad,
177
samwaxnaga prizmaSi gavlisas, sxivi, orgzis gardatexis Sedegad, ixreba fu-
Zisken. advilia Cveneba (ix. petitis teqsti), rom daxris kuTxe δ = α (n − 1) (54.1).
e.i. daxra miT metia, rac metia prizmis gardamtexi kuTxe da gardatexis
maCvenebeli.
marTlac, suraTidan Cans, rom sxivis daxris kuTxe δ ori nawilisagan Sedgeba:

δ = δ1 + δ 2 , sadac δ1 aris sxivis daxris kuTxe AB waxnagze gardatexisas, xolo δ 2 − BC

waxnagze gardatexisas. magram δ 1 = i1 − i2 , xolo δ 2 = i2' − i1' , amitom δ = i1 − i2 + i2' − i1' ;

sin i1 sin i1' 1

davweroT gardatexis kanonebi: = n; = ; davuSvaT, kuTxeebi imdenad mcirea, rom
sin i2 sin i2' n
maTi sinusebi SeiZleba Seicvalos uSualod kuTxeebiT (amas adgili aqvs Txeli prizmis

i1 i2'
SemTxvevaSi): =n da = n. maSin i1 = ni2 , xolo i2' = ni2' da
i2 i1'

δ = i2 (n − 1) + i1' (n − 1) = (n − 1)(i2 + i1' ) . davakavSiroT i2 + i1' prizmis gardamtex α kuTxesTan.

π π
suraTidan Cans, rom α + ∠BOO ' + ∠BO ' O = π . magram ∠BOO ' = − i2 , ∠BO ' O = − i1' . amitom
2 2
π π
α+ − i2 + − i1' = π , saidanac α = i2 + i1' da δ = α (n − 1) rac Tanxvdeba (54.1)-s.
2 2

$55. linza. linzis fokusi. optikuri Zala.

wertilis gamosaxulebis ageba linzaSi

op tik u ri linza ∗ e wo de b a s in a Tl i sa T v i s ga m Wv irv a l e sxe u l s

( u mT av re sa d m ina , agreTv e p la stmasa da sxva dasxv a k r istal e bi) ,
r om e l ic or i mxridan S e m o saz Rv r uli a sfe r u l i an sxva mrude
z ed a p ir iT .∗∗ erT-erTi zedapiri SeiZleba brtyeli iyos.
linzas, romlis Sua nawili ufro ganieria, vidre napirebi, amozneqili
ewodeba da piriqiT _ Tu linzis napirebi ufro ganieria vidre Sua nawili,
igi Cazneqilia. 55.1 suraTze mocemulia sxvadasxva formis amozneqili (1,2,3)

∗
arsebobs sxva saxis linzebic, magaliTad e l e q t r o n u l i l i n z a _ mowyobiloba, romelic
gamoiyeneba eleqtronuli konis fokusirebisaTvis; g e o l o g i u r i l i n z a _ ase ewodeba
qanebisa da madneuli sxeulebis formas, romelic kideebisaken swrafad Txeldeba da
isoleba.
∗∗
arsebobs cilindruli da sxva mrude zedapirebiT SemosazRvruli optikuri linzebic. Cven
maT ar ganvixilavT.
178
da Cazneqili (4,5,6) linzebi. linzis Sua wertils linzis optikuri centri
ewodeba. yvelanairi formis linzis Sua nawili warmoadgens brtyelparale-
lur firfitas, amitom, T xe l i li n zi s SemTxvevaSi, optikur centrze gama-
vali sxivi praqtikulad ar gardatydeba. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom linzas ewodeba
Txeli, Tu misi sisqe gacilebiT naklebia linzis sferuli zedapirebis
simrudis R1 da R2 radiuseb-
ze. SemdgomSi Cven yovelTvis
Txel linzas vigulisxmebT.
nebismier wrfes, rome-
lic gadis linzis optikur
centrze, o p ti k u r i R er Z i
( o pt i k u r i T a na R e r Z i ) ewo-
deba ( AOA' da BOB ' wrfeebi), xolo optikur RerZs, romelic gadis linzis
sferuli zedapirebis simrudis O1 da O2 centrebze _ m T a v a r i o p t i k u r i
R er Z i (sur. 55.2). cxadia, rom mTavari optikuri RerZi linzas erTi aqvs, op-
tikuri TanaRerZi ki uamravi).
rogorc aRvniSneT, optikuri RerZis Tan- A B'
xvedrili sxivi linzaSi gardatexis gareSe gaiv-
lis optikuri RerZis paraleluri sxivebi amoz- O
neqil linzaSi gavlis Semdeg ikribeba Cazneqil O2 O1

linzaSi gavlis Semdeg ki _ ganibneva. es imiT

aixsneba rom amozneqili linza warmoadgens fu- B A'
sur. 55.2
ZeebiT midgmul samwaxnaga prizmebis erTobli-
obas, Cazneqili ki _ wveroebiT midgmuls (sur. 55.3) Cven ki vnaxeT ($54), rom
samwaxnaga prizmaSi gavlisas sxivi fuZisken ixreba.
amrigad, yvela amozneqili linza Semkrebia, yvela Cazneqili ki _
gambnevi. miRebulia Semkreb linzas ewodos dadebiTi, gambnevs ki _ uaryofiTi.
wertils, romelSic ikribeba mTavari optikuri RerZis paraleluri
sxivebi Semkreb linzaSi gavlis Semdeg m T a v a r i f o k u s i ewodeba, aRiniSneba
F-iT (sur. 55.3 a). manZils linzis optikuri centridan fokusamde fokusur i
m a nZ i l i ewodeba. fokusuri manZilic F-iT aRiniSneba. linzas meore mTavari

179
fokusic aqvs romelic moTavsebulia mis meore mxares da daSorebulia imave
manZiliT (Tu garemo orive mxares erTnairia).
EmTavari optikuri RerZis marTobulad fokusSi gamaval sibrtyes foka-
luri sibrtye ewodeba (MN). optikuri TanaRerZis paraleluri sxivebi linza-
Si gavlis Semdeg ikribebian fokaluri sibrtyis F ' wertilSi, romelsac fo-
kusi (,,Tanafokusi~) ewodeba (sur. 55.4).

gambnevi linzidan gamosul ganSlad sxivebs Tu SevxedavT, mogveCveneba,

rom sinaTle gamodis am sxivebis ga gr Z e lebi s gadakveTis wertilidan
(sur. 55.3 b). mas gambnevi linzis mTavari w a r m o s a xv i T i f o k u s i ewodeba
(amiT xazgasmulia misi gansxvaveba `namdvili~ fokusisagan, romelic miiReba
Semkrebi linzidan gamosuli sxivebis gadakveTis Sedegad). Semkrebi linzis
msgavsad, gambnev linzasac aqvs meore warmosaxviTi mTavari fokusi, romelic
mis meore mxaresaa moTavsebuli. Semkrebi linzis fokusuri manZili dadebi-
Tia, gambnevis _ uaryofiTi. cxadia, rom linzis fokusuri manZili damokide-
buli unda iyos linzis sakuTar Tvisebebze _ misi masalis gardatexis maCve-
nebelze da SemomsazRvreli sferuli
N zedapirebis R1 da R2 radiusebze. SeiZ-
leba Cveneba, rom es damokidebuleba
mocemulia TanafardobiT:
F F ⎛ 1 ⎞
= (n − 1)⎜⎜ +
1 1
⎟⎟ , an
F ⎝ R1 R2 ⎠
F’ R1 R2
F= . (55.1)
(n − 1)(R1 + R2 )
(55.1) gviCvenebs, rom rac naklebia
M
sur. 55.4 R1 da R2 (e.i. rac ufro amozneqilia

180
linza) da metia n , miT naklebia F .
sxvadasxva linzebis optikuri Tvisebebis dasaxasiaTeblad, maT Soris
saTvalis minebis klasifikaciisaTvis, sargebloben optikuri Zalis cnebiT.
l i nz i s o p t ik u r i Z a l a e w o de b a m i s i f o k u s u r i m a n Z i l i s S e b -
1
r un e bu l si d id e s: D= .
F
rac naklebia F , miT ufro Zlierad gardatexs linza sxivebs da miT me-
tia misi optikuri Zala. maSasadame, optikuri Zala aris linzis gardatexis
unaris maCvenebeli.
fokusuri manZilis niSnis Sesabamisad, Semkrebi linzis optikuri Zala
dadebiTia, gambnevis _ uaryofiTi.
optikuri Zalis erTeulia dioptri. d i o p t r i aris iseTi linzis
o p t i k u r i Z a l a, r o m l i s f o k us u r i m a n Z i l i e r T i m e t r i a . (ase magali-
Tad, Semkrebi linzis optikuri Zala, romlis fokusuri manZilia 20 sm, aris 5
dioptri).
ganvixiloT (mnaTi) wertilis gamosaxulebis ageba Semkreb linzaSi. Teo-
riulad mtkicdeba da cdac adasturebs, rom erTi mnaTi wertilidan gamosu-

N
A
S
'
F

S F F S' F F

S'
M
a b
sur. 55.5
li paraqsialuri sxivebi∗ linzaSi gavlis Semdeg ikribeba isev erT wertil-
Si, romelsac mnaTi wertilis gamosaxuleba ewodeba. amitom, wertilis gamo-
saxulebis asagebad sakmarisia vipovoT misgan gamosuli Tundac ori sxivis
gadakveTis wertili maTi linzaSi gavlis Semdeg. aseT or sxivad, rogorc
wesi, iReben e.w. `mosaxerxebel~ sxivebs, anu iseT sxivebs, romelTa svla lin-
zaSi cnobilia. esenia: 1. sxivi, romelic vrceldeba optikuri RerZis gaswvriv
da maSasadame, gardatexas ar ganicdis da 2. (mTavari) optikuri RerZis

∗
sxivebi, romlebic iptikur RerZTan mcire kuTxeebs adgenen.
181
paraleluri sxivi, romelic linzaSi gardatexis Semdeg gadis (mTavar)
fokusSi. (55.5) suraTze naCvenebia mTavar optikur RerZze (a) da mis gareT (b)
moTavsebuli S wertilis gamosaxulebis (S ' ) ageba.
rodesac wertili moTavsebulia mTavar optikur RerZze, saqmes aZnelebs
is, rom orive mosaxerxebeli sxivi erTiandeba da mTavar optikur RerZs
emTxveva. amitom, wertilidan gamosuli sxivis svlis dasadgenad saWiro
xdeba optikuri TanaRerZis gavleba.

$56. linzis formula. gamosaxulebis ageba linzaSi.

rogorc wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT, sagnis romelime erTi wertilidan

gamosuli paraqsialuri sxivebi linzaSi gavlis Semdeg agreTve erT wer-
tilSi ikveTeba. linzis swored es Tviseba ganapirobebs misi saSualebiT sag-
nis nebismieri wertilisa da, maSasadame, mTeli sagnis gamosaxulebis miRebas.
sagnis gamosaxulebis misaRebad sakmarisia avagoT misi ori kidura A
da B wertilis gamosaxuleba (sur. 56.1), risTvisac viyenebT CvenTvis cnobil
mosaxerxebel sxivebs. xSirad sagans aTavseben optikur RerZs zemoT, rogorc
es sur. 56.2-zea warmodgenili.

Txeli linzis Tvisebebi ZiriTadad misi fokusebis ganlagebiT gani-

sazRvreba. es niSnavs, rom Tu viciT linzis fokusuri manZili (F ) da manZili

sagnidan linzamde (d ) , gavigebT manZils gamosaxulebidan linzamde (f ) ise,

rom ar dagvWirdeba sxivebis svlis ganxilva linzaSi. formulas, romelic
amyarebs damokidebulebas d, F da f sidideebs Soris, linzis formula

ewodeba. miviRoT igi. amisaTvis mivmarToT 56.2 suraTs, romelzedac A ' B ' aris
AB sagnis gamosaxuleba.

182
 suraTidan Cans, rom FOC da FA ' B ' marTkuTxa samkuTxedebi msgavsia, ris
gamoc SeiZleba daiweros Tanafardoba
OC OF
' '
= . (56.1)
AB FA '
aseve, ABO da A' B 'O marTkuTxa samkuTxedebis msgavsebidan
gamomdinareobs Tanafardoba

AB AO
' '
= ' . (56.2)
AB AO
magram AB = OC , ris gamoc (56.1) da (56.2) tolobebis marcxena nawilebi

tolia, amitom toli iqneba maTi marjvena nawilebic:

OF AO
'
= ' .
FA AO
magram OF = F , FA = f − F ; AO = d da A ' O = f ; amitom gveqneba
'

F d
= ,
f −F f
saidanac
fF + Fd = fd .
miRebuli tolobis gayofiT fFd namravlze miviRebT li nzis
f o r m u l a s:
1 1 1
+ = . (56.3)
d f F
d, f da F manZilebis aTvla xdeba linzis optikuri centridan.
amozneqili linzis SemTxvevaSi d da F sidideebi yovelTvis dadebiTia, f -is
sidide ki warmosaxviTi gamosaxulebis SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTia. igi aiTvleba
linzis centridan imave mxares, saiTac d. gambnevi linzis SemTxvevaSi
uaryofiTia rogorc f , aseve F .

183
 1
Tu 56.3-Si SevitanT -is mniSvnelobas (55.1)-dan, miviRebT linzis
F
z o g a d formulas:

⎛ 1 1 ⎞
+ = (n − 1)⎜⎜ +
1 1
⎟⎟ .
d f ⎝ 1
R R 2 ⎠
g a m os a x u l e b i s wrfivi zo m i s Sefardeba s sa gnis wrfiv
z om a sTa n l i n z is w r f i v i g a m a d id e blo ba ew od eb a .

A' B ' f
K=, an (56.2)-is Tanaxmad, K = .
AB d
ganvixiloT amozneqil linzaSi gamosaxulebis agebis sxvadasxva Sem-
Txvevebi. unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs sagnis (da, maSasadame, gamosaxulebi-
sac) mdebareobis mxolod eqvsi gansxvavebuli varianti. gamosaxulebis mdeba-
reoba ganvsazRvroT rogorc geometriuli agebiT, ise analizurad _ linzis
formulis gamoyenebiT. amisaTvis linzis formulas vucvaloT saxe:
1 1 1 1 1 1 d−F
+ = , an = − = ,
d f F f F d Fd
saidanac
Fd F
f = =. (56.4)
d−FF
1−
F d
O 1. sagani moTavsebulia usasruloba-
F
Si, e.i. d = ∞ . maSin = 0 da (56.4)-is Ta-
d
naxmad f = F . e.i. Tu sagani mdebareobs
f
usasrulobaSi, gamosaxuleba miiReba fokusSi. gamadidebloba K= = 0.
d
marTlac, usasrulod daSorebuli sagnidan wamosuli sxivebi paralelurni
arian, romlebic linzaSi gavlis Semdeg ikveTebian fokusSi.
2. sagani mdebareobs ormag fo-
B kuss gareT (Cveulebriv, aseTi mdebare-
F A ' 2F oba aqvs sagans fotografirebis dros):
A 2F F O
F 1 F 1
B’ d > 2 F . maSin < , 1− > da f < 2 F .
d 2 d 2

184
 f
K= < 1 . e.i. Tu sagani mdebareobs ormag fokuss gareT, gamosaxuleba miiReba
d
ormag fokuss SigniT. gamosaxuleba aris namdvili, Sebrunebuli da Semcire-
buli.
3. sagani mdebareobs ormag fokus-
B
F 1 F 1
A F 2F Si: d = 2F . maSin = , 1− = da
' d 2 d 2
2F F O A
B' f
f = 2F . K = = 1 . e.i. Tu sagani mdebare-
d
obs ormag fokusSi, gamosaxulebac miiReba ormag fokusSi. gamosaxuleba aris
namdvili, Sebrunebuli da imave zomis.
4. sagani mdebareobs fokussa da
B
ormag fokuss Soris. d < 2F . maSin
F 2F A '
F 1 F 1 f
2F A F O > , 1− < da f > 2 F . K = > 1 . e.i.
d 2 d 2 d
B' Tu sagani mdebareobs ormag fokuss
SigniT, gamosaxuleba miiReba ormag fokuss gareT. gamosaxuleba aris
namdvili, Sebrunebuli da gadidebuli (me-4-e SemTxveva me-2-is Seqcevadia).
5. sagani mdebareobs fokusSi: d = F .
F F f
maSin = 1 , 1 − = 0 da f =∞. K = = ∞.
F d d d
F O e.i. Tu sagani mdebareobs fokusSi, gamo-
saxuleba miiReba usasrulobaSi. mar-
Tlac, rogorc agebidan Cans, linzidan
gamodis paraleluri sxivebi, romlebic ar gadaikveTeba (an, rogorc maTema-
tikaSia miRebuli, gadaikveTeba usasrulobaSi).
6. sagani mdebareobs fokuss SigniT:
'
B F F
d < F . maSin > 1 , 1 − < 0 da f < ∞ .. es
d d
B
' niSnavs imas, rom gamosaxuleba mdebareobs
A F
linzis imave mxares, sadac sagania moTav-
F A O
sebuli, anu igi warmosaxviTia. es kargad
Cans agebidanac. e.i. roca sagani moTavsebu-

185
lia fokuss SigniT, gamosaxuleba miiReba warmosaxviTi, pirdapiri da
gadidebuli.
ga mosa xule bi s ag eba Ca zneq il
l in z a S i .
rogorc agebidan Cans, Cazneqil
linzaSi gamosaxuleba yovelTvis (sadac
ar unda mdebareobdes sagani) miiReba
warmosaxviTi, pirdapiri da Semcirebuli.

$57. linzis (optikuri sistemebis) defeqtebi.

wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, rom paraqsialuri sxivebis SemTxvevaSi gamosa-

xuleba miiReba yovelgvari damaxinjebis gareSe, rac imis Sedegia, rom sagnis
yovel wertils (`wertilovan sagans~) Seesabameba wertilovani gamosaxuleba.
aseT gamosaxulebas st i g m a t u r i e w o de ba .∗ magram paraqsialur sxivebTan
saqme gvaqvs mcire zomis linzebis SemTxvevaSi. maTi gamoyeneba ki qmnis gar-
kveul uxerxulobas, vinaidan mcire zomis linza atarebs mcire sinaTlis na-
kads da ekranis an fotofiris ganaTeba miiReba susti. amitom praqtikaSi
Cveulebriv iyeneben didi zomis linzebs. es ki iwvevs sxivebis paraqsialuro-
bis darRvevas, ris gamoc gamosaxuleba miiReba sxvadasxva damaxinjebiT. yvela
es damaxinjeba gaerTianebulia erTi saxelwodebiT _ `linzis defeqtebi~.
ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
1. s f e r u l i a b e r a c ia .∗∗ am damaxinjebis arsi advilad gaigeba $54-Si
miRebuli formulis saSualebiT:
δ = α (n − 1) (57.1)
sadac δ aris samwaxnaga prizmaSi gavlisas sxivis daxris kuTxe, α _
prizmis gardamtexi kuTxe, n _ prizmis masalis gardatexis maCvnebeli. viciT,
rom amozneqili linza warmoadgens fuZeebiT midgmuli samwaxnaga prizmebis

∗
stigma berZnulad niSnavs wertils. stigmaturi, e.i. wertilovani. Sesabamisad astigmaturis
niSnavs arawertilovans. gamosaxuleba astigmaturia, e.i. damaxinjebulia.
∗∗
sityva aberacia laTinuri warmoSobisaa da niSnavs gadaxras, gadaxvevas. optikuri
xelsawyoebis SemTxvevaSi aberacia niSnavs g a m o s a x u l e b i s gabundovanebas an
d a m a x i n j e b a s . aqve aRvniSnoT, rom astronomiaSi aberacia niSnavs cis TaRze varskvlavebis
moCvenebiT gadaxras, rac gamowveulia dedamiwis moZraobiT.
186
erTobliobas, romelTa gardamtexi kuTxeebi centridan wverosaken moZraobi-
sas ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. es ki iwvevs imas, rom linzis sxvadasxva nawilebSi
dacemuli sxivebi sxvadasxvanairad gar-
datydeba da gamosaxuleba optikur Rer-
Zze miiReba ara wertilovani, aramed
S
''' '' '
S ' S ''' wrfis saxiT (sur. 57.1). xolo Rer-
S S S
Zis marTobulad moTavsebul ekranze
gamosaxulebas eqneba araTanabrad gana-

sur. 57.1 Tebuli diskos saxe. damaxinjebis am sa-

xes ewodeba sferuli aberacia, Tumca igi damaxasiaTebelia ara marto
sferuli zedapirebisaTvis.
2. q ro m a t u l i a b e r a ci a . am damaxinjebis aucileblobac gamomdinare-
obs (57.1) formulidan, romlis Tanaxmadac δ damokidebulia gardatexis maCve-
nebelze. cnobilia, rom TeTri sinaTle rTulia da is Sedgeba Svidi
sxvadasxva ferisagan. sxvadasxva feris sxivebi prizmaSi gavlisas sxvadasxva-
nairad gardatydebian _ yvelaze metad gardatydeba iisferi, yvelaze nakle-
bad _ wiTeli. sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTlis fers
gansazRvravs talRis sigrZe. e.i. gardatexis maCvenebeli damokidebuli
yofila talRis sigrZeze:
n = f (λ ) . (57.2)
(57.2) formulas ewodeba dispersiis formula, xolo TeTri sinaTlis
ferebad daSlas prizmaSi gavlisas _ dispersiis movlena. cxadia, rom Tu
linzas daeca TeTri sinaTle, moxdeba misi ferebad gaSla _ yvelaze
Zlierad gardatydeba iisferi, yvelaze sustad _ wiTeli (sur. 57.2), ris gamoc
wertilis gamosaxuleba optikur RerZze miiReba ara wertilis, aramed
garkveuli sigrZis Seferadebuli wrfis saxiT, xolo RerZis marTobulad
dayenebul ekranze _ feradi rgolebis saxiT. gamosaxulebis damaxinjebis
ganxilul saxes ewodeba qromatuli aberacia. rogorc sferul, aseve
qromatul aberacias ebrZvian imiT, rom iyeneben ara erT linzas, aramed
sxvadasxva saxis Semkrebi da gambnevi linzebis kombinacias.

187
 3. a st i gm a ti z m i . sferuli abera-
cia aris kerZo SemTxveva linzis (opti-
kuri sistemis) ufro zogadi defeqtisa
(damaxinjebuli gamosaxulebis miRebisa),
S wiTeli
iisferi romelsac astigmatizmi ewodeba. a st ig -
matizmi imis S e d e g ia , rom si-
n a T l i s t a l R i s s fe r u l i z e d a p ir i
sur. 57.2 optikur s i st em a S i g a vl i s Se m d e g
d ef or m ir de b a da kargavs sferulobas.
ansxvaveben astigmatizmis or saxes. pirveli miiReba maSin, roca sxivebi,
romlebic ecemian linzas, mTavar optikur RerZTan adgenen did (30-40°)
kuTxeebs (iribi sxivebis astigmatizmi).
ganvixiloT gardatexa sxivebisa, romlebic gamodian linzis mTavari op-
tikuri RerZidan moSorebiT moTavsebuli S wyarodan (sur. 57.3). gardatexamde
sxivebi vrceldebian S wertilidan radiusebis gaswvriv (homocentruli sxi-
vebi) da maTdami marTobuli talRuri zedapirebi mkacrad sferulia. gardate-
xis Semdeg ki zedapiri kargavs sferul formas da iZens ornair simrudes.
talRuri zedapiris ornairi simrudis gamo linzidan gamosuli sinaTlis ko-
na kargavs homocentrulobas da ikribeba ara erT wertilSi, aramed erTmane-
Tisagan daSorebul urTierT-
marTob S ' da S '' monakveTebze.
Tu S ' da S '' monakveTebs So-
ris, an maT gareT, sxivis mar-
sur. 57.3 Tobulad movaTavsebT ekrans,
masze miviRebT arawesieri
formis bundovan laqas, romelic gadadis horizontalur S ' monakveTSi, roca
ekrans gadavanacvlebT marcxniv, am wiris moTavsebis adgilas da S ''
vertikalur monakveTSi, roca ekrans gadavaadgilebT marjvniv.
astigmatizmis meore saxes adgili aqvs maSin, roca darRveulia TviT
optikuri sistemis (RerZuli) simetria sinaTlis konis mimarT. amas adgili
aqvs, magaliTad, cilindruli linzis SemTxvevaSi. Tu cilindrul L linzas
davcemT mTavari optikuri RerZis paralelur sxivTa konas, maSin, vinaidan

188
linza sxivebs gardatexs mxolod cilindris
msaxvelis marTobulad, linzis fokalur si-
brtyeSi moTavsebul Э ekranze miiReba wrfe
da ara wertili, romelic miiReboda linza
rom sferuli yofiliyo (sur. 57.4). Tu aseTi
linzis saSualebiT gamovsaxavT ekranze
wvrili mavTulisagan damzadebul kvadra-
sur. 57.4
tul ujredebian bades (sur. 57.5 a), ekranze
ufro mkveTrad gamoCndeba cilindris msaxvelis paraleluri wirebi
(sur.57.5b).
asigmatizmis Tavidan asacileblad qmnian rTul optikur sistemebs,∗
romlebic Seicavs iseT linzebs, rom xdeba maT mier warmoqmnili astigmatiz-
mis urTierTkompensireba. astigmatizmisagan Tavisufal aseT sistemebs a n as -
t ig ma t eb i ewodeba.
astigmatizmi damaxasiaTebelia adamianis TvalisTvisac, rac imiT das-
turdeba, rom adamiani ver xedavs Tanabrad mkveTrad urTierTmarTobi wirebis
sistemas gamosacdel tabloze. Tvalis astigmatizmi
ganpirobebulia Tvalis Suqmtexi aparatis naklo-
vanebiT da gamowveulia rqovanas, ufro iSviaTad
brolis, uTanabro simrudiT. mxedvelobis am naklis
nawilobrivi an sruli gamosworeba SesaZlebelia
a b
cilindrul minebiani saTvaliT an kontaqturi linzebiT. sur. 57.5

$58. Tvali. mxedveloba

58.1. suraTze mocemulia adamianis Tvalis horizontaluri Wrili. Tvals

TiTqmis sferos forma qvs. misi diametri daaxloebiT 2,5 sm-ia.∗∗ Tvalis kaka-
li garedan garSemortymulia sami garsiT. gareTa, myar da mtkice, TeTri fe-
ris, sinaTlisadmi gaumWvir (1) garss ewodeba sklera da igi icavs Tvalis Si-
ga nawils meqanikuri dazianebisagan. wina nawilSi sklera amoburculi da

∗
Txeli linza warmoadgens umartives optikur sistemas.
∗∗
zrdasruli adamianis `Tvalis sigrZe~ (wina-ukana zoma) saSualod 24,3 mm-ia, horizontaluri
zoma _ 23,6 mm, xolo vertikaluri _ 23,4 mm.
189
 gamWvirvalea da mas rqovana ewodeba (2).
igi TamaSobs erTgvari sarkmlis rols,
romlis gavliTac sinaTle xvdeba xvde-
ba TvalSi. sklerasa da rqovanas saz-
Rvarze mdebareobs e.w. Slemis arxi,∗
romliTac TvalSiga siTxe gareT gamoe-
dineba. am arxis daxSoba iwvevs Tvalis
Siga wnevis momatebas, rasac moyveba
Tvalis mZime daavadeba _ g l a u k o m a .
skleras Sida mxridan akravs sisxlZar-
Rvovani garsi (8), romelic mofenilia
sur. 58.1 Tvalis masazrdoebeli sisxlZarRvebiT.
es meore garsi Tvalis wina nawilSi ga-
dadis ferad garsSi anu irisSi (3), romelic sxvadasxva adamianebSi sxvadasxva
feradaa Seferili da maSasadame, ganapirobebs adamianis Tvalis fers. feradi
garsis centrSi aris xvreti _ guga (4), romlis diametri ferad garsSi arse-
buli kunTebis saSualebiT refleqsurad (e.i. gonebis Caurevlad, uneburad)
icvleba 2mm-dan (Zlieri ganaTebis dros), 8 mm-mde (susti ganaTebis dros).∗∗
Tvalis mesame, yvelaze SigniTa garsia badura anu badisebri garsi (9),
romelic warmoadgens mxedvelobis nervis (10) ganStoebebs Cxirebis an kolbe-
bis saxis nervuli daboloebebiT. isini warmoadgens sinaTlis aRmqmel ele-
mentebs (receptorebs) _ sinaTlis mier am daboloebaTa gaRizianeba CvenSi iw-
vevs sinaTlis SegrZnebas.∗∗∗ baduras naxevarsferos forma aqvs _ igi faravs
Tvalis mTel fskers, garda misi wina nawilisa. mxedvelobis nervis gamos-
vlis adgilas (11) sinaTlisadmi mgrZnobiare ujredebi ar aris. am adgil brma
laqa (brma xali) ewodeba. brma laqis maxloblad safeTqlis mxrisken, aris
yviTeli laqa (yviTeli xali), romelic centrSi CaRrmavebulia (12). yviTeli
laqa da gansakuTrebiT misi Rrmuli, sinaTlisadmi yvelaze mgrZnobiare adgi-
lebia baduraze (yviTeli laqis horizontaluri zomaa 1-3 mm, vertikaluri _ 0,8 mm).

∗
pirvelad aRwera germanelma anatomma Slemma.
∗∗
es procesi fotoaparatis diafragmis cvlilebis msgavsia.
∗∗∗
receptorebis gaRizianebisas warmoiqmneba eleqtruli impulsebi, romlebic mxedvelobis
nervis boWkoebis saSualebiT gadaecema Tavis tvins da Cven SevigrZnobT sinaTles.
190
 gugis ukan moTavsebulia broli (5) _ linzis msgavsi fenovani gamWvir-
vale sxeuli. misi diametria 8-10 mm, xolo sisqe ~3,6 mm. specialuri kunTi (6),
romelic gars artyia, refleqsurad cvlis brolis formas, xdis ra ufro
amozneqils (e.i. amcirebs fokusur manZils) axlos myofi sagnebis danaxvi-
saTvis da piriqiT.
sivrce rqovanasa da brols Soris, romelsac Tvalis wina kamera
ewodeba, avsebulia wyalwyala siTxiT, xolo Tvalis danarCeni nawili (7) anu
brolis ukana sivrce, romelsac Tvalis ukana kamera ewodeba, ukavia gamWvir-
vale, naxevrad Txevad minisebr sxeuls. wyalwyala siTxisa da minisebri sxeu-
lis gardatexis maCveneblebi erTnairia da udris 1,336-s. rqovanas gardatexis
maCvenebeli 1,376-ia, xolo brolis gardatexis maCvenebeli saSualod udris
1,437-s (brolis sxvadasxva fenebis simkvrive sxvadasxvaa).
pi r da p ir i xe dvi s R e rZ i AB gansazRvravs yvelaze ufro SuqmgrZno-
biare mimarTulebas da gadis brolisa da yviTeli laqis Rrmulis centreb-
ze. igi ramdenadme acdenilia (daxrilia 5 -iT) mTavar optikur RerZs (simet-
riis RerZs), romelic gadis rqovanas, gugis da brolis geometriul centreb-
ze (suraTze naCvenebi ar aris). es imiT aris gamowveuli, rom yviTeli laqa
moTavsebulia ara baduras centrSi, aramed wanacvlebulia safeTqlisaken.
baduraze SuqmgrZnobiare elementebis _ Cxirebis da kolbebis raodeno-
ba sxvadasxvaa (Sesabamisad 130000000 da 7000000). sxvadasxva maTi funqciebic.
Cxirebi ufro SuqmgrZnobiare elementebia, isini aRiqvamen sust sinaTles, xo-
lo kolbebis meSveobiT xdeba Zlieri sinaTlis aRqma da ferebis garCeva.∗
susti ganaTebiT kolbebi ver Riziandeba. amis gamo, bindSi an RamiT mxedve-
loba xorcieldeba CxirebiT. amasTan, sagnebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan
sikaSkaSiT, xolo maTi ferebis gansxvaveba ar aRiqmeba (Canan erTferovnad).
kolbebis mgrZnobiaroba sxvadasxva ferebis mimarT sxvadasxvaa. iungisa
da helmholcis Teoriis Tanaxmad, arsebobs kolbebis sami saxe, romelTagan
erTi gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiarea wiTeli feris mimarT, meore _ mwvane feris
mimarT, xolo mesame _ lurji feris mimarT. Tu TvalSi zemoT CamoTvlili
ferebidan erTi romelime feri moxvda, igi gamoiwvevs Sesabamisi kolbebis ga-

∗
Ramis arsebebis _ bu, Ramura, agreTve kata _ badura umetesad Cxirebs Seicavs, dRis arsebe-
bis, mag. qaTmis badura ki ZiriTadad kolbebisagan Sedgeba. amitomaa, rom qaTami sibneleSi
ver xedavs. aqedan termini _ `qaTmis sibrmave~
191
Rizianebas da Cven aRviqvamT am feris sinaTles. saSualedo feris sxivis mox-
vedrisas ki Riziandeba, amasTan, sxvadasxva intensivobiT, orive ZiriTadi me-
zobeli feris Sesabamisi kolbebi. magaliTad, TvalSi im ferebis moxvedrisas,
romlebic mdebareobs wiTelsa da mwvanes Soris, Riziandeba (yovel calkeul
SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva intensivobiT) am ZiriTadi ferebis Sesabamisi kolbebi.∗
Tu kolbebi arasworad funqcionireben, adamiani zogierT fers ver ar-
Cevs erTmaneTisagan. yvelaze xSirad aseTi adamiani ver arCevs wiTel fers
mwvanisagan. es movlena Seiswavla cnobilma ingliselma qimikosma daltonma,
romelsac qonda mxedvelobis es nakli. aqedan warmoiSva misi saxelwodeba _
daltonizmi.
baduraze Cxirebi da kolbebi araTanabradaa ganawilebuli: periferiaze,
sadac umeteswilad Cxirebia, maTi ganawilebis simkvrive mcirea da mxedve-
lobis nervis TiToeuli boWko mierTebulia am receptorebis did ricxvTan.
yviTeli laqis mimarTulebiT receptorebis simkvrive TandaTan matulobs
(ZiriTadad kolbebis xarjze) da yviTel laqaze, gansakuTrebiT ki mis Rrmul-
Si, xdeba maqsimaluri. aq, sadac umeteswilad kolbebia, TiToeul receptorze
modis TiTo nervuli boWko.∗∗
sistematuri gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, normaluri Tvalis para-
metrebis saSualo mniSvnelobebi. kerZod, dauZabavi TvalisaTvis, wina da uka-
na fokusuri manZilebisaTvis es mniSvnelobebi Sesabamisad aris 17,1 mm da
22,8 mm. manZilebis gansxvaveba imiT aris gamowveuli, rom garemo, sadac
moTavsebulia sagani (haeri, n = 1 ) gansxvavdeba garemosagan, sadac miiReba
gamosaxuleba (minisebri sxeuli, n = 1,336). es manZilebi akomodaciis Sedegad
(ix. qvemoT) icvleba. amitom, mTlianobaSi Tvalis optikuri sistema SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc Semkrebi linza, romelsac aqvs cvladi fokusuri
manZili da ucvleli `siRrme~ (manZili optikuri centridan ekranamde). ekranis
rols asrulebs badura, romelic Tanxvdeba fokalur sibrtyes.
aseTi mcire wina fokusuri manZilis gamo sagani yovelTvis imyofeba
ormag fokusze gacilebiT ufro Sors, praqtikulad usasrulobaSi, amitom
sagnis mkafio gamosaxuleba miiReba fokalur sibrtyeSi anu baduraze. sagnis

∗
Teorias, SesaZloa safuZvlad daedo eqsperimentuli faqti: wiTeli, mwvane da lurji
ferebis SereviT miiReba speqtris nebismieri feri.
∗∗
saSualod, mTeli baduris masStabiT, erT nervul boWkoze modis 140 receptori.
192
TvalTan miaxloebisas d mcirdeba, amitom f unda gazrdiliyo da gamosaxu-
leba unda daSoreboda baduras, rac gamoiwvevda mis gabundovnebas, magram es
ase ar xdeba, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, sagnis miaxloebisas
specialuri kunTi refleqsurad cvlis brolis formas, xdis mas ufro amoz-
neqils, ris gamoc igi ufro Zlierad gardatexs sxivebs da gamosaxuleba
rCeba baduraze.
Tvalis unars, i se Secvalos brolis simrude, rom s a g ni s
g a m os a x u l e ba , m u da m b a d u r a z e da r Ce s d a i y o s m k a f i o , a k o m o d a c i a
e w o de ba . ese igi sxvadasxva manZiliT daSorebuli sagnebis mkafio gamosaxu-
lebis miReba akomodaciis anu manZilTan Tvalis Seguebis gamo aris SesaZle-
beli.
axlomxedvelo ba da Sor smxedvelo ba . manZilTan Tvalis Seguebas
aqvs sazRvari. yovel Tvals aqvs mkafio xedvis Soreuli da uaxloesi werti-
lebi. mkafio xedvis Soreuli wertili iseTi manZiliT daSorebuli werti-
lia, romelzedac Tvali sagans xedavs Tvalis kunTis damSvidebul mdgo-
mareobaSi. xolo mkafio xedvis uaxloesi wertili iseTi manZiliT daSo-
rebuli wertilia, romelzedac Tvali sagans xedavs Tvalis kunTis udidesi
daWimvis dros. arsebobs kidev saukeTeso xedvis manZili. es iseTi manZilia
sagnidan Tvalamde, romlis drosac Tvali yvelaze ufro bevr wvrilmans
xedavs da yvelaze naklebad iRleba. am manZilTa sididis mixedviT Tvalebi
sam jgufad iyofa: normaluri, axlomxedveli da Sorsmxedveli Tvalebi.
n o r m a lu r i ewodeba iseT Tvals, romlisTvisac mosvenebul mdgomareo-
baSi anu Tvalis kunTis dauZabavad, Soreuli wertili mdebareobs usasrulo-
baSi, anu romelic masSi Sesul paralelur sxivTa konas afokusirebs badu-
raze. manZili uaxloes wertilamde asakTan erTad izrdeba: 10 wlamde igi ~10
sm-is tolia, 30 wlisTvis izrdeba 15 sm-mde, xolo 50 wlisaTvis aRwevs 45-
50 sm-s.∗ am movlenas moxucebulobis Sorsmxedveloba ewodeba. misi gamoswore-
ba xdeba saTvalis saSualebiT (ix. qvemoT). normaluri TavlisaTvis saukeTeso
xedvis manZili 25 sm-ia. wvrili detalebis gasarCevad, xanmokle droiT, es
manZili SeiZleba Semcirdes (cxadia akomodaciis sazRvrebSi).

∗
manZilis gazrda imiaTaa gamowveuli, rom asakTan erTad izrdeba brolis fenebis simkvrive,
rac amcirebs maT elastiurobas da SekumSvis unars.
193
 a x l o m x e d v e l i T v a l i ewodeba iseT Tvals, romelSic Tvalis kunTis
damSvidebuli, dauZabavi mdgomareobis dros fokusi mdebareobs Tvalis kak-
lis SigniT, baduras win (sur. 58.2 a).
aseTi Tvali daSorebul sagnebs xedavs
bundovnad. Tvalis daZabva mdgomare-
obas ki ar aumjobesebs, aramed auare-
sebs, vinaidan es iwvevs fokusis miax-
loebas brolTan da ara badurasTan.
axlomxedveli Tvalis Soreuli werti-
sur. 58. 2
li mdebareobs ara usasrulobaSi, ara-
med sasrul manZilze. saukeTeso xedvis manZili da uaxloesi wertilis man-
Zili misTvis ufro naklebia, vidre normaluri TvalisaTvis (da damokidebu-
lia imaze, Tu ramdenad didia sibece). axlomxedvelobis gamosworeba xdeba
Cazneqillinziani saTvalis tarebiT (sur. 58.2 b).
S o r s m x e d v e l i T v a l i ewodeba iseT Tvals, romlis fokusi Tvalis
kunTis dauZabavi mdgomareobis dros mdebareobs Tvalis kaklis gareT
(sur. 58.2 g). aseTi TvalisaTvis Soreuli wertili ar arsebobs, xolo
uaxloesi wertilis manZili daaxloebiT 30 sm-ia. saukeTeso xedvis manZilic
ufro metia, vidre normaluri TvalisaTvis. Sorsmxedvelobis gamosworeba
xdeba amozneqillinziani saTvalis gamoyenebiT (sur. 58.2d).
axlomxedveloba SeiZleba gamoiwvios Tvalis sigrZis metma, xolo
Sorsmxedveloba _ naklebma mniSvnelobam normalurTan SedarebiT. normaluri
mniSvnelobidan erTi milimetris farglebSi gadaxramac ki SeiZleba gamoiw-
vios SesamCnevi axlomxedveloba an Sorsmxedveloba. mxedvelobis es da sxva
naklovanebebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios agreTve rqovanasa da brolis gardamtexi
zedapirebis arasworma simrudem, am zedapirebis arasimetriulobam, brolis
arasworma mdebareobam da sxv.
xedv i s kuTx e . mkafio xedvis aucilebeli pirobaa gamosaxulebis
miReba yviTel laqaze da baduras ganaTebis Sesabamisi xarisxi. garda amisa,
saWiroa, rom sagnis xedvis kuTxe zRvrul kuTxeze naklebi ar iyos. xedvis
kuTxe ewodeba Tvalis optikuri centridan sagnis kidura A da B
wertilebamde gavlebul wrfeebs Soris moTavsebul α kuTxes (sur. 58.3).
sxvanairad, es is kuTxea, romliTac Tvalis optikuri centridan Cans sagani.
194
 suraTidan Cans, rom xedvis kuTxis gadideba SesaZlebelia an sagnis
`gadidebiT~ an misi TvalTan miaxloebiT. TvalTan mialoeba SezRudulia xed-
vis uaxloesi wertilis manZiliT. es manZili axlomxedvelebisaTvis yvelaze
naklebia, amitom maT yvelaze
ukeT SeuZliaT wvrilad nabeWdi
teqstis wakiTxva da sagnis B

wvrilmani detalebis garCeva.

α O A'
sagnis ori wertilis cal- A B'
calke aRsaqmelad saWiroa, rom
yviTel laqaze maT gamosaxule-
sur.58.3
bebs Soris manZili moicavdes
aranakleb or receptors. es z Rv r u l i m a n Z i l i 0,004 mm-ia. Tu wertilebis
gamosaxulebebs Soris manZili 0,004 mm-ze naklebia, igi Tavsdeba erT nervul
daboloebaze da Tvali maT aRiqvams rogorc erT wertils.∗ am zRvrul
manZils Seesabameba 1' (erTi minuti) kuTxe,∗∗ romelsac x e dvi s z R vr u li
k u Txe ewodeba. es is kuTxea, romliTac 1 sm sigrZis monakveTi Tvalidan 34
metr manZilze moCans. cudi ganaTebisas (mag. bindSi) zRvruli kuTxe SeiZleba
gaizardos 1°-mde.
yviTeli laqis Sesabamisi mxedvelobis are didi ar aris. laqaze
SeiZleba ganTavsdes im sagnis gamosaxuleba, romlisTvisac xedvis kuTxe
horizontaluri mimarTulebiT 8°-ia, vertikaluri mimarTulebiT _ 6 °.
centralur Rrmuls xedvis are kidev ufro mcirea da Seadgens 1 − 1,5 °-s. es
imas niSnavs, rom 1 metris moSorebiT mdgari adamianis mTeli figuridan
yviTel laqaze SegviZlia davafiqsiroT, magaliTad, mxolod misi saxe, xolo
centralur Rrmulze _ zedapiri, romelic odnav aRemateba Tvalisas.
sxeulis danarCeni nawili `proeqtirdeba~ baduras periferiaze bundovnad.
xedvis aris aseTi SezRuduloba kompensirdeba imiT, rom cocxal Tvals
aqvs Tvalis budeSi swrafi Semobrunebis unari, ris gamoc mas SeuZlia Zalian
mokle droSi `Semoirbinos~ gansaxilveli didi sagnis xiluli zedapiris

∗
yviTeli laqis RrmulSi manZili kolbebs Soris 0,0025 mm-ia.
1
∗∗
1' = radians.
10800
195
yvela wertili. amasTan, Tvalis agebuleba SesaZleblobas iZleva ara marto
miviRoT saerTo warmodgena yvelaferze, rac Tvalis xedvis areSia, aramed ga-
vamaxviloT yuradReba gansakuTrebiT arsebiT detalebze. Tvalis am Tvisebis
gamo xedvis are farTovdeba horizontaluri mimarTulebiT 150, xolo verti-
kaluri mimarTulebiT 120°-mde, rac bevrad aRemateba kargi optikuri
xelsawyoebis monacemebs.

$59. Tvalis SemaiaraRebeli optikuri xelsawyoebi

58.3 suraTidan Cans, rom xedvis kuTxis gadidebisas baduraze miRebuli

sagnis gamosaxuleba izrdeba, rac qmnis sagnis mcire detalebis ukeT garCevis
SesaZleblobas. xedvis kuTxis mniSvnelovani gazrda xdeba Tvalis Semaiara-
Rebeli optikuri xelsawyoebis saSualebiT. rogorc viciT, xedvis kuTxis
gazrda SeiZleba an sagnis `gadidebiT~, an misi TvalTan miaxloebiT. amasTan
dakavSirebiT es xelsawyoebi iyofa or jgufad.
pirvel jgufSi Sedis xelsawyoebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba m e t ad m c i r e
sa g n e b is dasakvirveblad (lupa, mikroskopi). es xelsawyoebi TiTqosda
`adideben~ dasakvirvebel sagans.
meore jgufSi Sedis xalsawyoebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba d a Sor e b u l i
sa g n e b is dasakvirveblad (sxvadasxva saxis teleskopebi∗). es xelsawyoebi
TiTqosda `aaxloeben~ dasakvirvebel sagans.
ganvixiloT sxivTa svla am xelawyoebSi.
lup a . Tvalis SemaiaraRebel xelsawyoebs Soris umartivesia lupa. lu-
pa ewodeba moklefokusian
(1-10sm) ormxriv amozneqil
linzas an linzaTa siste-
mas, romelic moqmedebs ro-
gorc erTi Semkrebi linza.
lupis moqmedeba moce-
mulia 59.1 suraTze: mcire
zomis sxeuli AB saukeTe-
sur. 59.1

∗
berZnulad s k o p o niSnavs vumzer, m ik ros _ mcire, t e l e _ Sors.
196
so xedvis manZilidan ( D = 25 sm) moCans α kuTxiT.∗
sagnis simciris gamo xedvis α kuTxec aris mcire, ris gamoc Wirs
saganze detalebis garCeva. sagnis TvalTan miaxloebiT ( A1 B1 mdebareoba) xed-

vis kuTxe gaizarda, (α 1 > α ) , magram detalebis garCeva mainc gaZnelebulia,

vinaidan sagani aRmoCnda akomolaciis zRvars miRma (uaxloes wertilze ufro
axlos). magram Tu Tvalsa da A1 B1 sagans Soris movaTavsebT lupas ise, rom
sagani aRmoCndes fokuss SigniT (fokusTan axlos), maSin lupis mdebareobis
SerCeviT SeiZleba mivaRwioT imas, rom (pirdapiri, warmoasaxviTi da gadide-
buli) gamosaxuleba aRmoCndes A' B' mdebareobaSi, anu Tvali sagans dainaxavs
gadidebuli α 1 kuTxiT saukeTeso xedvis manZilze.
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, gamadidebloba

A' B ' f D
K=
= = ,
A1 B1 d F
saidanac Cans, rom lupis saSualebiT miRebuli gamadidebloba 2,5-dan
25-mdea.
mi k ro sk op i . mikroskopis optikuri sistema ori linzisagan (linzaTa
sistemisagan) Sedgeba. erTi dasamzeri sagnisken (obieqtisken) aris mimarTuli
da o b ie q t iv i ewodeba (O1 ) , xolo meore Tvalis mxridan aris moTavsebuli

da o k ul a r i ∗ ∗ ewodeba (O2 ) . orive linza, romelTa optikuri RerZebi Tan-

xvdeba, moTavsebulia liTonis milSi _ t u bu s Si. obieqtivi moklefokusiani
linzaa, okulari _ grZelfokusiani. manZili obieqtivsa da okulars Soris
(romlebic moTavsebulia tubusis boloebSi), SeiZleba Seicvalos specialuri
xraxnis saSualebiT.
sxivTa svla mikros-
kopSi mocemulia 59.2 suraTze:
mcire zomis dasamzeri sagani
AB moTavsebulia obieqtivis
win, misi F2 fokusidan odnav
moSorebiT, amitom igi gvaZ-
sur. 59.2 levs namdvil, Sebrunebul da

∗
Tvali linzasTan imdenad axlosaa, rom maTi optikuri centrebi miCneulia Tanxvedrilad.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan ocularis _ Tvalisa.
197
gadidebul A1 B1 gamosaxulebas. es pirveli gamosaxuleba okularisaTvis
sagans warmoadgens. gadidebuli gamosaxulebis xelaxlad misaRebad okulars
ise gadaadgileben, rom A1 B1 gamosaxuleba okularsa da mis F2 fokuss Soris
moxvdes. maSin, okularis mier mocemuli gamosaxuleba (lupis msgavsad) iqneba
warmosaxviTi, gadidebuli da sagnis mimarT Sebrunebuli. okularis gadaadgi-
lebiT aRweven imas, rom es gamosaxuleba moTavsdes xedvis saukeTeso D
manZilze.
Tu obieqtivisa da lupis fokusebs Soris manZils Δ -Ti aRvniSnavT, ma-
Δ
Sin obieqtivis gamadidebloba toli iqneba -is. okularis gamadidebloba
F1

D
iseTivea rogorc lupis da tolia -is. amitom mikroskopis sruli gamadide-
F2
bloba K toli iqneba:
D⋅Δ
K= (59.1)
F1 F2
mikroskopi iZleva sagnis mniSvnelovan `gadidebas~ da maSasadame, xedvis
kuTxis mniSvnelovan gazrdas. mag. Tu F = 2 mm, F1 = 15 mm da Δ = 160 mm, maSin
k = 1330 . aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mikroskopis margi gadideba SezRudulia
difraqciuli movlenebiT (igi 1000-s ar aRemateba).
tele sk op i. mikroskopis msgavsad, teleskopis mTavari nawilebia obi-
eqtivi da okulari. obieqtivis saxis mixedviT arsebobs sami tipis teleskopi:
linziani (refraqtorebi), sarkiani (refleqtorebi) da sarkian-linziani.
refraqtorebSi obieqtivis rols asrulebs linza da pirveli gamosa-
xuleba miiReba sagnidan wamosuli sxivebis linzaSi gardatexis Sedegad.
refleqtorebSi obieqtivis rols asrulebs Cazneqili sarke da pirveli
gamosaxuleba miiReba sagnidan wamosuli sxivebis sarkidan arekvlis Sedegad∗.
sarkian-linzian teleskopebSi obieqtivis rols asrulebs sarkisa da
linzis erToblioba.
erT-erTi pirveli refraqtori iyo kepleris mier 1611 wels Seqmnili
astronomiuli mili. milis obieqtivi grZelfokusiania, okulari _
moklefokusiani. sxivTa svla kepleris milSi mocemulia 59.3 suraTze.

∗
aqedan warmodgeba teleskopis dasaxeleba: laTinurad refractio niSnavs sinaTlis sxivis
gardatexas, xolo reflecto –arekvlas, ukan mimarTvas.
198
 siSoris gamo ciuri sxeulis TiToeuli wertilidan wamosuli sxivebi
ptaqtikulad paraleluria, amitom obieqtivis fokalur sibrtyeSi (ufro
zustad, mis marjvniv, masTan Zalian axlos) miiReba sxeulis namdvili, Sebru-
nebuli da Semcirebuli gamosaxuleba A1 B1 . suraTze marcxniv pirobiTadaa ga-
mosaxuli ciuri sxeuli. am sxeulis diametralurad sawinaaRmdego B da A
wertilebidan gamosuli sxivebi aRniSnulia Sesabamisad erTi da ori isriT.
es sxivebi obieqtivSi xvdebian imave ϕ kuTxiT, romliTac Cven vxedavT sxe-
uls SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT (xedvis kuTxe). es sxivebi, obieqtivSi gardatexis
Semdeg, mis fokalur sibrtyeSi qmnian sxeulis namdvil, Sebrunebul da
(Zalian) Semcirebul gamosaxulebas A1 B1 -s. gamosaxuleba imdenad mcirea, rom
gaZnelebulia masze detalebis garCeva, magram vinaidan igi namdvilia,
SesaZlebelia misi gadideba, rac xdeba okularis saSualebiT, romelic isea
moTavsebuli, rom misi wina fokusi Tanxvdeba obieqtivis F ukana fokuss.
maSin, zemoTqmulis Tanaxmad, A1 B1 gamosaxuleba moxvdeba okularis fokuss
SigniT, masTan Zalian axlos da igi imoqmedebs rogorc lupa anu mogvcems ga-
didebul da warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas. igi sxeulis mimarT Sebrunebulia,
magram es ar qmnis uxerxulobas, vinaidan kepleris miliT xdeba ciuri
sxeulebis damzera.

okularidan gamosul TiTqmis paralelur (odnav ganSlad) sxivebs

Soris kuTxe aris γ da damkvirvebeli am kuTxiT xedavs ciuri sxeulis A2' B2'
gamosaxulebas. γ kuTxe gacilebiT metia ϕ -ze, rac gansazRvravs teleskopis
gamadideblobas.

199
 dedamiwis sxeulebis dasamzerad gamoiyeneba galileis optikuri mili,
romelic man Seqmna keplerze odnav adre, 1609 wels. galileis refraqtometri
keplerisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom okulari warmoadgens gambnev da ara
Semkreb linzas. sxivTa svla galileis milSi mocemulia 59.4 suraTze.
AB sxeulidan gamosuli sxivebi, O1 obieqtivSi gavlis Semdeg xdeba
krebadi. am sxivebs unda moeca sxeulis namdvili Sebrunebuli da Semcirebu-
li gamosaxuleba ab , magram gamosaxulebis mocemamde sxivebi xvdeba O2 oku-
larSi, ris gamoc isini xdeba ganSladi. am ganSladi sxivebis damkvirveblis
TvalSi moxvedrisas igi dainaxavs AB sagnis pirdapir da warmosaxviT gamo-
saxulebas A1 B1 -s. kuTxe γ , romliTac damkvirvebeli xedavs gamosaxulebas,
gacilebiT metia α kuTxeze, romliTac is sxeuls dainaxavda SeuiaraRebeli
TvaliT, rac uzrunvelyofs sxeulze detalebis kargad garCevas.

sur. 59. 4

galileis or SeerTebul mils, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs sxeuli

erTdroulad orive TvaliT davaTvalieroT, binokli ewodeba (saTeatro
binokli).
pirveli lefleqtori (sarkiani teleskopi) aago niutonma 1672 wels.
misi gamartivebuli sqema mocemulia 59.5 suraTze.
B sferul sarkes ecema Soreuli
ciuri sxeulidan wamosuli sxivebi. sxe-
ulis siSoris gamo sxivebi parale-
luria, amirom B sarkidan arekvlis Sem-
deg isini gvaZleven sxeulis gamosaxu-
lebas sarkis fokalur sibrtyeSi. es iq-
neba ciuri sxeulis namdvili, Seb-
sur. 59.5

200
runebuli da Semcirebuli gamosaxuleba. imisaTvis rom dakvirveba iyos
mosaxerxebeli, fokaluri sibrtyis maxloblad, mis win, aTavseben S brtyel
sarkes, romelic ucvlis mimarTulebas B sarkidan wamosul sxivebs. sferuli
sarkis mier mocemuli gamosaxulebis damzera xdeba L okulariT, romelic
moqmedebs rogorc lupa.
marTalia, sferuli sarke qromatuli aberaciisgan Tavisufalia, magram
igi xasiaTdeba Zlieri sferuli aberaciiT, rac auaresebs gamosaxulebis
xarisxs. sarkuli teleskopis es nakli gamosworebulia sabWoTa mecnieris
maqsutovis mier 1941 wels agebul sarkian-linzian teleskopSi, romlis obieq-
tivi warmoadgens sarkisa da linzis SeTavsebas. am teleskopis moqmedebis
ZiriTadi principi mdgomareobs sferuli sarkis aberaciis gamosworebaSi
linzis sferuli aberaciis daxmarebiT. amisaTvis saWiro iyo iseTi linza,
romelic qromatuli aberaciisgan iqneboda Tavisufali, sferuli aberacia ki
eqneboda imis toli da sawinaarmdego, rac aqvs Cazneqil sarkes da maSasadame
gaabaTilebda mas. aRmoCnda, rom aseTi Tvisebebis matarebelia garkveuli
geometriuli zomebis mqone Cazneqil-amozneqili linza (meniski).
maqsutovis teleskopis sqema mocemulia 59.6 suraTze. ciuri sxeulidan
wamosuli paraleluri sxivebi M me-
niskSi gardatexis Semdeg ecema B sfe-
rul sarkes. sarkidan arekvlili sxi-
vebi ecema meniskis zedapiris S mover-
cxlil nawils, saidanac arekvlis Sem-
deg gadis sferuli sarkis xvrelSi da

sur. 59.6 ecema L okulars, romelic moqmedebs

rogorc lupa.
obieqtivis damzadeba teleskop-refraqtorisaTvis warmoadgens did siZneles, romelic
swrafad izrdeba obieqtivis zomis zrdisas. mTavari siZnelea didi zomis erTgvarovani
(mudmivi gardatexis maCvenebliT) linzis damzadeba Sinagani daZabulobis gareSe. ukanas-
knelis moxsna xdeba neli gamowviT, romelic TveobiT grZeldeba.
obieqtivis damzadeba teleskop-refleqtorisaTvis gacilebiT iolia, vinaidan
gacilebiT naklebia moTxovna sarkis dasamzadebeli minis e r T g v a r o v n e b i s a d m i , radgan
masSi sinaTle ar gadis da igi mxolod warmoadgens fuZe Sres, razec daaqvT amrekli fena.
am mizeziT arsebuli teleskopebidan yvelaze didia sarkiani _ misi diametri 1 metria
(milis sigrZe 21 metria). teleskopis garCevisunarianoba ki mniSvnelovanad aris damokidebu-

201
li mis diametrze. magaliTad, teleskopi, romlis diametri 10 sm-ia, saSualebas gvaZlevs
aRmovaCinoT mTvareze da marsze arxebi, romelTa sigane Sesabamisad 40 m da 5 km-ia. 5
metriani diametris teleskopis SemTxvevaSi es cifrebi mcirdeba erT da as metramde.

$60 fermas principi

geometriuli optikisadmi miZRvnili Tavis bolos ganvixiloT erTi

metad mniSvnelovani principi, romelic Camoayaliba frangma maTematikosma da
fizikosma fermam (1660).
viciT, ($52) rom erTgvarovan garemoSi sxivi wrfivad vrceldeba. ro-
desac sxivi gadadis erTi garemodan meoreSi, romelTac gansxvavebuli gar-
datexis maCveneblebi aqvT, igi gardatydeba, anu icvlis mimarTulebas. vTqvaT,
sxivi vrceldeba araerTgvarovan garemoSi, romlis gardatexis maCvenebeli
wertilidan wertilamde icvleba. maSin sxivi, ganicdis ra ganuwyvetel
gardatexas wertilidan wertilamde, vrceldeba mrud wirze. magram or
wertils Soris uamravi mrudi wiris gavleba SeiZleba. ismis kiTxva _ mainc
ra gziT vrceldeba sxivi araerTgvarovan garemoSi? am kiTxvas pasuxs scems
fermas principi, romelic Semdegnairad gamoiTqmis:
erTi w e r t i l id a n m e o r e Si sxivi vrceldeba iseTi gziT,
r om l is ga sa svle la da c u m c ir e si d r o a s aW i ro .∗
fermas principis maTematikuri gamosaxvisaTvis visargebleT gzis opti-
kuri sigrZis cnebiT. gzis optikuri sigrZe (l ) ewodeba gzis geometriuli sig-

rZis (S ) namravlis garemos gardatexis maCvenebelze (n ) : l = nS .

Tu garemo araerTgvarovania AB gza unda davyoT imdenad mcire ΔS
moankveTebad, rom TiToeulis farglebSi n iyos mudmivi. gamoviTvaloT Ti-
Toeuli monakveTisaTvis optikuri sigrZe da Semdeg SevkriboT. ΔS i monakveTis

optikuri sigrZe Δl i = ni ΔS i , xolo mTeli gzis optikuri sigrZe

k k
l = ∑ Δli = ∑ ni ΔS i , sadac k _ monakveTebis ricxvia. zRvarSi (roca monakveTebis
i =1 i =1

sigrZe usasrulod mcirdeba, xolo maTi ricxvi usasrulod izrdeba) jami

gadava integralSi:

∗
am princips umciresi drois principsac uwodeben.
202
 B B
l = ∫ dl = ∫ ndS .
A A
dS monakveTis gasavlelad saWiro dro aRvniSnoT dt -Ti, xolo sinaT-
lis gavrcelebis siCqare mocemul garemoSi (romlis gardatexis maCvenebe-
dS
lia n ) υ -Ti. maSin dt = da A -dan B wertilamde sinaTlis gavrcelebisa-
υ
Tvis saWiro dro toli iqneba:
B B B
dS ndS dl
t=∫ =∫ =∫
A
υ A
C A
C
fermas principis Tanaxmad es dro unda iyos umciresi anu minimaluri,
rac maTematikurad niSnavs, rom am drois variacia∗ (warmoebuli raime SerCeu-
li parametriT) unda iyos nulis toli, e.i.
B B
dS ndS dl
δ t =δ∫ =δ∫ =δ∫ =0 (60.1)
A
υ A
C C

(60.1) toloba warmoadgens fermas principis maTematikur gamosaxulebas.

sinamdvileSi (60.1) toloba ufro zogadia, vidre Tavdapirveli saxiT
Camoyalibebuli fermas principi, vinaidan igi gamosaxavs ara marto minimumis,
aramed maqsimumis (e.i. zogadad eqstremumis) da stacionarulobis pirobasac.
e.i. or wertils Soris gavrcelebisas sxivi `irCevs~ ara marto im gzas, rome-
lic minimalur dros moiTxovs, aramed imasac, romlis gavlac maqsimalur
dros saWiroebs, an gzebs, romelTa gavlasac erTnairi dro sWirdeba.
fermas principi zogadi principia. misi saSualebiT SeiZleba geometriu-
li optikis ZiriTadi kanonebis (wrfivi gavrcelebis, arekvla-gardatexis)
miReba:∗∗
s i na T l i s w r f iv i garvelebis k a n o ni . imis gamo, rom umciresi
(minimaluri) manZili or wertils Soris aris am wertilebis SemaerTebeli
wrfe, amitom fermas principidan gamomdinareobs, rom erTgvarovan garemoSi
sinaTle wrfivad unda gavrceldes.
s i na T l i s a r e k v l i s k a n o ni . vTqvaT, A wertilidan gamosuli sxivi,
MN sarkuli zedapiridan arekvlis Sedegad, xvdeba B wertilSi. SeiZleba

∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisgan da niSnavs cvlilebas.
∗∗
ufro metic, fermas principi saSualebas iZleva gamoviyvanoT Txeli linzis zogadi
formula gardatexis kanonis gareSe, avxsnaT miraJebis warmoSoba, dRis xangrZlivobis
`gazrda~ da sxv.
203
warmovidginoT uamravi gzebi ( AOB, AO1 B da sxv),, romelTa saSualebiTac A
wertilidan gamosuli sxivi arekvlis Semdeg xvdeba B wertilSi. aqedan
mxolod erTia namdvili. kerZod is, romelic akmayofilebs fermas princips
anu romlis gasavleladac minimaluri droa saWiro.
ganvixiloT erT-erTi gza, mag. AO + OB , Tu sinaTlis siCqares mocemul
AO OB
garemoSi aRvniSnavT υ -Ti, am gzis gasavlelad saWiro dro t = + , an
υ υ
suraTze naCvenebi aRniSvnebis Sesabamisad
( A1O = x, A1 B1 = a = const , B1O = a − x, AA1 = h1 , BB1 = h2 ),

h12 + x 2 h22 + (a − x )
2

t= + (60.2)
υ υ
(60.2) gviCvenebs, rom A da B wertilebis mocemuli mdebareobis dros,
t -s mniSvneloba damokidebulia x -ze (anu O wertilis mdebareobaze). Tu gan-
xiluli gza namdvilia, fermas principis Sesabamisad, t unda iyos minimaluri
dt
anu unda Sesruldes piroba = 0 . gawarmoebis martivi operaciis Catarebis
dx
Semdeg gveqneba:
A B
⎛1 a−x ⎞
⎜ x
−
1 ⎟ = 0,
x ⎜υ h2 + x2 υ 2 ⎟
⎝ 1 h2 + (a − x ) ⎠
2

h1 i1' h2 saidanac
i1 sin i = sin i1 da i = i1 .
a amrigad fermas princi-
M N
pidan gamomdinareobs CvenTvis
A1 O1 O B1
cnobili arekvlis kanoni.
sur. 60.1
s i n a T l is gardatexis
k a no ni . gardatexis kanoni miiReba zustad iseTive msjelobiT, rac CavatareT
arekvlis kanonis miRebisas.
vTqvaT, A wertilidan gamosuli sxivi, ori garemos gamyof MN zeda-
pirze gardatexis Semdeg, xvdeba B wertilSi. SeiZleba warmovidginoT uamra-
vi gza ( AO1 B, AOB, AO2 B da sxv.), romelTa saSualebiTac A wertilidan gamo-
suli sxivi gardatexis Semdeg xvdeba B wertilSi (sur. 60.2). aqedan mxolod
isaa namdvili, romlis gasavleladac, fermas principis Tanaxmad, minimaluri
droa saWiro. ganvixiloT erTerTi gza, mag. AO + OB . Tu pirvel garemoSi
204
 sinaTlis siCqares aRvniSnavT υ1 -iT, xolo

meoreSi υ 2 -Ti, am gzis gasavlelad saWiro dro

AO OB
t= + , an, Tu gamoviyenebT suraTze naCveneb
υ1 υ2
aRniSvnebs,

h12 + x 2 h22 + (a − x )
2

t= + . (60.3)
υ1 υ2
aqac sinaTlis gavrcelebis dro damo-
kidebulia O wertilis mdebareobaze anu x -ze. Tu ganxilulia gza namdvi-
lia, fermas principis Sesabamisad, t unda iyos minimaluri anu unda
dt
Sesruldes piroba = 0 . am pirobis Sesruleba gvaZlevs:
dx
1 x 1 a−x sin i1 sin i2
= = − =0,
υ1 h + x
1
2 2 υ2 h + (a − x )
2
2
2 υ1 υ2
saidanac viRebT gardatexis kanons:
sin i1 υ1 n2
= = . (60.4)
sin i2 υ 2 n1
(60.4)-is Tanaxmad, Tu n 2 > n1 , maSin υ 2 < υ1 . e.i. fermas principidan gamom-
dinareobs daskvna, rom sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqare meti gardatexis
maCveneblis mqone garemoSi naklebia, rac emTxveva hiugensis Teorias da
ewinaaRmdegeba niutonisas.
vinaidan nebismieri gza A -dan B -mde, romelic ar mdebareobs dacemis
sibrtyeSi, metia dacemis sibrtyeSi mdebare AO + OB gzaze (es exeba rogorc
arekvlas, aseve gardatexas), fermas principidan gamomdinareobs, rom gza, rom-
lis gavlac saWiroebs minimalur dros,
mdebareobs dacemis sibrtyeSi. anu da-
cemuli da gardatexili sxivebi (iseve ro-
gorc dacemuli da areklili) mdebareobs
erT sibrtyeSi da es dacemis sibtryea.
drois stacionarul m ni Sv n e -
lobas Seesabameba sinaTlis arekvla
brunvis elifsoidis Siga Sedapiridan,
romlis erT-erT fokusSi imyofeba mnaTi sur. 60.3

205
wertili P . am wertilis gamosaxuleba Q miiReba meore fokusSi (sur. 60.3) da
vinaidan elifsoidis Tvisebis Tanaxmad PO + OQ manZili O wertilis
nebismieri mdebareobisaTvis erTnairia, maSasadame erTnairi iqneba maTi
gavlisas saWiro droc. arekvlas naklebi simrudis mqone zedapiridan (mag.
elifsoidis mxebi MM sibrtyidan) Seesabameba gavrcelebis drois minimumi,
xolo meti simrudis mqone zedapiridan ( NN _ zedapiri) _ maqsimumi.

Tavi VII

sinaTlis interferencia

$61. interferenciis movlena. iungis cda.

sinaTlis talRis sigrZis Sefaseba.

meqnikuri talRebis ganxilvisas Cven vnaxeT (It, $44), rom k ohe r e nt u li

t alR e bi s z e dde b i s dr o s x de ba m aTi u r Ti e rT g aZ li e re b a da
S e su st e ba . a m mo v l e na s i n te rf e re n c i a ew od eb a .
k o h e r e n t u l i e w o de b a t a l R e b s , r o m e l T a si x S i r e e r T n a ir i a ,
x o l o fa z a T a sx v a o ba m u d m i v i ; Sesabamis wyaroebs koherentuli wyaroebi
ewodeba.
talRebi erTmaneTs aZliereben anu miiReba interferenciuli suraTis
maqsimumi sivrcis im wertilebSi, romelTaTvisac talRebs Soris svlaTa
sxvaoba talRis sigrZis naxevris luwi ricxvis tolia:
λ
= k ⋅λ ,
Δ = 2k (61.1)
2 x2
xolo erTmaneTs asusteben, anu miiReba interferenciu- O2
li suraTis minimumi sivrcis im wertilebSi, romelTaT-
x1
visac talRebs Soris svlaTa sxvaoba talRis sigrZis
naxevris kenti ricxvis tolia: O1 Δ
λ
Δ = (2k + 1) , (61.2) sur. 61.1
2
sadac k = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ; k -s ewodeba interferenciis rigi.
svlaTa sxvaoba (Δ ) ewodeba talRebis mier Sexvedramde gavlili manZi-

lebis sxvaobas: Δ = x1 − x 2 (sur. 61.1).

206
 interferencia talRuri procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, ami-
tom, Tu sinaTle talRuri bunebisaa, koherentuli wyaroebis mier gamosxive-
buli sinaTlis konebis gadafarvisas, unda miiRebodes interferenciuli su-
raTi naTeli da bneli zolebis saxiT. cdiT dadasturda, rom sinaTlis
interferencias marTlac aqvs adgili, ramac, Tavis droze, didi roli iTa-
maSa sinaTlis talRuri Teoriis gamarjvebaSi.
sinaTlis interferencias miaqcia yuradReba, daiwyo misi kvleva da
daadgina garkveuli kanonzomierebebi∗ niutonma, magram man, rogorc sinaTlis
korpuskuluri Teoriis mimdevarma, ver axsna igi. koherentuli talRebi miiRo
da sworad axsna talRuri Teoriis mimdevarma, ingliselma mecnierma Tomas
iungma.∗∗ ganvixiloT iungis cdis sqema.
sinaTlisadmi gaumWvir I firfi-
tas, romelsac datanebuli aqvs mcire
S xvreli, ecema paralelur sxivTa ko-
na anu brtyeli talRa (sur.61.2). hiugen-
sis principis Tanaxmad, xvreli TviTon
gadaiqceva sinaTlis wyarod da gamoas-
xivebs naxevarsferul talRebs. Semdeg
sinaTlis es talRa ecema II firfitas,
sur. 61.2
romelsac datanebuli aqvs ori _ S1 da

S 2 xvreli. hiugensis principis Tanaxmad, es xvrelebic gadaiqceva meoradi

naxevarsferuli sinaTlis talRebis centrebad. sinaTlis es talRebi iqnebian
koherentulni, vinaidan warmodgebian erTidaigive wyarosagan. amitom, maT
gadafarvis areSi miiReba interferenciuli suraTi naTeli da bneli zolebis
saxiT.∗∗∗ am suraTis dakvirvebisaTvis, S1 da S 2 wyaroebidan garkveul L man-
Zilze aTavseben MN ekrans.
ganvixiloT iungis cda ufro dawvrilebiT (sur. 61.3): S1 da S 2 wyaroebs
Soris manZili aRvniSnoT d -iT, xolo manZili wyaroebidan MN ekranamde
L -iT. L >> d . dakvirvebas vawarmoebT C wertilSi, romelic ekranis centri-

∗
kerZod is, rom erTi da igive nomris mqone `niutonis rgolebis~ radiusebi izrdeba
speqtris iisferi bolodan wiTlisaken _ wiTel rgolebs aqvT maqsimaluri radiusi.
∗∗
sagulisxmoa, rom termini `interferencia~ iungis mieraa SemoRebuli.
∗∗∗
niutonis Teoriis Tanaxmad ekranze unda miRebuliyo ori naTeli zoli.
207
dan daSorebulia l manZiliT. l << L .∗ sigrZeebis arsebuli Tanafardobisas
SeiZleba miaxloebiT daiweros:
Δ l
= ,
d L
N saidanac
C l
Δ=⋅d . (61.3)
S2 L
(61.1)-is Tanaxmad C -Si miiReba naTeli zoli,
l
d α Tu
A L
l
⋅ d = kλ
Δ= (61.3)
S1 Δ L
da (61.2)-is Tanaxmad miiReba bneli zoli Tu
M
sur. 61.3 λ
⋅ d = (2k + 1) .
l
Δ= (61.4)
L 2
(61.3)-dan gavigebT im l k manZilebs, romliTac daSorebulia centridan naTeli
zolebi:
λ
L. lk = k (61.5)
d
manZili or mezobel naTel zols Soris (igi iseTivea, rogorc manZili or
mezobel bnel zols Soris):
λ
Δl =
L. (61.6)
d
am manZils ewodeba i n t e r f e r e nc i u l i z o l i s s i g a n e .

naTeli zolebis mdebareoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros α kuTxiTac. sura-

l
Tidan Cans, rom l = L tgα ≈ Lα (vinaidan α mcirea), saidanac α = . Tu am mniS-
L
vnelobas SevitanT (61.3)-Si, gavigebT im α k kuTxeebis mniSvnelobebs, romli-
Tac Cans A wertilidan naTeli zolebi:
λ
. αk = k
d
kuTxuri manZili or mezobel naTel zols Soris
λ
Δα = . (61.7)
d

∗
l ar SeiZleba didi iyos, vinaidan centridan daSorebisas interferenciuli suraTis
intensivoba swrafad klebulobs.
208
(61.7) gviCvenebs: imisaTvis rom Δα iyos sakmaod didi da Cven SevZloT ori
mezobeli naTeli zolis erTmaneTisagan garCeva, d unda iyos mcire. kerZod,
cdebi gviCvenebs, rom Δα = 10 −3 -s (es Seesabameba zolebs Soris 1mm manZils
roca L = 1 m-s) maSin, roca d = 0,5 mm-s. am monacemebis safuZvelze SeiZleba
SevafasoT sinaTlis talRis sigrZis rigi:∗

λ = Δα ⋅ d = 10 −3 ⋅ 0,5 mm = 10 −3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 10 −4 m = 5 ⋅ 10 −7 m. (61.8)
Cvens mier ganxiluli interferenciuli suraTi, romelic Sedgeba naTe-
li da bneli zolebis erTobliobisagan, miiReba mxolod monoqromatuli∗∗
anu erTi feris mqone sxivebis interferenciisas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sxivebi
wiTeli ferisaa, naTeli zolebic iqneba wiTeli, Tu mwvane ferisaa, naTeli
zolebi iqneba mwvane da a.S. sul sxvanairadaa saqme rodesac interferireben
TeTri sinaTlis sxivebi, mag. mzis sxivebi. am SemTxvevaSi bneli zolebi saer-
Tod ar miiReba da interferenciul suraTs aqvs Semdegi saxe: ekranis cen-
trSi ( O wertilSi) aris TeTri zoli, xolo mis irgvliv sxvadasxva feris
zolebi, romlebic TandaTan, uwyvetad gadadian erTimeoreSi. aseTi suraTis
axsna advilia: jer kidev niutonis mier Catarebuli cdebis Sedegad sinaTlis
dispersiaSi dadginda, rom TeTri sinaTle rTuli sinaTlea _ igi Sedgeba
Svidi sxvadasxva ferisagan (wiTeli, narinjisferi, yviTeli, mwvane, cisferi,
lurji, iisferi). sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTlis
fers gansazRvravs talRis sigrZe anu rxevis sixSire.∗∗∗ vTqvaT, ekranis moce-
muli wertilisaTvis ganxorcielda maqsimumis piroba yviTeli ferisaTvis ( λ1
sigrZis talRisaTvis). maSin mezobel wertilebSi am ferisaTvis Sesruldeba
minimumis piroba (vinaidan Seicvala manZili da unda Seicvalos talRis sig-
rZec). magram am mezobel wertilebSi maqsimumis piroba Sesruldeba narinjis-
feri sxivebisaTvis, romelTac sxva, λ 2 talRis sigrZe aqvs da a.S. ekranis
centrSi miiReba TeTri zoli imitom, rom aq svlaTa sxvaobs nulis tolia da

∗
cxadia, talRis sigrZis gasagebad SeiZleba gamoviyenoT (61.6) formulac, amisaTvis saWiro
iqneba mxolod Δl -is gazomva, vinaidan d da L winaswar cnobilia.
∗∗
warmodgeba berZnuli sityvebisagan monos _ erTi da choma _ feri.
∗∗∗
sinaTlis obieqturi maxasiaTebelia talRis sigrZe, feri ki warmoadgens adamianis
subieqturi SegrZnebis Sedegs, misi Tvalis unars sxvadasxva talRis sigrZis sxivebi aRiqvas
sxvadasxvanairad. arian cxovelebi, romlebic ferebs ver ansxvaveben (e.i. mxedvelobis nervis
daboloebebi ar Seicaven kolbebs) da yvelafers aRiqvamen SavTeTr ferebSi.
209
maqsimumis piroba sruldeba yvela ferisaTvis (nuli luwi ricxvia). Svidive
feris naTeli zolebis zeddebis Sedegad ki miiReba TeTri feri.
cdam aCvena, rom Δα sxvadasxva feris sxivebisaTvis aris sxvadasxva. igi
yvelaze metia wiTeli ferisaTvis da yvelaze naklebi _ iisferisaTvis. aqedan,
(61.8) formulis safuZvelze vaskvniT, rom yvelaze grZeli talRa aqvs wiTel
fers, yvelaze mokle _ iisfers. dadagenilia, rom sxvadasxva feris sinaTlis
talRis sigrZeebi icvleba Semdeg farglebSi
(1 mikrometri (mkm)= 10 −6 m):
wiTeli (7,7 − 6,3) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,77 − 0,63) mkm
narinjisferi (6,3 − 6,0) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,63 − 0,60) mkm
yviTeli (6,0 − 5,7 ) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,60 − 0,57 ) mkm
mwvane (5,7 − 5,0) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,57 − 0,50 ) mkm
cisferi (5,0 − 4,5) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,50 − 0,45) mkm
lurji (4,5 − 4,3) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,45 − 0,43) mkm
iisferi (4,3 − 4,0) ⋅ 10 −7 m = (0,43 − 0,40) mkm.
eleqtromagnitur talRebs, romelTa sigrZe 0,77 mkm-ze metia da 0,40 mkm-
ze naklebia, Cveni Tvali ver aRiqvams. maT Sesabamisad infrawiTeli da
ultraiisferi sxivebi ewodeba.

$62. koherentul talRaTa miRebis meTodebi

yoveli sinaTlis wyaro miliardobiT atomebisagan Sedgeba. sinaTle,

romelsac Cveni Tvali aRiqvams, am atomebis erToblivi moqmedebis Sedegia. si-
naTlis ori damoukidebeli wyaro rom koherentuli iyos, saWiroa, am wyaro-
ebis Semadgeneli atomebis SeTanxmebuli moqmedeba, anu isini ise unda asxiveb-
des sinaTles (talRebs), rom jamur talRebs Soris fazaTa sxvaoba iyos mud-
mivi. es ki SeuZlebelia, vinaidan calkeuli wyaros atomuri gamosxivebis
fazebi swrafad da qaosurad icvleba, ris ganoc jamuri gamosxivebis
(talRis) fazis cvlilebac swrafi da qaosuria. amrigad, sinaTlis ori sxva-
dasxva wyaros mier gamosxivebuli talRebi yovelTvis arakoherentulia.∗
sinaTlis koherentuli talRebis misaRebad iqcevian Semdegnairad: iRe-
ben sinaTlis erT wyaros. misgan gamosxivebul sinaTles (sinaTlis konas) yo-
fen or nawilad, da sxvadasxva manZilebis gavlis Semdeg axvedreben erTma-
∗
es ar exeba lazerul gamosxivebas.
210
neTs. sinaTlis gayofili nawilebi, cxadia, koherentulni iqnebian, vinaidan
isini warmosdgebian erTi da imave wyarodan da maSasadame, dakavSirebulni
arian erTmaneTTan,∗ maTi fazebi erTdroulad (SeTanxmebulad) icvleba, ris
gamoc fazaTa sxvaoba mudmivi iqneba.
sinaTlis konis gayofa or nawilad SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT _ xvrelebis, sarkeebis an prizmebis gamoyenebiT.
xvrelebis saSualebiT koherentuli talRebi martivad da maxvilgoniv-
rulad miiRo iungma (iungis meTodi); igi Cven ganvixileT wina paragrafSi
(sur. 61.2). gavecnoT sxva meTodebs.
f r e n e l i s s a r k ee b i . ori brtyeli sarke ganlagebulia erTmaneTisadmi
TiTqmis 180° kuTxiT (sur. 62.1). S wyarodan gamosuli sxivebi airekvleba sar-
keebidan da ecema MN ekrans, romelic daculia S wyaros sxivebis pirdapiri
moxvedrisagan K garsacmiT.
brtyeli sarkidan sinaTlis arek-
vlis kanonis Tanaxmad, pirveli sarkidan
areklili sxivebi TiTqos gamodian S1
warmoasaxviTi wyarodan, romelic simetri- N
uladaa ganlagebuli S wyaros mimarT da
maSasadame, warmoadgens mis gamosaxulebas
am sarkeSi.
analogiurad, meore sarkidan arek-
vlili sxivebi TiTqos gamodian S 2 war- sur. 62.1 M
mosaxviTi wyarodan, romelic warmoadgens S wyaros gamosaxulebas am
sarkeSi. S1 da S 2 warmosaxviTi wyaroebi cxadia, koherentulni arian, vinaidan
warmosdgebian erTi da igive S wyarodan, amitom maTi gadafarvis areSi
miiReba interferenciuli suraTi, romlis dakvirveba xdeba MN ekranze.
frenelis b i p r i z m a . mcire gardamtexi kuTxis mqone ori samkuTxa
prizma erTmaneTze miwebebulia fuZeebiT (sur. 62.2). S wyarodan gamosuli sxi-
vebi gardatydebian am prizmebSi, daixrebian fuZeebisken da gvaZleven ganSlad
konebs. miiReba iseTi suraTi, TiTqos es konebi gamodian S1 da S 2 warmosax-

∗
gavixsenoT, rom laTinurad koherentuloba niSnavs kavSirSi yofnas, erTmaneTTan dakavSi-
rebuls.
211
viTi wyaroebidan, romlebic araerTxel Tqmuli mizezis gamo, koherentulebi
arian, amitom maTi gadafarvis areSi miiReba interferenciuli suraTi,
romlis dakvirveba xdeba MN ekranze.
loidis s a r k e . am meTodSi erT
konas qmnis uSualod sinaTlis S wyaro-
dan wamosuli sxivebi, xolo meores _
brtyeli sarkidan (loidis sarkidan) di-
di kuTxiT arekvlili sxivebi, romlebic
TiTqos S wyaros warmosaxviTi S ' gamo-
saxulebidan gamodian (sur. 62.3). amrigad, wina SemTxvevebisgan gansxvavebiT, am
meTodSi koherentul wyvils qmnis sinaTlis pirveladi wyaro da misi
warmosaxviTi gamosaxuleba. garda amisa, Tu wina SemTxvevebSi ekranis
centrisaTvis koherentul talRebs Soris svlaTa sxvaoba iyo nulis toli,
e.i. sruldeboda maqsimumis piroba da miiReboda naTeli zoli, am meTodSi
interferenciuli suraTis centraluri zoli bnelia. aixsneba es imiT, rom
roca sinaTlis talRa irekleba optikurad
metad mkvrivi garemodan (sarkidan), adgili
aqvs naxevartalRis dakargvas, ris gamoc
λ
svlaTa sxvaoba xdeba -is toli, anu
2
sruldeba minimumis piroba.

$63. gamWvirvale firfitidan arekvlili sxivebis interferencia.

Tanabari daxrisa da Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli zolebi

interferenciis metad gavrcelebul saxes, romelsac amave dros didi

praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs, warmoadgens interferencia sxivebisa, romlebic
miiReba gamWvirvale firfitis zedapirebidan arekvlisas. aq ganixileba ori
SemTxveva:
I. interferencia paraleluri sxivebisa, romlebic miiReba brtyelpara-
leluri firfitis zedapirebidan arekvlisas da
II. interferencia araparaleluri sxivebisa, romlebic miiReba cvladi
sisqis firfitis zedapirebidan arekvlisas.
212
 pirvel SemTxvevaSi miiReba e.w. Tanabari daxris interferenciuli
zolebi, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli zolebi.
ganvixiloT es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT.
T a na b a r i daxris inter-
S P S1 P1 f erenc iuli zole bi . P si-
brtyis S manaTobeli wertilidan
gamosuli sxivebi L linzaSi
L1 a' L2
gavlis Semdeg, aa1 paraleluri
a a1 a1'
b b1 konis saxiT ecema brtyel-
paraleluri firfitis AA1
A A1
zedapirs. dacemuli sinaTlis na-
wili airekleba da gvaZlevs a ' b
B B1 sxivebs; nawili ki gardatydeba,

sur. 63.1 ecema firfitis qveda, BB1 zeda-

pirs, airekleba, Semdeg xelmeo-
red gardatydeba AA1 zedapirze da gvaZlevs a1' b1 sxivebs (sur. 63.1). arekvlili
sxivebi urTierTparaleluria, vinaidan firfita aris brtyelparaleluri.
maTi Sekreba xdeba L2 linziT P1 sibrtyis S1 wertilSi da imis da mixedviT,

Tu rogoria svlaTa sxvaoba am sxivebs Soris, S1 wertilSi miiReba bneli an

naTeli laqa. gamoviTvaloT es svlaTa sxvaoba. SevadginoT naxazi (sur. 63.2).
CavTvaloT, rom haeris gardatexis maCvenebeli 1-is tolia, xolo minis _ n -is.
firfitis sisqe aRvniSnoT d -Ti. maSin a ' da a1' sxivebs Soris optikuri svla-
Ta sxvaoba
λ
a a '
a'
( )
Δ = OO ' + O ' C n − OD −
2
63.1)
1

i1 i1 D λ
aq gaCnda imitom, rom sinaTlis talRis
i1 2
O C arekvlisas optikurad metad mkvrivi garemodan,
d i2 i2
xdeba naxevartalRis dakargva. naxazidan Cans, rom
d
O' OO ' = O ' C = . OD = OC sin i1 ;
cos i2
sur. 63.2

213
 OC
magram = d tg i2 ,
2
sin i1
amitom OD = 2d sin i1tg i2 . gardatexis kanonis Tanaxmad = n, saidanac
sin i2
sin i1 = n sin 2 .
sin 2 i2
maSin OD = 2dn sin i 2 tg i2 = 2dn ;
cos i 2
miRebuli mniSvnelobebi SevitanoT (63.1)-Si:
λ λ λ
Δ=
2dn
−
2dn
cos i2 cos i2
sin 2 i2 − =
2dn
2 cos i2
(
1 − sin 2 i2 ) − = 2dn cos i2 − .
2 2
magram

sin 2 i1 1 2
cos i2 = 1 − sin 2 i2 = 1 − = n − sin 2 i1
n2 n
da sabolood gveqneba:
λ
Δ = 2d n 2 − sin 2 i1 − . (63.2)
2
Tu sruldeba maqsimumis piroba anu
λ
Δ = 2d n 2 − sin 2 i1 − = kλ , (63.3)
2
maSin S1 wertilSi miviRebT naTel laqas.
davuSvaT axla, rom S wertili ki ar aris sinaTlis wyaro, aramed
mTeli P sibrtye aris manaTobeli (`ganfenili~ sinaTlis wyaro). interferen-
cias adgili rom ar hqondes, e.i. gamWvirvale firfitis nacvlad rom iyos
sarkulad amrekli zedapiri, maSin L2 linzis fokalur sibrtyeSi miviRebT P

sibrtyis gamosaxulebas P1 -s. magram, imis gamo, rom adgili aqvs sxivebis

interferencias, P1 sibrtyeSi naTel laqas

mogvcems P sibrtyis ara yvela wertili, aramed
N
a' b' mxolod isini, romlebic akmayofileben (63.3)

P pirobas. kerZod, is wertilebi, romelTa svlaTa

P P1
sxvaoba er T n a ir i a da gvaZleven erTidaigive
a b
k 0 rigis interferenciul maqsimums, moiZebneba

i1 i1 pirobidan:
λ
' 2d n 2 − sin 2 i1 − = k 0 λ = const .
A A 2
sur. 63.3

214
an, vinaidan d , n da λ mudmivia, tolobis marcxena mxare mudmivi iqneba roca
i1 = const . (63.4)
erToblioba im wertilebisa, romlebidanac gamosuli sxivebi akmayofilebs
(63.4) pirobas, miiReba P sibrtyis gadakveTiT im konusTan, romlis RerZs war-
moadgens AA1 zedapiris normali, xolo gaSlis kuTxe 2i1 -is tolia (sur. 63.3).

wertilTa es erToblioba P sibrtyeze gvaZlevs aa1 rkals. mas P ' sibrtyeze

Seesabameba bb ' naTeli rkali.∗ intereferenciis sxva rigis SemTxvevaSi

miiReba sxva naTeli zoli. naTel zolebs Soris moTavsebulia bneli zolebi.
amrigad, miRebuli interferenciuli suraTi warmoadgens naTeli da
bneli zolebis (rkalebis) erTobliobas. TiToeuli naTeli zoli Seesabameba
dacemis i1 kuTxis mudmiv mniSvnelobas, e.i. miiReba im sxivebis interferenciis
Sedegad, romlebic zedapiris normalis mimarT Tanabrad arian daxrilni. aqe-
dan warmodgeba miRebuli interferenciuli suraTis dasaxeleba _ Ta nabari
da x ri s i nt e rf er e nc i u l i z ole bi .
TiToeuli mnaTi wertili P ' sibrtyeSi miiReba paraleluri sxivebis in-
terferenciis Sedgad. e.i. mkafio interferenciuli suraTis dasamzerad
P ' sibrtye unda movaTavsoT L1 linzis fokalur sibrtyeSi anu, moviqceT ise,
rogorc vakeTebT xolme usasrulod daSorebuli sxeulebis gamosaxulebis
misaRebad. amitom amboben, rom Tanabari daxris interferenciuli zolebi
l o k a l i z e b u l i a u s a s r u l o b a S i . linza SeiZleba SevcvaloT Tvalis bro-
liT, ekrani _ baduraTi. maSasadame, Tanabari daxris zolebis damzera SeiZ-
leba uSualodac, Tvalis saSualebiT. oRond am SemTxvevaSi Tvali akomodi-
rebuli unda iyos usasrulobaze.
Cven ganvixileT SemTxveva, rodesac firfitas ecemoda monoqromatuli
sinaTle. davuSvaT axla, rom mas ecema TeTri sinaTle, romelic Seicavs
λ1 , λ 2 , λ3 . . . talRis sigrZeebs. maSin, dacemis mocemuli kuTxis (i1 = const ) Sem-
TxvevaSi, maqsimumis pirobas daakmayofilebs yvela is talRebi, romelTaT-
visac sruldeba piroba:
Δ = kλ1 = (k + 1)λ 2 = (k + 2)λ3 = . . . (63.5)

∗
Tu firfitas sinaTle ecema yvela mxridan (e.w. gabneuli sxivebi), cxadia, rom is wertilebi,
romlebic akmayofileben i1 = const pirobas, mdebareoben wrewirze. Sesabamisi
interferenciuli suraTic iqneba naTeli rgoli.
215
 magram vinaidan sxvasxva talRis sigrZes sxvadasxva feri Seesabameba, in-
terferenciuli suraTi iqneba Seferadebuli: bneli zolebi saerTod aRar iq-
neba, iqneba mxolod Tanmimdevrulad ganlagebuli sxvadasxva feris naTeli
zolebi.
(63.2) formula gviCvenebs, rom rac metia d , miT metia Δ , (63.3)-is Tanax-
mad, rac metia Δ , miT metia k , xolo (63.5)-is Tanaxmad, rac metia k , miT nak-
lebia gansxvaveba λ1 , λ 2 , λ3 . . . talRis sigrZeebs Soris. es imas niSnavs, rom
sqeli firfitis SemTxvevaSi interferenciuli zolebi ganlagebuli iqneba
mWidrod, xolo Tu firfita sakmaod sqelia, moxdeba zolebis gadafarva.
amrigad, interferenciuli suraTis misaRebad saWiroa, rom firfita iyos rac
SeiZleba Txeli.
interferenciuli zolebi warmoadgenen wesieri wrewiris nawilebs
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu firfita mkacrad brtyelparaleluria. brtyel-
paralelurobidan odnavi gadaxrac ki iwvevs zolebis damaxinjebas. amitom,
interferenciuli meTodiT amowmeben firfitis brtyelparalelurobas da
gadaxra SeimCneva maSinac ki, roca igi ar aRemateba 0,00001 mm-s.
Ta na b ar i s i sq i s i n te r fe r en c iu l i z o le b i: ganvixiloT axla Sem-
Txveva, roca firfita, romelsac ecema sinaTle, brtyelparaleluri ar aris,
amasTan, misi d sisqe wertilidan wertilamde umniSvnelod icvleba anu Θ
kuTxe AA1 BB1 zedapirebs Soris aris mcire (sur. 63.4).
vTqvaT, sinaTlis wyaro imdenadaa
P1
C' daSorebuli, rom misgan wamosuli sxivebi
SeiZleba CaiTvalos paralelurad. gan-
vixiloT pirveli sxivi (1), romelic daeca
2 L
1 2' AA1 zedapirs O wertilSi, gardatyda,
'
i1 1
airekla BB1 zedapiris D wertilidan,
A
O C A' gardatyda C wertilSi da mogvca 1' sxivi.
Θ cxadia, dacemul sxivTa konaSi moiZebneba
iseTi sxivi (2), romelic firfitas daecema
'
B D B
imave C wertilSi, airekleba da mogvcems
sur. 63.4 2' sxivs. es sxivebi, L linzaSi gavlis

216
Semdeg, gadaikveTebian P' sibrtyis C' wertilSi, romelic C wertilis
gamosaxulebas warmoadgens. 1' da 2 ' sxivebi, cxadia, koherentulni arian da
interferireben, amitom, imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria maT Soris svlaTa sxvaoba,
C ' wertilSi miiReba naTeli an bneli laqa. radgan sxivebi CavTvaleT para-
lelurad da firfitis sisqe umniSvnelod icvleba, svlaTa sxvaobisaTvis
SeiZleba visargebloT (63.3) formuliT, romelic Cven miviReT brtyelparale-
luri firfitisaTvis. aqac (iseve, rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi), is wertilebi,
romelTagan gamosuli sxivebis svlaTa sxvaoba e r T n a ir i a da gvaZleven
erTidaigive k 0 rigis interferenciul maqsimums, moiZebneba pirobidan:

λ
= k0λ = const .
2d n 2 − sin 2 i1 −
2
an, vinaidan n, λ da i1 mudmivia, tolobis marcxena mxare mudmivi iqneba roca
d = const .
es imas niSnavs, rom Tu AA1 zedapiris C wertili P ' sibrtyis C ' wer-
tilSi gvaZlevs naTel laqas, maSin naTel laqas mogvcems yvela is wertili,
romelTaTvisac d iseTivea, rogorc C wertilisaTvis. sxvanairad, maqsimumis
pirobas daakmayofilebs AA1 zedapiris is wertilebi, romlebic mdebareoben
Tanabar sisqeze. aqedan warmodgeba interferenciuli suraTis dasaxeleba _
Ta na ba ri sisq i s interfer enc i ul i zole bi .
mkafio interferenciuli suraTis misaRebad L linza unda davafokusi-
roT AA1 zedapirze. amitom amboben, rom Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli
zolebi lok al i ze b u l ia f i rf i ti s z e d apir ze. linza SeiZleba
SevcvaloT Tvalis broliT, xolo ekrani ( P ' sibrtye) _ Tvalis baduraTi. e.i.
Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli suraTis dakvirveba SeiZleba uSualod
TvaliTac, oRond Tvali akomodirebuli unda iyos firfitis zedapirze.
Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli zolebis forma damokidebulia firfitis
formaze. magaliTad, Tu cvladi sisqis firfitas
aqvs solisebri forma, interferenciuli zolebi
cxadia, iqneba wrfivi zolebi, romlebic solis
wibos paraleluria (sur. 63.5). aqac, Tu firfitas
ecema TeTri sinaTle, interferenciuli zolebi
iqneba sxvadasxva feris, e.i. damzerisas firfitis
sur. 63.5
217
zedapiri mogveCveneba Seferadebuli. cxadia, damzeris kuTxis SecvliT inter-
ferenciis piroba Seicvleba da interferenciuli zolebi ferebs Seicvlian.
aseT `ferTa TamaSs~ firfitis zedapirze Cven vakvirdebiT yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi, mag. wylis zedapirze, an asfaltze ganTxmuli navTobis Txeli fenis
damzerisas, sapnis buStis damzerisas da sxv.
Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli zolebis saintereso saxes warmoad-
gens wriuli rgolebi, romelsac pirvelad daakvirda niutoni da n i uto ni s
r go l e b i ewodeba. niutonis rgolebze dakvirveba xdeba (63.6) suraTze
moyvanili sqemis mixedviT: didi R simrudis radiusis mqone brtyel-
amozneqili linza moTavsebulia brtyelparaleluri firfitis AB zedapirze
da exeba mas O wertilSi (sur. 63.6 a). linzasa da firfitis Soris war-
moiqmneba cvladi sisqis haeris wriuli fena (cvladi sisqis wriuli
`firfita~).
davuSvaT, aseT optikur sistemas daeca
brtyeli talRa, anu paralelur sxivTa kona.
a cxadia, rom TiToeuli sxivi mogvecems or arek-
b L
b lil sxivs, romelTagan erTi miiReba linzis
amozneqili zedapiridan mina-haeris sazRvarze
arekvlis Sedegad, xolo meore haeri-minis sa-
zRvarze arekvlis Sedegad. es sxivebi koheren-
b tulni arian, amitom interferireben da vinaidan
linzasa da firfitas Soris warmoqmnil haeris
fenas aqvs wriuli forma, interferenciuli su-
raTic, iqneba bneli da naTeli wriuli rgole-
bis erToblioba (sur. 63.5 b).
interferenciuli rgolebis radiusebs advilad gamoviTvliT. marTlac

63.7 suraTidan Cans, rom rk2 = r 2 − (R − d ) , sadac rk _ k rigis interferenciuli

2

rgolis radiusia, xolo d _ haeris fenis sisqe. Tu d -s simciris gamo d 2 -s

ugulebelvyofT, gveqneba
rk2 = 2dR (63.6)

218
 λ∗
sxivebs Soris svlaTa sxvaoba Δ = 2d + . naTeli
2
λ λ
k rigis rgolisaTvis 2d + = 2k , saidanac
2 2
λ
2d = (2k − 1) . SevitanoT (63.6)-Si:
2

r rk = (2k − 1) ⋅ R λ
⎛ 1⎞
= ⎜ k − ⎟ Rλ ;
k 2 ⎝ 2⎠
aseve martivad miiReba, rom k rigis bneli rgolis
sur. 63.7
radiusi

rk = kRλ .
miRebuli formulebi gviCvenebs, rom Tu gavzomavT interferenciuli rgolis
radiuss da gvecodineba linzis simrudis radiusi (R ) , gamoviTvliT sinaTlis

talRis sigrZes (λ ) da piriqiT, cnobili talRis sigrZis mixedviT SeiZleba

ganvsazRvroT linzis simrudis radiusi.
dabolos, SevniSnoT, rom ganxilul SemTxvevaSi (roca interferireben
areklili da ara optikur sistemaSi gasuli sxivebi) interferenciuli sura-
λ
Tis centrSi miiReba bneli laqa, vinaidan aq 2d = 0 da Δ = , rac minimumis
2
pirobaa.

$64. interferenciis praqtikuli gamoyeneba

sinaTlis interferencia sinaTlis talRuri bunebis Sedegia, amitom

cxadia, rom interferenciuli suraTis raodenobrivi mxare _ vTqvaT interfe-
renciul zolebs Soris manZili, an interferenciuli rgolebis radiusi,
damokidebuli unda iyos sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze. marTlac, rogorc wina
paragrafSi vnaxeT, zemoT CamoTvlili parametrebis gazomva saSualebas
gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT sinaTlis talRis sigrZe. interferenciuli suraTi
saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvsazRvroT agreTve gamWvirvale firfitis sisqe,
linzis simrudis radiusi, didi sizustiT SevamowmoT firfitis brtyel-

∗ λ
am SemTxvevaSi geometriul svlaTa sxvaobas _ 2d -s, ki ar akldeba, aramed emateba ,
2
vinaidan optikurad metad mkvrivi garemo, romlidanac xdeba sxivis arekvla, esazRvreba
haeris fenis qveda zedapirs.
219
paraleluroba, zedapiris damuSavebis xarisxi da sxv. CamoTvlili sakiTxebi
Seadgens interferenciis praqtikuli gamoyenebis pirvel jgufs.
interferenciis praqtikuli gamoyenebis meore, metad mniSvnelovani
sakiTxia e.w. o p t ik i s g a s x i v o s ne b a . saqme isaa, rom rodesac sinaTle ecema
linzas, nawili gadis masSi, nawili ki airekleba. dadgenilia, rom sxivebis
marTobulad dacemis SemTxvevaSic ki airekleba dacemuli energiis 5-8%.
vinaidan Tanamedrove optikuri xelsawyoebi Seicaven linzaTa did raoden-
obas, arekvlili sinaTlis wili sakmaod didia _ xSirad xelsawyos ekranamde
(fotofiramde) aRwevs masSi Sesuli sinaTlis mxolod 10-20%. es, garda imisa,
rom amcirebs gamosaxulebis sikaSkaSes, dakavSirebulia kidev erT usiamov-
nebasTan, kerZod, samxedro saqmeSi: arekvlili sxivis (aTinaTis) saSualebiT
mowinaaRmdeges SeuZlia daadginos SeniRbuli obieqtis adgilmdebareoba.
aRniSnuli usiamovnebebis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa sinaTlis arek-
vlili nawilis maqsimalurad Semcireba. amis Sedegad gamosaxuleba xdeba uf-
ro naTeli, `gasxivosnebuli~ da aqedan warmodgeba termini `gasxivosnebuli
optika~.
optikis gasxivosneba dafuZnebulia interferenciis movlenaze: linzis
(firfitis, prizmis) wina zedapirs faraven sinaTlisaTvis gamWvirvale Txeli
feniT, ris Sedegadac Cndeba ori arekvlili sxivi. erTi miiReba haerisa da am
fenis gamyofi zedapiridan arekvlisas, meore _ fenis da linzis gamyofi
zedapiridan. (sur. 64.1). arekvlili sxivebi, cxadia, koherentulni arian da ami-
tom interferireben. fenis sisqes da masalas ise arCeven, rom Sesruldes
minimumis piroba, anu arekvlilma sxivebma erTmaneTi Caaqron. am dros qreba
aTinaTic da xelsawyoSi gasuli sinaTlis intensivobac izrdeba, vinaidan in-
terferenciis dros sruldeba energiis mudmivobis kanoni _ is rac akldeba
interferenciul minimumebs, emateba interferenciul maqsimumebs.
fenis d sisqis gamoTvla advilia: amisaTvis
2 davweroT minimumis piroba: optikuri svlaTa
1
λ λ
sxvaoba 2dn = , saidanac d = .
S 2 4n
gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, rom areklili
sxivebi yvelaze srulad maSin aqroben erTmaneTs,
sur. 64.1 rodesac sruldeba piroba:

220
 nf = nl ,

sadac nf da nl Sesabamisad fenisa da linzis gardatexis maCveneblebia.

interferenciis prqatikuli gamoyenebis mesame jgufi dakavSirebulia

p r e c i z i u l anu metad zust gazomvebTan. xelsawyoebs, romlebic am mizniT
gamoiyeneba, interferometrebi ewodeba.
ganvixiloT m a ik e l so n is i nt e r f e r o m e t -
ri . misi sqema mocemulia 64.2 suraTze: sinaTlis S
monoqromatuli wyarodan sxivi (sxivTa kona) 45°-
ian kuTxiT ecema brtyelparalelur gamWvirvale
P firfitas, romlis erTi gverdi dafarulia
naxevradgamWvirvale vercxlis Txeli feniT. am
fenaze xdeba sxivis or nawilad gayofa: nawili
airekleba da gvaZlevs pirvel sxivs (1), xolo
nawili gadis masSi da gvaZlevs meore sxivs (2). 1
sxivi ecema marTobulad dayenebul M1 sarkes,

brundeba ukan, gaivlis firfitaSi∗ da xvdeba T WogrSi (an ekranze). 2 sxivi

airekleba M 2 sarkidan, brundeba ukan, Semdeg airekleba vercxlis Txeli
fenidan da isic xvdeba WogrSi (samzer milSi). pirveli sxivi orjer gadis P
firfitis sisqes (win da ukan), meore ki arcerTxel. amitom, amis Sedegad
warmoqmnili svlaTa sxvaobis kompensaciisaTvis meore sxivis gzaze aTavseben
zustad imave zomis da iseTive masalisagan damzadebul P ' firfitas (cxadia,
movercxlili gverdis gareSe). maSin, sxivebs Soris svlaTa sxvaoba
damokidebuli iqneba, mxolod M1 da M2 sarkeebis mdebareobaze. sxivebs

Soris optikuri sxvlaTa sxvaoba Δ = 2n(l1 − l 2 ) , sadac n _ haeris gardatexis

absoluturi maCvenebelia, xolo l1 da l 2 _ manZili M 1 da M 2 sarkeebamde. Tu

l1 = l 2 , sruldeba maqsimumis piroba da WogrSi daimzireba naTeli laqa. erTerT

λ λ
sarkis -iT gadaadgilebisas svlaTa sxvaoba Seicvleba -iT da WogrSi
4 2
daimzireba bneli laqa. cxadia, rom Tu sarkes vamoZravebT gasazomi obieqtis

∗
nawili cxadia, airekleba, romelic Cven ar gvainteresebs.
221
gaswvriv, interferenciuli suraTis cvlilebis mixedviT, didi sizustiT,
λ
kerZod -is sizustiT, gavigebT am obieqtis zomas.
4

xelsawyos sizustis gasazrdelad M 1 sarkes xrian mcire α kuTxiT. am SemTxvevaSi

interferenciul suraTs eqneba ara erTgvarovani foni (bneli an naTeli), aramed miiReba Ta-

nabari sisqis wrfivi interferenciuli zolebi, romelic Seesabameba M 1 sarkisa da M 2 sar-

kis warmosaxviT gamosaxulebas Soris Seqmnil sahaero zols. S 2 sarkis gadaadgileba gamo-
iwvevs interferenciuli zolebis wanacvlebas, romlis didi sizustiT dakvirveba Zneli ar
aris. am gziT pirvelad iqna gazomili da Sedarebuli sinaTlis talRis standartul sig-
rZesTan sigrZis saerTaSoriso etaloni metri. maikelsonis interferometri gamoiyeneba ag-
reTve gardatexis maCveneblis zusti gazomvisaTvis (i n t e r f e r e n c i u l i r e f r a q t o m e t r i ),
sinaTlis speqtruli analizisaTvis ( i n t e r f e r e n c i u l i s p e q t r o m e t r i ) da sxv.

Tavi VIII

sinaTlis difraqcia

$65. difraqciis movlena. hiugens-frenelis principi

d i f r aq c i a ∗ e w o de b a ta lR i s m ie r da b rk ole b is S e m ov la s , ra c
i wv evs mi si ga v rc e le bi s swo rx a zo vne b is d a rR ve v a s.
difraqciis movlenas Cven vakvirdebiT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. esaa mag.
wylis zedapirze warmoqmnili talRebis mier dabrkolebis Semovla, bgeriTi
an radiotalRebis mier dabrkolebaTa Semovla _ bgera Cven xom maSinac
gvesmis, roca bgeris wyarosa da Cvens Soris raime dabrkoleba, vTqvaT
kedelia moTavsebuli; aseve `gvesmis~ Soreuli sadgurebidan gamosxivebuli
radiotalRebi, romlebsac, vidre Cvenamde (antenamde) moaRwevdes, mravali
dabrkoleba eRobeba win.
difraqcia talRuri procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa, amitom,
Tu sinaTle talRuri bunebisaa, mis difraqciasac unda qondes adgili, anu,
roca sinaTle ecema gaumWvir sxeuls, unda Semouaros mas da SeiWras geomet-
riuli Crdilis areSi. cda ki gviCvenebs sapirispiros _ sxeulebi, romlebic

∗
iwarmoeba laTinuri sityvisagan diffractus _ gatexili.
222
naTdebian wertilovani wyaros mier gamosxivebuli sinaTliT, qmnian mkveTr
Crdilebs, e.i. sxivebi ar ixrebian Tavdapirveli gavrcelebis mimarTulebidan.
sinaTlis difraqciis damzera gaZnelebulia imiT, rom talRebis dif-
raqcia arsebiTad aris damokidebuli talRis sigrZesa da difraqciis gamom-
wvevi obieqtis zomebs Soris Tanafardobaze. yvelaze mkveTrad difraqcia
maSin vlindeba, roca dabrkolebaTa zoma talRis sigrZis Tanazomadia. zemoT
CamoTvlili talRebisaTvis, romelTa sigrZe santimetrebiT, metrebiT da
kilometrebiT ganisazRvreba, es piroba sruldeba. sinaTlisaTvis ki, romlis
talRis sigrZe santimetris measiaTasedi nawilis rigisaa, `cxovrebiseuli~
obieqtebis zoma metismetad didia. amitomaa, rom sinaTlis difraqcia
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi ar vlindeba, da mis dasamzerad specialuri
mowyobilobebia saWiro.
difraqciis movlena aixsneba principiT, romelic Camoayaliba sinaTlis
talRuri Teoriis fuZemdebelma holandielma mecnierma hiugensma (1690 w).
hiugensis principis Tanaxmad, s iv r ci s y ov el i we rt i li , r om e la m di sa c
a R w ev s talRuri zedapiri, T v i Ton xd e ba m eo reu li sf er u li
t a l R e bi s w y a r o . a m m e o r e u l i n a x e v ar s f er u l i ∗ ze d a p ir e b i s m om v -
lebi wa rm o a dge n s a xa l ta l R u r ze d ap i r s dr oi s m om d ev n o
m om e n t Si .
vTqvaT, sinaTlisadmi gaumWvir AB firfitas, romelsac datanebuli aqvs
ab xvreli, ecema paralelur sxivTa kona anu brtyeli talRa (sur. 65.1). hiu-
gensis principis Tanaxmad, xvrelis TiToeuli wertili gadaiqceva sferuli
talRebis wyarod, romelTa momvlebi warmoadgens xvrelidan gamosuli
talRis zedapirs. suraTidan Cans, rom zedapiri brtyelia mxolod Sua
nawilSi, napirebSi ki mruddeba da vinaidan sxivi marTobulia talRuri
zedapiris, gamodis rom adgili aqvs
sinaTlis SeWras geometriuli
Crdilis areSi, anu difraqcias.
hiugensis principi zogadi
principia. misi saSualebiT miiReba

sur. 65.1 arekvlisa da gardatexis kanonebi

∗
vinaidan talRebi win vrceldeba, meore naxevris Semoxazva ar aris saWiro.
223
talRuri Teoriis safuZvelze, aixsneba ormagi sxivTtexa kristalebSi da sxv.

hiugensis principiT arekvlis kanoni

gamoviyvaneT kursis pirvel tomSi ($43) talRuri
procesebis sakiTxebis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT.
miviRoT axla gardatexis kanoni.
davuSvaT, MN gardamtex zedapirs ecema
brtyeli talRa OA . mas Seesabameba paralelur
sxivTa kona, romelic zedapiris normalTan adgens i1
kuTxes. suraTze oTxi aseTi sxivia gamoyofili
(sur. 65.2). vTqvaT OA talRis A wertilma MN ze-
dapiris B wertils miaRwia t droSi. maSin

AB = υ1t , sadac υ1 talRis gavrcelebis siCqarea I

garemoSi. hiugensis principis Tanaxmad, MN zedapiris yoveli wertili, masze talRuri
zedapiris miRwevis Semdeg, gadaiqceva meoreuli talRis centrad. cxadia, rom vidre OA
talRis A wertili miaRwevs MN zedapiris B wertils, O wertilSi aRiZvreba da meore
garemoSi gavrceldeba naxevarsferuli talRa, romlis radiusi OC = υ 2 t , sadac υ2 aris

talRis gavrcelebis siCqare II garemoSi. sxva wertilebidan (O' , O' ') imave momentisaTvis gav-
rceldebian ufro naklebi radiusis mqone talRebi. am naxevarsferuli zedapirebis momvlebi
BC warmoadgens gardatexili talRis fronts. mas Seesabameba gardatexil sxivTa kona, ro-
melic zedapiris normalTan adgens gardatexis i2 kuTxes. suraTidan Cans, rom

sin i1 υ1 υ1
AB = υ1t = OB sin i1 da OC = υ 2 t = OB sin i2 , saidanac = ; mudmivi sididea da am-
sin i2 υ 2 υ2
rigad, miRebuli formula warmoadgens gardatexis kanons. Tu mas SevadarebT gardatexis

υ1 n 2
cdiseul (52.1) kanonTan, miviRebT = . Tu pirveli garemo vakuumia (υ1 = C , n1 = 1) , maSin
υ 2 n1
C
= n2 . magram n 2 > 1 , amitom C > υ . e.i. siCqare vakuumSi metia, vidre raime garemoSi.
υ2
amrigad, hiugensis principi warmatebiT wyvets talRis frontis gav-
rcelebis mimarTulebis dadgenis sakiTxs, magram ar ganixilavs sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT gavrcelebuli talRebis amplitudas da maSasadame, inten-
sivobis (I ~ A )
2
sakiTxs (e.i. warmoadgens wminda geometriul princips). hiu-
gensis principis es nakli Seavso frangma fizikosma frenelma (1615 w.), da-
umata ra mas idea meoreuli talRebis interferenciis Sesaxeb. amis gamo, hiu-
gensis mier formalurad Semotanilma meoreuli talRebis momvlebma zeda-
224
pirma, romelic ubralo geometriul zedapirs warmoadgenda, SeiZina f i -
z ik u ri Si n a ar si , rogorc zedapirma, sadac meoreuli talRebis interfe-
renciis Sedegad jamuri talRis intensivoba maqsimaluria. sivrcis nebismier
wertilSi aRZruli rxevac meoreuli talRebis interferenciis Sedegia.
aseTnairad modificirebul hiugensis princips ewoda hiugens-frenelis
principi. igi talRuri optikis ZiriTadi principia da saSualebas iZleva
ganisazRvros sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gavrcelebuli (jamuri) talRebis
intensivobebi, anu gadaiWras sinaTlis difraqciasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi. amis Sesabamisad gadawyda sakiTxi sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebis
kanonis gamoyenebis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb.
gamovsaxoT hiugensis principi maTematikurad. vTqvaT, wertilovani S
wyaros mier gamosxivebuli talRis zedapiri t momentisaTvis aris σ . davyoT
es zedapiri imdenad mcire dσ elementebad,
rom TiToeulis farglebSi r da ψ iyos
mudmivi (sur. 65.3). gamoviTvaloT TiToeuli
elementis mier aRZruli rxevis amplituda
dakvirvebis P wertilSi da Semdeg Sevkri-
boT (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom sxvadasxva
dσ elementebis mier aRZruli rxevis am-
plitudebis fazebi P wertilSi sxvadasxvaa). cxadia, calkeuli elementebis
mier aRZruli rxevebi koherentulni arian, vinaidan warmodgebian erTidaimave
S wyarodan. TiToeuli elementis mier aRZruli rxevis amplituda miT metia,
rac metia dσ farTobi da naklebia r manZili da ψ kuTxe. P wertilSi
aRZruli rxevis gantolebis dasawerad frenelma Semoitana k (ψ ) koeficienti,

romelic maqsimaluria, roca ψ = 0 da nulis tolia, roca ψ ≥ π . aRvniSnoT,

2
rom aseTi koeficientis SemotaniT gamoiricxa meoreuli wyaroebidan ukumi-
marTulebiT ( σ zedapiridan S wyarosken) gavrcelebuli talRebis arseboba.
frenelma dauSva agreTve, rom Tu S wyarosa da dakvirvebis P wertils
Soris moTavsebulia sinaTlisadmi gaumWviri firfita xvreliT, firfitis
zedapirze meoreuli rxevebis amplitudebi nulis tolia, xolo xvrelSi
iseTivea, rogoric firfitis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

225
 dσ elementis mier P wertilSi aRZruli rxevis gantolebis dasawerad
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom am rxevis amplituda proporciulia dσ far-
Tobisa da ukuproporciulia (rogorc sferuli rxevis amplituda) r
manZilisa. sabolood gveqneba:
a 0 dσ
dx = k (ψ )cos(ω t − kr + ϕ 0 ) , (65.1)
r
sadac ω t + ϕ 0 aris rxevis faza σ talRur zedapirze, a 0 _ Tanamamravlia,

a 0 dσ
romelic ganisazRvreba dσ ubanze rxevis amplitudiT, xolo dA = k (ψ )
r
aris elementaruli rxevis amplituda P wertilSi. jamuri rxeva P wer-
tilSi miiReba (65.1)-is integrebiT:
a0
x = ∫ k (ψ )
cos(ω t − kr − ϕ 0 ) ⋅ dσ . (65.2)
σ r
(65.2) warmoadgens hiugens-frenelis principis maTematikur gamosaxvas, romlis
amoxsniT gaigeba x , xolo misi saSualebiT _ rxevis amplituda da maSasadame,
intensivobac.

$66. frenelis zonebis meTodi. sinaTlis wrfivi gavrceleba

zogad SemTxvevaSi (65.2) integralis amoxsna da jamuri amplitudis

povna metismetad rTulia. magram rogorc frenelma aCvena, simetriiT gamor-
Ceul SemTxvevebSi, specialuri, e.w. zo neb is m e To dis gamoyenebiT, amocana
martivdeba da jamuri rxevis amplitudis gamoTvla daiyvaneba ubralo
algebrul an geometriul Sekrebaze.
frenelis zonebis meTodi ganvixiloT principulad mniSvnelovani
sakiTxis gadawyvetasTan dakavSirebiT: rogor xsnis sinaTlis talRuri
Teoria sinaTlis gavrcelebis praqtikul sworxazovnebas da rogoria am
sworxazovnebaze dafuZnebuli geometriuli optikis gamoyenebis sazRvrebi.
vTqvaT, erTgvarovan izotropul garemoSi moTavsebuli sinaTlis S
wertilovani wyaros mier gamosxivebuli talRis zedapiri drois t momenti-
saTvis aris σ . hiugens-frenelis principis Tanaxmad S wyaros moqmedeba P
wertilSi daiyvaneba am zedapiris TiToeuli wertilis mier gamosxivebuli
meoreuli talRebis jamur moqmedebaze (interferenciaze). talRuri zedapiri
simetriulia SP wrfis mimarT, rac saSualebas iZleva daiyos igi wriul
226
zonebad. freneli amas akeTebda iseTnairad, rom manZilebi momdevno zonebis
λ
kideebidan P wertilamde gansxvavdebodnen -iT (sur. 66.1). suraTze 4 aseTi
2
zonaa gamosaxuli, amasTan, kenti zonebi (pirveli da mesame), daStrixulia,
xolo luwi _ dauStrixavi.
manZilebi talRuri zedapiris
O wverodan S wyaromde da
dakvirvebis P wertilamde
aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad a -Ti
da b -Ti∗, maSin bm manZili ne-
bismieri m -uri zonis kididan
P wertilamde toli iqneba
λ
sur. 66.1 . (66.1)bm = b + m
2
aseTnairad agebul frenelis zonebs is SesaniSnavi Tviseba aqvT, rom
mezobeli zonebidan aRZruli rxevebi imyofebian sawinaaRmdego fazebSi da
nawilobriv abaTileben erTmaneTs.
SeiZleba Cveneba (ix. petitis teqsti), rom m -is arc Tu ise didi mniS-
vnelobebisaTvis, frenelis zonebis farTobebi erTnairia da gamoiTvleba
formuliT:
πabλ
Δσ =
. (66.2)
a+b
frenelis pirveli, meore da a.S. zonebis mier aRZruli rxevebis ampli-
tudebi aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad A1 , A2 , A3 . . . Am -iT. maSin, vinaidan zonebis
farTobebi erTnairia, xolo zonis nomrisTan zrdasTan erTad izrdeba ro-
gorc bm manZili zonis kididan P wertilamde, ise kuTxe ψ zonis normalsa

da bm -s Soris (rac iwvevs k (ψ ) koeficientis Semcirebas), SeiZleba davweroT:

A1 > A2 > A3 > . . . > Am .

rogorc aRvniSneT, mezobeli zonebis mier aRZruli rxevebi imyofebian
sawinaaRmdego fazebSi da erTmaneTs asusteben, ris gamoc kenti zonebis
Sesabamisi amplitudebi SeiZleba CaiTvalos dadebiTad, xolo luwis _
uaryofiTad. maSin jamuri amplitudisaTvis P wertilSi gveqneba:

∗
sferuli talRis SemtxvevaSi a , cxadia, sferuli zedapiris simrudis R radiusia.
227
 A = A1 − A2 + A3 − A4 + A5 . . . ∓ Am , (66.3)
romelic SeiZleba ase gadavweroT:
A1 ⎛ A1 A ⎞ ⎛A A ⎞ A
A=
+ ⎜ − A2 + 3 ⎟ + ⎜ 3 − A4 + 5 ⎟ + . . . ∓ m . (66.4)
2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2
vinaidan zonis nomris zrdasTan erTad amplitudebis mniSvnelobebi
monotonurad mcirdeba, SeiZleba miaxloebiT davweroT
Am −1 + Am +1
Am =
.
2
maSin frCxilebSi moTavsebuli gamosaxulebani iqneba nulis toli da jamuri
amplitudisaTvis sabolood miviRebT:
A1 Am
∓ , A= (66.5)
2 2
sadac dadebiTi niSani Seesabameba m -is kent, xolo uaryofiTi _ luw mniSvne-
lobebs.
Tu davuSvebT, rom are S wyarosa da P wertils Soris mTlianad Tavi-
sufalia (`gaxsnilia~), maSin, rogorc agebidan gamomdinareobs, zonebis ri-
cxvi (m ) Zalian didia,∗ Sesabamisad, Am Zalian mcirea, da SeiZleba daiweros:

A1
A≈. (66.6)
2
(66.6) gviCvenebs, rom jamuri amplituda ( A ), romelic miiReba P
wertilSi σ sferuli zedapiris sxvadasxva ubnebidan wamosuli talRebis in-
terferenciis Sedegad, naklebia vidre centraluri (m = 1) zonis mier gamos-

xivebuli talRis amplituda ( A1 ) . maSasadame, P wertilze mTeli talRuri

zedapiris moqmedeba daiyvaneba misi mcire ubnis moqmedebaze, romlis farTobi
centraluri zonis farTobze naklebia. centraluri zonis farTobi Δσ ki
sakmaod mcirea. marTlac sinaTlis talRis sigrZe λ ≈ 5 ⋅ 10 −7 m, amitom, Tu
davuSvebT, rom a = b = 1 m, maSin (66.2)-is Tanaxmad Δσ ≈ 0,8 ⋅ 10 −6 m 2 = 0,8 mm 2 .
maSasadame, sinaTlis nakadi S wyarodan P wertilamde vrceldeba Zalian
viwro arxis SigniT, e.i. wrfivad.

ar unda vifiqroT, rom Tu SP wrfis marTobulad movaTavsebT mcire zomis ekrans

(romelic vTqvaT, gadafaravs centarlur zonas), es gamoiwvevs P wertilis Cabnelebas, Tum-
ca misi ganaTebulobis intensivoba odnav moiklebs. marTlac, amis Sedegad amovardeba

∗
ix. petitis teqsti.
228
pirveli wevri niSancvladi (66.2) mwkrividan da miviRebT, rom A < A2 . ekranis zomis Tanda-

TanobiT zrdiT gaizrdeba gadafaruli zonebis ricxvi, rac gamoiwvevs P wertilis ganaTe-
bulobis TandaTan Semcirebas, da mxolod maSin, roca ekrani iqneba sakmaod didi da
gadafaravs frenelis zonebis sakmaod didi ricxvs, igi Cabneldeba, anu amoqmeddeba geo-
metriuli optikis ZiriTadi debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom sinaTlis gavrcelebis gzaze ekranis
(dabrkolebis) moTavseba iwvevs ekranis ukan geometriuli Crdilis warmoaqmnas (dabnelebas).

amrigad, Catarebuli msjelobis safuZvelze SeiZleba davadginoT geometriuli

optikis gamoyenebis sazRvrebi: difraqciuli movlenebis ugulebelyofa da sinaTlis wrfivi
gavrcelebis marTebulobis daSveba misaRebia manam, sanam ekranis zoma sakmaod didia da fa-
ravs frenelis zonebis did ricxvs. magram frenelis zonis sidide ganisazRvreba talRis
sigrZiT da mcirdeba ukanasknelis SemcirebiT. da vinaidan xiluli sinaTlis talRis sigrZe
Zalian mcirea, Zalian mcire zomis ekranic ki gadafaravs frenelis zonebis did ricxvs.
amitomaa, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sinaTlis difraqcias ver vamCnevT da mis dasakvirveb-
lad specialuri optikuri xelsawyoebia saWiro.
frenelis zonebis meTodis marTebulobaze miuTiTebs is faqti, rom Tu
davamzadebT da sinaTlis gavrcelebis gzaze movaTavsebT firfitas, romelic
gadafaravs mxolod luw (an mxolod kent) zonebs, maSin (66.2)-is Tanaxmad, P
wertilSi jamuri amplituda A = A1 + A3 + A5 . . . me-
ti iqneba, vidre gaxsnili sivrcis SemTxvevaSi
e.i. P wertilamde miaRwevs meti sinaTle, vidre
es gvqonda firfitis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
cda mTlianad adasturebs am mosazrebebs: aseT-
nairad damzadebuli firfita, romelsac `zonu-
ri firfita~ ewodeba zrdis P wertilis gana-
Tebulobas da moqmedebs rogorc Semkrebi linza
sur. 66.2
(sur. 66.2).
gamoviTvaloT frenelis m -uri zonis farTobi Δσ m . misi gare sazRvari sferul

zedapirze gamoyofs hm simaRlis sferul segments (sur. 66.3). am segmentis farTobi aRvniS-

noT σ m -iT. maSin Δσ m = σ m − σ m −1 , sadac σ m −1 aris (m − 1) zonis mier gamoyofili sferuli

segmentis farTi.

m -uri zonis gare sazRvris radiusi aRvniSnoT rm -iT, maSin rogorc suraTidan Cans,

λ⎞
2
⎛
r = a − (a − hm ) = ⎜ b + m ⎟ − (b + hm ) ,
2 2 2 2
m an
⎝ 2 ⎠

229
 λ2
rm2 = 2ahm − hm2 = mbλ + m 2 − 2bhm − hm2 , (66.7)
4
saidanac

λ
mbλ + m 2
hm = 4 .
2(a + b )
Tu SemovifarglebiT m -is arc
Tu ise didi mniSvnelobebiT, λ -s
2 λ2
simciris gamo, m SeiZleba ugu-
4
lebelvyoT:

mbλ
hm = (66.8)
2(a + b )
analogiurad, (m − 1) -e zonis mier ga-
moyofili sferuli segmentis simaR-
lisaTvis gveqneba:
sur. 66.3
hm −1 =
(m − 1)bλ .
2(a + b )
cnobilia, rom sferuli segmentis farTobi σ = 2πRh , sadac R sferos radiusia, h _
segmentis simaRle. Cven SemTxvevaSi R = a , amitom

πab
σm = mλ ,
a+b
xolo m -uri zonis farTobi

πab
Δσ m = σ m − σ m −1 = λ. (66.9)
a+b
rogorc vxedavT, farTobi ar aris damokidebuli zonis nomerze, rac niSnavs imas, rom igi
yvela zonisaTvis erTnairia.
m -uri zonis radiusi ganisazRvreba (66.7) tolobidan:
rm2 = 2ahm − hm2 .
aqac, Tu SemovifarglebiT m -is arc Tu ise didi mniSvnelobebiT, segmentis simaRle

hm << a , amitom hm2 SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT da gveqneba:

ab
rm = 2ahm = mλ . (66.10)
d a+b
λ
b+m Tu davuSvebT, rom a = b = 1 m, λ ≈ 5 ⋅ 10 m, frenelis pirve-
−7
R 2
P li zonis radiusi r1 = 0,5 mm.
S
a=R b dabolos, ganvsazRvroT frenelis zonebis m ri-
cxvi talRuri zedapiris im nawilze, romelic `mimar-
c
Tulia~ P wertilisaken ( cd nawili, sur. 66.4).
sur. 66.4
230
 suraTidan Cans, rom

λ
b+m = (a + b )2 − a 2 = 2ab + b 2
2
saidanac

m=
(
2 2ab + b 2 − b ).
λ
λ ≈ 5 ⋅ 10 −7
m. Tu davuSvebT a = b = 1 m, miviRebT

m ≈ 3 ⋅ 10 6 .

$67. frenelis difraqcia mcire wriul xvrelze da diskoze

frenelis zonebis meTodi saSualebas gvaZlevs avsnaT sinaTlis gavrce-

lebis Taviseburebani, roca mas win xvdeba ama Tu im saxis dabrkoleba. Cven
ganvixilavT or umartives SemTxvevas, roca talRis gavrcelebis gzaze
moTavsebulia:
I. gaumWviri firfita mcire wriuli xvreliT da
II. gaumWviri mcire wriuli disko.
d i f r aq c i a mcire wriul x v r e l z e . monoqromatuli sinaTlis S
wertilovani wyarodan a manZilze movaTavsoT gaumWviri AB firfita, romel-
sac datanebuli aqvs r0 radiusis wriuli xvreli. SO sxivi marTobulia fir-

fitis sibrtyis da gadis xvrelis centrSi. dakvirvebas vawarmoebT AB

frifitis paralelurad moTavsebuli MN ekranis P wertilSi, romelic
xvrelis centridan b manZilzea moTavsebuli (sur. 67.1).
wina paragrafis (66.4) formulis Tanaxmad amplituda P wertilSi
A1 Am
A= ∓ (67.1)
2 2
Tu xvrelSi moTavsebuli zonaTa ricxvi mcirea (amas ganapirobebs xvre-
lis zomis simcire), Am mcired gansxvavdeba A1 -sagan, amitom, kenti zonebis

SemTxvevaSi A ≈ A1 , xolo luwi zonebis SemTxvevaSi A ≈ 0 . dabrkoleba rom ar

yofiliyo, anu talRuri zedapiri rom yofiliyo `gaxsnili~, (66.5)-is Tanax-
A1
mad, amplituda P wertilSi iqneboda . maSasadame dabrkoleba mcire xvre-
2
liT, romelSic Tavsdeba mcire raodenobis kenti zonebi, ara Tu ar amcirebs
ganaTebas P wertilSi, aramed zrdis amplitudas TiTqmis orjer da
231
maSasadame, intensivobas TiTqmis oTxjer (es imiT aixsneba, rom firfita
`ketavs~ mezobel zonebs, romlebic interferenciis gamo Seasustebdnen
centraluri zonis moqmedebas).
MN ekranze miRebuli difraqciuli suraTis
saxis dasadgenad unda gaviTvaliswinoT xvrelis wer-
tilebis simetriuli ganlageba SP wrfis mimarT, ris
gamoc MN ekranze P wertilidan Tanabrad daSo-
rebuli wertilebis ganaTebuloba erTnairi iqneba.
difraqciul suraTs eqneba naTeli da bneli koncent-
ruli rgolebis erTobliobis saxe centrSi naTeli
laqiT _ Tu P wertilisaTvis zonebis ricxvi kentia.
am SemTxvevas Seesabameba sur. 67.1 a-ze mocemuli inten-
sivobis ganawileba MN ekranze.
Tu ekrans gadavwevT Tavis Tavis paralelurad
(davaSorebT an mivuaxlovebT xvrels), b manZilis
Secvlis gamo Seicvleba xvrelSi moTavsebuli zo-
nebis ricxvi P wertilisaTvis _ igi gaxdeba luwi.
amis gamo P wertili Cabneldeba da difraqciul su-
raTs eqneba, cxadia, isev naTeli da bneli koncen-
truli rgolebis erTobliobis saxe, oRond centrSi
sur. 67.1
bneli laqiT. am SemTxvevas Seesabameba sur. 67.1 b-ze
mocemuli intensivobis ganawileba MN ekranze.
ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes zemoTqmuli, davuSvaT, rom frenelis zonebis
radiusebis ganmsazRvreli (66.10) formula, romelic Cven miviReT gaxsnili
talRuri zedapirisaTvis, samarTliania xvrelSi moTavsebuli zonebisaT-
visac.∗ maSin

mλ (r0 = rm ) ,
ab
r0 =
a+b
saidanac xvrelSi moTavsebuli zonebis m ricxvisaTvis miviRebT:
r02 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
m= ⎜ + ⎟.
λ ⎝a b⎠

∗
a, b da r0 sidideebis garkveuli Tanafardobis dros aseTi daSveba SeiZleba CaiTvalos
samarTlianad.
232
simartivisaTvis davuSvaT, rom xvrels ecema brtyeli talRa.∗ maSin a = ∞ da
formula martivdeba:
r02
m= . (67.2)
λb
(67.2) gviCvenebs, rom mocemuli xvrelis mocemuli sinaTlis talRiT ganaTe-
bisas zonebis ricxvi damokidebulia b -ze. vTqvaT, P wertilisaTvis b ise-
Tia, rom m aris kenti. maSin am wertilSi miiReba naTeli laqa. magram P -s
mezobeli P ' wertilisaTvis manZili Seicvala, gaxda b ' , Sesabamisad Seic-
vleba zonebis ricxvic _ gaxdeba wyvili da am wertilSi miiReba bneli laqa.
cxadia, rom Cabnelebuli iqneba yvela is wertilebi, romelTaTvisac b'
iseTivea, rogorc P ' wertilisaTvis. am bneli wertilebis erToblioba mog-
vcems bnel rgols. P '' wertilisaTvis manZili isev Seicvala, ris gamoc
zonebis ricxvi gaxda kenti, amitom es wertili iqneba ganaTebuli, `msgavsi~
wertilebis erToblioba ki mogvcems naTel rgols da a.S. Sedegad,
difraqciuli suraTi warmogvidgeba, rogorc naTeli da bneli rgolebis er-
Toblioba centrSi naTeli laqiT.
Tu MN ekrans odnav movuaxlovebT an davaSorebT AB firfitas, b
manZili Seicvleba, Seicvleba zonebis ricxvic da P wertili Cabneldeba. Se-
sabamisad Seicvleba difraqciuli suraTic. cxadia, igi isev iqneba naTeli da
bneli zolebis erToblioba, magram centrSi bneli laqiT.
Tu xvrelis zoma imdenad mcirea, rom masSi Tavsdeba frenelis mxolod
erTi zona (an zonis nawili), ekranze miiReba erTi didi zomis naTeli laqa,
romlis intensivoba centridan daSorebisas TandaTan moiklebs.
dabolos, SevniSnoT, rom xvrelis TeTri sinaTliT ganaTebisas miiReba
`Seferadebuli~ difraqciuli suraTi.
d i fr aq ci a m c ir e zo m i s ga u mW vir wr iu l d is k o ze . monoqromatu-
li sinaTlis S wertilovani wyarodan a manZilze movaTavsoT mcire zomis
r0 radiusis gaumWviri disko ise, rom diskos centrze dacemuli SO sxivi
aRmoCndes diskos sibrtyis marTobuli. dakvirvebas vawarmoebT diskos sib-
rtyis paralelurad moTavsebul MN ekranis P wertilSi, romelic xvrelis
centridan b manZiliTaa daSorebuli (sur. 67.2). difraqcias rom adgili ar

∗
aseTi daSveba ar cvlis saqmis arss.
233
hqonoda, MN ekranze unda migveRo wriuli Crdili, romlis zoma damokide-
buli iqneboda diskos zomaze da a da b manZilebze.
difraqciis Sedegad miiReba ufro rTuli suraTi, romelic warmoadgens
naTeli da bneli wriuli rgolebis erTobliobas, amasTan, rac yvelaze ufro
moulodnelia, ekranis centrSi ( P wertili) yovelTvis miiReba naTeli laqa.
am cdiseuli faqtis axsna SesaZleblia frenelis zonebis meTodis gamo-
yenebiT, oRond am SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiricxos diskoTi gadafaruli talRu-
ri zedapiris nawili da frenelis zonebis ageba daiwyos diskos kideebidan.
vTqvaT, disko faravs frenelis m zonas. maSin, P wertilSi aRZruli
jamuri rxevis A amplituda toli iqneba:
Am +1 ⎛ Am +1 A ⎞ A
A = Am +1 − Am − 2 + Am +3 − . . =
+⎜ − Am − 2 + m + 2 ⎟ + . . . = m +1 , (67.3)
2 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ 2
vinaidan frCxilebSi moTavsebuli gamosaxuleba nulis tolia.
A1
Tu m mcirea, maSin Am +1 ≈ A1 da A≈ , anu ekranis centrSi gveqneba
2
TiTqmis iseTive ganaTeba, rogoric gvqonda dabrkolebis ararsebobis Sem-
TxvevaSi. es faqti sinaTlis difraqciis metad TvalsaCino dadasturebaa.
mTeli suraTis simetriuloba SP RerZis mimarT ganapirobebs imas, rom
naTeli laqa monacvleobiTaa garSemortymuli bneli
da naTeli rgolebiT. P wertilidan daSorebisas
rgolebis intensivoba klebulobs (sur.67.2b).
Tu disko didi zomisaa da faravs zonaTa did
raodenobas, maSin Am +1 << A1 , rac imas niSnavs rom ek-
ranis centri iqneba Cabnelebuli, e.i. amoqmeddeba
geometriuli optikis ZiriTadi kanoni, romlis Tanax-
madac sinaTlis gavrcelebis gzaze dabrkolebis
moTavseba iwvevs mis ukan Crdilis warmoqmnas.
unda aRiniSnos, rom jamuri amplitudis ga-
moTvla MN ekranis nebismieri araRerZuli wertili-
saTvis (P , P )
' ''
did siZneles warmoadgens, vinaidan am
dros simetriis darRvevis gamo garkveuli nomridan
dawyebuli, maTi Sesabamisi zonebis farTis nawili

234
aRmoCndeba ekranis gaumWvir areSi, rac gamoiwvevs meTodisaTvis saWiro
zonaTa farTobebis tolobis darRvevas.

$68. fraunhoferis difraqcia marTkuTxa xvrelze

wina paragrafSi ganvixileT difraqcia, romlis dasakvirveblad aravi-

Tari optikuri xelsawyo ar gamogviyenebia _ gvqonda sinaTlis wyaro, dab-
rkoleba da ekrani. aseTi saxis difraqcias ikvlevda freneli da mas Cve-
ulebriv f r e n e l i s d i f r a q c i a s uwodeben.
difraqciis gansxvavebuli tipi ganixila germanelma mecnierma
fraunhoferma (1821 w): igi sinaTlis brtyel talRas scemda xvrels, saidanac
difraqciis Sedegad sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gavrcelebuli paraleluri
sxivebis Sekreba xdeboda linzis fokaluri sibrtyis sxvadasxva wertilSi.
difraqciis am saxes, romlis dasakvirveblad optikuri xelsawyos (linza,
linzaTa sistema) gamoyenebaa saWiro, f ra u n hof er i s d if ra q ci a ewodeba.
linzis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovnad zrdis difraqciuli suraTis sikaSkaSes,
rac aadvilebs mis dakvirvebas.
ganvixiloT frenelis difraqcia usasrulod grZel marTkuTxa xvrelze
(aqve SevniSnoT, rom xvreli iTvleba usasrulod grZlad, Tu misi sigrZe
bevrad metia siganeze. magaliTad, 0,01 mm siganis dros, xvreli, romlis sigrZe
ramodenime milimetria, iTvleba usasrulod
grZlad). davuSvaT, a siganis aseT xvrels mar-
Tobulad ecema brtyeli talRa (sur. 68.1). xvre-
lidan gamosul sxivebs davuxvedroT L Semkrebi
linza. difraqcias rom adgili ar hqondes, xvre-
lidan gamovidoda mxolod Tavdapirveli mimar-
Tulebis sxivebi da linzis fokalur sibrtyeSi
miviRebdiT naTel zols, romelic iqneboda mo-
cemuli xvrelis gamosaxuleba. magram, imis gamo,
rom adgili aqvs difraqcias, xvrelidan gamo-
suli sxivebi vrceldeba yvela mimarTulebiT,
ris gamoc ekranze miiReba ara erTi naTeli
zoli, aramed naTeli da bneli zolebis
sur. 68.1
235
erToblioba. SeviswavloT es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT.
rodesac talRis fronti miaRwevs xvrels da daikavebs AB mdebareobas,
xvrelis TiToeuli wertili, hiugensis principis Tanaxmad gadaiqceva wyarod
meoreuli talRebisa, romlebic gavrceldebian win yvela mimarTulebiT. Cven
avirCioT erTi mimarTuleba, kerZod is, romelic Tavdapirvel mimarTu-
lebasTan adgens ϕ kuTxes (sur. 68.1). am sxivebis Sekreba xdeba L linzis MN
fokaluri sibrtyis P wertilSi da imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria maT Soris
svlaTa sxvaoba, miiReba naTeli an bneli zoli.
A wertilidan sxivis mimarTulebaze davuSvaT perpendikulari AC .
maSin, vinaidan linza ar warmoqmnis damatebiT svlaTa sxvaobas,∗ AD sibrtyi-
dan dawyebuli sxivebs Soris svlaTa sxvaoba aris nulis toli. interferen-
ciis Sedegis ganmsazRvreli svlaTa sxvaoba warmoiqmneba AB sibrtyidan AC
λ
sibrtyemde. davyoT BC wrfe -is tol monakveTebad. maSin BC = a sin ϕ
2
manZilze moTavsebuli monakveTebis raodenoba toli iqneba:
a sin ϕ
m= . (68.1)
λ
2
TiToeuli monakveTis bolodan gavavloT BC -s paraleluri wrfeebi xvrelis
sibrtyis gadakveTamde. es wrfeebi xvrels dayofen toli siganis zolebad.
agebidan gamomdinareobs, rom es zolebi aris frenelis zonebi. vinaidan
mezobeli zonebidan wamosuli rxevebi imyofebian sawinaaRmdego fazebSi,
amitom, P wertilSi miviRebT bnel zols, Tu m luwia da naTel zols _ Tu
m kentia.
amrigad, difraqciuli minimumebis Sesabamisi kuTxeebi gamoiTvleba
tolobidan:
λ
a sin ϕ min = 2k
. (68.2)
2
difraqciul minimumebs Soris moTavsebuli iqneba difraqciuli maqsi-
mumebi. maT Sesabamis kuTxeebs gavigebT tolobidan:
λ
a sin ϕ max = (2k + 1) . (68.3)
2
k = 0, ∓ 1, ∓ 2, ∓ . . . gansazRvravs difraqciis rigs.

∗
linzis am Tvisebas `tautoqronizmi~ ewodeba.
236
 MN ekranze miiReba Semdegi suraTi: ekranis centrSi iqneba naTeli zo-
li (vinaidan aq svlaTa sxvaoba nulis tolia da maSasadame, sruldeba maq-
simumis piroba), mis marjvniv da marcxniv bneli zolebi, Semdeg isev naTeli
zolebi da a.S. centralur naTel zols ewodeba centraluri maqsimumi,
momdevno naTel zolebs ki mTavari maqsimumebi. maTi intensivobebi centridan
daSorebisas TandaTan mcirdeba, vinaidan izrdeba rogorc manZili ( MN
ekranamde), ise kuTxe ϕ . intensivobis ganawileba ekranze mocemulia (68.1 b)
suraTze.
zolebis sigane da ricxvi damokidebulia xvrelis siganisa da talRis
sigrZis Tanafardobaze. Cven ganvixiloT ori zRvruli SemTxveva:
1. xvrelis sigane gacilebiT naklebia talRis sigrZeze: a << λ , maSin,
vinaidan sinusis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba erTis tolia, frenelis zonebis
maqsimaluri ricxvi, (68.1)-is Tanaxmad, toli
a
iqneba: mmaqx = , e.i. mmaqs << 1 , rac imas niS-
λ
2
navs, rom xvreli warmoadgens frenelis er-
Ti zonis metad mcire nawils da misi yvela
wertilidan gavrcelebuli rxevebis fazebi
erTnairi iqneba. minimumis (68.2) piroba ar
SeiZleba Sesruldes maSinac ki roca k min-
imaluria da udris erTs. praqtikulad,
aseTi mcire zomis xvreli warmoadgens si-
naTlis wertilovan (ufro swored xazovan)

sur. 68.2 wyaros. intensivobis ganawilebas sivrceSi

eqneba (68.2) suraTze mocemuli saxe.
2. xvrelis sigane gacilebiT metia talRis sigrZeze: a >> λ . SevafasoT
pirveli difraqciuli minimumis Sesabamisi kuTxe:
λ λ
(ϕ1 )min = arcsin ≈ << 1 . maSasadame, pirveli difraqciuli minimumis mdebareoba
a a
Seesabameba sinaTlis wrfivi gavrcelebis mimarTulebidan umniSvnelo
λ
gadaxras. asevea meore difraqciuli minimumic, vinaidan (ϕ 2 )min = arcsin 2 << 1 da
a
a.S. difraqciul minimumebs Soris iqneba difraqciuli maqsimumebi. amrigad,
237
farTo xvrelSi gavlisas talRis frontis centraluri nawili brtyelia, na-
pirebSi ki odnav mruddeba (sur. 68.3 a). Sesabamisad ekranze miiReba xvrelis
geometriuli gamosaxuleba, romelic garSemortymulia metad susti maqsimu-
mebiTa da minimumebiT. intensivobis ganawilebas ekranze aqvs sur. (68.3 b)-ze
mocemuli saxe.
Cven ganvixileT ori ukiduresi SemTxveva. mkafio difraqciuli suraTis
misaRebad saWiroa daculi iqnas iseTi Tanafardoba a -sa da λ -s Soris, rom
m toli iyos (3-5)-is.
(68.2) da (68.3) formulebi gviCvenebs, rom difraqciuli minimumebis da
maqsimumebis Sesabamisi kuTxeebi damokidebulia sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze.
amitom, xvrelis aramonoqromatuli, TeTri sinaTliT ganaTebisas, sxvadasxva
feris Sesabamisi maqsimumebi gaiSleba sivrceSi da ekranze miiReba dif-
raqciuli speqtri. amasTan, rogorc (68.3) formulidan gamomdinareobs, rac
naklebia λ , miT naklebi kuTxiTaa ganTavsebuli Sesabamisi difraqciuli
maqsimumi.
speqtris miReba SeiZleba samkuTxa prizmis saSualebiTac ($71), magram
difraqciul speqtrs is upiratesoba aqvs prizmatulTan SedarebiT, rom aq
ferebis urTierTganlageba ar aris damokidebuli im masalis gvarobaze, rom-
lidanac mzaddeba ekrani da xvreli da calsaxad ganisazRvreba talRis
sigrZiT da xvrelis geometriiT.
speqtris Seswavlas didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. sxvadasxva niv-
Tierebebis gamosxivebisa da
STanTqmis speqtrebis saSuale-
biT dadginda atomis agebulebis
uwvrilmanesi detalebi, energe-
tikuli doneebi atomebSi da sxv.
atomebisa da molekulebis speq-
trebis codna saSualebas gvaZ-
levs CavataroT speqtruli ana-
lizi anu davadginoT gamosakv-
levi sxeulis qimiuri Sedgeni- a b
sur. 68.3

238
loba, maT Soris Zlier daSorebuli ciuri sxeulisac.
difraqcia marTkuTxa xvrelze Cven ganvixileT Tvisobrivad. sakiTxis
raodenobrivi ganxilva daiyvaneba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gavrcelebuli
meoreuli talRebis jamuri amlitudisa da intensivobis dadgenamde. amisaTvis
saWiroa talRis AB fronti daiyos xvrelis napirebis paraleluri, erTnairi
siganis mcire elementebad (zonebad). gamoviTvaloT calkeuli elementebis
mier aRZruli amplitudebi da SevkriboT isini maTi sidideebisa da fazebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. aseTi gamoTvla gvaZlevs, rom amplituda P wertilSi

⎛π a ⎞
sin ⎜ sin ϕ ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠.
Aϕ = A0 (68.4)
πa
sin ϕ
λ
(68.4) gviCvenebs, rom roca ϕ →0 (O wertili), maSin A = A0 , vinaidan
sin α
lim = 1.
α →0 α
intensivoba amplitudis kvadratis proporciulia, amitom

⎛π a ⎞
sin 2 ⎜ ⋅ sin ϕ ⎟
I ϕ = Aϕ2 = I 0 ⎝ λ ⎠. (68.5)
⎛π a
2
⎞
⎜ ⋅ sin ϕ ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
miRebuli formulis Tanaxmad, roca ϕ = 0 , maSin I = I 0 = A02 . e.i. ekranis
centrSi miiReba naTeli zoli. es centraluri maqsimumia.
πa
ϕ kuTxis im mniSvnelobebisaTvis, roca ⋅ sin ϕ = kπ , anu roca
λ
a sin ϕ = kλ , (k = ∓1 ∓ 2 ∓ 3 . . .) (68.6)
intensivoba I = 0 . amgvarad, (68.6) gansazRvravs ϕ kuTxis im mniSvnelobas,
romelTac Seesabameba bneli zolebi anu difraqciuli minimumebi.
vinaidan mezobel minimumebs Soris aucileblad unda iyos maqsimumi,
gamodis, rom bnel zolebs Soris moTavsebulia naTeli zolebi. am maqsimume-
bis mdebareobis dasadgenad (maT gverdiTi an meoradi maqsimumebi ewodeba)
iyeneben funqciis eqstremumebis povnis meTods. (68.5) funqciis mimarT am
meTodis gamoyenebiT dadgenilia, rom intensivoba aRwevs maqsimalur mniS-
πa
vnelobebs ⋅ sin ϕ argumentis Semdegi mniSvnelobebisaTvis: 0; 1,43π ; 2,46π ;
λ
3,47π ; 4,47π da a.S.

239
 (68.5) formuliT mocemuli damokidebuleba I intensivobasa da ϕ kuTxes
Soris grafikulad mocemulia (68.4) suraTze.
rogorc grafikidan
Cans, gverdiTi maqsimumebis
intensivobebi swrafad kle-
bulobs. gamoTvlebi gviCve-
nebs, rom centraluri da
momdevno (gverdiTi) maqsimu-
mebis mniSvnelobebi ise See-
fardebian erTmaneTs, ro-
gorc 1 : 0.047 : 0,008 : 0,005 da a.S.
a a a a a a
sur. 68.4 e.i. sinaTlis talRis ener-
giis ZiriTadi nawili modis cenralur maqsimumze. energiis daaxloebiT 5%
modis pirvel gverdiT maqsimumebze, ~2% _ meore gverdiT maqsimumebze da a.S.
suraTidan Cans, rom centraluri maqsimumis kuTxuri sigane anu δϕ man-
δϕ λ
Zili or minimums Soris ganisazRvreba tolobidan sin = ; Tu a >> λ , maSin
2 a
2λ
sinusi SeiZleba kuTxiT Seicvalos, e.i. δϕ = .
a

$69. difraqcia or xvrelze. difraqciuli meseri.

praqtikul interess warmoadgens difraqcia difraqciul meserze.

d i f r a q ci u l i m e s e r i e w ode b a p a r a l e l u r a d g a n la g e b u l d i d i r a o -
de nob i s ∗ ma rT kuT xa xv relebis erT ob lio ba s, r omle b ic er Tma -
neTisagan g a mo y o f il i a toli s i g a ni s gaumWviri S u a l e d e b iT
(sur.69.1)
manZils mezobeli xvrelebis Sesabamis wertilebs (mag. xvrelis
napirebs) Soris mesris mudmiva an periodi ewodeba. suraTidan Cans, rom mes-
ris mudmiva d = a + b , sadac a _ xvrelis siganea, xolo b _ gaumWviri
Sualedis sigane. difraqciuli meseri aris ori tipis _ gamWvirvale da amrek-
li. gamWvirvale meseri mzaddeba minis an kvarcis firfitisagan, romelzedac

∗
ramodenime aTasi 1 mm-ze.
240
specialuri damyofi manqaniT (romelic aRWurvilia almasis saWrisiT),
avleben paralelur ganakawrebs. es ganakawrebi warmoadgens mesris gaumWvir
Sualedebs, xolo maT Soris dauzianebeli areebi _ gamWvirvale Sualedebs
anu xvrelebs. amrekl meserSi gamWvirvale Sualedebi Secvlilia sarkulad
amrekli SualedebiT. am SemTxvevaSi ganakawrebis gavleba xdeba kargad
gaprialebul liTonis zedapirze. mesers, romelsac aqvs mudmivi periodi da
erTnairi siganis xvrelebi, r egu l a r ul i ewodeba.
mesris TiToeuli xvreli
mogvcems misTvis damaxasiaTebel
difraqciul suraTs, romelic ϕ
kuTxiT ganisazRvreba (sur. 69.1),
amasTan calkeuli xvrelebidan
miRebuli suraTebi erTnairia, vi-
naidan kuTxe ϕ yvela Wrili-
saTvis erTnairia. miuxedavad ami-
sa, N raodenobis xvrelis Sem-

sur. 69.1 TxvevaSi, jamuri intensivoba Iϕ

ar udris erTi xvrelis mier gamosxivebul I ϕ1 intensivobas gamravlebuls N -

ze (I ϕ )
≠ NI ϕ1 . saqme isaa, rom meoreuli talRebis koherentulobis gamo, adg-

ili aqvs sxvadasxva xvrelebis Sesabamisi wertilebidan wamosuli (gamosxi-

vebuli) meoreuli talRebis interferencias,
rac gamoiwvevs zogierT werilebSi maT
urTierTgaZlierebas, zogSi ki _ Sesustebas.
simartivisaTvis ganvixiloT difraq-
ciuli meseri, romelic Sedgeba ori ( AB da
CD) xvrelisagan. davuSvaT, brtyeli mono-
qromatuli talRa marTobulad ecema mesris
sibrtyes. radgan xvrelebi daSorebulni
arian erTmaneTisagan toli manZiliT, amitom
mezobeli zonebis Sesabamisi wertilebidan
wamosuli sxivebis svlaTa sxvaoba erTnairia
da udris (sur. 69.2)
241
 Δ = CF = (a + b )sin ϕ = d sin ϕ (69.1)

cxadia, rom im mimarTulebiT (ϕ ) , romlis gaswvrivac arc erTi xvre-

lidan ar vrceldeba sinaTle, ar gavrceldeba ori xvrelis SemTxvevaSic, e.i.
uwindeli minimumebis (romelic gvqonda erTi xvrelis SemTxvevaSi) mdebareoba
ar Seicvleba. vuwodoT maT mTavari minimumebi. maTTvis daculia (68.2) piroba:
a sin ϕ = kλ (k = ∓1, ∓ 2, ∓ . . .) . (69.2)
magram ori xvrelis Sesabamisi wertilebidan gamosxivebuli sinaTlis
talRebi, interferenciis gamo, garkveuli mimarTulebebiT gaabaTileben
erTmaneTs, rac gamoiwvevs damatebiTi minimumebis warmoqmnas. cxadia, es mimar-
Tulebebi ganisazRvreba pirobidan, rom svlaTa sxvaoba unda iyos
naxevartalRis kenti ricxvis toli:
λ
d sin ϕ = (2k + 1) , (k = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . ) . (69.3)
2
da piriqiT, erTi xvrelis moqmedeba gaaZlierebs meoris moqmedebas, Tu
svlaTa sxvaoba talRis sigrZis naxevris luwi ricxvis tolia:
λ
= kλ , (k = 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . ) .
d sin ϕ = 2k (69.4)
2
(69.4)-iT gansazRvrul maqsimumebs mTavari maqsimumebi ewodeba.
amrigad, ori xvrelidan miRebuli difraqciuli suraTi ganisazRvreba
Semdegi pirobebidan:
mTavari minimumebi a sin ϕ = λ, 2λ , 3λ , . . .
5 1 3
damatebiTi minimumebi d sin ϕ = λ,
λ, . . . λ,
2 2 2
mTavari maqsimumebi d sin ϕ = λ, 2λ , 3λ , . . .
rogorc vxedavT, ori xvrelis SemTxvevaSi, or mTavar maqsimums Soris
moTavsebulia erTi damatebiTi minimumi. es gamoiwvevs maqsimumebis Seviw-
rovebas da maTi intensivobis gazrdas. analogiurad SeiZleba Cveneba, rom
sami xvrelis SemTxvevaSi or mTavar maqsimums Soris moTavsdeba 2 damatebiTi
minimumi, xolo zogadad, N xvrelis SemTxvevaSi _ N − 1 damatebiTi minimumi.
damatebiTi minimumebi gamoyofilia erTmaneTisagan susti damatebiTi
maqsimumebiT, romelTa raodenoba or mezobel maqsimums Soris N − 2 -ia. dama-
tebiTi maqsimumebis intensivoba Seadgens uaxloesi mTavari maqsimumis
intensivobis ~ 4,30% -s.

242
 Catarebuli Tvisobrivi analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba gavakeToT Semde-
gi daskvna: rac metia xvrelebis raodenoba, miT met sinaTlis energias gaata-
rebs difraqciuli meseri, miT meti damatebiTi minimumebi (Cajdeba) warmoiq-
mneba mTavar maqsimumebs Soris, da maSasadame miT ufro intensiuri da mkveT-
ri iqneba mTavari maqsimumebi∗ xvrelTa didi ricxvis SemTxvevaSi MN ekran-
ze miRebuli difraqciuli suraTi warmoadgens mkveTr, viwro maqsimumebs,
romelTa Soris praqtikulad bneli Sualedebia. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis (69.3)
suraTze SeTavsebulia erTi, ori, oTxi da rva xvrelisagan miRebuli
difraqciuli suraTebi. vinaidan sin ϕ ≤ 1 , (69.4)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom mTavar

d
maqsimumTa raodenoba k ≤ , anu ganisazRvreba mesris periodisa da talRis
λ
sigrZis TanafardobiT.
sakiTxis raodenobrivi ganxilva gvaZlevs, rom meoreuli talRebis
interferenciis Sedegad intensivoba izrdeba ara xvrelebis N ricxvis pro-
porciulad, aramed am ricxvis kvadratis propor-
ciulad: I ϕ = N 2 I ϕ1 , rac Sedegia (interferenciis

gamo) mesris mier gatarebuli sinaTlis mTeli en-

ergiis gadanawilebisa.
(69.4)-dan gamomdinareobs, rom mTavar maqsi-
mumTa mdebareoba (romelic sin ϕ -Ti ganisazRvreba),
garda centralurisa (k = 0) , damokidebulia λ
talRis sigrZeze. rac metia λ , miT metia sin ϕ ,
anu miT ufro didi difraqciis ϕ kuTxiT miiReba
am talRis Sesabamisi maqsimumi. amitom, meserSi
TeTri sinaTlis gatarebisas, yvela maqsimumi,
garda centralurisa, daiSleba ferebad. miiReba
e.w. difraqciuli speqtri. amasTan, vinaidan tal-
Ris sigrZis zrdiT izrdeba sin ϕ da maSasadame ϕ ,

sur. 69.3

2λ
∗
SeiZleba Cveneba, rom centraluri maqsimumis kuTxuri sigane Δϕ = . daaxloebiT
Nd
aseTivea yvela mTavari maqsimumis siganec. e.i. rac metia N , miT viwro da maSasadame,
mkveTria mTavari maqsimumebi.
243
didi difraqciis kuTxiT miiReba didi talRis sigrZis Sesabamisi maqsimumi.
amitom speqtris iisferi nawili yvelaze axlos iqneba difraqciuli suraTis
centrTan, wiTeli ki _ yvelaze Sors (sur. 69.4).
difraqciuli meseri umniSvnelovanesi speqtruli xelsawyoa, romlis
daniSnulebaa sinaTlis speqtrad daSla da talRis sigrZis gansazRvra, rac
martivad xorcieldeba (69.4) formulis saSualebiT. vinaidan mocemuli
mesrisaTvis d cnobilia, amisaTvis saWiroa mxolod gaizomos mocemuli ri-
gis maqsimumis mdebareobis ganmsazRvreli ϕ kuTxe.

iisferi

wiTeli
mwvane
meore pirveli nulovani pirveli meore
rigis rigis rigis rigis rigis
speqtri speqtri speqtri speqtri speqtri
(k = −2) (k = −1) (k = 0) (k = +1) (k = +2)
sur. 69.4

$70. rentgenis sxivebis difraqcia.

1895 wels germanelma fizikosma vilhelm rentgenma, kaToduri sxivebis

Seswavlisas aRmoaCina, rom eleqtronebis swrafi damuxruWebis dros Cndeba
uxilavi gamosxiveba, romelsac, manamde ucnobi Tvisebebis gamo (haeris
ionizaciis unari, nivTierebis ganWolvis didi unari, mafluorescirebeli
ekranis naTebis unari da sxv.), X _ sxivebi uwoda. Zalian male am sxivebs, misi
aRmomCenis pativsacemad, rentgenis sxivebi ewoda.∗
rentgenis gamosxivebis warmoSobis meqanizmi sworad iqna axsnili sxva-
dasxva mecnierebisa da TviT rentgenis mier: moZravi eleqtroni warmoadgens
eleqtrul dens, romelic garSemortymulia magnituri veliT. eleqtronis
swrafi damuxruWebisas icvleba (mcirdeba) magnituri veli. maqsvelis Teoriis
Tanaxmad ki, eleqtruli da magnituri velis cvlileba iwvevs eleq-
tromagnituri talRis gamosxivebas. magram Tu rentgenis sxivebi talRuri

∗
sagulisxmoa, rom TviT rentgeni am sxivebs sikvdilamde moixsenebda X _ sxivebad.
244
bunebisaa, adgili unda hqondes yovelgvari talRuri procesisaTvis
aucilebel movlenebs _ maT interferenciasa da difraqcias. praqtikulad ki
rentgenis sxivebis difraqciis (iseve, rogorc interferenciis) dakvirveba
(ganxorcieleba) ver xerxdeboda _ isini difraqciul meserSi gadiodnen
yovelgvari gadaxris gareSe. es winaaRmdegoba axsna germanelma mecnierma
lauem 1912 wels: difraqcias rom hqondes adgili saWiroa, rom zoma
xvrelebisa da dabrkolebebisa, romlebic qmnian mesers sxivebis gavrcelebis
gzaze, ar iyos Zalian didi talRis sigrZesTan SedarebiT. marTlac,
formulidan d sin ϕ = nλ Cans, rom Tu d >> λ , maSin gadaxris ϕ kuTxe iqneba
metismetad mcire, e.i. difraqcias ar eqneba adgili. amitom, rentgenis sxivebis
difraqciis ararseboba, SesaZloa, imiT iyos gamowveuli, rom maTi talRis
sigrZe metismetad mcirea xelovnurad damzadebuli mesris periodTan
SedarebiT. magram Tu SeuZlebelia xelovnurad damzaddes meseri Zalian
mcire periodiT, igi arsebobs bunebaSi kristalis saxiT, romelSic
nawilakebi (atomebi, ionebi, an molekulebi) kanonzomieradaa ganlagebuli da
qmnian kristalur mesers (It, $83). kristalur meserSi manZili atomebs Soris
(xvrelebi) iseTivea, rogorc atomis (gaumWviri Sualedis) zoma da Seadgens
~ 10 −10 m (rac niSnavs rom kristaluri mesris `periodi~ ramodenime rigiT
naklebia difraqciuli mesris periodze). lauem ganaxorciela rentgenis
sxivebis difraqcia kristalur meserze, SeimuSava miRebuli difraqciuli su-
raTis gaTvlis meTodi da gazoma talRis sigrZe. dReisaTvis dadgenilia, rom
rentgenis gamosxivebis talRis sigrZe icvleba 10 −8 − 10 −11 ( ) m-is farglebSi.
kristaluri meseri samganzomilebiania da bevrad rTulia erTganzomil-
ebian difraqciul meserTan SedarebiT. Sesabamisad, rentgenis sxivebis dif-
raqciis Sedegad miRebuli suraTis gaTvla sakmaod rTulia. amitom praq-
tikaSi xSirad sargebloben rusi mecnieris vulfisa da ingliseli mecni-
erebis mama-Svili bregebis mier SemuSavebuli martivi da mosaxerxebeli meTo-
diT, romlis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom rentgenis sxivebis difraqcia
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc monokristalis∗ paraleluri kristalogra-
fiuli (atomuri) sibrtyeebidan maTi arekvlis Sedegi. magram Cveulebrivi
arekvlisagan gansxvavebiT aseT arekvlas adgili aqvs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,

∗
erTi mTliani kristali, romlis moculoba warmoadgens erTian kristalur mesers.
245
roca mezobeli sibrtyeebidan arekvlili talRebisaTvis sruldeba
interferenciuli maqsimumis piroba∗ (sur. 70.1).
Δ = kλ (k = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) (70.1)
rentgenis sxivebisaTvis nebismieri
nivTierebis gardatexis maCvenebeli n = 1,
amitom, rogorc (70.1) suraTidan Cans, 1' da
2' sxivebs Soris optikuri svlaTa sxvaoba
Δ = ED + DF = 2d sin Θ ,
sadac Θ aris kuTxe dacemul sxivebsa da
sur. 70.1
kristalografiul sibrtyes Soris (`sria-
lis kuTxe~), xolo d _ manZili sibrtyeebs Soris. Δ -s miRebuli mniSvnelo-
bis CasmiT (70.1)-Si miiReba vulf-bregebis cnobili formula:
2d sin Θ = kλ . (70.2)
(70.2) formula gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelovani amocanis gadasawyvetad:
1. cnobili λ , Θ da k -s mixedviT kristalografiul sibrtyeebs Soris d
manZilis gansazRvra anu kristalis struqturis dadgena. es meTodi udevs
safuZvlad r e n tg e n o s t r u q tu r u l a n a li z s .
2. meore amocana pirvelis Sebrunebulia da mdgomareobs cnobili d , Θ da k -
s mixedviT λ -s gansazRvraSi. es meTodi udevs safuZvlad rent genul
sp e q t ro sk op i as .
radgan sin Θ ar SeiZleba iyos erTze meti, (70.2) formulidan gamomdina-
reobs, rom kristalis sivrcul meserze difraqcia SesaZlebelia mxolod
λ λ
maSin, roca d > ; Tu d < , maSin difraqcias adgili ara aqvs da brtyeli
2 2
talRa gadis kristalSi mimarTulebis Seucvlelad, anu ise, rogorc
erTgvarovan garemoSi. amis gamo utolobas λ > 2d uwodeben kristalis
optikuri erTgvarovnobis pirobas λ talRis sigrZis sxivebisaTvis. aqedan ga-
momdinare, sinaTlis sxivebisaTvis ( λ ≈ 5 ⋅ 10 −7 m) yvela kristali ( d ≈ 10 −9 − 10 −10 m)
unda iyos optikurad erTgvarovani, rasac sinamdvileSi ara aqvs adgili.

∗
sibrtyeze ganlagebuli nawilakebis (ionebi, atomebi, molekulebi) qmnian im araerTgvarovne-
bebs, romlebzec xdeba rentgenis sxivebis gabneva yvela mimarTulebiT, magram gabneuli sxive-
bidan interferenciis Sedegad erTmaneTs aZliereben mxolod im mimarTulebis sxivebi, rom-
lebic akmayofileben (70.1) pirobas.
246
aixsneba es imiT, rom Cveni msjeloba samarTliania mxolod idealuri
kristalisaTvis, romlis nawilakebs Soris manZili zustad erTnairia. sinam-
dvileSi, realur kristalSi, es manZilebi siTburi moZraobis gamo swrafad
da qaosurad icvleba. garda amisa, realuri kristali yovelTvis Seicavs mina-
revebs da sxvadasxva defeqtebs. yovelive amis gamo, realuri kristali ar
SeiZleba iyos sinaTlis talRebisaTvis mTlianad optikurad erTgvarovani,
ramac unda gamoiwvios sinaTlis gabneva.
rentgenis sxivebis farTo praqtikuli gamoyeneba dafuZnebulia mis did
gamWolisunarianobaze da imaze, rom es unari damokidebulia nivTierebis
simkvriveze _ simkvrivis SemcirebiT igi izrdeba.
amazea dafuZnebuli rentgenodefeqtoskopia _ sxeulebsa da liTonis
nakeTobebSi sxvadasxva defeqtebis (bzarebis, fuWvilebis anu carieli adgi-
lebis) aRmoCena.
rentgenis sxivebis am Tvisebazea agreTve dafuZnebuli rentgenodiagnos-
tika _ adamianis Sinagan organoebSi sxvadasxva arabunebrivi kerebis (wylule-
bis, simsivnuri wamonaqmnebisa da sxv.) aRmoCena, mkvrivi qsovilebis (Zvlebis)
motexilobis an bzarebis aRmoCena da sxv.

Tavi IX

sinaTlis dispersia, STanTqma da gabneva

$71. dispersiis movlena. niutonis cdebi. normaluri da anomaluri

dispersia.

viciT, ($54) rom sinaTlis sxivi (kona) samwaxnaga prizmaSi gavlisas

ixreba fuZisken. magram Tu sxivi TeTri sinaTlisaa (mag. mzis), igi ara marto
ixreba fuZisken, aramed iSleba ferad-ferad sxivebad. am movlenas sinaTlis
dispersia∗ ewodeba, xolo miRebul suraTs _ speqtri. speqtri 7 feris
zolisgan Sedgeba, romlebic TandaTan, uwyvetad gadadian erTimeoreSi. es
ferebia: wiTeli, narinjisferi, yviTeli, mwvane, cisferi, lurji da iisferi.
yvelaze naklebad gadaixreba wiTeli feris sxivi, yvelaze metad _iisferi

∗
warmoiqmneba laTinuri sityvisagan dispersio _ gabneva, mimofantva.
247
(sur. 71.1). vinaidan garemos gardatexis maCvenebeli damokidebulia am garemoSi

⎛ c⎞
sinaTlis siCqareze ⎜ n = ⎟ , gamodis, rom wiTeli sxivis gavrcelebis siCqare
⎝ υ⎠
udidesia, iisferis ki umciresi.
sinaTlis dispersiiT aixsneba
cisartyelas warmoSoba. am SemTxve-
vaSi prizmebis rols TamaSobs
wvimis wylis wveTebi.
sinaTlis dispersiis pirveli
eqsperimentuli gamokvleva Caatara
sur. 71.1 niutonma (1672 w.). niutonis cda
genialurad martivi iyo _ sinaTlis wyaros warmoadgenda mzis sxivebiT
ganaTebuli (fanjris) darabis viwro xvreli, xolo ekrans _kedeli. rodesac
niutonma diafragmis saSualebiT speqtridan gamoyo erT-erTi feris sxivi
(vTqvaT, wiTeli) da gaatara prizmaSi, igi fuZisken ki daixara, magram ferebad
ar daSlila, rac imas niSnavda, rom prizma ki ar aferadebda TeTr sinaTles,
ki ar cvlida mas, aramed mxolod S l id a nawilebad. speqtris Svidive feris
SekrebiT niutonma kvlav TeTri sinaTle miiRo.
am cdebis safuZvelze niutonma gaakeTa Semdegi daskvnebi:
1. TeTri sinaTle rTuli sinaTlea, igi Sedgeba Svidi sxvadasxva ferisagan.
2. sxvadasxva feris sxivisaTvis mocemuli nivTierebis gardatexis maCvenebeli
sxvadasxvaa, ris gamoc prizmaSi gavlisas TeTri sinaTle iSleba ferebad.
3. speqtris Svidive feris Sekrebisas kvlav miiReba TeTri sinaTle.
sinaTlis talRuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTlis fers gansazRvravs tal-
Ris sigrZe anu rxevis sixSire. maSasadame, sinaTlis dispersia imiTaa gamo-
wveuli, rom gardatexis maCvenebeli damokidebulia talRis sigrZeze.
n = f (λ ) . (71.1)
( 7 1. 1) f o r m u l a s e w o d e ba d i sp e r s ii s z o g a d i f o r m u l a , x o lo
sa z og ad od , d i sp e rs ia ga nim a rt e ba r og or c ga rd a te x is m a Cv ene bli s
da m o kide bu leba talR is s ig rZeze ( s ix Sir e ze) . sinaTlis dispersia
dispersiis kerZo gamovlenaa.
Cvens mier ganxilul magaliTSi gardatexis maCvenebeli talRis sigrZis
zrdasTan erTad mcirdeba. aseT dispersias no rm a lu ri ewodeba. normalur

248
dispersias adgili aqvs im talRis sigrZeebisaTvis, romlebic ar STainTqmeba
garemos mier (anu garemo maTTvis gamWvirvalea). iseT dispersias, romlis
drosac gardatexis maCvenebeli talRis sigrZis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba
a no m a l ur i dispersia ewodeba. anomalur dispersias adgili aqvs garemos
mier sinaTlis talRis STanTqmis areSi, roca dacemuli sinaTlis talRis
sigrZe axloa eleqtronis Sesabamis (de-broilis) λ0 talRis sigrZesTan, an,
rac igivea, roca dacemuli talRis sixSire uaxlovdeba eleqtronis rxevis
ω 0 sakuTar sixSires. (71.2) suraTze mocemulia n = f (λ ) da n = f (ω ) grafikebi

⎛ 2πc ⎞
⎜ω = ⎟.
⎝ λ ⎠

n n
a c b d

b d a c

λ0 λ ω0 ω
sur. 71..2

ab da cd ubnebi Seesabameba normalur dispersias, bc _ anomalurs.

nivTierebis dispersia (η ) ewodeba sidides, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu
ramdenad swrafad icvleba gardatexis maCvenebeli talRis sigrZis
cvlilebasTan erTad. Tu talRis sigrZis Δλ cvlilebas Seesabameba
gardatexis maCveneblis Δn cvlileba, maSin dispersia
Δn
. η=
Δλ
normaluri dispersiisaTvis η < 0 , xolo anomalurisaTvis η > 0 .

$72. sinaTlis dispersiis eleqtronuli Teoria

maqsvelis eleqtromagnituri velis Teoria ver xsnida dispersiis

movlenas, ufro metic, am Teoriis erT-erTi ZiriTadi Sedegi

n = εμ (72.1)

249
winaaRmdegobaSic ki iyo dispersiis cdiseul (71.1) formulasTan. marTlac,
dispersiis formulis Tanaxmad gardatexis maCvenebeli cvladi sididea, igi
damokidebulia sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze (sixSireze), (72.1) formulis
Tanaxmad ki gardatexis maCvenebeli m u dm i v i sididea, vinaidan gainsazRvreba
ε da μ mudmivi (mocemuli nivTierebisaTvis) sidideebiT. es winaaRmdegoba
iyo imis Sedegi, rom maqsvelis Teoria ar iTvaliswinebs nivTierebis Sinagan
aRnagobas da ixilavs mxolod makroskopul eleqtrul da magnitur velebs.
bunebrivia amitom, rom winaaRmdegobis gadalaxva SesaZlebeli gaxda
maqsvelis TeoriasTan erTad lorencis eleqtronuli Teoriis gamoyenebiT,
ris Sedegadac gairkva, rom nivTierebis dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadoba mudmivi
ki ar aris, aramed damokidebulia eleqtromagnituri talRis ω sixSireze.
ganvixiloT es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT.
nivTierebis eleqtronuli Teoriis Tanaxmad nivTiereba Sedgeba atome-
bisagan, romlebic Tavis mxriv Seicavs eleqtronebsa da dadebiT ionebs (da-
debiT `atomur naSTebs~). es muxtebi dakavSirebulni arian erTmaneTTan kvazi-
drekadi ZalebiT, ris gamoc maT gaaCnia rxevis sakuTari sixSireebi. sinaTlis
eleqtromagnituri veli iwvevs am muxtebis iZulebiT rxevas, ris gamoc isini
TviTon gamoasxiveben meoreul eleqtromagnitur talRebs, romlebic
interferireben dacemul sinaTlis talRasTan.
gamWvirvale sxeulebi, rogorc wesi araferomagnituria, maTTvis μ
umniSvnelod gansxvavdeba erTisagan, amitom SeiZleba daiweros

n = ε , an n 2 = ε .
magram ε = 1 + κ , sadac κ mocemuli nivTierebis polarizaciis koeficientia,
amitom
n2 = 1 + κ (72.2)
amrigad, dispersiis formulis gamoyvana daiyvaneba κ -s dakavSirebaze dacemu-
li sinaTlis talRis sigrZesTan (sixSiresTan).
gamoTvlebis gamartivebis mizniT davuSvaT, rom nivTiereba Sedgeba erTi
tipis atomebisagan, romelTa Soris manZili imdenad didia, rom urTierT-
qmedebas ara aqvs adgili (gaiSviaTebuli airi). davuSvaT agreTve, rom atomi
Sedgeba atomuri naSTisa da mxolod erTi eleqtronisagan. atomTa aseT
sistemas gaaCnia mxolod erTi sakuTari sixSire ω 0 .

250
 vTqvaT, aseT nivTierebaSi vrceldeba sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri tal-
Ra, romlis eleqtruli mdgeneli icvleba Semdegi kanoniT:
E = E 0 cos(ω t + ϕ ) ,
maSin eleqtronze moqmedebs periodulad cvladi eleqtruli Zala
Fe = eE = eE 0 cos ω t da igi daiwyebs iZulebiT rxevas maiZulebeli Zalis

cvlilebis ω sixSiriT (iZulebiTi rxevis sixSire)∗.

merxevi eleqtroni da dadebiTi atomuri naSTi SeiZleba warmovidginoT
rogorc eleqtruli dipoli, romlis x mxari periodulad icvleba. misi
momenti
p = ex .
atomebis ricxvi erTeul moculobaSi aRvniSnoT N -iT. maSin erTeul
moculobaSi dipoluri momentebis jami anu polarizaciis P veqtroi toli
iqneba:
P = N ⋅ p = Nex .∗∗ (72.3)
meores mxriv (It, $119)
P = κε 0 E , (72.4)
sadac ε 0 _ eleqtruli mudmivaa.
(72.3) da (72.4) tolobaTa Sedareba gvaZlevs:
Nex = κε 0 E , saidanac
Ne
κ= x. (72.5)
ε0E
x -is gasagebad ganvixiloT, Tu ra Zalebi moqmedebs merxev eleqtronze.
esenia:
1. eleqtruli Zala Fe = eE = eE 0 cos ω t .

2. kvazidrekadi Zala Fdr , romelic abrunebs eleqtrons wonasworobis

mdgomareobaSi. es Zala gadaxris proporciulia da mimarTulia mis sa-

winaaRmdegod, e.i. Fdr = − kx , sadac k proporciulobis koeficientia.

∗
sinaTlis talRis magnituri mdgenelis moqmedebas ar ganvixilavT, vinaidan eleqtronis
rxevis siCqare gacilebiT naklebia sinaTlis c siCqareze, ris gamoc eleqtruli Zala
gacilebiT metia magnitur Zalaze (§13). aseve ugulvebelyofilia dadebiTi naSTis rxeva,
romlis amplituda, didi masis gamo, bevrad naklebia eleqtronis rxevis amplitudaze.
∗∗
sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri velis didi sixSiris gamo, orientaciuli polarizacia
SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT da SemovifargloT deformaciuli polarizaciiT anu dipolis
mxaris cvlilebiT talRis eleqtruli velis cvlilebis Sesabamisad. deformaciul
polarizaciaSi ZiriTadi wvlili Seaqvs atomur naSTTan yvelaze ufro sustad dakavSirebul
eleqtronebs (dRevandeli terminologiiT _ birTvTan yvelaze ufro sustad dakavSirebul
savalento eleqtronebs). maT o p t i k u r i e l e q t r o n e b i ewodeba.
251
 3. winaaRmdegobis Zala (`gamosxivebis winaaRmdegobis Zala~). am Zalis
Semoyvana ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom eleqtronis rxevas Tan sdevs
energiis gamosxiveba eleqtromagnituri talRis saxiT, ris gamoc rxeva rom
Tavisufali yofilyo, milevadi iqneboda. sazogadod, rxevis milevas iwvevs
atomTa urTierTqmedebac, rasac pirobis Tanaxmad, Cven SemTxvevaSi adgili
ara aqvs.
winaaRmdegobis Zala siCqaris proporciulia da mimarTulia mis
sawinaaRmdegod, e.i.
dx
Fwin = −rυ = −r ,
dt
sadac r _ winaRobis koeficientia.
4. zogad SemTxvevaSi mocemul eleqtronze moqmedebs Zala, romelic sxva
atomur dipolebTan urTierTqmedebiTaa gamowveuli. pirobis Tanaxmad es Zala
nulis tolia.
Tu gamoTvlebis gamartivebis mizniT Tavdapirvelad ugulvebelvyofT
( )
milevas gamosxivebis xarjze Fwin = 0 , eleqtronis iZulebiTi rxevis gantole-

bas eqneba saxe:

d 2x
m = eE − kx .
dt 2
k
tolobis orive mxare gavyoT m -ze da SemoviRoT aRniSvna: = ω 02 , sadac ω 0
m
eleqtronis sakuTari rxevis wriuli sixSirea. gveqneba:

d 2x eE
2
+ ω 02 x = 0 cos(ω t + ϕ ) (72.6)
dt m
miviReT meore rigis diferencialuri gantoleba. mis amonaxsens aqvs
saxe:
x = A cos(ω t + ϕ ) , (72.7)
sadac A iZulebiTi rxevis amplitudaa. A -s mniSvnelobas am konkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi (F
win =0 ) advilad davadgenT. marTlac, Tu (72.7)-s SevitanT (72.6)-Si,

miviRebT:
eE 0
− Aω 2 cos(ω t + ϕ ) + ω 02 A cos(ω t + ϕ ) = cos(ω t + ϕ ) ,
m
saidanac
eE 0
A=
m(ω 02 − ω 2 )
252
da
eE0
cos(ω t + ϕ ) =
eE
x=
m(ω 0 − ω ) m(ω 02 − ω 2 )
2 2
.

x -is miRebuli mniSvnelobis Casma (72.5)-Si mogvcems gamosaxulebas polariza-

ciis koeficientisaTvis:

Ne 2
κ=
( )
.
mε 0 ω 02 − ω 2
romlis SetaniT (72.2)-Si n -sTvis sabolood miviRebT:

Ne 2
n2 = 1+
(
mε 0 ω 02 − ω 2
.
) (72.8)

2π 2π c 2π c 2π c
Tu SevcvliT: ω= = = , xolo ω 0 = , sadac λ sxeulze dacemuli talRis
T cT λ λ0
sigrZea, xolo λ0 _ eleqtronis Sesabamisi (de broilis) talRis sigrZe, miviRebT:

Ne 2 1
n2 = 1+ ⋅
mε 0 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
4π 2 c 2 ⎜⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ λ0 λ ⎠
an, gamartivebis Semdeg,
Ne 2 λ20 1
n2 = 1+ ⋅ .
4π 2 c 2 mε 0 λ2
1 − 02
λ
(72.8) formula gviCvenebs, rom gardatexis maCvenebeli damokidebulia
sixSireze, anu igi dispersiis gantolebaa. gantolebidan Cans, rom sixSireTa
intervalSi 0-dan ω 0 -mde gardatexis maCvenebeli n 2 > 1 da ω -s zrdiT izrdeba

(normaluri dispersia). roca ω = ω0 , maSin n 2 = ∓∞ ; sixSireTa intervalSi

ω 0 -dan ∞ -mde n 2 < 1 da ω -s zrdiT izrdeba − ∞ -dan 1-mde, rac agreTve ga-
mosaxavs normalur dispersias (sur. 72.2).
SemTxvevas n 2 = ∓ ∞ roca ω = ω 0 , fizikuri az-
n2
b ri ara aqvs da aseTi ararealuri Sedegi mi-

1 viReT gamosxivebis winaaRmdegobis Zalis

ugulvebelyofis gamo. Tu iZulebiTi rxevis
gantolebaSi gaviTvaliswinebT winaaRmdego-
c bis Zalas, n(ω ) funqciis grafiki ω 0 -is max-
ω0 ω
loblobaSi gamoisaxeba bc wyvetili wiriT,
sur. 72.2

253
romelic gamosaxavs anomalur dispersias. rogorc vxedavT, am SemTxvevaSi
Teoriuli mrudi Tanxvdeba (71.2) suraTze moyvanil eqsperimentul mruds.
Cven ganvixileT gamartivebuli
SemTxveva, roca nivTiereba Sedgeba erTi
tipis atomebisagan, romelTac erTi sa-
1
kuTari ω0 sixSire aqvT. sinamdvileSi
nivTierebaSi yovelTvis aris gansxva-
vebuli tipis atomTa jgufebi, romelTac
0 ω 01 ω 02 ω 03 ω
sur. 72.3 gansxvavebuli ω 0 k sixSireebi aqvT. amas
adasturebs is cdiseuli faqti, rom gaiSviaTebul airSi sinaTlis gavlisas
sazogadod miiReba ara erTi, aramed ramodenime, am nivTierebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli STanTqmis xazi. aseTi nivTierebisaTvis dispersiis (72.8)
formula Semdegnairad daiwereba:

e2 Nκ
n2 = 1+
mε 0
∑κ (ω 2
−ω2
,
)
0κ

romlis grafiks aqvs (72.3) suraTze naCvenebi saxe.

$73. sinaTlis STanTqma.

cdebiT dadgenilia, rom nivTierebaSi sinaTlis gavlisas misi intensi-

voba TandaTan mcirdeba. am movlenas sinaTlis STanTqma (absorbcia∗) ewodeba.
intensivobis Semcireba imiTaa gamowveuli, rom nivTierebaSi gavlisas
sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri velis energia ixarjeba eleqtronebis rxeviTi
moZraobis aRZvraze. am energiis nawili kvlav ubrundeba talRas merxevi
eleqtronebis mier gamosxivebuli meoreuli talRebis energiis saxiT, nawili
ki gardaiqmneba sxva saxis energiad, umeteswilad nivTierebis Semadgeneli
nawilakebis moZraobis energiad, ris Sedegadac sxeulis Sinagani energia
izrdeba, anu igi Tbeba. rig SemTxvevebSi molekulis mier STanTqmuli energia
koncentrirdeba ama Tu im qimiur kavSirze (bmaze) da ixarjeba am kavSiris
gawyvetaze (e.w. fotoqimiuri reaqcia).

∗
laT. absorption _ STanTqma.
254
 STanTqmis Sedegad sinaTlis intensivobis Semcirebis kanoni empiriulad
daadgina frangma mecnierma bugerma (1729 w). mogvianebiT (1760 w) es kanoni
Teoriulad gamoiyvana germanelma mecnierma lambertma, amitom mas buger-
lambertis kanoni ewodeba. gamoviyvanoT es kanoni.
davuSvaT, sxeulis zesapirs marTobulad ecema I 0 intensivobis monoqro-
matuli sinaTle, xolo zedapiridan x manZiliT daSorebul dx sisqis fe-
namde aRwevs I intensivobis sinaTle (sur. 73.1). cxadia, I < I 0 . gasagebia, rom
dx fenaSi intensivobis cvlileba (Semcireba) miT meti iqneba, rac metia fenis
sisqe da fenaze dacemuli sinaTlis intensivoba:
− dI ~ Idx ,
an
dI = −α Idx . (73.1)
I0 I I I I III minusi niSani gamosaxavs im faqts, rom dx -is
gazrdiT dI mcirdeba, anu igi uaryofiTia. α -s
ewodeba STanTqmis koeficienti. davadginoT misi
fizikuri Sinaarsi. (73.1)-dan
x dx dI
α= ;
Idx
dI
davuSvaT, dx = 1 , maSin α = .
sur. 73.1 I
maSasadame, S Ta nT qm i s k oe f ic ie nt i
gvi Cvene bs, Tu dacemuli sinaTli s i nte nsivobis ra na wils
STa nTq av s erTeuli s isq is f e na.
ganvacalkevoT (73.1) tolobaSi cvladebi da Semdeg gavaintegraloT
sawyisi pirobebis dacviT:
I x
I dI dI
I
= −αdx, ∫I I = −α ∫0 dx ;
0

I I
ln = −α x, = e −α x
I0 I0
da
I = I 0 e −α x . (73.2)
(73.2) warmoadgens STanTqmis buger-lamb ertis
x
sur. 73.2 kanons. igi gviCvenebs, rom STanTqmis Sedegad

255
sinaTlis intensivoba eqsponencialuri kanoniT mcirdeba. kanonis grafiki
mocemulia (73.2) suraTze.
(73.2) formula saSualebas gvaZlevs meorenairad ganvmartoT STanTqmis
1 I0
koeficienti. marTlac, Tu davuSvebT rom x= , miviRebT: I= , e.i. α
α e
warmoadge ns im sisq is Se br unebul sidides, romelic iwvevs sinaT-
lis intencivobi s e -jer (~ 2,72) Se mc ire bas . SI sistemaSi α -s sazomi

erTeulia m −1 .
1852 wels germanelma menierma berim cdiT daadgina, rom Tu mSTanTqmeli
nivTiereba gaxsnilia aramSTanTqmel (gamWvirvale) nivTierebaSi (airSi an
siTxeSi), maSin aseTi xsnaris STanTqmis koeficienti proporciulia xsnaris c
koncentraciisa:
α = ηc . (73.3)
proporciulobis koeficienti η ar aris damokidebuli koncentraciaze da
ganisazRvreba mSTanTqmeli nivTierebis molekulaTa qimiuri TvisebebiT. (73.3)
toloba gamosaxavs beris kanons. igi samarTliania mxolod monoqromatuli
sinaTlisa da Zlier ganzavebuli (susti) xsnarebisaTvis. koncentrirebuli
xsnarebisaTvis kanoni irRveva m STa nTq m eli molekulebis urTierTqmedebis
gamo. Tu beris kanoniT gansazRvrul α -s SevitanT (73.2) formulaSi, miviRebT
buger-lambert- be ris kanons: I = I 0 e −η c x . cxadia, es kanonic samaraTliani
iqneba susti xsnarebisaTvis.
cdebi gviCvenebs, rom mocemuli nivTierebis mier sinaTlis STanTqma (mo-
cemuli nivTierebis STanTqmis koeficienti) damokidebulia sinaTlis talRis
sigrZeze (sixSireze). es damokidebuleba gansazRvravs e.w. STanT q mi s
sp e q t rs. im nivTierebis STanTqmis speqtri, romelTa atomebi ar urTierTqme-
deben (erTatomiani gaiSviaTebuli airi, rogoricaa magaliTad liTonTa or-
Tqli mcire wnevis dros), xazovania , rac imiT gamoixateba, rom STanTqmis
koeficienti talRis sigrZis umravlesobisaTvis nulis tolia da mxolod
zogierTi talRis sigrZisaTvis (ufro zustad, talRis sigrZis uaRresad
mcire intervalebisaTvis, romelTa sigane 10 −8 m-is rigisaa) SeimCneva misi
mkveTri maqsimumebi (sur. 73.3 a). es maqsimumebi emTxveva eleqtronebis sakuTari

256
rxevis sixSireebs atomSi, rac iwvevs maT intensiur iZulebiT rxevebs da
sinaTlis intensiur STanTqmas.

α α

o λ o λ
a b
sur. 73.3
airi maRali wnevis dros, iseve rogorc siTxe da myari sxeuli gvaZlevs
STanTqmis farTo zols (sur. 73.3 b). am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom STanTqmis
speqtri mTliania, uwyvetia. airis wnevis TandaTanobiTi zrdiT STanTqmis
maqsimumebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad iyo Zalian viwro (sur. 73.3 a), sul
ufro farTovdeba da maRali wnevis dros uaxlovdeba siTxis STanTqmis
speqtrs. es faqti metyvelebs imaze, rom STanTqmis zolebis gafarToeba aris
atomTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegi, rac iwvevs mravali damatebiTi rezonansuli
sixSiris gaCenas. amave mizeziT, molekuluri airis STanTqmis speqtri,
romelic ganisazRvreba atomebis rxeviT molekulaSi _ zolovania.
(molekuluri airis) STanTqmis zolis sigane asjer da metjer aRemateba
gaiSviaTebuli atomuri airis STanTqmis zolis siganes.
liTonebisaTvis STanTqmis koeficienti metismetad didia (~ 10 m ),
6 −1
ris

gamoc isini sinaTlisadmi gaumWviri arian.∗ aixsneba es imiT, rom liToni

Seicavs Tavisufali eleqtronebis Zalian did raodenobas. sinaTlis talRis
eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT es eleqtronebi modian mowesrigebul moZraoba-
Si da qmnian swrafad cvlad denebs, romlebsac Tan axlavs joulis siTbos
gamoyofa. amis Sedegad sinaTlis talRis energia swrafad mcirdeba _
gardaiqmneba liTonis Sinagan energiad. Tavisufali eleqtronebis didi kon-
centraciis gamo STanTqma-arekvla xdeba liTonis metismetad Txel zedapi-
rul fenaSi.

∗
SedarebisaTvis aRvniSnoT, rom minisaTvis α ≈ 1m −1 .
257
 Cven aqamde vixilavdiT SemTxvevas, roca STanTqmis koeficienti ar iyo
damokidebuli sinaTlis intensivobaze anu vimyofebodiT w r f iv i o p t i k i s
sa z Rv r eb S i . aRmoCnda, rom maRali intensivobis SemTxvevaSi (lazeris
gamosxiveba) adgili aqvs arawrfiv efeqts _ zogierTi nivTierebis (mag. uranis
minis) STanTqmis koeficienti damokidebulia sinaTlis intensivobaze, kerZod,
intensivobis gazrdiT α mcirdeba. es faqti advilad aixsneba kvanturi
warmodgenebis safuZvelze: maRali intensivobis sinaTlis moqmedebisas
mSTanTqmel nawilakTa didi raodenoba aRmoCndeba agznebul mdgomareobaSi.
Cveulebriv, agznebul mdgomareobaSi yofnis dro 10 −8 wm-ia. T u m o c e m u l i
n iv T ie r e b i s m o l e k u l e b i s a T v is agznebul mdgomareobaSi yofnis dro
Cveulebrivze metia, maSin intensivobis gazrdiT α Semcirdeba sinaTlis
STanTqmis unaris mqone molekulebis simciris gamo (agznebul mdgomareobaSi
myof nawilaks ar SeuZlia STanTqos sinaTle).
STanTqmis koeficientis damokidebulebiT talRis sigrZeze (seleqciuri
anu SerCeviTi STanTqma) aixsneba mSTanTqmeli sxeulebis Seferadeba. magali-
Tad, mina, romelic sustad STanTqavs lurj fers da Zlierad wiTels, TeTri
sinaTliT ganaTebisas mogveCveneba lurjfrad. Tu aseT minas gavanaTebT
wiTeli feriT, Zlieri STanTqmis gamo mina mogveCveneba Savi feris. es
movlena gamoiyeneba Suq f il t r e b i s dasamzadeblad, romlebic, imis da
mixedviT Tu rogoria maTi qimiuri Sedgeniloba, atareben erTi feris
sinaTles da STanTqaven danarCen ferebs.
dabolos SevniSnoT, rom sinaTlis STanTqmiTaa ganpirobebuli
sinaTlis yvela saxis zemoqmedeba nivTierebaze, maT Soris fiziko-qimiuri da
fiziologiuri zemoqmedeba.

§74. sinaTlis gabneva

eleqtromagnituri talRis nivTierebasTan urTierTqmedebis magaliTia

sinaTlis gabnevac. s in a T l i s g a b n e v a e w o d e ba g a r e m o s m i e r g a r k v e u li
m i m a r T u l e bi s s in a T l i s nakadis gardaqmnas yvela SesaZlo
m i ma r T u l e bi s n a k a da d . gabnevis procesSi sinaTle icvlis mimarTulebas,
xolo gambnevi nivTiereba iwyebs arasakuTriv naTebas. arasakuTrivi naTeba

258
ganpirobebulia eleqtronebis rxeviT, romelsac iwvevs sinaTlis eleqtruli
veli da romelsac Tan sdevs meoreuli talRebis gamosxiveba.
amrigad, klasikuri fizikis TvalsazrisiT sinaTlis gabnevis procesi
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sinaTle, romelic vrceldeba nivTierebaSi, iwvevs am
nivTierebis Semadgeneli atomebis eleqtronebis rxevas. merxevi eleqtronebi
ki gamoasxivebs meoreul eleqtromagnitur talRebs, romlebic vrceldeba
yvela mimarTulebiT. sinaTlis gabnevis aRniSnuli meqanizmidan gamomdinare,
gabnevas adgili unda hqondes nebismier nivTierebaSi. cdebi ki gviCvenebs, rom
optikurad erTgvarovani nivTiereba sinaTles ar ganabnevs.
winaaRmdegoba imiT aris gamowveuli, rom Cven ar viTvaliswinebT meore-
uli talRebis interferencias. rusma mecnierma mandelStamma aCvena (1907 w),
rom optikurad erTgvarovani garemos (n(x, y, z ) = const ) mcire moculobebi ( ~ λ3 -
is rigis), romlebic Seicaven molekulebis tol da amasTanave sakmaod did
raodenobas, SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc sivrceSi fiqsirebuli, erTnairi
intensivobis mqone meoreul talRaTa koherentuli wyaroebi. rodesac
sinaTle gadis aseT garemoSi, hiugensis principis Tanaxmad, es wyaroebi
gamoasxiveben meorad koherentul talRebs, romlebic interferenciis Sedegad
erTmaneTs Caaqroben yvela mimarTulebiT garda sinaTlis konis Tavdapirveli
mimarTulebisa. radgan gabnevas adgili ara aqvs, sinaTlis kona gverdidan
uxilavia.
sxvanairadaa saqme optikurad araerTgvarovan garemoSi. masSi uwesrigod
ganlagebuli gambnevi nawilakebi, romelTa Soris manZili talRis sigrZeze
gacilebiT metia, warmoadgenen meorad talRaTa damoukidebel (arako-
herentul) wyaroebs. maT mier gamosxivebuli meoreuli talRebi arakoheren-
tulia, amitom maT interferencias adgili ara aqvs da sinaTle ganibneva
yvela mimarTulebiT. Sedegad, aseT garemoSi sinaTlis gavlisas sinaTlis
kona gverdidan xilvadia.
garemos, romelic Seicavs uwesrigod ganlagebul araerTgarovnebebs,
m R v r ie g a r e m o ewodeba. esenia kvamli (myari nawilakebi airSi), nisli (si-
Txis, mag. wylis nawilakebi airSi), emulsia (siTxeSi Setivtivebuli sxva si-
Txis wveTebi, romelic masSi ar ixsneba; mag. rZe aris cximis nawilakebis

259
emulsia wyalSi), suspenzia (siTxeSi Setivtivebuli myari nawilakebi), qarva∗
da sxv.
sinaTlis gabnevis xarisxi arsebiTad aris damokidebuli gambnev nawi-
lakTa zomebze. ingliseli mecnieri t i n d a l i pirvelad daakvirda sinaTlis
gabnevas laboratoriul pirobebSi nawilakebze (araerTgvarovnebebze),
romelTa zoma (0,1-0,2) λ -s ar aRemateba (1869 w) da daadgina rom:
1. gabneul sinaTleSi talRis sigrZe udris dacemuli sinaTlis talRis
sigrZes.
2. gabneuli sinaTlis intensivoba proporciuli gambnevi nawilakebis saSua-
lo moculobisa. amiT xSirad sargebloben koloiduri xsnaris gambnevi
nawilakebis saSualo zomis dasadgenad.
3. gabneuli sinaTlis intensivoba damokidebulia gabnevis Θ kuTxeze. es da-
(
mokidebuleba mocemulia kanoniT: I Θ = I π 1 + cos 2 Θ , sadac Θ
2
) aris kuTxe

pirveladi (I ) da gabneuli (I Θ ) sxivebis intensivobebs Soris, xolo I π _

2

π kuTxiT gabneuli sinaTlis intensi-

2
voba. formulidan Cans, rom gabnevis ku-
Txis Θ = 0 da Θ = π mniSvnelobebisaTvis
gabneuli sinaTlis intensivoba orjer

metia vidre Θ =π kuTxis mniSvnelobi-

2
sur. 74.1 saTvis (sur.74.1).

4. π kuTxiT gabneuli sinaTle srulad aris dapolarebuli miuxedavad imi-

2
sa, rom dacemuli sxivi bunebrivia.∗∗
tindalma miaqcia yuradReba im garemoebas, rom Tu sinaTles davcemT
minis kiuvets, romelSic sufTa wyalia Casxmuli, sinaTlis sxivs gverdidan
ver davinaxavT, xolo kiuvetidan gamosuli sxivi ekranze mogvcems TeTr la-
qas. magram Tu siTxeSi CavawveTebT cotaoden rZes da amiT SevqmniT mRvrie
garemos, gverdidan davinaxavT molurjod Seferadebul sxivs, xolo
kiuvetidan gamosuli pirdapiri sxivi ekranze mogvcems wiTel laqas. manve

∗
amorfuli nivTierebaa, romlis ZiriTad masas (81-82%) warmoadgens naxSirbadi, wyalbadis,
Jangbadis, azotis da gogirdis minarevebiT.
∗∗
sinaTlis polarizacias ganvixilavT Semdeg TavSi.
260
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom cis feri, SesaZloa, Sedegi iyo iyo atmosferoSi
arsebuli mtvris nawilakebze sinaTlis gabnevisa.
ingliselma mecnierma releim, romelic rxevaTa Teoriis erTerTi fuZe-
mdebelia, gamoTvala talRis sigrZesTan SedarebiT mcire zomis sferuli
formis nawilakebze gabneuli sinaTlis intensivoba da miiRo, rom igi
talRis sigrZis meoTxe xarisxis ukuproporciulia:
1
I~ . (74.1)
λ4
releis kanonidan gamomdinareobs, rom xiluli sinaTlis speqtris mok-
letalRovani nawili bevrjer ufro intensiurad ganibneva, vidre grZel-
talRovani. mag. TeTri sinaTlis konidan iisferi sxivebi ( λ = 0,4 mkm) 16-jer
ufro intensiurad gaibneva, vidre wiTeli ( λ ≈ 8 mkm).
releis kanoni martivad xsnis tindalis cdis Sedegs: rZis emulsiaSi
gatarebuli sinaTle gverdidan gveCveneba mocisfro-molurjo feris imitom,
rom (74.1)-is Tanaxmad swored es mokletalRovani ferebi gaibneva yvelaze
intensiurad. kiuvetidan gamosuli sinaTle ki mowiTalo-yviTeli ferisaa
mokletalRovani ferebiT gaRaribebis gamo.
sinaTlis gabnevas adgili aqvs sruliad sufTa nivTierebaSic (mag.
airSi an siTxeSi), romelic araviTar minarevebs ar Seicavs. amis mizezia
simkvrivis fluqtuaciebi,∗ romelic gamowveulia molekulebis qaosuri
moZraobiT. sufTa xsnarebSi gabnevis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes koncentraciis
fluqtuaciebi. vinaidan simkvrivisa da koncentraciis fluqtuaciebi ganpiro-
bebulia nivTierebis aRnagobis molekulur-kinetikuri bunebiT, gabnevis am
saxes ewodeba m o l e k u l ur i g a bn e v a . molekuluri gabnevis intensivoba miT
metia, rac maRalia temperatura.
molekuluri gabnevac aiwere-
ba relies kanoniT, rac miuTiTebs
imas, rom fluqtuaciiT gamowveuli
araerTgvarovnebebi xiluli
sinaTlis talRis sigrZeze bevrad
sur. 74.2 naklebia.

∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan fluctuation _ meryeoba. am sityviT gamoisaxeba raime sididis
S e m T x v e v i T i gadaxra maTi saSualo mniSvnelobidan.
261
 mzis sinaTlis molekuluri gabneviT aixsneba cis lurji feri.∗ (74.2) su-
raTze sqematuradaa naCvenebi mzis sxivebis (C ) gabneva atmosferoSi. A dam-
kvirvebeli xedavs gabneul sxivebs, romlebic relies kanonis Tanaxmad aris
umetesad lurji, cisferi, da iisferi sxivebi, ris gamoc is cas aRiqvams
lurj ferad. B damkvirvebels TvalSi xvdeba mzidan wamosuli pirdapiri
sxivebi, romlebic gabnevis gamo gaRaribebulia mokletalRovani ferebiT da
maSasadame, gamdidrebulia grZeltalRovani (wiTeli, narinjisferi) sxivebiT.
mzis amosvlisa da Casvlis dros Cven vakvirdebiT mzidan wamosul pirdapir
sxivebs, romlebSic haeris sqeli fenis gavlis gamo, TiTqmis aRar aris
mokletalRovani ferebi. amiT aixsneba mzis wiTeli feri misi amosvlisa da
Casvlis dros.
did qalaqebsa da samrewvelo centrebSi haeri Seicavs mtvris SedarebiT
did nawilakebs, romelTaganac xdeba mzis sxivebis TiTqmis ucvleli arekvla.
es arekvlili sxivebi emateba gabneul lurj sxivebs, ris gamoc cis feri
xdeba ufro moTeTro.
molekuluri gabnevis temperaturaze damokidebulebiT aixsneba is, rom
zafxulis mzian dRes efeqti ufro TvalsaCinoa (cis feri ufro `gajerebu-
lia~) zamTris aseTive dResTan SedarebiT.
sinaTlis molekulur gabnevas adgili rom ar hqondes, ca iqneboda sru-
liad Savi da am fonze mze da varskvlavebi gamoCndebodnen ufro kaSkaSa.
swored aseT cas da ciur sxeulebs xedavs kosmonavtebi kosmosuri xomaldidan.

$75. fazuri da jgufuri siCqare

dispersiis movlena iwvevs imas, rom eleqtromagnituri talRis gavrce-

lebis siCqare kargavs Cveul simartivesa da calsaxobas.
vakuumSi nebismieri eleqtromagnituri talRa, damoukideblad imisa,
monoqromatulia (sinusoiduria) igi Tu warmoadgens ramodenime talRis
superpozicias, vrceldeba erTidaigive c siCqariT. eleqtromagnituri velis
impulsis Sesabamisi signali, romelsac drois t 0 momentSi aqvs nebismieri

forma, gadaadgildeba rogorc erTi mTliani da t1 momentisaTvis misi yvela

∗
tindalis mosazreba, rom cis feri, SesaZloa Sedegi iyos atmosferoSi arsebuli mtvris
nawilakebze sinaTlis gabnevisa, ar gamarTlda.
262
nawili gaivlis erTidaigive manZils x = c(t1 − t 0 ) (sur. 75.1). sul sxvanairadaa
saqme roca eleqtromagnituri talRa vrceldeba garemoSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki,
roca impulsi Tavdapirvelad viwroa, gavrcelebisas xdeba misi deformireba
da gawelva (gancoceba), rac Sedegia
E
masze mis mierve agznebuli muxtebis
t = t0 t = t1
mier gamosxivebuli meoreuli tal-
Rebis zeddebisa (sur. 75.2). es warmo-
Sobs garkveul siZneles, vinaidan
X
ibadeba kiTxva: ra unda miviCnioT
B impulsis gadaadgilebis siCqared?
cxadia, rom impulsis sawyisi
sur. 75.1 monakveTi _ impulsis fronti _ moZ-
raobs garemoSi, romlis muxtebma jer kidev ver moaswres agzneba, amitom igi
vrceldeba ise, rogorc vakuumSi, anu c siCqariT. vidre impulsi Zalian ar
gawelila, signalis gavrcelebis w siCqared SeiZleba miviRoT impulsis maq-
simaluri amplitudis (an, vTqvaT, impulsis `simZimis centris~) gadaadgilebis
siCqare. rogorc (75.2) suraTidan Cans, w < c .
amrigad, Tu nivTieri wertilisaTvis siCqares, rogorc gavlili manZi-

⎛ Δx ⎞
lis fardobas drosTan ⎜ ⎟ aqvs sruliad garkveuli da calsaxa mniSvnelo-
⎝ Δt ⎠
ba, iseTi ganfenili materialuri obieqtisaTvis, rogoric eleqtromagnituri
velia, velis gavrcelebis siCqares aqvs SezRuduli gamoyeneba, vinaidan
erTidaigive droSi signalis sxvadasxva nawilebi sxvadasxva manZilebs gadian.
davweroT (usazRvrod ganfenili) sinaTlis monoqromatuli (ω = const )
talRis gantoleba:

⎛ x⎞ ⎛ ω ⎞
E = E 0 cos ϕ = E 0 cos ω ⎜ t − ⎟ = E 0 cos⎜ ω t − x ⎟ =
⎝ υ⎠ ⎝ υ ⎠
ω 2π 2π
= E0 cos(ω t − Kx ) , ∗ sadac K = = = _
υ Tυ λ
talRuri ricxvia (75.1)

sur. 75.2
∗
vixilavT eleqtromagnituri talRis eleqtrul mdgenels, vinaidan Cveni Tvalis mier
sinaTlis SegrZnebas, fotoqimiur, fotobiologiur reaqciebs da sxv. swored igi iwvevs. E -s
xSirad `sinaTlis veqtors~ uwodeben.
263
da gavarkvioT, ra siCqares gamosaxavs gantolebaSi υ .
toli fazis (ϕ = const ) zedapirebi ganisazRvreba tolobidan:
ω
ωt− x = const ,
υ
an
x = υ t + const ' .
maSasadame, t drois ganmavlobaSi es zedapirebi gadaadgildeba Tavis Tavis
dx
paralelurad ≈ υ siCqariT.
dt
amrigad, talRis (75.1) gantolebaSi Semavali υ aris toli fazis
zedapirebis gadaadgilebis siCqare da mas fazuri siCqare ewodeba.
c
radgan gardatexis maCveneblis gamosaxuleba n= miiReba hiugensis
υ
principis saSualebiT gamoyvanili gardatexis kanonidan ($65) , sadac υ1 da υ 2
fazuri siCqareebia, cxadia, rom am formulaSi υ _ warmoadgens fazur
siCqares.
mkacrad monoqromatuli talRa bunebaSi ar arsebobs. nebismieri realu-
ri talRa warmoadgens sixSireebiT erTmaneTisagan mcired gansxvavebul
monoqromatiul talRaTa erTobliobas (superpozicias),∗ romelsac talRaTa
jgufi an talRaTa paketi ewodeba. drois mocemul t momentSi am talRebs
Soris fazaTa sxvaoba sivrcis sxvadasxva wertilSi (anu x -is sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobebisaTvis) sxvadasxvaa, amitom zog wertilebSi isini aZliereben
erTmaneTs, zogSi ki asusteben. (75.3) suraTze warmodgenilia ori aseTi
talRisagan Sedgenili jgufis `momentaluri fotografia~. erTi talRa
gamosaxulia uwyveti wiriT, meore wyvetiliT. es talRebi A wertilSi

sur. 75.3

∗
realuri talRa idealurisagan imiTac gansxvavdeba, rom igi ar gamoisaxeba usasrulod
gagrZelebuli kosinusoidas (an sinusoidas) saSualebiT. realuri talRa SemosazRvrulia
sivrcisa da drois mixedviT _ iwyeba drois raRac momentSi sivrcis raRac adgilas
(gamosxivebis wyaro) da miileva sivrcis sxva wertilSi drois sxva momentSi.
264
aZliereben erTmaneTs, xolo B da C wertilebSi _ asusteben. im wertils,
romelSic rxevis amplituda udidesia, talRaTa jgufis centri ewodeba,
xolo talRaTa jgufis centris gadaadgilebis siCqares jgufuri siCqare
ewodeba. Cveni Tvali sinaTles aRiqvams maSin, roca masSi talRaTa jgufis
centri xvdeba.
gamoviTvaloT suraTze mocemuli talRaTa paketis jgufuri siCqare.
talRaTa sixSireebi aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad ω da (ω + Δω ) -Ti, xolo talRuri

ricxvebi K da (K + ΔK ) -Ti. pirobis Tanaxmad Δω << ω da ΔK << K (75.2). maSin

talRaTa gantolebebs eqneba saxe:
E1 = E0 cos(ω t − Kx ) da

E2 = E0 cos[(ω + Δω )t − (K + ΔK )x ] .

Tu am talRebs SevkrebT da gamoviyenebT kosinusebis jamis formulas,∗

gveqneba:

⎡⎛ Δω ⎞ ⎛ ΔK ⎞ ⎤ ⎛ Δω ΔK ⎞
E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 cos ⎢⎜ ω + ⎟t − ⎜ K + ⎟ x ⎥ cos⎜ t− x⎟ ,
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
an, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT (75.2) pirobas:

⎛ Δω ΔK ⎞
E = 2 E0 cos⎜ t− x ⎟ ⋅ cos(ω t − Kx ) . (75.3)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
pirveli Tanamamravli x -isa da t -s cvlilebiT icvleba gacilebiT ufro
nela, vidre meore. amitom (75.3) gamosaxuleba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc
brtyeli talRis gantoleba, romlis amplituda

⎛ Δω ΔK ⎞
A = 2 E0 cos⎜ t− x⎟ . (75.4)
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
(75.4) gviCvenebs, rom amplituda maSin aris maqsimaluri, roca faza nulis, an

sazogadod, π -is luwi ricxvis tolia (gveqneba mTeli rigi maqsimaluri

2
amlitudebisa). e.i. maqsimaluri amplitudes Sesabamisi x (aRvniSnoT igi x m -

Δω ΔK Δω
iT) miiReba, roca t− xm = 0 . aqedan xm = t da jgufuri siCqare
2 2 ΔK
dxm Δω
u= = .
dt ΔK

a+b a −b
∗
cos a + cos b = 2 cos ⋅ cos ; Cven SemTxvevaSi a = ω t − Kx; b = [(ω + Δω )t − (K + ΔK )x ] .
2 2
265
vinaidan sixSire icvleba mcire SualedSi, sasruli nazrdidan SeiZleba
gadavideT diferencialze da jgufuri siCqarisaTvis sabolood gveqneba:
dω
u= .
dK
davamyaroT kavSiri jgufur da fazur siCqareebs Soris. radgan (75.1)-is
Tanaxmad ω = Kυ , amitom
dω dυ
u= =υ + K (75.5)
dK dK
2π 2π
magram talRuri ricxvi K = , amitom dK = − dλ da
λ λ2
dυ dυ dλ dυ ⎛ 2π dλλ2 ⎞ dυ
K =K ⋅ =− ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = −λ ,
dk dλ dK dλ ⎝ λ 2πdλ ⎠ dλ

romlis Casma (75.5) mogvcems:

dυ
u =υ −λ (75.6)
dλ
am formulas r e l e i s f or m u l a ewodeba. igi gviCvenebs, rom u jgufuri
siCqare SeiZleba iyos meti an naklebi υ fazur siCqareze imisda mixedviT, Tu
rogoria dispersia _ normaluri Tu anomaluri. Tu dispersia normaluria
dυ
anu > 0 ( λ -s gadidebiT υ -c izrdeba anu n mcirdeba), maSin u < υ , xolo Tu
dλ
dυ
dispersia anomaluria anu < 0 , maSin u > υ .
dλ
vakuumSi dispersias ara aqvs adgili ( υ ar aris damokidebuli λ -ze),
dυ
amitom = 0 da u = υ .
dλ

266
 Tavi X

sinaTlis polarizacia

$76. bunebrivi da polarizebuli sinaTle.

malusis da briusteris kanonebi.

im optikur movlenebs, romlebic aixsneba sinaTlis talRuri Teori-

iT, interferenciasTan, difraqciasTan da dispersiasTan erTad, miekuTvneba
sinaTlis polarizaciac. magram Tu interferencia da difraqcia
damaxasiaTebelia rogorc ganivi, ise grZivi talRebisaTvis, polarizaciis
movlenaSi talRis ganivobas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan es
movlena damaxasiaTebelia mxolod ganivi talRebisaTvis.
rogorc viciT (§49), maqsvelis Teoriis erTerTi ZiriTadi Sedegia si-
naTlis eleqtromagnituri talRis ganivoba, rac imiT gamoisaxeba, rom
talRaSi eleqtruli velis daZabulobisa da magnituri velis induqciis
veqtorebi irxevian erTmaneTis da talRis gavrcelebis υ siCqaris marTo-

bulad (sur. 49.1). aseTi kavSiris gamo, Tu cnobilia υ da erTerTi veqto-

ris rxeva, calsaxad ganisazRvreba meore veqtoris rxevac. amitom Cven vi-
saubrebT mxolod erTi veqtoris rxevaze, romelic, araerTxel aRniSnuli

mizezebis gamo, iqneba eleqtruli velis daZabulobis E veqtori

(`sinaTlis veqtori~); amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom B yovel momentSi misi

marTobulia. sibrtyes, romelSic irxeva E veqtori, rxevis sibrtye ewodeba,
xolo mis marTobul sibrtyes, anu sibrtyes, romelSic irxeva B veqtori
(istoriuli mizezebis gamo) _ polarizaciis sibrtye.
viciT (§62), rom sinaTle miliardobiT atomebis erToblivi moqmede-
bis Sedegia. TiToeuli atomis mier gamosxivebul elementarul talRaSi
sinaTlis E veqtori garkveuli mimarTulebiT irxeva. magram gamosxivebis
spontanuri xasiaTis gamo, sxvadasxva atomebis mier gamosxivebul talRaSi
E veqtori sxvadasxva sibrtyeSi
irxeva. amitom sxeulis mier gamos-
xivebul jamur talRaSi eleqt-
ruli veqtori irxeva yvela SesaZ-
lo mimarTulebiT erTnairi alba-
a b g TobiT. amasTan, eleqtruli veqto-
sur. 76.1 ris amplituda yvela mimarTulebiT
267
erTnairia, vinaidan calkeuli atomebi asxviveben (saSualod) erTnairi
intensivobis talRebs.
sinaTles (sinaTlis talRas), romelSic eleqtruli
veqtori irxeva yvela m im a r T u le biT T anabr ad, bu nebri vi
s i n a T l e ( b u ne b r i v i t a l R a , b u n e b r i v i s x i v i ) e w o d e b a (sur. 76.1 a.
sxivi suraTis sibrtyis marTobulia). sinaTles, romelSic darRveulia
eleqtruli veqtoris rxevis simetriuloba, anu romelSic eleqtrul veq-
tors gaaCnia rxevis upiratesi mimarTuleba, polarizebuli (dapolare-
buli) sinaTle ewodeba.
upiratesi rxeva SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ramodenime gansxvavebuli
variantiT. kerZod, Tu eleqtruli veqtoris rxeva swarmoebs erTi wrfis
gaswvriv (sur. 76.1 b), sinaTles wrfivad polarizebuli ewodeba.
vinaidan am dros rxevis sibrtye orientacias ar icvlis, wrfivad
polarizebul sinaTles brtylad polarizebulsac uwodeben. Tu
rxevis sibrtye ganuwyvetliv icvleba da amasTan, E-s sidide ganicdis
pulsirebas, sinaTles nawilobriv polarizebuli ewodeba (sur. 76.1 g).
nawilobriv polarizebul sinaTles, romelSic eleqtruli veqtoris bolo
Semowers elifss (rogorc es Cvens SemTxvevaSia), elifsurad
p o l a r iz e b u l i e w o d e b a . ismis kiTxva: rogor miviRoT polarizebuli
sinaTle? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad ganvixiloT movlenis meqanikuri
modeli. davuSvaT, or brtyel, mcire manZiliT daSorebul paralelur
firfitebs Soris, daWimulia foladis simi. simis Tavisufali bolos
rxeviT moZraobaSi moyvanisas masze gairbens ganivi talRa. cda gviCvenebs,
rom Tu rxevis sibrtye firfitebis paraleluria, aseT talRas firfitebi
atareben daubrkoleblad (sur. 76..2 a), xolo Tu rxevis sibrtye
firfitebis marTobulia, aseT talRas firfitebi srulebiT ar atareben
(sur. 76.2 b). rxevis sibrtyis Sualeduri orientaciis SemTxvevaSi
firfitebi metnaklebad atareben talRas.
analogiuri pirobebi Cven SeiZleba SevuqmnaT sinaTlis talRasac, Tu

a b
sur. 76.2
268
mas gavatarebT anizotropul sxeulSi, anu iseTSi, romlis Tvisebebi sxva-
dasxva mimarTulebiT sxvadasxvaa. aseTia kristaluri sxeulebi (I tomi, §83).
mivmarToT cdas. sinaTlis S wyarodan `gamosuli sxivi~ MN ekranze
gvaZlevs garkveuli intenisvobis naTel laqas (wertils) (sur. 76.3). mova-
TavsoT S wyarosa da MN ekrans Soris Turmalinis Txeli firfita (I),
romelic gamoWrilia misi optikuri OO ' RerZis paralelurad (ix. petitis
teqsti). naTeli laqis intensivoba ramdenadme Semcirdeba. mniSvnelovania,
rom firfitis brunva sxivis Tanxvedrili RerZis irgvliv ar iwvevs naTeli
laqis intensivobis cvlilebas. amis Semdeg (I) firifitidan gamosuli
sxivis gzaze movaTavsoT meore iseTive firfita (II), romelic pirvelis
mimarT Sebrunebulia 90°-iT. ekrani Cabneldeba, e.i. aseTnairad orientire-
buli meore firfita ar atarebs pirveli firfitidan gamosul sinaTles.
Tu meore firfitas vabrunebT sxivis Tanxvedrili RerZis irgvliv, ekranze
miviRebT cvladi intensivobis naTel laqas: intensivoba maqsimaluria, ro-
ca firfitebis optikuri RerZebi paraleluria (am dros intensivoba iseTi-
vea, rogoric iyo (II) firfitis ararsebobis dros) da nulis tolia, roca
optikuri RerZebi urTierTmarTobia. optikuri RerZebis Sualeduri
orientaciis dros ekranze miiReba Sualeduri intensivobis naTeli laqa.
aRwerili cdis axsna aseTia:
' '
O O
N (I) firfitas daeca bunebrivi sxi-
I II vi anu talRa, romelSic eleqtru-
li veqtori irxeva yvela mimarTu-
S I0 I
lebiT Tanabrad. firfitam gaata-
ra am rxevebis mxolod is nawili,
romelic misi optikuri RerZis
O O M paraleluria, danarCeni STanTqa
(cxadia, aman gamoiwvia ekranze ar-
sur. 76.3 sebuli naTeli laqis intensivo-
bis Semcireba). es imas niSnavs,
rom (I) firfitidan gamovida w r f i vad po l ar i z e bu l i sxivi. Tu am pola-
rizebuli sxivis gzaze movaTavsebT 90°-iT Sebrunebul meore iseTive fir-
fitas, cxadia is eleqtruli veqtoris `darCenil~ rxevebs ver gaatarebs
da ekrani Cabneldeba. Tu meore firfitas vabrunebT sxivis Tanxvedrili
RerZis irgvliv, ekranze miviRebT cvladi intensivobis naTel laqas: inten-
sivoba maqsimaluria, roca firfitebis optikuri RerZebi paraleluria (am
269
dros, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, intensivoba iqneba iseTi, rogoric iyo II
firfitis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da nulis tolia, roca optikuri RerZe-
bi urTierTmarTobia. optikuri RerZebis Sualeduri orientaciis dros na-
Teli laqis intensivobac iqneba Sualeduri (II firfita gaatarebs eleqtru-
li veqtoris im mdgenels, romelic misi oprikuri RerZis paraleluria).
I firfitas, romelic axdens sinaTlis polarizacias, p o l ar i z at o -
r i ewodeba, xolo II firfitas, romlis saSualebiTac xdeba polarizaciis
aRmoCena _ analiz ator i. polarizatoridan gamosuli sinaTlis intensi-
voba aRvniSnoT I 0 -iT, xolo analizatoridan gamosuli sinaTlis intensi-

voba I -Ti. fizikosma malusma daadgina (1810 w), rom

I = I 0 cos 2 ϕ , (76.1)
sadac ϕ aris kuTxe polarizatorisa da analiza-
toris optikur RerZebs Soris.
malusis kanoni martivad miiReba Semdegi diag-
ramidan (sur. 76.4). polarizatorSi gavlili tal-
Ris eleqtruli veqtoris amplituda aRvniSnoT E 0 -

iT, xolo analizatorSi gavlili _ E -Ti.

analizatori atarebs E 0 -is im mdgenels, romelic
misi optikuri RerZis paraleluria. rogorc sura-
Tidan Cans es mdgeneli E = E 0 cos ϕ . aviyvanoT

sur. 76.4 kvadratSi: E 2 = E 02 cos 2 ϕ .

radgan intensivoba ampitudis kvadratis proporciulia, ukanaskneli
tolobidan miiReba malusis kanoni: I = I 0 cos 2 ϕ .

Turmalini gamWvirvale, mwvane Seferilobis kristalia. yovel kristalSi aris

mimarTuleba, romlis mimarTac kristaluri mesris nawilakebi simetriuladaa ganlagebu-
li. es mimarTuleba gansazRvravs kristalis optikuri RerZis mimarTulebas. unda aRi-
niSnos, rom optikuri RerZi erTi romelime wrfe ki ar aris, aramed garkveuli mimarTule-
baa kristalSi. yvela swori xazi, gavlebuli am mimarTulebis paralelurad, warmoadgens
optikur RerZs. Tu kristalSi mxolod erTi aseTi mimarTulebaa, mas erTRerZa
kristali ewodeba. aseTia, magaliTad, Turmalinis kristali. zogierT kristalSi ori
aseTi mimarTulebaa. mas o r R e r Z a kristali ewodeba.
optikuri RerZis gaswvriv gavrcelebuli sinaTle ar polarizdeba.

sinaTlis polarizacias adgili aqvs ori garemos gamyofi zedapiri-

dan arekvlis drosac. Tu gamyofi zedapiri iseTia, rom dacemuli sxivis
nawili airekvleba, nawili ki gardatydeba, maSin, rogorc gamokvlevebi
270
gviCvenebs,∗ arekvlili da gardatexili sxivebi polarizebulni arian urTi-
erTmarTob sibrtyeSi: gardatexili sxivi dacemis sibrtyeSi, xolo
areklili _ mis marTobulad. Cveulebriv, polarizacia nawilobrivia,
magram aRmoCnda, rom SeiZleb SevarCioT iseTi dacemis ϕ 0 kuTxe, romlis
drosac arekvlili sxivi wrfivad anu srulad iqneba polarizebuli
(gardatexili sxivis polarizacia am drosac nawilobrivia). ϕ 0 -s ewodeba
sruli polarizaciis anu briusteris kuTxe. misi mniSvneloba da-
mokidebulia im garemos gardatexis n maCvenebelze (igulisxmeba, rom sxivi
garemos ecema haeridan), romlidanac xdeba arekvla da ganisazRvreba
ingliseli mecnieris briusteris mier dadgenili kanoniT: a r e k v l i l i
s x i v i sr u l ad m aS i n ar i s p o l ar iz e b u l i , r o c a d a c e m i s k u T x i s
t ange ns i am r e kl i g ar e m o s g ar d a t e x i s m a C v e ne bl is t o l ia:
tgϕ 0 = n . (76.2)
(76.5) suraTidan martivad mtkicdeba, rom ϕ 0 kuTxiT arekvlis Sem-
TxvevaSi, arekvlili da gardatexili sxivebi urTierTmarTobia marTlac,
(76.2)-dan
sin ϕ 0
= n,
cos ϕ 0
saidanac
⎛π ⎞
sin ϕ 0 = n cos ϕ 0 = n sin ⎜ − ϕ 0 ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠
meores mxriv, gardatexis kanonis Tanaxmad,
sin ϕ 0
= n,
sin ϕ
saidanac
sur. 76.5 sin ϕ 0 = n ⋅ sin ϕ .
tolobaTa Sedareba gvaZlevs:

⎛π ⎞
n sin ϕ = n sin ⎜ − ϕ0 ⎟ ,
⎝2 ⎠
π π
an ϕ= − ϕ0 da ϕ + ϕ0 = .
2 2
vinaidan dacemis kuTxe arekvlis kuTxis tolia, amitom
π π
π − (ϕ + ϕ 0 ) = π − = .
2 2

∗
arekvlili da gardatexili sxivebis gamokvleva martivad xdeba am sxivebis gzaze marTo-
bulad moTavsebuli Turmalinis firfitis brunviT.
271
 §77. ormagi sxivTtexa

bunebaSi arsebul yvela gamWvirvale kristals∗ aqvs ormagi sxivT-

texis unari, rac imiT gamoixateba, rom kristalze dacemuli
s i n aT l i s v i w r o k o n a k r i st al i d a n g am o d is o r i ko nis s ax iT. es
movlena aRmoaCina Svedma mecnierma bartolinma (1669 w), romelmac SeamCnia,
rom zogierTi gamWvirvale kristali iwvevs saganTa moCvenebiT gaorebas.
ormagi sxivTtexis dakvirveba gansakuTrebiT mosaxerxebelia islan-
diis Spatis kristalze,∗∗ romelic warmoadgens kalcitis (CaCO3 ) nairsa-
xeobas. es kristali, garda imisa, rom maqsimalurad aSorebs kristalidan
gamosul konebs, bunebaSi moipoveba didi zomis nimuSebis saxiT. am kris-
tals aqvs r om boe d r is forma anu Semofarglulia eqvsi rombuli waxna-
giT, romelTa blagvi kuTxe α = 101o 52' (sur. 77.1)
Tu aseTi romboedris gverds (wax-
nags) daeca sinaTlis viwro kona (`sxi-
vi~), igi kristalSi gaiyofa da gareT
gamova ori viwro konis (sxivis) saxiT,
amasTan, TiToeuli kona dacemulis pa-
raleluria (rogorc amas hqonda adgi-

sur. 77.1 li brtyelparalelur firfitaSi sxi-

vis gavlis dros).
sagulisxmoa, rom gayofas im SemTxvevaSic aqvs adgili, roca sxivi
kristalis bunebriv waxnags ecema marTobulad (maSin rodesac izot-
ropuli sxeulis zedapirze marTobulad dacemuli sxivi gardatexas ar
ganicdis). erTi sxivi warmoadgens dacemuli dacemuli sxivis gagrZelebas,
anu gadis kristalSi gardatexis gareSe, meore
ki gadaixreba (sur. 77.2). es garemoeba (anu
gadaxra gardatexis kanonidan) gaxda sababi imi-
sa, rom meore sxivs ewodeba araCveulebrivi sxi-
vi ( e sxivi), pirvels ki _ Cveulebrivi ( O sxivi).
islandiis Spatis kristalSi aris erTad-
erTi mimarTuleba (esaa romboedris blagvi
sur. 77.2 kuTxeebis SemaerTebeli diagonalis mimarTu-

∗
garda kuburi sistemis kristalebisa, romelTac axasiaTebT optikuri izotropuloba.
∗∗
kristalis saxelwodeba dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom igi mravlad moipoveba islandiaSi.
272
leba) romlis gaswvriv gavrcelebuli sxivi gaorebas ar ganicdis. es
mimarTuleba gansazRvravs kristalis optikuri RerZis mimarTulebas.
rogorc wina paragrafSi iyo aRniSnuli, optikuri RerZi erTi romelime
wrfe ki ar aris, aramed garkveuli mimarTulebaa kristalSi. yoveli swori
xazi, gavlebuli am mimarTulebis paralelurad, warmoadgens optikur
RerZs. Tu kristalSi erTi aseTi mimarTulebaa, mas e r T R e r Z a k r i s t a l i
e w o d e b a .∗ kalcitis garda, aseTebia magaliTad, Turmalini da kvarci.
bevri erTRerZa (da orRerZa) kristalebis mier Cveulebrivi da
araCveulebrivi sxivebis STanTqma sxvadasxvanairia. maT Soris gamoirCeva
Turmalini, romelic ukve 1 mm sisqis dros praqtikulad mTlianad
STanTqavs Cveulebriv sxivs.
sibrtyes, romelSic gadis (erTRerZa kristalis) optikur RerZze da
dacemul sxivze, kristalis mTavari sibrtye (an mTavari kveTa) ewodeba.
Cveulebrivi da araCveulebrivi sxivebis Seswavla (magaliTad Turmalinis
firfitiT) gviCvenebs, rom orive sxivi wrfivadaa dapolarebuli
urTierTmarTob sibrtyeebSi: sinaTlis E veqtoris rxeva araCveulebriv
sxivSi swarmoebs mTavar sibrtyeSi, xolo CveulebrivSi _ mis marTobul
sibrtyeSi (sur.77.2).
unda aRiniSnos, rom e sxivi `araCveulebriv~ Tvisebebs amJRavnebs
mxolod kristalis SigniT, kristalidan gamosvlis Semdeg ki misi gavrce-
leba xdeba saerTo kanonebis Sesabamisad. kristalis gareT o da e sxivebi
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan mxolod polarizaciis sibrtyis
orientaciiT.

sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom gaorebis Tviseba marto bunebrivi sxivis `privilegia~

ki ar aris, aramed polarizebul sxivebsac axasiaTebs. Tu ormagmtex kristalidan
gamosul Cveulebriv da araCveulebriv sxivebs gavatarebT iseTive kristalebSi, moxdeba
TiToeuli maTganis gaoreba (sur. 77.3). gansxvave-
baa isaa, rom bunebrivi sxivis gaorebis SemTxve-
vaSi Cveulebrivi da araCveulebrivi sxivebis in-

tensivobebi ( I 0 da I e ) erTnairia, polarizebu-

li sxivis gaorebis SemTxvevaSi ki es intensivo-
bebi sazogadod sxvadasxvaa da damokidebulia
sur. 77.3

∗
Semdgomma gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom arsebobs orRerZa kristalebic, anu iseTebi,
romlebSic ori mimarTulebaa iseTi, romelTa gaswvrivac ar xdeba ormagi sxivTtexa.
aseTebia mag. qarsi da TabaSiri. orRerZa kristalisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom
kristalidan gamosuli o r i v e s x i v i a r a C v e u l e b r i v i a . orRerZa kristalebs Cven ar
ganvixilavT.
273
pirveli da meore kristalebis mTavar sibrtyeebs Soris ϕ kuTxeze. advilia Cveneba, rom

I0
es damokidebuleba mocemulia formuliT = tgϕ , saidanac Cans, rom I 0 = I e -s mxolod
Ie

maSin, roca ϕ = 45 0 . formulidan Cans agreTve, rom ϕ kuTxis 0, an π mniSvnelobebis

I 0 = 0 , xolo roca ϕ tolia π

3
dros
2
-is an π , maSin I e = 0 . cxadia, yvela SemTxve-
2
vaSi, energiis mudmivobis kanonis Sesabamisad, I 0 + I e = const .
formulidan gamomdinare es Sedegebi dasturdeba cdiT.

rogorc araerTxel aRgviniSnavs, kristalis mTavari Tvisebaa

anizotropia,∗ anu sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT TvisebaTa (meqanikuris,
siTburis, eleqtrulis da sxv.) sxvadasxvaoba. optikuri anizotropuloba
imis Sedegia, rom rogorc eleqtruli polarizaciis meqanizmidan
gamomdinareobs, ε dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis mniSvneloba damokidebu-

lia mimarTulebaze da radganac gardatexis maCvenebeli n = ε , xolo

c c
sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqare garemoSi υ = = , maSasadame, n -ic da υ -c
n ε
damokidebulia mimarTulebaze.
aRvniSnoT dieleqtrikuli SeRwevadobis mniSvneloba optikuri Rer-
Zis gaswvriv ε || -iT, xolo mis marTobulad _ ε 1 -iT.∗∗ maSin, radgan sinaTlis

E veqtoris rxeva araCveulebriv da Cveulebriv sxivebSi warmoebs sxvada-

sxva sibrtyeebSi, maTi gavrcelebis υ e da υ 0 siCqareebic sxvadasxva iqneba.

kerZod, vinaidan Cveulebriv sxivSi E veqtori irxeva optikuri

RerZis marTobulad, misi gavrcelebis υ0 siCqare nebismieri mimarTulebiT

c
iqneba erTnairi da toli. rac Seexeba araCveulebriv sxivs, romlis
ε1
eleqtruli veqtori irxeva mTavar sibrtyeSi, E -s SeiZleba gaaCndes nebis-
mieri orintacia optikuri RerZis mimarT. Sesabamisad, misi gavrcelebis
siCqarec sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT iqneba sxvadasxva. kerZod, Tu igi mTava-
ri optikuri OO ' RerZis marTobia, e.i. Tu e sxivi vrceldeba optikuri
c c
RerZis gaswvriv, maSin υ e = = υ 0 , xolo Tu paraleluria, maSin υ e = .
εI ε II

∗
warmodgeba berZnuli sityvebisagan anisos _ aratoli, araerTnairi da tropos _ mobruneba,
mimarTuleba.
∗∗
am mimarTulebebs kristalis mTavari mimarTulebebi ewodeba.
274
 c
E -s rxevis yvela danarCeni orientaciis dros υ e moTavsebulia da
εI
c
-s Soris. Sesabamisad, gardatexis maCvenebeli Cveulebrivi sxivisaTvis
ε II
mudmivi sididea, araCveulebrivisaTvis _ damokidebulia mimarTulebaze.
kristals, romelSic Cveulebrivi sxivis gavrcelebis siCqare metia
araCveulebrivi sxivis gavrcelebis siCqareze (υ 0 > υ e ) , d ad e biT s uwodeben

da piriqiT _ Tu (υ 0 < υ e ) , kristali uar yofiT ia.

ormagi sxivTtexis movlenis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs maqsvelis
eleqtromagnituri velis Teoriidan. am Teoriis Tanaxmad kristalSi
(anizotropul sxulSi) yoveli brtyeli monoqromatuli sinaTlis talRa
iyofa or brtyel talRad, romlebic wrfivadaa dapolarebuli
urTierTmarTob sibrtyeebSi da gaaCniaT sxvadasxva gavrcelebis siCqareebi.
amasTan, es urTierTmarTobi sibrtyeebi nebismieri ki ar aris, ar ame d
erTi warmoadgens kristalis mTavar sibrtyes, meore _ mis
m a r T o b u l s . maSasadame gayofili talRebidan erTi gvaZlevs Cveulebriv
sxivs, meore _ araCveulebrivs.

§78. Cveulebrivi da araCveulebrivi talRis zedapiris

ageba hiugensis meTodiT

ganmartebis Tanaxmad (I tomi, §42), talRuri zedapiri (talRis

zedapiri) ewodeba im wertilTa geometriul adgils, romlebamdisac
(talRis wyarodan) rxevebi erTdroulad aRweven, an rac igivea, romlebic
irxevian erTnair fazebSi. talRis yvelaze winamdebare zedapirs talRis
fronti ewodeba. talRis zedapirebi usasrulod bevria, talRis fronti ki
_ erTi. izotropul garemoSi talRuri zedapirebi sferulia,
anizotropulSi ki elifsoiduri an ufro rTuli formis. talRis gavrce-
lebis mimarTulebas sxivi ewodeba; sferuli talRis SemTxvevaSi sxivebs
radiusebis mimarTuleba aqvT. Tu talRis gavrcelebis siCqarea υ,
talRuri zedapiris radiusi t momentisaTvis iqneba υ ⋅ t .
rogorc wina paragrafSi vnaxeT, anizotropul sxeulebSi, kerZod
erTRerZa kristalebSi sxivis gavlisas, adgili aqvs ormagi sxivTtexis
movlenas: kristalidan gamodis ori sxivi ( o sxivi da e sxivi), romlebic
polarizebulni arian urTierTmarTob sibrtyeebSi. amasTan, Cveulebrivi
275
sxivis ( o sxivis) siCqare υ 0 (da maSasadame, n0 -c) yvela mimarTulebiT
erTnairia. amitom, Tu kristalSi davafiqsirebT romelime c wertils, am
wertilidan gamosuli sxivebi drois t momentisaTvis Semoswers υ0t
radiusian wrewirs. e.i. talRuri zedapiri iqneba sferuli, anu iseTive,
rogorc izotropul sxeulSi. rac Seexeba araCveulebriv sxivs ( e sxivi),
vinaidan misi siCqare sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT sxvadasxvaa, Sesabamisi
talRuri zedapiri sferuli formis ar iqneba. SeiZleba Cveneba, rom
araCveulebrivi talRis zedapirs aqvs optikuri oo' RerZis irgvliv
brunvis elifsoidis forma. maSasadame, araCveulebrivi sxivisaTvis sxivisa
da zedapiris normalis mimarTuleba
emTxveva erTmaneTs mxolod elifsoidis
mTavari RerZebis gaswvriv (maSin rode-
sac normaluri sxivisaTvis am Tanxved-
ras yvela mimarTulebiT aqvs adgili).
Cven davadgineT, rom Cveulebrivi
da araCveulebrivi sxivis siCqareebi
optikuri RerZis gaswvriv Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, xolo optikuri RerZis mar-
Tobulad maqsimalurad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT
imasac, rom dadebiTi kristalisaTvis υ 0 > υe , xolo uaryofiTisaTvis

υ 0 < υ e , miviRebT, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi, brunvis elifsoidi mTlianad mo-

Tavsebulia sferos SigniT (sur.78.1a), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ sferos ga-
reT (sur. 78.1 b).∗
Cveulebrivi da araCveulebrivi sxivebis svla kristalSi SeiZleba
ganisazRvros hiugensis principis
saSualebiT:
davuSvaT, uaryofiTi kristalis MN
zedapirs (haeridan) ecema sinaTlis brtye-
li talRa AB (sur. 78.2). drois t momen-
tisaTvis talRam miaRwia zedapiris d
wertils. maSasadame, es wertili gaxdeba
wyaro ori wrfivad polarizebuli
meoreuli talRebisa kristalSi _
Cveulebrivis da araCveulebrivis.

∗
suraTze naCvenebia sferosa da elifsoidis vertikaluri kveTebi.
276
Cveulebrivi talRis υ 0 siCqare, mimarTulebaze damokidebuli ar aris,

⎛ pK ⎞
amitom t + Δt momentisaTvis ⎜ sadac Δt = ⎟ meoreuli Cveulebrivi talRis
⎝ c ⎠
fronti iqneba υ 0 Δt radiusis naxevarsfero centriT d wertilSi.
gardatexili Cveulebrivi talRis fronti am momentisaTvis aris am
zedapiris mxebi KC0 sibrtye. d wertilidan Sexebis wertilamde

gavlebuli veqtori gansazRvravs gardatexili Cveulebrivi sxivis (o )

mimarTulebas. kristalis optikuri oo' RerZis Zevs naxazis sibrtyeSi,
amitom sinaTlis E veqtoris rxeva swarmoebs naxazis sibrtyis
marTobulad, rac Cveulebriv, aRniSnulia sxivze datanebuli wertilebiT.
araCveulebrivi talRis zedapiri brunvis elifsoidia, romlis
brunvis RerZi emTxveva optikur RerZs. radgan am RerZis mimarTulebiT
υ0 = υe , xolo marTobuli mimarTulebiT maT Soris gansaxvaveba
maqsimaluria, araCveulebrivi talRis zedapiri d wertilidan gaivleba
ise, rogorc suraTzea naCvenebi (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom kristali
uaryofiTia). KCe sibrtye, romelic exeba am zedapirs, warmoadgens
gardatexili araCveulebrivi talRis fronts, xolo d wertilidan Sexebis
wertilamde gavlebuli veqtori gansazRvravs araCveulebrivi sxivis (e )
mimarTulebas. rogorc suraTidan Cans, igi ar Tanxvdeba arc Cveulebriv
sxivs da arc KCe frontis normals.

§79. polarizaciuli xelsawyoebi (polarizatorebi)

polarizaciuli xelsawyo ewodeba optikur mowyobilobas, romelic

bunebriv sinaTles gardaqmnis wrfivad polarizebul sinaTled. mis moqme-
debas safuZvlad udevs esa Tu is fizikuri movlena:
1. ori gamWvirvale dieleqtrikis g amyof sazRvarze sinaTlis
d acemisas arekv lili da garda t e x i li sxi v e b i s d ap o lar e ba.
briusteris kuTxiT dacemisas arekvlili sxivi srulad aris dapolare-
buli, gardatexili _ nawilobriv (§76). Tu gamoviyenebT dastas paralelu-
ri firfitebisa (`stoletovis dasta~), romlebic dacemuli sxivis mimarT
orientirebulia briusteris kuTxiT, maSin vinaidan yovel firfitaze
gardatexis Sedegad polarizaciis xarisxi umjobesdeba, dastidan gamova
praqtikulad srulad polarizebuli sinaTle (sur. 79.1). am movlenaze da-
277
fuZnebuli polarizaciuli xelsawyo praqtikaSi naklebadaa gavrcelebuli
dastidan gamosuli gardatexili sxivis mcire intensivobis gamo.
2. d iqro iz m i s movlena, rac
imiT gamoixateba, rom optikurad
anizotropuli kristalis STanT-
qmis koeficienti damokidebulia
sur. 79.1 eleqtruli veqtoris orientaci-
aze sinaTlis talRaSi, ris gamoc igi sxvadasxvanairad STanTqavs Cveu-
lebriv da araCveulebriv sxivebs. gansakuTrebiT Zlieri diqroizmi axa-
siaTebs Turmalinis kristals, romelic firfitis sisqis mxolod 1 mm-is
dros praqtikulad mTlianad STanTqavs Cveulebriv sinaTles. Turmalins
is nakli aqvs, rom igi mniSvnelovnad STanTqavs araCveulebriv sinaTlesac,
amasTan es STanTqma damokidebulia talRis sigrZeze, ris gamoc kris-
talidan gamodis susti intensivobis momwvano-moyviTalo feris sinaTlis
kona. am Tvisebis gamo Turmalinis firfita SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes
filtradac. kidev ufro Zlieri diqroizmiT xasiaTdeba gogirdmJava iod-
qininis (gerapatitis) kristali, razec saubari gveqneba paragrafis bolos.
3. orm agi sxivTtex is movle na . es movlena gamoiyeneba p rizmebS i da
p o lar o i d e bS i. prizmebi iyofa or klasad. pirvel klasSi Sedis prizme-
bi, romlebic iZlevian mxolod erT wrfivad polarizebul sxivs (polari-
zaciuli prizmebi), xolo meore klasi aerTianebs prizmebs, romlebic
iZlevian urTierTmarTob sibrtyeebSi polarizebul or sxivs (ormagsxivT-
mtexi prizmebi).
polarizaciuli prizmebi agebulia sruli Sinagani arekvlis princip-
ze. aseT prizmebSi ormagi sxivTtexis Sedegad warmoqmnili ( o da e ) sxi-
vebs sxvadasxva gardatexis maCvenebeli aqvT, ris gamoc, dacemis kuTxis Se-
sabamisi SerCeviT, erTerTma sxivma SeiZleba ganicados sruli Sinagani
arekvla (Semdgomi STanTqviT an gamocalkevebiT), meore ki gamovides (wrfi-
vad polarizebuli) daubrkoleblad.
pirveli polarizaciuli pri-
zma Seqmna Sotlandielma fizikosma
nikolma. nikolis prizma Sedgeba
islandiis Spatis kristalidan ga-
moWrili ori samkuTxa prizmisagan,
sur. 79.2 romelTa fuZeebi marTkuTxa samku-

278
Txedebia 68° da 22° maxvili kuTxeebiT (sur. 79.2) es prizmebi Sewebebulia
kanadis balzamiT ( AB ) , romelic warmoadgens gamWvirvale izotropul we-
bos. misi n gardatexis maCvenebeli (n = 1,55) Sualeduria islandiis SpatSi
Cveulebrivi da araCveulebrivi sxivebis gardatexis maCvenebelTa Soris
(n0 = 1,66, ne 1,486) . AC waxnagi, romelsac ecema sinaTle, optikur oo' RerZ-

Tan adgens 48°-ian kuTxes (mTavari sibrtye Zevs naxazis sibrtyeSi). sxivis
dacemis kuTxes arCeven ise, rom Cveulebrivi sxivi, kanadis balzamis
fenaze, romelic misTvis naklebad mkvrivi garemoa, ganicdis srul Sinagan
arekvlas, icvlis mimarTulebas da STainTqmeba Savad SeRebili BC zeda-
piris mier (an gamodis gareT). araCveulebrivi sxivi ki Tavisuflad gadis
kanadis balzamis fenaSi da gamodis kristalidan dacemuli sxivis para-
lelurad (odnav wanacvlebuli AC da BD daxril waxnagebze gardatexis
gamo). arsebobs sxva saxis polarizaciuli prizmebic, magram yvelaze didi
gamoyeneba, saukeTeso optikuri Tvisebebis gamo, aqvs nikolis prizmas.
ormagsxivTgamtexi prizmebic sxvadasxva saxisaa. yvela maTganSi gamo-
yenebulia o da e sxivebis gardatexis maCvenebelTa sxvadasxvaoba, rac, sa-
Tanado pirobebis SeqmniT, saSualebas iZleva sagrZnoblad davaSoroT
isini erTmaneTs.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT ormagsxivTmtexi prizma, romelic warmo-
adgens minisa da islandiis Spatis prizmebis kombinacias. ukanasknelis
optikuri RerZi (sur. 79.3) sibrtyis marTobia. minis gardatexis maCvenebeli
(1,49) TiTqmis zustad Tanxvdeba araCveuleb-
rivi sxivis gardatexis maCvenebels islandi-
is SpatSi (ne = 1,486) . amitom ormagsxivTtexis
Sedegad Sedegad warmoqmnili araCveulebrivi
e sxivi gadis prizmaSi praqtikulad mimarTu-
lebis Seucvlelad, xolo Cveulebrivi sxivi
mina
Zlier ixreba kristaluri prizmis fuZisken
sur. 79.3 mis waxnagebze orjer gardatexis gamo.
Cven aRvniSneT, rom gerapatitis kristali xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebiT
Zlieri diqroizmiT. aseTi kristalis 0,1 mm sisqis firfita praqtikulad
mTlianad STanTqavs erT-erT sxivs (Cveulebrivs) da maSasadame, aris srul-
yofili wrfivi polarizatori. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina gerapa-
titis kristalma p o lar o i d i s SeqmnasTan dakavSirebiT. polaroidi warmo-

279
adgens Txel polimerul firs, romelic Seicavs (romelSic `Cawinwklu-
lia~) erTnairad orientirebuli optikuri RerZis mqone gerapatitis umci-
res kristalebs. aseTi firi mTlianad STanTqavs erTerT sxivs da gvaZlevs
wrfivad dapolarebul sinaTles. polaroidi SedarebiT iafia, elastiuria,
aqvs didi farTobi, amitom maT xSirad iyeneben masiur warmoebaSi.

polaroidis praqtikuli gamoyenebis erTerTi saintereso magaliTia misi gamoye-

nebis SesaZlebloba mZRolebis Semxvedri manqanis farebis damabrmavebeli Suqisagan dasa-
cavad. amisaTvis saWiroa avtomobilebis saqare mina da farebi savaldebulo wesiT daifa-
ros polaroidis firiT, romlis optikuri RerZi daxrili iqneba horizontisadmi 45°-iani
kuTxiT (sur. 79.4). maSin Semxvedri manqanebis polaroidebs Soris kuTxe iqneba 90° da mali-
usis kanonis Tanaxmad, farebis po-
larizebuli sinaTle ver gava Sem-
xvedri manqanis saqare minaSi da ar
`daabrmavebs~ mZRols. mZRoli xedavs
sakuTari farebiT ganaTebul gzas∗
da Semxvedr manqanas, magram `ver
xedavs~ Semxvedri manqanis farebis
sur. 79.4 pirdapir, damabrmavebel sinaTles.

Cven ganvixileT wrfivad polarizebuli sinaTlis miRebis meTodebi.

elifsurad da wriulad polarizebuli sinaTle miiReba ori koherentuli
wrfivad polarizebuli talRis Sekrebis Sedegad, romelTa eleqtruli
veqtorebi irxevian urTierTmarTob sibrtyeebSi. amocana analogiuria ur-
TierTmarTobi rxevebis Sekrebisa, romelsac Cven gavecaniT kursis pirvel
nawilSi (tomi I, §39), amitom mas aq aRar ganvixilavT.

§80. xelovnuri ormagi sxivTtexa

Cven viciT (§76), rom ormagi sxivTtexis unari damaxaisaTebelia mxo-

lod anizotropuli sxeulebisaTvis, rogorebicaa kristalebi. anizotropia
kristalis bunebrivi Tvisebaa.∗∗ magram aRmoCnda, rom anizotropia, anu mi-
marTulebis mixedviT TvisebaTa sxvadasxvaoba SeiZleba gamoviwvioT bune-
brivad izotropul gamWvirvale sxeulebSic, Tu movaxdenT mis deforma-
cias an vimoqmedebT eleqtruli an magnituri veliT.

∗
mZRoli xedavs Semxvedri manqanis farebiT ganaTebul gzasac, vinaidan farebis
polarizebuli sinaTle, gzis uswormasworo zedapiridan difuziuri arekvlis gamo
`gadaiqceva~ TiTqmis TeTr sinaTled.
∗∗
kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT rom gamonakliss warmoadgens kuburi simetriis kristalebi.
280
 meq anikuri deform aciiT gamowveuli ormagi sxivTtexa minasa da
sxva gamWvirvale izotropul sxeulebSi aRmoaCines da Seiswavles zeebekma
da briusterma. maT daadgines, rom es sxeulebi calmxrivi gaWimvis an
SekumSvis Sedegad xdebian anizotropulni da iReben erTRerZa sxeulis
Tvisebebs. amasTan, gaWimvisas sxeuli iRebs dadebiTi (υ 2 < υ 0 ) , xolo kumSvi-

sas uaryofiTi (υ e > υ 0 ) kristalis Tvisebas ise, rom SeZenili optikuri OO '
RerZis mimarTuleba emTxveva modebuli Zalis mimarTulebas.
sazogadod, xelovnuri optikuri anizotropiis zomad miRebulia Cveu-
lebriv da araCveulebriv sxivTa gardatexis maCvenebelTa sxvaoba optikuri
RerZis marTobuli mimarTulebiT. briusteris Tanaxmad, es sxvaoba norma-

⎛ F⎞
luri meqanikuri Zabvis ⎜ σ = ⎟ proporciulia:
⎝ S⎠
n0 − ne = k1σ ,
sadac k1 proporciulobis koeficienti damokidebulia nivTierebis gvaro-
baze.
meqanikuri zemoqmedebiT anizotropiis gamowveva imiT aixsneba, rom
calmxrivi gaWimvis an SekumSvisas icvleba nawilakebs Soris manZili Za-
lis moqmedebis mimarTulebiT, rac iwvevs am mimarTulebiT nawilakebs So-
ris urTierTqmedebis Zalis Secvlas, ris gamoc sxeuli xdeba anizotropuli.
plastikur sxeulebSi ormagi sxivTtexis Tviseba rCeba deformaciis
gamomwvevi Zalis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Semdegac. es saSualebas iZleva mi-
nasa da sxva gamWvirvale izotropul xseulebSi aRmovaCinoT narCeni Sina-
gani Zabvebi, rac SeiZleba warmoaiqmnas maTi damzadebis teqnologiis
darRvevis Sedegad. am meTods, romelsac fotodrekadobis meTodi ewo-
deba, farTod iyeneben aragamWvirvale detalebSi narCeni Zabvebis Sesaswav-
lad. amisaTvis gamWvirvale nivTierebisagan (celuloidisgan) amzadeben de-
talis models (rogorc wesi, Semcirebuli masStabiT), msgavsobis principis
dacviT datvirTaven mas sinamdvileSi arsebulis imitirebuli datvirTviT
da modelze miRebuli narCeni Zabvebis mixedviT msjeloben detalSi
arsebul narCen Zabvebze.
eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT gamowveuli ormagi sxivTtexis movlena
aRmoaCina da Seiswavla Sotlandielma fizikosma kerim 1875 w. da mas

281
keris efeqti ewodeba. am efeqtis da Seswavla xdeba (80.1) suraTze naCvenebi
sqemis mixedviT:∗
or Sejvarebul nikolis prizmebs Soris, romlebic asruleben pola-
rizatoris (P ) da analizatoris ( A) rols, moTavsebulia kiuveta nitro-

benzolis (C 6 H 5 CO2 ) xsnariT, romelic CaSvebulia eleqtrodebi.∗∗ mTel am

sistemas `keris ujredi~ ewodeba. analizatori sinaTles ar atarebs, rac
gasagebia, vinaidan nitrobenzoli izotropulia, Sejvarebuli nikolis
prizmebis RerZebs Soris kuTxe ki 90°-ia. Tu siTxeSi CaSvebul eleqtrodebs
movdebT Zabvas, analizatorSi gaivlis sinaTle, rac miuTiTebs imas, rom
eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT nitrobenzoli gaxda ormagi sxivTmtexi. fir-
fitebze modebuli Zabvis cvlilebiT icvleba analizatorSi gavlili si-
naTlis intensivoba, rac gamowveulia nitrobenzolis mier SeZenili anizo-
tropulobis xarisxis cvlilebiT.
cdebiT dadginda, rom Cve-
ulebrivi da araCveulebrivi
sxivebis optikuri gzaTa sxvao-
ba velis daZabulobis kvadra-
tis proporciuli:
Δ = l (n0 − ne ) = k 2 lE 2 ,

sur. 80.1 sadac l _ sxivebis mier gavli-

li siTxis fenis sigrZea, xolo proporciulobis k 2 koeficienti axasia-
Tebs nivTierebis Tvisebebs. fazaTa sxvaoba
2π 2π
Δϕ = ⋅Δ = k 2 E 2 = BlE 2 , (80.1)
λ λ
2π
sadac B = k 2 - keris mudmivaa.
λ
(80.1) gviCvenebs, rom fazaTa sxvaoba ar aris damokidebuli velis
mimarTulebaze. zogierTi siTxisaTvis B > 0 . aseT siTxis aqvs dadebiTi
kristalis Tviseba da piriqiT _ Tu B < 0 , Sesabamisi siTxe uaryofiTi
kristalis Tvisebis matarebelia (`kristalis~ optikuri RerZi Tanxvdeba
velis mimarTulebas).
keris efeqtis axsna advilia: nitrobenzoli Sedgeba polaruli mole-
kulebisagan (I tomi, $118), romlebic siTburi moZraobis gamo Cveulebriv

∗
unda aRiniSnos, rom meqanikuri da magnituri zemoqmedebiT gamowveuli xelovnuri
ormagi sxivTtexis dakvirveba da Seswavla xdeba analogiuri sqemis mixedviT.
∗∗
kerim efeqti pirvelad myar dieleqtrikSi aRmoaCina.
282
qaosurad arian orientirebulni∗. eleqtruli velis moqmedebiT xdeba
molekulebis orientacia velis gaswvriv, rac iwvevs siTxeSi upiratesi
mimarTulebis warmoqmnas da, maSasadame, mis anizotropulobas.
dro, romlis ganmavlobaSic xdeba molekulebis orientacia velis
CarTvisas, an maTi dezorientacia gamorTvisas, metismetad mcirea da Sead-
gens ~ 10 −10 wams. amitom keris ujredi warmoadgens praqtikulad uinercio
Camkets (sakets): kondensatoris firfitebze Zabvis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi
saketi Caketilia. Zabvis CarTvisas saketi atarebs polarizatorze dacemu-
li sinaTlis mniSvnelovan nawils. am Tvisebis gamo keris ujreds didi
praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs. mas iyeneben mag. televizorebSi, xmis aRdgenis
kinoaparaturaSi, laboratoriul pirobebSi sinaTlis siCqaris gasazomad
da sxv.
m a g n i t uri v e lis m o q m e d e bi T gamowveuli xelovnuri ormagi sxiv-
Ttexis efeqti analogiuria keris efeqtisa da mas koton-mutonis efeqti
ewodeba. igi aRmoaCines 1910 wels. es efeqti damaxasiaTebelia iseTi
nivTierebebisaTvis, romelTac gaaCnia mudmivi magnituri momenti. magnituri
veli axdens molekuluri magnituri momentebis orientacias, rac iwvevs
nivTierebaSi upiratesi mimarTulebis warmoqmnas da nivTierebis anizo-
tropias.
dadginda, rom ne − n0 = k 3 B 2 , xolo fazaTa sxvaoba

2π
ϕ= (ne − n0 )l = 2π ClB 2 ,
λ
k3
sadac k3 da C= mudmivebia, romlebic ganisazRvreba nivTierebis
λ
TvisebebiT da fizikuri mdgomareobiT.

$ 81. polarizaciis sibrtyis brunva

vicT ($76), rom kristalur sxeulSi optikuri RerZis gaswvriv gavrce-

lebuli sxivi ormag sxivTtexas (rac Sedegia normaluri da aranormaluri
sxivebis gavrcelebis siCqareTa sxvadasxvaobisa) ar ganicados, anu
vrceldeba ise, rogorc izotropul sxeulSi. magram 1811 wels frangma
fizikosma aragom aRmoaCina, rom zogierT kristalSi sxivis gavla mainc
gansxvavdeba izotropul sxeulSi sxivis gavlisagan. mag. Tu kvarcis

∗
amas Seesabameba energiis minimumi.
283
kristalSi optikuri RerZis paralelurad gavatarebT polarizebul sxivs,
marTalia, misi gaoreba ar moxdeba, magram po larizac iis sibrt ye
g arkveuli kuTx iT Semo brundeba . Semdgomi gamokvlevebiT dadginda,
rom aseTi Tviseba kvarcis garda gaaCnia sxva nivTierebebsac _ myar
mdgomareobaSi mag. Saqarsa da singurs,∗ TxevadSi _ mag. Saqris da Rvinis
mJavas wyalxsnars, skipidars, nikotins.∗∗
nivT iere bebs, romle bic iwveve n wrfivad polar ize buli
sinaTlis polarizac iis sibrty is brunvas, optikurad aqtiuri
nivTierebebi ewodeba.
dadgenilia, rom yvela nivTiereba, romelic optikurad aqtiuria Txe-
vad mdgomareobaSi (maT Soris xsnarebSic), aseTad rCeba kristalur mdgo-
mareobaSic. magram zogierTi nivTiereba (mag. kvarci), romelic aqtiuria
kristalur mdgomareobaSi, Txevad mdgomareobaSi (gadnobis Semdeg) xdeba
ara aqtiuri. maSasadame, optikuri aqtivoba ganisazRvreba rogorc moleku-
lebis aRnagobiT, ise maTi ganlagebiT kristalur meserSi.
optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebebis nawili iwvevs polarizaciis sibr-
tyis mobrunebas marjvniv saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT. (Tu sxivs
vakvirdebiT Semxvedri mimarTulebiT), nawili ki sawinaaRmdego mimarTule-
biT. Sesabamisad maT uwodeben marjvniv da marcxniv mabrunebel nivTie-
rebebs. ufro metic, aRmoCnda, rom erTidaigive kristals SeiZleba gaaCndes
ori modifikacia, romelTagan erTi marjvniv mabrunebelia, meore _ mar-
cxniv. aseTia magaliTad kvarcis kristali. es modifikaciebi erTmaneTi-
sagan gansxvavdeba Sinagani kristaluri struqturiT da garegnuli formiT.
polarizaciis sibrtyis brunvas SeiZ-
leba davakvirdeT cdiT, romlis sqema
mocemulia (81.1) suraTze. rogorc viciT,
ori Sejvarebuli nikolis prizma (polari-
sur. 81.1
zatori da analizatori) sinaTles ar
atarebs _ analizatoris xedvis are Cabnelebulia, magram Tu prizmebs
Soris movaTavsebT optikurad aqtiur nivTierebas, magaliTad, kiuvets
Saqris wyalxsnariT, analizatoris xedvis are ganaTdeba. analizatoris
garkveuli ϕ kuTxiT mobrunebisas, xedvis are isev Cabneldeba. am cdis

∗
singuri _ mineralia, vercxliswylis sulfidi (HgS ) .
∗∗
skipidari da nikotini sufTa siTxeebia, Saqrisa da Rvinis mJavas wyalxsnari _ optiku-
rad aqtiuri nivTierebebis xsnari araaqtiur gamxsnelSi.
284
erTaderTi axsna aris is, rom optikurad aqtiurma nivTierebam gamoiwvia
masSi gasuli wrfivad polarizebuli sxivis polarizaciis sibrtyis ϕ
kuTxiT Semobruneba.
optikurad aqtiuri kristalebisa da sufTa siTxeebisaTvis, Semobru-
nebis kuTxe
ϕ =α l ,
sadac l - sxivis mier gavlili fenis sisqea, xolo α - koeficientia, rome-
lic erTeulovani sisqis feniT gamowveuli Semobrunebis kuTxis tolia.
mas brunvis mudmiva ewodeba. igi damokidebulia nivTierebis gvarobaze, tem-
peraturaze da talRis sigrZeze (brunviTi dispersia) _ talRis sigrZis
SemcirebiT igi izrdeba. magaliTad, 1mm sisqis kvarcis firfitaSi wiTeli
sxivis gavlisas Semobrunebis kuTxe 15°-ia, iisferi sxivis gavlisas ki 51°.
optikurad aqtiuri xsnarebisaTvis Semobrunebis kuTxe proporciulia
kg ⎞
m 3 ⎟⎠
xsnaris C koncentraciis (`moculobiTi-masiuri~ koncentracia, da l

sisqis:
ϕ =α C l (81.1)
sadac proporciulobis α koeficienti (mas aqac brunvis mudmiva ewodeba)
ricxobrivad im kuTxis tolia, romliTac moabrunebs polarizaciis sibr-
tyes erTeulovani sisqis da erTeulovani koncentraciis xsnari. iseve ro-
gorc wina SemTxvevaSi, α damokidebulia nivTierebis gvarobaze, temperatu-
raze da talRis sigrZeze.
(81.1) gamoiyeneba xsnarSi optikurad aqtiuri nivTierebis (mag. Saqris
wyalxsnarSi – Saqris) koncentraciis gasazomad. Sesabamis xelsawyoebs
ewodeba polarimetre bi an Saqarmzome bi .
polarizaciis sibrtyis brunva Tvisobrivad axsna frenelma 1823 wels.
frenelis Tanaxmad, polarizaciis sibrtyis brunva Sedegia gansakuTrebu-
li, e.w. wriuli orm agi sxivTtexis . es niSnavs, rom wrfivad polarize-
buli monoqromatuli talRis optikurad aqtiur nivTierebaSi Sesvlisas
ormagi sxivTtexis Sedegad warmoiSoba imave sixSiris talRebi (sxivebi),
romlebic nivTierebaSi vrceldebian sxvadasxva siCqariT da polarize-
bulni arian ara wrfivad (rogorc amas hqonda adgili Cveulebrivi `wrfi-
vi~ ormagi sxivTtexis dros) aramed wriulad urTierTsapirispiro
(marcxena da marjvena) m im arTu le biT .
saTanado gamoTvlebi polarizaciis sibrtyis Semobrunebis ϕ kuTxi-
saTvis gvaZlevs:
285
 π ⎛⎜ 1 1 ⎞
ϕ= lC − ⎟,
λ0 ⎜⎝ υ g υ d ⎟⎠
sadac λ0 aris dacemuli talRis sigrZe, l - optikurad aqtiuri fenis sisqe,

C - sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqare, xolo υ g da υ d - Sesabamisad marcxena

da marjvena polarizaciis mqone talRebis gavrcelebis siCqareebi.

dabolos, mokled SevexoT polarizaciis sibrtyis x e lo vnu r
brunvas , romelic pirvelad ganaxorciela faradeim 1845 wels. man daad-
gina, rom magnituri velis gavleniT, optikurad araqtiuri nivTiereba xdeba
aqtiuri, e.i. iZens polarizaciis sibrtyis brunvis unars. am efeqtis dakvir-
veba xdeba magnitur velSi moTavsebul optikurad araaqtiur nivTierebaSi
magnituri velis paralelurad sxivis gavlisas. praqtikulad amis
ganxorcielebisaTvis eleqtromagnitis polusur A da B bunikebSi akeTe-
ben viwro xvrels, romelSic atareben wrfivad polarizebul sinaTles
(sur. 81.2) faradeisa da sxva mecnierebis mier Catarebuli cdebis Sedegad
dadginda, rom polarizaciis sibrtyis
Semobrunebis ϕ kuTxe proporciulia
sxivis mier nivTierebaSi gavlili l
gzis da magnituri velis daZabulobis,
anu nivTierebaSi magnituri velis B in-
duqciis:
sur. 81.2
ϕ = Rl B,
sadac R proporciulobis koeficients ewodeba magnituri brunvis unaria-
nobis mudmiva. igi damokidebulia nivTierebis gvarobaze, mis fizikur
mdgomareobaze da talRis sigrZeze.
Tu nivTiereba bunebrivad optikurad aqtiuria, maSin magnitur velSi
Setanisas mis bunebriv unars emateba magnituri velis moqmedebiT SeZenili
brunvis efeqti.
faradeis mier am mimarTulebiT Catarebul cdebs udidesi mniS-
vneloba hqonda eleqtromagnituri Teoriis ganviTarebisaTvis, vinaidan aq
p ir v e l ad ganixileboda erToblivad optikuri da magnituri movlenebi.

286
 Tavi XI

fardobiTobis Teoriis elementebi

§82. klasikuri fizikis ZiriTadi debulebebi.

klasikuri fizika dafuZnebulia sam ZiriTad debulebaze: 1. sivrce ab-

soluturia; 2. dro universaluria (absoluturia); 3. SesaZlebelia nebis-
mieri ori fizikuri sididis erTdrouli gazomva ragind didi sizustiT.
sivrcis absoluturoba niSnavs, rom Tu ori absoluturad myari
Reros sigrZe `uZrav~ mdgomareobaSi erTmaneTis tolia, maSin es toloba
ar dairRveva, ranairi fardobiTi moZraobac ar unda Seasrulos erTma
Rerom meoris mimarT. sxvanairad, absoluturad myari Reros sigrZe mudmivi
sididea _ ar aris damokidebuli moZraobis siCqareze.
drois absoluturoba niSnavs, rom Tu ori absoluturad zustad
momuSave saaTis Cveneba uZrav mdgomareobaSi Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs, anu Tu
saaTebi sinqronizebulia, maSin sinqronizacia ar dairRveva, ranairi
fardobiTi moZraobac ar unda Seasrulos erTma saaTma meoris mimarT.
sxvanairad, saaTis Cveneba ar aris damokidebuli misi moZraobis siCqareze,
anu dro yvela aTvlis sistemaSi mimdinareobs erTnairad∗.
ainStainma aCvena, rom debulebebi sivrcisa da drois absoluturobis
Sesaxeb mcdaria _ rogorc sivrce, aseve dro fardobiTi kategoriebia.
Reros sigrZec da saaTis Cvenebac damokidebulia maTi moZraobis siCqareze.
es ukanaskneli niSnavs, rom dro yvela aTvlis sistemaSi erTnairad ar mim-
dinareobs: ori xdomiloba, romlebic erTdrouli iyo aTvlis erT
sistemaSi, meore sistemaSi SeiZleba erTdrouli ar iyos.
meqanikas, romelic uaryofs sivrcisa da drois absoluturobas da ro-
melsac safuZvlad udevs am kategoriebis fardobiToba, ewodeba r e lav is-
t u r i m eq an i k a ∗∗ an ainStainis f a r d o biTo bis spec ialuri Teor ia ∗∗∗.

∗
Cveulebriv, sivrcisa da drois absoluturobas ganmartaven rogorc (Sesabamisad)
sivrcis or wertils Soris manZilis da drois or moments Soris Sualedis damouk-
ideblobas aTvlis sistemaze, rasac, cxadia, Tanxvdeba zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebi.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan relativus _ SefardebiTi.
∗∗∗
sityva specialuri naxmaria `kerZos~, `SezRudulis~ mniSvnelobiT da gamosaxavs im
faqts, rom Teoria sivrce-drois Tvisebebs ikvlevs gravitaciuli efeqtebis ugulvebel-
yofiT. arsebobs ainStainis fardobiTobis zogadi Teoria, anu gravitaciis Teoria, rome-
lic sivrcul-droiT Tvisebebs Seiswavlis gravitaciul velSi. man Secvala niutonis
msoflio mizidulobis Teoria. igi warmoadgens fardobiTobis specialuri Teoriis
ganzogadebas gravitaciuli efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. mas Cven ar ganvixilavT.
287
 specifikur movlenebs, romlebic aiwereba relavisturi meqanikiT,
relavisturi efeqtebi ewodeba.
amrigad, ainStainis fardobiTobis specialuri Teoria aris axali mo-
ZRvreba sivrcesa da droze, romelmac Secvala Zveli (klasikuri) warmod-
genebi.
relavisturi meqanika ufro zogadia, vidre niutonis klasikuri meqa-
nika. es ukanaskneli vargisia iseTi sxeulebis moZraobis asawerad, romel-
Ta υ siCqare gacilebiT naklebia sinaTlis c siCqareze (υ << c ) . relavistu-
ri meqanika ki vargisia nebismieri siCqariT moZravi sxeulis asawerad,
oRond es siCqare naklebi unda iyos sinaTlis siCqareze. niutonis meqanika
miiReba relavisturi meqanikidan rogorc kerZo SemTxveva, roca υ << c .
klasikuri fizikis mesame ZiriTadi debuleba, romelic araviTar eWvs
ar iwvevda makroskopuli sxeulebis SemTxvevaSi (vinaidan principulad Se-
saZlebeli iyo aseTi sxeulis vTqvaT, koordinatisa da siCqaris erTdro-
uli da zusti gazomva), miuRebeli aRmoCnda mikronawilakebisaTvis. amas-
Tan, es miuRebloba gamowveulia ara gamzomi teqnikis an gazomvis meTode-
bis arasrulyofilebiT, aramed mikronawilakebis specifiuri bunebiT, rac
maTi orgvari anu korpuskulur-talRuri TvisebiT gamoisaxeba. mikrona-
wilakis es specifikuri buneba ganapirobebs imas, rom rac ufro zutad gav-
zomavT mis koordinatas, miT met Secdomas davuSvebT siCqaris gazomvaSi
da piriqiT. kavSiri koordinatisa da siCqaris gazomvisas daSvebul cdomi-
lebebs Soris ( Δx -sa da Δυ -s Soris) mocemulia haizenbergis ganusazRvre-
lobis principiT (It, §10).
meqanikas, romelic uaryofs klasikuri fizikis mesame ZiriTad debu-
lebas, kvanturi meq anika ewodeba. igi mikronawilakis moZraobis
meqanikaa.
fardobiTobis Teoria kvantur meqanikasTan erTad Tanamedrove
fizikisa da teqnikis safuZvelia.

§83. moZrav sxeulTa optika da eTeris problema

klasikur fizikaSi sivrcisa da drois absoluturobis maTematikur

Caweras warmoadgens galileis gardaqmnis formulebi. gavixsenoT es for-
mulebi: mocemulia ori inerciuli sistema _ oxyz anu S sistema, romelic
pirobiTad CavTvaloT uZravad da o' x' y ' z ' anu S ' sistema, romelic moZraobs

288
S sistemis mimarT x RerZis gaswvriv mudmivi υ 0 siCqariT. sawyis momentSi

(t = 0) koordinatTa o' saTave emTxveoda o saTaves, xolo t drois Semdeg

aqvs (83.1) suraTze naCvenebi mdebareoba. drois t momentisaTvis A wertilis
radius-veqtorebs Soris, veqtorTa Sekrebis wesis Tanaxmad, arsebobs

Semdegi kavSiri: r = r ' + oo' , magram oo' = υ 0 t , amitom

r = r ' + υ 0t . (83.1)
davagegmiloT (83.1) toloba
koordinatTa RerZebze da gaviTva-
liswinoT, rom klasikuri fizikis
Tanaxmad dro yvela inerciul
sistemaSi erTnairad mimdinareobs,
t = t ' , anu dro absoluturia. maSin
aTvlis orive inerciul sistemaSi
wertilis koordinatebsa da dros
sur. 83.1
Soris myardeba Semdegi kavSiri:
x = x'+υ 0 t x' = x − υ 0 t
y = y' y' = y
(83.2) an (83.2′)
z = z' z' = z
t = t' t' = t
am formulebs galileis gardaqmnis formulebi ewodeba da klasikuri
fizikis Tanaxmad maTi saSualebiT xdeba erTi inerciuli sistemidan meore-
ze gadasvla. am formulebidan pirveli sami toloba gamosaxavs sivrcis
absoluturobas, xolo meoTxe _ drois universalobas.
formulebidan Cans, rom inerciul sistemebSi meqanikis kanonebs erT-

d 2x d 2 x'
nairi saxe aqvs. marTlac, m = m . sxvanairad, meqanikis kanonebi inva-
dt 2 dt 2
riantulni (saxeucvlelni) arian galileis gardaqmnis formulebis mimarT.
am daskvnas ewodeba galileis fardobiTobis meqanikuri principi. misi
fizikuri arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom inerciuli sistemebi savsebiT
tolfasni arian maTSi meqanikuri movlenebis mimdinareobis TvalsazrisiT.
ismis kiTxva: fardobiTobis principi marto meqnikuri movlenebisaTvis aris
samarTliani Tu SeiZleba misi gavrceleba eleqtromagnitur da optikur
movlenebzec.? am movlenebis TvalsazrisiTac yvela inerciuli sistema
savsebiT tolfasia Tu arsebobs raRac upiratesi sistema?

289
 rogorc viciT, sinaTlis talRuri Teoriis SeqmnasTan erTad hiugens-
ma SemoiRo msoflio eTeris cneba. msoflio eTeri hipoTezuri garemoa,
romliTac avsebulia samyaro da masSi myofi sxeulebi. eTers mianiWes
garkveuli drekadi Tvisebebi, romelic uzrunvelyofda sinaTlis talRebis
gavrcelebas∗. magram Tu arsebobs aseTi yvelafris gamWoli msoflio
eTeri, xom ar SeiZleba mas davukavSiroT aTvlis sistema? da Tu msoflio
eTeri absoluturad uZravia, am sistemas eqneba upiratesoba yvela sxva sis-
temebTan SedarebiT, vinaidan mis mimarT ganxiluli moZraoba iqneboda
absoluturi. aseT pirobebSi fardobiTobis principis gavrceleba
eleqtrodinamikur da optikur movlenebze ar iqneba samarTliani.
meores mxriv, Tu arsebobs absoluturad uZravi msoflio eTeri,
masSi sxeulebis moZraobisas unda gaCndes `eTeris qari~, msgavsad imisa,
rogorc haerSi sxeulebis moZraobisas Cndeba qari. `eTeris qaris~ aRmosa-
Cenad Catrebulma cdebma da maTi Sedegebis analizma udidesi roli
iTamaSa fizikis ganviTarebaSi, kerZod, ainStaini miiyvana fardobiTobis
Teoriis Seqmnamde. Cven ganvixilavT mxolod ors am cdebidan _ fizos da
maikelsonis mier Catarebul cdebs.
f i z o s c d a . drekadobis Teoriis formaluri analogiiT, sinaTlis

G
gavrcelebis siCqarisaTvis vakuumSi miRebul iqna formula c = , sadac
ρ
G aris eTeris drekadobis moduli, xolo ρ _ misi simkvrive. magram
sinaTle vrceldeba ara marto sicarieleSi, aramed gamWvirvale sxeuleb-
Sic (mina, wyali, haeri da sxv.), Tanac ufro naklebi siCqariT, vidre
sxeulebs Soris sivrceSi. maSasadame sxeulebi cvlian maTSi moTavsebuli
eTeris Tvisebebs, amcireben ra mis drekadobas an zrdian simkvrives. Tu es
asea, bunebrivia gaCnda kiTxva: rogor iqceva eTeri sxeulis moZraobisas _
miyveba mas anu waritaceba moZravi sxeulis mier Tu ara? da Tu waritaceba,
rogoria am watacebis xarisxi _ mTlianad waritaceba Tu nawilobriv? am
kiTxvaze pasuxi gasca 1851 wels fizos mier catarebulma cdam. cdis sqema
mocemulia (83.2) suraTze: sinaTlis S wyarodan gamosuli sxivi brtyel-pa-
ralelur P firfitaze dacemis Semdeg iyofa or nawilad. nawili airekle-
ba da gvaZlevs I sxivs (igi suraTze mTliani wiriTaa gamosaxuli), xolo

∗
eTeris cneba ar iqna ukugdebuli sinaTlis eleqtromagnituri bunebis dadgenis Semdegac.
ubralod, drekadi Tvisebebis matarebeli eTeri Seicvala eTeriT, romelSic warmoaiqmneba
da vrceldeba eleqtromagnituri veli. ufro metic, maqsveli Tvlida, rom mis mier
Camoyalibebuli eleqtromagnituri velis gantolebebi aRwerda swored eTeris Tvisebebs.
290
nawili gadis masSi da gvaZlevs II sxivs (wyvetili wiri). I sxivi M 1 sarki-

dan arekvlis Semdeg gadis wyliT savse Z 1 da Z 2 milebSi, airekleba M 2

sarkidan, Semdeg P firfitis qveda waxnagidan da xvdeba ekranze. II sxivi
airekleba M 2 sarkidan, gadis wyliT

savse Z 2 da Z 1 milebSi, airekleba M 1

sarkidan, gadis P firfitaSi da isic
xvdeba ekranze. cxadia, I da II sxivebi
koherentulebi arian da amitom inter-
ferireben. cda tardeba orjer. pirve-
lad, roca siTxe uZravia, da ekranze
miiReba garkveuli interferenciuli
sur.83.2
suraTi, xolo meored _ roca siTxe
milebSi moZraobs υ siCqariT. Tu eTeri waritaceba moZravi siTxis mier, I
da II sxivebs Soris unda warmoiqmnas damatebiTi svlaTa sxvaoba imis gamo,
rom I sxivi yovelTvis moZraobs dinebis mimarTulebiT, II _ ki mis
sawinaaRmdegod. damatebiTi svlaTa sxvaobis warmoqmnam ki unda gamoiwvios
interferenciuli suraTis Secvla, kerZod, zolebis wanacvleba.
cdam aCvena, rom interferenciuli zolebis wanacvlebas marTlac
aqvs adgili. am wanacvlebidan gamomdinare sinaTlis gavrcelebis siCqari-
saTvis miRebul iqna formula:
⎛ 1 ⎞ c ⎛ 1 ⎞
ω = u + υ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
= + υ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ , (83.3)
⎝ n ⎠ n ⎝ n ⎠
c
sadac u= aris sinaTlis siCqare uZrav wyalSi, υ _ wylis dinebis
n
siCqare, c _ sinaTlis siCqare vakuumSi, n _ wylis gardatexis macvenebeli,
xolo ω _ sinaTlis siCqare υ siCqariT moZrav wyalSi. eTeris watacebas
srulebiT rom ar hqondes adgili moZravi wylis mier, maSin sinaTlis
siCqare moZrav siTxeSi unda yofiliyo iseTi, rogoric uZravSi, e.i. ω = u .
meores mxriv, eTeri rom mTlianad waritacebodes moZravi wylis mier,
maSin sinaTlis siCqare moZrav wyalSi unda yofiliyo ω = u + υ -s toli.
(83.3) formuliT gamosaxuli Sedegi axsnili iqna daSvebiT, rom adgili aqvs
eTeris nawilobriv watacebas moZravi siTxis mier.
maikelso nis cd a . imis gasarkvevad, Tu ra gavlenas axdens xel-
sawyos moZraoba sinaTlis siCqareze, maikelsonma 1881 wels Caatara metad

291
zusti cda∗. amisaTvis man gamoiyena Tavisive interferometri (§64), romlis
erTi mxari (OM 1 ) mimarTa dedamiwis orbituli moZraobis mimarTulebiT,
meore mxari (OM 2 ) ki _ am moZraobis marTobulad (sur. 83.3). 1 da 2 sxivebi
koherentulni arian da interferireben. T WogrSi damzerili interferen-
ciuli suraTi damokidebulia svlaTa sxvaobaze. vinaidan interferometris
mxrebi zustad erTnairia, 1 da 2 sxivebs Soris svlaTa sxvaobis warmoqmna
unda gamoiwvios iman, rom isini vrceldebian araTanabar pirobebSi.
gamoviTvaloT es svlaTa sxvaoba. amisaTvis
davuSvaT (rogorc amas akeTebda maikelsoni), rom
eTeri aris absoluturad uZravi da mis mimarT
sinaTle vrceldeba c siCqariT.
O wertilidan gamosuli sxivi OM 1 mimar-
TulebiT vrceldeba c siCqariT, magram amave mi-
marTulebiT gadaadgildeba xelsawyo υ siCqariT
(sadac υ dedamiwis orbituli moZraobis siCqarea),
amitom sinaTlis siCqare xelsawyos mimarT iqneba
l
c −υ da maSasadame, l manZilis gavlas igi moandomebs dros. M1
c −υ
sarkidan arekvlili sxivi moZraobs xelsawyos Sesaxvedrad, amitom misi
siCqare xelsawyos mimarT aris c + υ , xolo M 1O manZilis gasavlelad
l
saWiro dro _ . amrigad, dro, romelsac 1 sxivi andomebs l manZilis
c +υ
win da ukan gavlas toli iqneba:
l l lc + lυ + lc − lυ 2lc 2l 1
Δt1 = + = = 2 = ⋅ .
c −υ c +υ c −υ
2 2
c −υ 2
c υ2
1−
c2
am dros Seesabameba eTeris mimarT sxivis mier gavlili gza
1
S1 = cΔt1 = 2l .
1−υ 2
2

c
xelsawyos rom ar emoZrava eTeris mimarT, sxivis mier gavlili gza
1
iqneboda 2l . mamravli gaCnda xelsawyos moZraobis gamo.
1 −υ
2

c2

∗
xelsawyo (interferometri) moZraobs dedamiwasTan erTad, amitom faqtiurad laparakia
sinaTlis siCqareze dedamiwis orbituli moZraobis gavlenis dadgenaze.
292
 gamoviTvaloT axla 2 sxivis mier gavlili gza. amisaTvis davxazoT o
wertilisa da M 2 sarkis mdebareoba drois sami momentisaTvis (sur. 83.4). I
mdebareoba gamosaxavs im moments, roca sxivma datova o wertili, II
mdebareoba _ roca sxivi mivida M 2 sarkemde, III mdebareoba _ roca sxivi

dabrunda o wertilSi. suraTidan Cans, rom c siCqariT moZravi sxivi l '

manZils gadis imave droSi, ra droSic υ siCqariT moZravi xelsawyo gadis
υ oo' υ
oo' manZils. amitom SeiZleba davweroT proporcia = '
, saidanac oo' = l ' .
c l c
meores mxriv, oo' M 2' marTkuTxa samkuTxedidan l '2 = l 2 + oo' 2 . SevitanoT oo' -is
mniSvneloba:

υ2 ⎛ υ2 ⎞
' '' l' = l +l '
2 2 2
, anu l = l ' ⎜⎜1 − 2
2 2
⎟⎟ ,
M2 M 2 M 2 c2 ⎝ c ⎠
l
saidanac l '= .
1−υ
2

l l' c2
maSasadame, sxivis mier marTobuli mi-
o o' o' ' marTulebiT gavlili gza
I II III
2l
S 2 = 2l ' = ,
1−υ
sur. 83.4 2

c2
xelsawyo rom uZravi yofiliyo eTeris mimarT, 2 sxivis mier gavlili gza
1
iqneboda 2l . mamravli gaCnda xelsawyos moZraobis gamo.
1−υ
2

c2
amrigad, xelsawyos moZraobiT gamowveuli svlaTa sxvaoba 1 da 2
sxivebs Soris:

⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 1 ⎟
Δ = S1 − S 2 = 2l ⎜ − ⎟. (83.4)
⎜⎜ 1 − υ 2 υ2 2
2
1 − ⎟⎟
⎝ c c ⎠

⎛υ 2 ⎞
vinaidan υ << c , ⎜⎜ 2 << 1⎟⎟ , SeiZleba daiweros
⎝c ⎠

1 υ2 1 1 υ2
≈ 1+ da ≈ 1+ ,
1−υ 1−υ
2
2
c2 2 2 c2
c c2
romelTa Setana (83.4)-Si sabolood mogvcems

υ2
Δ=l .
c2
293
 am svlaTa sxvaobas Seesabameba garkveuli interferenciuli suraTi.
xelsawyos 90°-iT mobrunebisas svlaTa sxvaoba icvlis niSans, ris gamoc

2l υ
2
svlaTa sxvaoba Seicvleba 2Δ -Ti, anu -iT. svlaTa sxvaobis am
c2
cvlilebas cxadia, unda gamoewvia interferenciuli zolebis wanacvleba
1
(gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad, zolebs Soris manZilis ≈ -iT), magram miRebul
3
i q n a u ar y o f i T i S e d e g i _ xelsawyos Semobrunebisas interferenciuli
suraTi cvlilebas ar ganicdida. SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom cvlileba aris,
magram imdenad mcirea, rom ver vamCnevT. TviT maikelsonis mtkicebiT ki
cdis sizuste imdenad didi iyo, rom interferenciuli zolebis
wanacvlebas SevamCnevdiT maSinac ki, dedamiwis orbituli moZraobis
siCqare 30-jer naklebi rom yofiliyo!
miRebuli Sedegi warmoudgeneli iyo. Zneli iyo imis dajereba, rom
e.w. `eTeris qari~ araviTar gavlenas ar axdens sinaTlis gavrcelebis siC-
qareze, damoukideblad imisa, Tu rogor vrceldeba sxivi _ `qaris~ gas-
wvriv, Tu mis marTobulad. magram faqts versad gaeqcevi. amitom imave wels
gamoqveynebul statias maikelsoni amTavrebda sityvebiT: `uZravi eTeris
hipoTeza mcdaria~.
maikelsonis cda SemdgomSi mravaljer iqna gameorebuli TviT maikel-
sonisa (morlisTan erTad) da sxva mecnierebis mier. Sedegi yovelTvis iyo
uaryofiTi. eTeris qaris aRmoCena ar xerxdeboda. msoflio eTeri rCeboda
`mouxelTebeli~.

§84. fardobiTobis Teoriis postulatebi.

lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi

maikelsonis cdis uaryofiTma Sedegma eWvs qveS daayena msoflio eTe-

ris arseboba, Tumca iyo ramodenime mcdeloba misi SenarCunebisa. kerZod,
uaryofiTi Sedegis axsnas Seecadnen daSvebiT, rom eTeri mTlianad wari-
t ac e b a moZravi sxeulebis mier, magram aqedan araferi gamovida, vinaidan
aseTi daSveba ewinaaRmdegeboda fizos cdis Sedegs.
amrigad, me-20 saukunis dasawyisisaTvis fizika, ver xsnida ra cdise-
ul faqtebs, CixSi moeqca. gamosavali am mdgomareobidan mogvca ainStainma,
romelmac gaanaliza ra Catarebuli eqsperimentebis Sedegebi Camoayaliba

294
fardobiTobis specialuri Teoria (1905 w.) romelsac safuZvlad daudo
Semdegi ori postulati:∗
1. a r arsebobs msoflio e T e ri da m aS a s ad am e , a T vli s
a b soluturi si stem a. f ardobiTo bis p rinc ip i vrcelde b a ara
marto meqanikur, aramed bu nebi s y vela mov len aze. maSasadame, eleq-
tromagnituri veli (kerZod, sinaTle) unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc de-
formacia romeliRac gadamtani garemosi (eTeris), aramed rogorc damouki-
debeli m a t e r i alu r i su b st an c i a ∗ ∗ . velis materialuroba araerTxel
aRgviniSnavs kursis gadmocemis dros.
2. si naTli s siCq are vakuumSi erTn air ia aTvl is y vela i ner -

ciul si stem aSi d a tol ia c = 3 ⋅ 10 m / w m - i s. i g i ar ari s d am o k i d e -

8

bul i arc si na Tli s w yar osa da arc sinaTlis m imRe bis

siCqareze .
amrigad, sinaTlis siCqares bunebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia.
igi erTerTi fundamenturi fizikuri mudmivaa. sinaTlis siCqare, garda
imisa rom man fardobiTobis TeoriaSi SeiZina a b s o l u t u r i mniSvne-
lo ba, imiTaa gamorCeuli, rom igi bunebaSi arsebuli zRvruli sas-
ruli siC qare a (gamomdinareobs siCqareTa Sekrebis relavisturi wesidan),
rac niSnavs imas, rom bunebaSi nebismieri urTierTqmedebis gavrcelebis
siCqare ar SeiZleba mas aRematebodes.
miuxedavad fardobiTobis Teoriis postulatebis SedarebiTi simarti-
visa, maTi Semotana fizikaSi didi mecnieruli gambedavoba iyo, radgan am
postulatebidan gamomdinareobs klasikuri fizikis TvalsazrisiT paradoq-
suli Sedegebi.

marTlac, davuSvaT, rom drois sawyis momentSi (t = 0) , rodesac erTmaneTis mimarT

υ siCqariT moZravi S da S ' inerciuli sistemebis koordinatTa o da o' saTaveebi erT-

maneTs emTxveva, o(o') wertilidan gamosxivda sinaTle. t drois ganmavlobaSi sistemebi

wainacvleben erTmaneTis mimarT υt manZiliT (sur. 83.4). vinaidan S da S ' sistemebi

tolfasovania da sinaTlis siCqare oriveSi erTnairia (c ) , t momentisaTvis S sistemaSi

sinaTle miaRwevs o centrisa da ct radiusis sferos zedapirs, xolo S ' sistemaSi _

amave radiusis (t ' = t ) , magram o' centris sferos zedapirs. maSasadame, S damkvirveblis

∗
postulati fizikaSi iseTive rols TamaSobs, rogorc aqsioma maTematikaSi. es aris
ZiriTadi debuleba, romlis logikurad damtkiceba SeuZlebelia, magram warmoadgens
cdiseuli faqtebis ganzogadebas.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan substantia _ arsi.
295
TvalsazrisiT sferuli zedapiris centri iqneba o wertilSi, xolo S ' damkvirveblis

TvalsazrisiT _ o' wertilSi. magram xom ar SeiZleba,

rom erTsa da imave sferul zedapirs hqondes o da o'
centrebi, anu sinaTle erTdroulad aRwevdes
sxvadasxva sferoze mdebare wertilebs. es aSkara
winaaRmdegoba miviReT fardobiTobis Teoriis pos-
tulatebze dayrdnobili msjelobis safuZvelze, mag-
ram, winaaRmdegoba moCvenebiTia da mas Seicavs ara
fardobiTobis Teoria, aramed klasikuri warmodgenebi
sivrcesa da droze. am kategoriebis fardobiTobidan ki
sur. 84.3 gamomdinareobs ori movlenis erTdroulobis
fardobiToba, rac xsnis zemoTnaxseneb winaaRmdegobas.

fardobiTobis Teoriis erTerT amosaval punqtad sinaTlis siCqaris

mudmivobis miReba niSnavs imas, rom siCqareTa Sekrebis klasikur wess
(It. §14) gamoyenebis SezRuduli are aqvs. magram siCqareTa Sekrebis klasi-
kuri wesi gamomdinareobs galileis gardaqmnis formulebidan. maSasadame,
am gardaqmnebis gamoyenebis arec SezRudulia. marTlac, aRmoCnda, rom
fizikis zogierTi kanoni (mag., eleqtrodinamikis ZiriTadi gantolebebi)
araa invariantuli galileis gardaqmnis formulebis mimarT. da radganac
am gantolebebis sisworeSi eWvis Setanis safuZveli ar arsebobs, unda
vifiqroT, rom TviT es formulebia arazusti da warmoadgens kerZo saxes
sxva, ufro zusti gardaqmnis formulebisa. aseTi zusti gardaqmnis
formulebi dadgenil iqna lorencis mier da mis saxels atarebs.
lorencis gardaqmnis formulebs im kerZo SemTxvevisaTvis, roca
inerciuli S da S ' sistemis RerZebi urTierTparaleluria da S ' sistema

moZraobs S sistemis mimarT x RerZis gaswvriv mudmivi υ0 siCqariT

(sur. 83.1), aqvs saxe:
x'+υ0 t ' x − υ 0t
x= ; x' = ;
1−
υ 2
0 υ2
1− 0
c2 c2
y = y '; z = z '; (84.1) y ' = y; z ' = z ; (84.1′)
υ0 υ0
t '+ 2
x' t− x'
t= c ; t '= c2 ;
υ2
1− 0 υ2
c2 1− 0
c2
advili misaxvedria, rom mcire siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi, roca υ 0 << c ,
lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi gadadis galileis gardaqmnis formuleb-

296
Si. lorencis gardaqmnis formulebidan gamomdinareobs mWidro kavSiri
sivrcul koordinatebsa da dros Soris: ara marto sivrculi koordinate-
bia droze damokidebuli (amas adgili aqvs galileis gardaqmnebSic), ara-
med droc damokidebulia sivrcul koordinatebze (agreTve, aTvlis siste-
mis moZraobis siCqareze).

§85. lorencis gardaqmnebis Sedegebi

lorencis gardaqmnis formulebidan gamomdinare Sedegebi arsebiTad

gansxvavdeba galileis gardaqmnis Sedegebisgan, anu imisgan, rac
damkvidrebulia klasikur fizikaSi. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani:
1. arse bobs siCqaris zeda zRvari . klasikur fizikaSi moZraobis
siCqare SezRuduli ar aris, anu ar arsebobs siCqaris zeda zRvari. loren-
cis gardaqmnis formulebidan ki gamomdinareobs rom aseTi zeda zRvari

arsebobs: υ 0 ≤ c . marTlac, Tu davuSvebT, rom υ 0 > c , maSin 1−

υ02 xdeba
c2
warmosaxviTi da koordinata da dro kargavs fizikur azrs.
2. m o n ak v e T i s sig r Ze f ar d o bi T i a _ damokidebulia aTvlis siste-
maze. am damokidebulebis dasadgenad ganvixiloT ori inerciuli sistema _
oxyz anu S sistema, romelic pirobiTad uZravia da o' x' y ' z ' anu S ' sistema,
romelic moZraobs S sistemis mimarT x RerZis gaswvriv mudmivi υ 0 siCqa-
riT. vTqvaT, S ' sistemaSi o' x' RerZis gaswvriv u Zra vad aa moTavsebuli
absoluturad myari Rero, romlis sigrZe l 0 = x 2' − x1' (sur. 85.1). Reros sig-
rZes im sistemaSi, romlis mimar-
Tac is uZravia, sakuTari sig-
z z'
r Ze ewodeba. amrigad, l0 saku-
Tari sigrZea da amas mianiSnebs
x2 niSnaki 0. am Reros sigrZe S
o o' sistemis damkvirveblis Tvalsa-
x1 x1' x 2' x, x '
zrisiT l = x 2 − x1 . magram am siste-
mis mimarT Rero moZraobs,
amitom saWiroa x1 da x 2 ganisa-
sur. 85.1
zRvros drois erTidaimave t mo-

297
mentisaTvis.∗ gaviTvaliswinoT es garemoeba da visargebloT lorencis
gardaqmnis (84.1') formulebiT:

x2 − υ t x1 − υ t x 2 − x1 l
l 0 = x 2' − x1' = − = = ,
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
c2 c2 c2 c2
saidanac

l = l0 1 −
υ02 . (85.1)
c2
(85.1) gviCvenebs, rom l < l 0 .
amrigad, Reros sigrZe aTvlis nebismier sistemaSi, romlis mimarTac
is moZraobs, mis sakuTar sigrZeze mcirea, anu moZraobis mimarTulebis
g as w vriv sxeulebi mokldeba, ikumSeba (`sigrZis lorenciseuli Semci-
reba~).∗∗ sigrZis lorenciseuli Semcireba fardobiTobis Teoriis
kinem atikur i efeqtia, vinaidan igi ar aris dakavSirebuli Zalis
moqmedebasTan, romelic SekumSavda Reros misi sigrZis gaswvriv.

mcire siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi, roca υ 0 << c , fesvi 1−

υ02 ≈1 da
c2
sigrZis relavisturi Semcireba SeiZleba ugulvebelvyoT. magaliTad, deda-
miwis orbituli moZraobisas ( υ 0 = 30 km/wm) misi diametris relavisturi Sem-
cireba Seadgens mxolod 6,5 sm-s. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom dedamiwis dia-
metri ≈ 13000 km-ia, am cvlilebis ugulvebelyofa SeiZleba. magram ufro di-
di siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi sigrZis cvlileba mniSvnelovania. mag., eleqtro-
nis diametri, romelic moZraobs υ 0 ≈ 260000 km/wm siCqariT, mcirdeba 50%-iT!
3. dro is Sualedi f ardo biT ia anu damokidebulia aTvlis
sistemaze. am damokidebulebis dasadgenad davuSvaT, rom S ' sistemis x'
wertilSi warimarTa raRac procesi (movlena) romlis xangrZlivoba aris
Δt 0 (`sakuTari dro~). cxadia, rom Δt 0 = t 2' − t1' , sadac t1' Seesabameba procesis

dasawyiss, xolo t 2' _ procesis dasaruls. simartivisaTvis vilaparakoT

saaTis Cvenebaze, romelic moTavsebulia S ' sistemis x' wertilSi.

∗
am gardaqmnebis Sedegebisa da, sazogadod, fardobiTobis Teoriis arsis sworad
gagebisaTvis aucilebelia yovelTvis aRiniSnos, Tu romeli damkvirveblis TvalsazrisiT
ganixileba esa Tu is movlena. Sedegebis ganxilvisas mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba
sxeulTan (damkvirvebelTan) xistad dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemas anu iseTs, romlis
mimarTac sxeuli (damkvirvebeli) uZravia. aseT aTvlis sistemas s a k u T a r i aTvlis sistema
ewodeba, xolo am sistemis saaTiT aTvlil dros _ s a k u T a r i d r o .
∗∗
sxeulis ganivi zomebi am dros ucvlelia.
298
 S sistemisaTvis saqme ufro rTuladaa, vinaidan procesi iwyeba x1

wertilSi da mTavrdeba x2 wertilSi, Tanac x 2 − x1 = υ 0 Δt , vinaidan Δt

drois ganmavlobaSi xelsawyo, romelSic mimdinareobda procesi,
moZraobda ra υ 0 siCqariT, gadaadgilda S sistemis mimarT υ 0 Δt manZiliT.

Δt = t 2 − t1 aris procesis xangrZlivoba (saaTis Cveneba) S sistemaSi. kavSiri

t 2 da t 2' -s Soris, agreTve t1 da t1' -s Soris mocemulia (84.1') formuliT:

υ0 υ0
t2 − 2
x2 t1 − x1
t =
' c da t =
' c2 ,
2 1
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
c2 c2
amitom
υ0 υ0 ⎛ υ 02 ⎞
(t 2 − t1 ) − 2 (x 2 − x1 ) Δt − 2 ⋅ υ 0 Δt Δt ⎜1 − 2 ⎟
⎜ c ⎟
Δt 0 = t 2' − t1' = c = c = ⎝ ⎠ = Δt 1 − υ 02 ,
υ2 υ2 υ2 c2
1− 0 1− 0 1− 0
c2 c2 c2
saidanac
Δt 0
Δt = . (85.2)
υ2
1− 0
c2
(85.2) gviCvenebs, rom procesis xangrZlivoba (drois Sualedi) uZrav
1
sistemaSi myofi damkvirveblisaTvis -jer metia, vidre moZravSi,
υ2
1− 0
c2
anu drois msvleloba moZrav sistemaSi ufro nelia, vidre uZravSi. Tu ma-
1
galiTad fardoba = 10 , maSin rodesac S - sistemaSi moTavsebuli
υ2
1− 0
c2
saaTi gviCvenebs 10 wuTis gavlas, S ' sistemaSi moTavsebuli saaTi afiqsi-
rebs mxolod erTi wuTis gavlas. ufro didi fardobiTi siCqareebis
SemTxvevaSi es gansxvaveba SeiZleba iyos Zalian didi.
ganvixiloT aseTi magaliTi. davuSvaT, ganxorcielda fantastikuri
proeqti da varskvlavisaken, romelic dedamiwidan daSorebulia 1000 sinaT-
lis wlis manZiliT∗, gauSves kosmosuri xomaldi, romlis υ 0 siCqare imde-

nad axloa sinaTlis siCqaresTan, rom 1−

υ 02 = 0,001 ∗∗. maSin, dedamiwaze
2
c

∗
es aris manZili, romelsac sinaTle gaivlis 1000 wlis ganmavlobaSi.
∗∗
aseTi swrafmavali xomaldis Seqmna uaxloes momavalSi ar aris mosalodneli. Cven,
ubralod, ganvixilavT adamianis varskvlavTSorisi mogzaurobis principul
SesaZleblobas.
299
arsebuli saaTis mixedviT am mogzaurobas dasWirdeba Δt ≈ 1000 weli,
xomaldi mgzavrebTan erTad ki am mogzaurobas moandomebs

Δt 0 = Δt 1 −
υ 02 = 1 wels (xomaldis sakuTari dro). davuSvaT, xomaldma `Se-
c2
moufrina~ varskvlavs da dabrunda dedamiwaze imave siCqariT, maSin amas
dasWirdeba kidev erTi weli. Sedegad, kosmosuri xomaldis mgzavrebi,
`daberdebian~ ra mxolod 2 wliT, dedamiwaze dabrundebian gafrenidan 2000
wlis Semdeg!∗
gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, rom mogzauroba mzis sistemaSi Semaval
yvelaze daSorebul planetazec ki ar iZleva SesamCnev relavistur efeqts,
magram uaxloes varskvlavamde, e.w. α -centavramde mogzaurobisas drois
relavisturi Seneleba gasaTvaliswinebelia.
amrigad relavisturi meqanika uSvebs `momavalSi mogzaurobis~
SesaZleblobas da gviCvenebs, rom ar arsebobs samyaros arc erTi nawili,
romlis aTvisebac adamians ar SeuZlia.
drois relavisturi Seneleba abstraqcia ar aris. igi eqsperimentu-
lad aris dadasturebuli swrafad daSladi kosmosuri nawilakebis _ μ -me-
zonebis magaliTze. es nawilakebi Cndebian atmosferos zeda fenebSi kosmo-
suri sxivebis haeris molekulebTan urTierTqmedebis gamo. maTi sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba saSualod 2,2 ⋅ 10 −6 wm-is tolia (Semdeg iSlebian sxva
nawilakebad). am xnis ganmavlobaSi maT SeuZliaT mxolod
S = 3 ⋅ 10 8 ⋅ 2,2 ⋅ 10 −6 = 660 m manZilis gavla. sinamdvileSi ki es nawilakebi aRmo-
Cenilia dedamiwis zedapirzec da mis siRrmeSi, rac SeiZleba aixsnas mxo-
lod swrafad moZravi μ -mezonebTan dakavSirebul aTvlis sistemaSi drois
relavisturi SenelebiT.
4. siCq areTa Sekrebi s relav isturi we si . davuSvaT, S ' sistemaSi
x ' RerZis paralelurad Tanabrad moZraobs sxeuli, romlis siCqarea υ ' :

x'
υ' = .
t'
x
vipovoT am sxeulis υ siCqare S sistemis mimarT. cxadia, υ = .
t
lorencis gardaqmnis (84.1) formulebis gamoyenebiT miviRebT:

∗
es cifrebi moiTxovs mniSvnelovan Sesworebebs imis gamo, rom dedamiwasTan dakav-
Sirebuli aTvlis sistema yovelTvis iyo inerciuli, xomldTan dakavSirebuli ki ara
(gaSveba-dafrenis dros, varskvlavis Semofrenis, sxva varskvlavebis siaxloves gavlis
dros igi moZraobda aCqarebulad).
300
 x'+υ0t '

1−
υ02
x c 2 x'+υ0t ' υ ' + υ0
υ= = = = . (85.3)
t υ υ υ
t ' + 20 x ' t ' + 20 x ' 1 + 02 υ '
c c c
1−
υ02
c2
aseTia siCqareTa Sekrebis relavisturi wesi. igi gviCvenebs, rom mcire siC-
υυ 0
qareebis dros, roca υ ' << c da υ 0 << c , fardoba << 1 da (85.3)-dan
c2
miviRebT:
υ = υ ' + υ0 .
e.i. mcire siCqareebis dros, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, siCqareTa relavis-
turi wesi gadadis klasikurSi.
davuSvaT, S ' sistemaSi moZravi nawilakia fotoni, anu υ ' = c , maSin

1+
υ0
c + υ0 c =c.
υ= =c
cυ 0 υ
1+ 2 1+ 0
c c
e.i. siCqareTa Sekrebis relavisturi wesi gamoxatavs yvela aTvlis
sistemaSi sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis kanons. aseve martivad SeiZleba
Cveneba, rom sinaTlis siCqaris maxlobeli ori siCqaris Sekrebis Sedegad
miiReba c -ze naklebi siCqare.
5. e r T d r o u lo bi s f ar d o biTo b a. davuSvaT, S sistemis x1 da x 2

wertilebSi drois t1 da t 2 momentebSi warimarTa ori movlena. S ' sistema-

Si am movlenebs Seesabameba x1' da x 2' wertilebi t1' da t 2' momentebi. vTqvaT,

es movlenebi S sistemaSi warimarTa erTidaigive wertilSi (x1 = x2 ) da

erTdroulad (t1 = t 2 ) . maSin, lorencis gardaqmnis formulebis Tanaxmad,

da t1' = t 2' x1' = x 2'

e.i. es movlenebi erTdrouli da sivrculad Tanxvedrilia S ' sistemaSic
(da saerTod, nebismier sxva inerciul sistemaSic).
magram Tu es movlena S sistemaSi erTdrouli (t1 = t 2 ) , magram sivrcu-

lad gancalkevebulia (x1 ≠ x 2 ) , maSin, lorencis gardaqmnis formulebis

Tanaxmad
υ 0 x1 υ 0 x2
t1 − t2 −
x1 − υ 0 t x2 − υ 0 t c 2
c2
x1' = , x 2' = , da t1' = , t 2' = ,
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
υ2
1− 0
c2 c2 c2 c2

301
e.i. es ori movlena S' sistemaSi rCeba ra sivrculad gancalkevebuli
(x1 ' ≠ x2 ') , xdeba ar aerTdrouli (t1 ' ≠ t2 ') .
erTdroulobis fardobiToba aixsneba (84.3) suraTze warmodgenili
winaaRmdegoba: S sistemaSi erTdrouli ori movlena _ sinaTlis misvla A
da B wertilebSi, araerTdroulia S' sistemisaTvis. iseve, rogorc S'
sistemaSi erTdrouli ori movlena _ sinaTlis misvla A' da B'
wertilebSi, araerTdroulia S sistemaSi.
6. fizos cdis Sedeg i :

⎛ 1 ⎞ c ⎛ 1 ⎞
ω = u + υ ⎜1 − ⎟ = + υ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ , (85.4)
⎝ n ⎠ n ⎝ n ⎠
2

romelic aixsna (rogorc gairkva, a rar sebuli ) eTeris watacebiT moZravi

siTxis (wylis) mier, agreTve aris lorencis gardaqmnebis Sedegi, kerZod,
miiReba siCqareTa Sekrebis relavisturi wesidan. am wess, (85.4)-Si
gamoyenebuli aRniSvnebis Sesabamisad, aqvs saxe:
u +υ
ω= ,
uυ
1+ 2
c
c
sadac υ _ wylis dinebis siCqarea, xolo u = _ sinaTlis siCqare uZrav
n
wyalSi. SevitanoT:
c c nυ
+υ +υ 1+
c
ω= n = n = c ; (85.5)
cυ υ n υ
1+ 1+ 1+
n c2 nc nc
miRebuli formula aris zusti gamosaxuleba ω -sTvis. Tu gaviTvalis-
υ
winebT, rom fizos cdaSi fardoba aris Zalian mcire da uguvebelvyofT
c
υ2
-is Semcvel wevrs, miviRebT:
c2
c⎛ nυ ⎞⎛ υ ⎞ c ⎛ nυ υ ⎞ c ⎛ 1⎞
ω = ⎜1 + ⎟⎜1 − ⎟ ≈ ⎜1 + − ⎟ = + υ ⎜1 − 2 ⎟ ,
n⎝ c ⎠⎝ nc ⎠ n⎝ c nc ⎠ n ⎝ n ⎠
rac Tanxvdeba (85.4)-s.

§86. relavisturi dinamikis elementebi

1. r e l av i stu r i d i n am i k i s Zir i T a d i k an o n i: niutonis klasikur

meqanikaSi igulisxmeba, rom sxeulis masa invariantuli sididea, anu mas
erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs aTvlis yvela inerciul sistemaSi. vnaxoT,
Tu rogor imoZravebs sxeuli am SemTxvevaSi mudmivi Zalis xangrZlivi moq-
302
medebiT. davuSvaT, rom sxeulis sawyisi siCqare υ 0 = 0 . maSin dinamikis
ZiriTadi kanoni ase Caiwereba:
υ
F = ma = m ,
t
saidanac
F
υ=
t = at (86.1)
m
miviReT, rom mudmivi Zalis xangrZlivi moqmedebis Sedegad sxeulma
SeiZleba SeiZinos ragind didi siCqare. es ki ewinaaRmdegebba fardobi-
Tobis Teoriis erT-erT ZiriTad debulebas, romlis Tanaxmadac arcerTi
sxeulis siCqare ar SeiZleba iyos sinaTlis siCqareze meti vakuumSi.
maSasadame, saWiroa dinamikis ZiriTadi kanoni Seicvalos iseTnairad, rom
misi Sedegebi ar ewinaaRmdegebodes fardobiTobis Teorias. ainStainma da-
adgina, rom amisaTvis saWiroa sxeulis masa aTvlis sxvadasxva inerciul
sistemaSi iyos sxvadasxva, anu igi damokidebuli unda iyos moZraobis siC-
qareze. am damokidebulebis miReba SeiZleba Tu davuSvebT, rom impulsis
mudmivobis kanoni marTebulia sivrcesa da droze axali warmodgenebis
drosac. gamoTvlebi sakmaod rTulia da maTze ar SevCerdebiT. moviyvanT
mxolod saboloo Sedegs:
m0
m= , (86.2)
υ2
1−
c2
sadac m0 aris uZravi sxeulis masa (`uZraobis
masa~), xolo m _ υ siCqariT moZravi sxeulis
masa. c sinaTlis siCqarea.∗ (86.2) formuliT gamo-
saxuli damokidebuleba masasa da siCqares Soris
warmodgenilia (86.1) suraTze, saidanac Cans, rom
sur. 86.1 mcire siCqareeebis dros masa faqtiurad ar izr-
deba.∗∗ sxeulis masa zrdas iwyebs daaxloebiT
200000km/wm siCqaridan da miT ufro swrafad, rac ufro axloa misi siCqare
sinaTlis siCqaresTan. masas, romlis sidide damokidebulia siCqareze,
relativisturi masa ewodeba. (86.2) formulidan Cans, rom mcire

∗
aRsaniSnavia, rom (86.2) formula ainStainamde eqsperimentulad miiRo lorencma,
eleqtronis masis siCqareze damokidebulebis Seswavlis dros. ainStainma aCvena, rom (86.2)
formula gamosaxavs universalur kanons, romelic samarTliania nebismieri nawilakisa da
sxeulisaTvis.
∗∗
es `mcire~ siCqareebi 100000km/wm-is farglebSia.
303
siCqareebis dros, roca υ << c, υ2 ≈0 da relavisturi masa uZraobis
c2
masis tolia: m ≈ m0 .
Sesabamisad, relavisturi impulsi
m0υ
p = mυ = . (86.3)
υ2
1−
c2
relavisturi dinamikis ZiriTad kanons aqvs iseTi saxe, romliTac

dp
TviT niutoni sargeblobda: F = , magram axla ukve impulsi (86.3) for-
dt
muliT ganisazRvreba da ara mudmivi (uZraobis) masis namravliT siCqareze:

⎛ ⎞

F=
d p d mυ
= =
( )⎜
d ⎜ m0 υ ⎟
⎟
. (86.4)
dt dt dt ⎜ υ 2 ⎟
⎜ 1− ⎟
⎝ c2 ⎠
mudmivi Zalis xangrZlivi moqmedebisas sxeulis siCqaris zrdasTan
erTad izrdeba misi masac, romelic sxeulis inertul Tvisebebs gansa-
zRvravs. roca υ → c , (86.2)-is Tanaxmad, m → ∞ , amitom aCqareba miiswrafvis
nulisaken da siCqare praqtikulad aRar izrdeba.
(86.3) da (86.4) gamomdinareobs, rom mcire siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi, roca
υ << c , p = m0υ = mυ , xolo relavisturi dinamikis ZiriTadi kanoni gadadis

klasikuri dinamikis ZiriTad kanonSi: F =

d
dt
( )
mυ = m
dυ
dt
= ma .

amrigad, klasikuri meqanikis kanonebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc

relavisturi meqanikis kerZo SemTxveva, romelic marTebulia sinaTlis siC-
qareze bevrad naklebi siCqareebiT moZraobis dros.
damuxtuli nawilakebis amCqareblebis daproeqtebis dros aucilebe-
lia relavisturi meqanikis kanonebis gamoyeneba∗, rac niSnavs imas, rom erT
dros `egzotikuri~ fardobiTobis Teoria Cvens droSi gadaiqca sainJinro
mecnierebad.
2. k av S i r i m as as a d a e n e r g i as S o r i s. fardobiTobis Teoriis um-
niSvnelovanesi Sedegia universaluri kavSiri masasa da energias Soris. am
kavSiris aucilebloba gamomdinareobs energiis mudmivobis kanonidan da
masis relativisturobidan. marTlac, vTqvaT WurWelSi moTavsebuli airi

∗
eleqtronebis mZlavr amaCqarebels SeuZlia eleqtronis siCqare gazardos sididemde,
romelic mxolod ~ 40 m/wm-iT naklebia sinaTlis siCqareze. am dros eleqtronis masa
~ 2000 -jer izrdeba da aWarbebs protonis masas.
304
gavaxureT, anu gadaveciT mas energiis garkveuli maragi. es gamoiwvevs
airis Sinagani energiis gazrdas. meores mxriv, airis temperaturis gaz-
rdisas gaizrdeba molekulebis qaosuri moZraobis siCqare, rac gamoiwvevs
TiToeuli molekulisa da maSasadame, mTlianad airis masis gazrdas.
amrigad, airis masasa da energias Soris arsebobs kavSiri.
davadginoT es kavSiri relavisturi dinamikis ZiriTad kanonze (86.4

formula) dayrdnobiT. viciT, rom F Zalis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba to-

lia Zalisa da d r gadaadgilebis skalaruli namravlis:

( )
dA = F ⋅ d r = F ⋅ d r ∗
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad es muSaoba xmardeba sxeulis
kinetikuri energiis gazrdas:

dw = dA = F ⋅ d r .
SevitanoT F -is mnSivneloba (86.4) formulidan:

⎛ ⎞
d ⎜ m0 ⎟
dw = ⎜ ⋅ υ ⎟d r
dt ⎜ 1 − υ 2 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
2
c
an, gawarmoebis Semdeg,
⎛ ⎞
⎜ m0 dυ m0υ dυ ⎟
dw = ⎜ + ⋅ υ ⎟d r .
⎜ 1−υ
⎜
⎝
2

c 2
dt
c2 1 − υ 2
2

c
( )3
2 dt ⎟
⎟
⎠

dυ dr dυ
magram ⋅dr = ⋅ d υ = υ d υ = υ dυ da ⋅ υd r = dυυυ = υ 2 dυ ,∗∗
dt dt dt
amitom (gaerTmniSvnelianebis Semdeg)
⎛ ⎞
⎜ 1 υ2 1 ⎟ m0υ
dw = m0υdυ ⎜ + ⎟= dυ .
( ) ( ) ( )
(86.5)
⎜ 1 2 3
⎟ 3
⎜ 1−υ 2 1−υ 2 ⎟ 1−υ 2
2 2 c 2 2 2 2

⎝ c c ⎠ c
meores mxriv, (86.2)-is Tanaxmad,
m0υ
dm = dυ
( )
3
(86.6)
c 1−υ
2 2 2

c2
(86.5) da (86.6) formulebis Sedareba gvaZlevs:
dw = c 2 dm . (86.7)

∗
simartivisaTvis frCxilebi movxseniT, rogorc es saerTod aris miRebuli.
∗∗
gavixsenoT skalarulad gadamravlebis wesi.
305
 ainStainma ganazogada miRebuli Sedegi da miiRo martivi da zogadi
xasiaTis metad mniSvnelovani formula (a i n S t ai n i s f o r m u la), romelic
amyarebs damokidebulebas energiasa da masas Soris:
m0 c 2
E = mc 2 = (86.8)
1−υ
2

c2
sxeuli s a n sxeulT a sistemis energia udris masas gamravleb-
uls sinaTlis siCqaris kvadratze ( E -Si ar Sedis potenciuri anu
sxeulebTan urTierTqmedebis energia). radgan sxeulis energia da relavis-
turi masa urTierTproporciuli sidideebia, sxeulis (sistemis) energiis
cvlilebisas icvleba misi masac:
dE
, d m=
c2
magram c 2 Zalian didi ricxvia, energiis cvlileba Cveulebriv pirobebSi
(vTqvaT, gaxurebis an qimiuri reaqciebis dros) ki _ mcire, amitom masis
cvlilebas ver vamCnevT. masis SesamCnevi cvlileba xdeba mxolod
birTvuli reaqciebis dros, romelsac Tan axlavs kolosaluri raodenobis
energiis gamoyofa∗, Tumca arc maSin ar aris es cvlileba didi. magaliTad,
hirosimaSi (iaponia) atomuri bombis afeTqebisas, romlis drosac
gamoyofili energia 20000 tona trinitrotoluolis (trotili)∗∗
eqvivalenturi iyo, `daixarja~ mxolod 1 grami urani.
ainStainis es formula (dE = c dm) ,
2
romelic eqsperimentulad
dadasturebulia didi sizustiT, warmoadgens Tanamedrove birTvuli
energetikis safuZvels.
(86.2) formulis niutonis binomiT daSlis Sedegad miviRebT∗∗∗:

1 υ2
m ≈ m0 + ,
2 c2
romlis Casma (86.8)-Si gvaZlevs:
m0υ 2
E ≅ m0 c 2 + . (86.9)
2

∗
saSualo simZlavris wyalbadis bombis afeTqebisas daaxloebiT 1017 jouli energia
gamoiyofa. es ufro metia, vidre mTel msoflioSi ramodenime dRis ganmavlobaSi
gamomuSavebuli eleqtroenergia.
∗∗
Zlieri asafeTqebeli nivTierebaa, romelic ixmareba saartilerio yumbarebsa da
saaviacio bobmebSi.
∗∗∗ υ υ4 υ6
-s simciris gamo , da a.S. wevrebi ukugdebulia.
c c2 c2
306
 m0υ 2
(86.9) formulaSi meore wevri CvenTvis cnobili kinetikuri energiaa.
2
axali da sainteresoa pirveli wevri, vinaidan igi gamosaxavs sxeulis ener-
gias, roca mis siCqare nulis tolia (E 0 ) . mas uZraobis energia ewodeba:

E 0 = m0 c 2 (86.10)
miviReT klasikuri fizikisaTvis uCveulo Sedegi _ yo vel sxeuls
a qv s energ ia ukve T avi si arse bo bi s f aq ti s g amo d a igi uZr aobi s
ma si s pro porciuli a.
davamyaroT kavSiri sxeulis relavistur impulssa da energias Soris.
amisaTvis (86.3) formula gavyoT (86.8) formulaze:
p υ
= ,
E c2
saidanac
pc 2
υ= (86.11)
E
aviyvanoT kvadratSi (86.8) toloba:

⎛ υ2 ⎞ E 2υ 2
E 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ⎟⎟ = m02 c 4 , anu E 2 − 2 = m02 c 4 .
⎝ c ⎠ c
miRebul tolobaSi SevitanoT υ -s mniSvneloba (86.11)-dan:
E 2 − p 2 c 2 = m02 c 4 ,
saidanac
E = c p 2 + m02 c 2 . (86.12)
Tu υ = c , maSin uZraobis masa m0 = 0 , da (86.12)-dan

E mc 2
p== = mc . (86.13)
c c
e.i. c siCqariT moZravi nawilakis (kerZod, fotonis) impulsi gamoiTvleba
iseTive formuliT, rogoriTac Cveulebrivi sxeulis.

Tavi XII

kvanturi optikis safuZvlebi

§87. siTburi gamosxiveba. kirhofis kanoni

eleqtromagnituri talRis gamosxiveba dakavSirebulia eleqtruli

muxtis rxevasTan (aCqarebul moZraobasTan), amitom yoveli sxeuli, romlis
Semadgeneli atomebi da molekulebi asruleben siTbur rxevebs, asxivebs
energias eleqtromagnituri talRebis saxiT. gamosxivebas, romelic

307
xde b a sxeul is S in agan i e n e r g i i s x ar j z e , siT buri g amo sxi veba
e w o d e b a . gamosxivebis yvela sxva saxe, romlebic gamowveulia atomebis
sxva saxis (siTburis garda) energiebiT agznebis Sedegad, gaerTianebulia
erTi saerTo saxelwodebiT _ lumin iscenc ia . mas Cven mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT.
temperaturis gazrdiT izrdeba atomebis rxeviTi moZraobis
intensivoba, rac iwvevs gamosxivebis intensivobis zrdas. amitom siTbur
gamosxivebas temperaturulsac uwodeben. gamosxivebis Sedegad sxeulis
Sinagani energia mcirdeba, amitom, Tu igi garedan ar iRebs siTbos _
civdeba. siTburi gamosxiveba gamosxivebis yvelaze ufro zogadi saxea, vi-
naidan igi damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri sxeulisaTvis, romlis temperatu-
rac absolutur nulze metia. aqve aRvniSnoT, rom myari sxeuli 500°C-mde
asxivebs mxolod uxilav (infarawiTel) eleqtromagnitur talRebs. xilu-
li sinaTlis gamosxivebas igi iwyebs ~500°C-ze zeviT gaxurebis Semdeg.
siTburi gamosxivebis damokidebuleba temperaturaze ganapirobebs
imas, rom igi gamosxivebis erTaderTi saxea, romelic SeiZleba wonasworo-
baSi imyofebodes gamomsxivebel sxeulTan. es wonasworoba dinamiuria da
mis yovel darRvevas, kvlad aRdgena moyveba. magaliTad, Tu sxeuli gamoas-
xivebs met energias, vidre STanTqavs, misi temperatura iwyebs Semcirebas,
rac gamoiwvevs gamosxivebis Sesabamis Semcirebas. temperaturis Semcireba
gagrZeldeba manam, sanam gamosxivebuli energia ar gautoldeba STanTqmuls
da wonasworoba ar aRsdgeba.
siTburi gamosxivebis wonasworuli xasiaTis gamo SeiZleba mis mi-
marT Termodinamikis kanonebis gamoyeneba da garkveuli kanonzomierebebis
dadgena.
siTbur gamosxivebas axasiaTeben sruli energetikuli naTebiT (R ) da

gamosxivebis unarianobiT (r ) .
s r u l i e n e r g e t i k u l i n a T e b a (anu gamosxivebis energiis simkvrive)
ewodeba energiis im raodenobas, romelsac asxivebs sxeulis zedapiris
farTis erTeuli drois erTeulSi. cxadia, R aris temperaturis funqcia
j
(RT ) . SI sistemaSi misi erTeulia .
m 2 ⋅ wm
cdebi gviCvenebs, rom energiis ganawileba gamoasxivebs speqtrSi Tana-
bari ar aris _ zog ubanze modis energiis meti raodenoba, zogze naklebi.
gamosxivebis speqtri davyoT mcire dλ ubnebad da ganvsazRvroT energiis
308
is raodenoba dRλ T , romelic modis TiToeul ubanze ( R -is gansazRvra xde-

ba Termowyvilis an bolometris∗ saSualebiT). fardobas

dRλ T
rλ T = (87.1)
dλ
ewodeba g amosx ive bi s un aria no ba, a n g amo sxi vebi s speqtrul i
simkvrive . igi energiis im raodenobis tolia, romelsac gamoasxivebs
sxeulis zedapiris farTis erTeuli drois erTeulSi speqtris mocemul
erTeulovan ubanSi. gamosxivebis Teoriis ZiriTadi amocanaa rλ T funqciis

saxis dadgena.
(87.1)-dan dRλ T = rλ T dλ .

sruli energetikuli naTeba, romelic yvela talRis sigrZes moicavs,

toli iqneba
T
RT = ∫ rλ T dλ . (87.2)
0
mas gamosxivebis i n t e g r alu r sim k v r i v e s ac uwodeben.
gamosxivebis unarianoba SeiZleba gamoisaxos sixSiris saSualebiTac:
dRλT = dRνT = rλT dλ = rνT dν
c dλ c λ2
magram λ = , amitom = − 2 = − . aq niSani minusi miuTiTebs imas, rom λ -s
ν dν ν c
zrdiT ν mcirdeba da piriqiT. mas Cveulebriv, ar weren. amitom gveqneba

λ2
rλT . rνT =
c
cdebi gviCvenebs, rom yoveli sxeuli nawilobriv STanTqavs masze
dacemuli sinaTlis energias. sxeulis mier sinaTlis energiis STanTqma xa-
siaTdeba ST anT qmi s u nari an obiT (α ) , romelic gviCvenebs, Tu d ac e m u -
l i e n e r g i i s r a nawils STanTqavs mocemuli sxeuli. Tu drois er-
TeulSi sxeulze dacemul da STanTqmul energiebs Sesabamisad aRvniSnavT
dW da dWα -Ti, maSin, ganmartebis Tanaxmad, STanTqmis unarianoba

dWα
. α=
dW
α uganzomilebo sididea. igi damokidebulia talRis sigrZeze da
temperaturaze (α λ T ) .

cxadia, rom α α T ≤ 1 . sxeuls, romlis STanTqmis unarianoba α α T = 1 , ab-

soluturad Savi sxeuli ewodeba. amrigad, absolutur ad Savi sxeuli

∗
bolometri eleqtromagnituri energiis gamzomi xelsawyoa, romelsac safuZvlad udevs
energiis STanTqmis Sedegad TermomgrZnobiare elementis winaRobis cvlileba.
309
ewodeba iseT sxeuls, romelic ne bi smier temper atur aze mTl i-
a n a d S T a n T q a v s m a sze d a c e m ul s inaTlis energias ganurCevlad
t alR is sig r Zis a.
absoluturad Savi sxeuli bunebaSi ar arsebobs. sak-
maod kargi miaxloebiT, isic speqtris garkveuli arisa-
Tvis, aseT sxeulebad SeiZleba miviCnioT muri (Wvartli)∗
da Savi xaverdi. magaliTad, speqtris xiluli nawilisaTvis
muris STanTqmis unarianoba α = 0,95 , maSin rodesac Soreu-
sur. 87.1
li infrawiTeli arisaTvis α mniSvnelovnad naklebia erT-
ze. praqtikulad absoluturad Savi sxeulis yvelaze srulyofil models
warmoadgens kargi mSTanTqmeli nivTierebiT dafaruli kedlebiani Rru
sfero mcire xvretiT (sur. 87.1). aseT xvretSi Sesuli sinaTle kedlebidan
mravaljeradi arekvlis Sedegad praqtikulad mTlianad STainTqmeba da
xvrelidan aRar gamova (TiToeuli arekvlisas sxivi kargavs energiis 90%-
ze mets).
nebismieri sxeulis gamosxivebisa da STanTqmis unarianobebi urTi-
erTdakavSirebuli sidideebia, kerZod, rac metia mocemuli sxeulis STan-
Tqmis unarianoba, miT met sinaTles gamoasxivebs igi gaxurebul mdgomareo-
baSi. mag. Wvartlis STanTqmis unarianoba didia, magram didia gaxurebuli
Wvartlis nawilakebis mier gamosxivebuli sinaTlec da piriqiT, gapriale-
buli vercxlis zedapiri sinaTles TiTqmis ar STanTqavs, samagierod gaxu-
rebul mdgomareobaSi igi TiTqmis ar gamoasxivebs mas. sanTlis alis mier
sinaTlis mocema ganpirobebulia masSi Wvartlis nawilakebis arsebobiT.
swored es nawilakebi gavarvarebul mdgomareobaSi asxiveben sinaTles. Tu
ali sufTaa (gazis sanTurebi), mis mier mocemuli (gamosxivebuli) sinaTle
metad sustia.
eqsperimentuli monacemebisa da Termodinamikuli mosazrebis safuZ-
velze,∗∗ kirxofma daadgina kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac g am os x ive bi s u na -
ri an obis far do ba STanT qmi s un ari ano basT an sxeul is g varobaze
d amok ide buli ar ari s, anu yve la sxeuli saTv is erTn air ia d a

∗
muri arasruli wvis an naxSirwyalbadebis Termuli daSlis naxSirbadiani produqtia.
Sedgeba Savi feris sferuli nawilakebisagan, romelTa saSualo diametri (10-40)nm-ia.
Seicavs 98%-ze met naxSirbads, (0,2-0,5)% wyalbads, mineraluri nivTierebebisa da gogirdis
mcire minarevebs.
∗∗
kirxofis kanoni dafuZnebulia Termodinamikis II principze, romlis Tanaxmadac
izolirebul sistemaSi damyarebuli siTburi wonasworoba ar SeiZleba dairRves sistemis
nawilebs Soris siTbocvlis Sedegad.
310
w armoadge ns talRis sigrZisa da temperaturis universalur
funqcias:
⎛ rλ T ⎞ ⎛ rλ T ⎞ ⎛r ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = ⎜ λ T ⎟ = . . . . . = f (λ T ) (87.1)
⎜α ⎟ ⎜α ⎟ ⎜α ⎟
⎝ λ T ⎠1 ⎝ λ T ⎠ 2 ⎝ λ T ⎠ 3
sadac indeqsebi 1,2,3 da a.S. ganekuTveneba sxvadasxva (nivTierebis) sxeulebs.
davuSvaT, erTerTi sxeuli (87.1) tolobaSi aris absoluturad Savi.
misi gamosxivebis unarianoba aRvniSnoT u λ T -Ti. maSin, vinaidan am sxeulis

STanTqmis unarianoba α λ T = 1 , gveqneba:

⎛ rλ T ⎞ ⎛ rλ T ⎞ ⎛r ⎞
⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = . . . . . ⎜ λ T ⎟ = u λ T = f (λ T ) (87.2)
⎜αλ T ⎟ ⎜αλ T ⎟ ⎜α ⎟
⎝ ⎠1 ⎝ ⎠2 ⎝ λ T ⎠
maSasadame, kirxhofis universaluri funqcia yofila absoluturad Savi
sxeulis gamosxivebis unarianoba.

miviRoT kirxhofis kanoni. davuSvaT, izolirebuli sistema Sedgeba sxvadasxva tem-

peraturis mqone ori sxeulisagan, romelTa Soris energiis gacvla-ganocvla
xorcieldeba mxolod eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamosxivebiT da STanTqmiT (e.i.
sxeulebi moTavsebulia adiabatur garsSi, romlidanac haeri amotumbulia). raRac drois
Semdeg sistemaSi damyardeba siTburi wonasworoba da sxeulTa temperaturebi
gaTanabrdeba. sxeulebis gamosxivebisa da STanTqmis unarianobebi aRvniSnoT Sesabamisad

rλ' T , rλ'' T da α λ' T , α λ' ' T -iT. vTqvaT, pirveli sxeulis gamosxivebis unarianoba n -jer metia,
vidre meoresi:

rλ' T = n ⋅ rλ ''T .
maSin, misi STanTqmis unarianobac n -jer meti unda iyos, vidre meoresi:

α λ' T = n ⋅ α λ''T ,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pirveli sxeuli daiwyebs gaTbobas (an gacivebas) meore sxeulis
xarjze da misi temperatura Seicvleba. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba Termodinamikis meore kanons,
romlis Tanaxmadac siTbo TavisTavad ar gadadis naklebad Tbili sxeulidan metad Tbilze.
bolo ori tolobidan miviRebT:
rλ' T rλ' 'T
= ,
α λ' T α λ' ' T
rac warmoadgens kirxhofis kanons ori sxeulisagan Sedgenili sistemisaTvis. analogiuri
msjelobiT miviRebT kanons sxeulTa nebismieri ricxvisaTvis.

§88. absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis kanonebi

wina paragrafSi miRebuli formula rλT = u λT ⋅ α λT gviCvenebs, rom Tu

viciT absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis unarianoba (u λT ) , gamoviTv-

liT mas nebismieri sxeulisaTvis (rλT ) , Tu cnobilia am sxeulis STanTqmis

311
 koeficienti (α λT ) (romelic unda ganisazRvros eqsperimentulad). gasagebia

amitom, Tu ra didi mniSvneloba aqvs uλT funqciis saxis gansazRvras. mag-

ram Tavidan SesaZlebeli gaxda absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis
ufro martivi kanonzomierebebis dadgena. esenia stefan-bolcmanis kanoni
da vinis gadanacvlebis kanoni.
1. s t e f a n - bo lc m an i s k an o n i . avstrielma fizikosebma stefanma
eqsperimentulad (1879 w), xolo bolcmanma Teoriulad (1884 w) daadgines,
rom absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis sruli energetikuli naTeba
absoluturi temperaturis meoTxe xarisxis proporciulia:
RT = σ ⋅ T 4 (88.1)
σ -s ewodeba stefan-bolcmanis mudmiva. cdiT dadgenilia, rom
vt
σ = 5,67 ⋅ 10 −8 . kanoni miuTiTebs gamosxivebuli energiis metad Zlier
m2K 4
damokidebulebas temperaturaze.
2. v i n i s g ad an ac v le bi s k an o n i: talRis sigrZe, romelsac Seesabameba
gamosxivebis maqsimumi, absoluturi temperaturis ukuproporciulia
b
, λm = (88.2)
T
sadac b ≈ 2,9 ⋅ 10−3 m ⋅ K - vinis mudmivaa (dadgenilia cdiT).
es kanoni srul TanxmobaSia cdiseul SedegTan (sur. 88.1), romelic
gviCvenebs, rom temperaturis zrdiT izrdeba ara marto gamosxivebuli
energiis saerTo raodenoba (romelic grafikis qveS moTavsebuli farTis
tolia), aramed icvleba gamosxivebis speqtruli Semagenlobac, kerZod, T -s
zrdiT u λT funqciis maqsimumi gadainacvlebs marcxniv, mokle talRebisaken.
marTlac, temperaturis TandaTanobiT zrdiT sxeuli, romelic asxivebda
infrawiTel (uxilav) sxivebs, iwyebs wiTeli sxivebis gamosxivebas (~ 500C ) ,
Semdeg narinjisferis, yviTelis da bolos TeTri-iisferis.
vinis kanonzea dafuZnebuli gavarvare-

u λ ,T buli sxeulebis (mag. liTonis – sadnob Ru-

melSi, airis _ atomuri afeTqebis Sedegad
T1 < T2 < T3
T3 warmoqmnil RrubelSi, varskvlavebis zedapi-

T2 ris da sxv.) temperaturis gansazRvris meTodi

T1 maTi gamosxivebis speqtris saSualebiT, ro-
melsac optikuri pirometria ewodeba.
λ
swored am meTodiT iyo gansazRvruli
sur. 88.1
312
pirvelad mzis zedapiris temperatura: mzis gamosxivebis speqtris Ses-
wavliT dadginda, rom gamosxivebis maqsimumi (atmosferos mier seleqciuri
STanTqmiT gamowveuli Sesworebis gaTvaliswinebiT), modis λm = 4,7 ⋅ 10 −7 m
talRis sigrZeze. maSasadame, (88.2)-is Tanaxmad, mzis zedapiris temperatura

b 2,9 ⋅ 10 −3
T= = K ≈ 6000 K .
λm 4,7 ⋅ 10 −7

§89. hipoTeza kvantebis Sesaxeb. plankis formula

stefan-bolcmanis da vinis gadanacvlebis kanonebi absoluturad Savi

sxeulis gamosxivebis kerZo kanonebia, vinaidan pirveli gansazRvravs
gamosxivebis damokidebulebas temperaturaze, meore ki miuTiTebs, Tu
rogor icvleba temperaturis cvlilebiT talRis sigrZe, romelzedac mo-
dis gamosxivebis maqsimumi. magram arc erTi maTgani ar pasuxobs ZiriTad
kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogoraa ganawilebuli gamosxivebis speqtrSi
energia λ -s mixedviT, anu rogoria u λ T funqciis saxe.

klasikur warmodgenebze dayrdnobiT, e.i. imis daSvebiT, rom

nivTierebis atomebi da molekulebi energias gamoasxiveben uwyvetad, anu
talRis saxiT, miRebuli iqna gamosxivebis unarianobis ganmsazRvreli Sem-
degi ori formula:
1. v in is f o r m u l a. Termodinamikuri mosazrebebis safuZvelze germanelma
mecnierma vinma miiRo, rom absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis
unarianoba
b
−
λT
u λ T = aλ e , −5
(89.1)
sadac a da b mudmivebia. aRmoCnda, rom mocemul temperaturaze formula
samarTliania mokle talRebisaTvis (roca λT Zalian mcirea). grZeli tal-
RebisaTvis misi gamoyeneba iZleva eqsperimentisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebul
Sedegebs.
2. r e le i - j i n si s formula. ingliselma mecnierebma releim da jinsma
gamoiyenes klasikuri statistikis debuleba Tavisuflebis xarisxTa mixed-
viT energiis Tanabrad ganawilebis Sesaxeb∗ da miiRes, rom

∗
maT dauSves, rom TiToeul eleqtromagnitur rxevaze saSualod modis kT energia,
1 1
saidanac kT modis eleqtrul energiaze, kT _ magniturze.
2 2
313
 u λ T = 2πckTλ−4 , (89.2)
sadac k _ bolcmanis mudmivaa. aRmoCnda, rom formula samarTliania mxo-
lod grZeli talRebisaTvis, mokle talRebisaTvis (maRali sixSireebisaT-
vis) ki aSkarad mcdaria, vinaidan cdebiT dadgenilia (sur. 89.1), rom tal-
Ris sigrZis SemcirebiT u λ T jer izrdeba, aRwevs maqsimums da Semdeg mcir-

deba, (89.2)-is Tanaxmad ki λ -s SemcirebiT u λ T ganuwyvetliv izrdeba. kidev

metic, am formulis gamoyenebas sruli energetikuli naTebis misaRebad

mivyevarT absurdul Sedegebamde. marTlac,
∞ ∞
dλ
RT = ∫ u λ T dλ = 2πckT ∫
= ∞,
λ4 0 0
e.i. absoluturad Savi sxeulis sruli energetikuli naTeba nebismier
temperaturaze unda iyos usasrulod didi, maSin roca, stefan-bolcmanis
kanonis Tanaxmad, igi temeperaturis me-4-e xarisxis proporciulia.∗
amrigad, klasikurma fizikam ver SeZlo moeca u λ T funqciis ganmsa-

zRvreli universaluri kanoni (formula), romelic vargisi iqneboda speqt-

ris yvela ubnisaTvis. aRmoCnda, rom aseTi kanonis misaRebad saWiro iyo
Zireuli Zvrebis moxdena Cvens warmodgenaSi atomebis mier energiis
gamosxivebis meqanizmebis Sesaxeb. aseTi Zireuli Zvrebi moaxdina germanel-
ma fizikosma maqs plankma, romelmac gamoTqva hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom
nivTierebis atomebi sinaTles asxiveben ara uwyvetad anu talRis saxiT,
aramed wyvetilad, energiis calkeuli porciebis saxiT. energiis am cal-
keul porciebs kvantebi∗∗ ewoda. optikuri diapazonis Sesabamis kvantebs
fotonebi ewodeba. TiToeuli kvantis energia gamoiTvleba formuliT
ε = hν , (89.3)
sadac ν rxevis sixSirea,∗∗∗ xolo h = 6,62 ⋅ 10 −34 j.wm _ plankis mudmiva. mas
moqmedebis kvantsac uwodeben, vinaidan aqvs moqmedebis ganzomileba
[energia × dro].

∗
es Seusabamoba cdiseul monacemebsa da Teorias Soris mecnierma erenfestma xatovnad
Seafasa rogorc `ultraiisferi katastrofa~, riTac xazi gausva, rom am Seusabamobas
adgili aqvs maRali sixSiris (ultraiisferi) gamosxivebis SemTxvevaSi.
∗∗
kvanti warmodgeba laTinuri sityvidan quantum _ramdeni.
∗∗∗
planki, iseve, rogorc sxva mecnierebi manamde, sxeuls ixilavda rogorc atomuri
oscilatorebis erTobliobas. magram `sxvebisagan~ gansxvavebiT plankma CaTvala, rom
atomur oscilatorTa sistemas SeiZleba gaaCndes energiis ara nebismieri, aramed
wyvetili, diskretuli mniSvnelobebi. kerZod, ν sixSiriT merxevi atomuri oscilatoris
energia (ε ν ) , SeiZleba iyos ara nebismieri, aramed energiis elementaruli porciis
(kvantis) jeradi. kvantis energia ε = hν , amitom ε ν = n ⋅ ε (n = 0; 1; 2 . . . ) .
314
 statistikuri meTodis gamoyenebiTa da siTburi gamosxivebis kvantur
meqanizmze dayrdnobiT plankma miiRo gamosxivebis unarianobis ganmsa-
zRvreli cnobili formula:

2πhc 2 1
uλ T = ⋅ .∗ (89.4)
λ 5 hc
kλ T
e −1
am formulis Teoriuli gamoy-
vana germaniis fizikur sazoga-
doebas plankma warudgina 1900 wlis
14 dekembers. es TariRi iTvleba
kvanturi fizikis dabadebis dRed.
(89.1) suraTze mocemulia vi-
nis, relei-jinsisa da plankis for-
mulebis grafikebi. es ukanaskneli
sur. 89.1 gamosaxulia uwveti wiriT. werti-
lebiT aRniSnulia eqsperimentuli monacemebi. rogorc suraTidan Cans, cdi-
seuli monacemebi saocari sizustiT emTxveva plankis formulis grafiks
(Teoriul mruds).
plankis formulis gamoyenebiT advilad miiReba absoluturad Savi
sxeulis gamosxivebis kanonebi. miviRoT, magaliTad, stefan-bolcmanis kanoni.
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, absoluturad Savi sxeulis sruli energetiku-
li naTeba
∞
RT = ∫ u λ T dλ , (89.5)
0

sadac u λ T (89.4)-iT ganisazRvreba.

SemovitanoT axali cvladi

hc
x= ; (89.6)
kλT
maSin (89.4) miiRebs saxes:
5
⎛ kT ⎞ x
5
u XT = 2πhc ⎜ ⎟ x2
(89.7)
⎝ hc ⎠ e − 1
hc hcdx
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom (89.6)-dan λ = , xolo dλ = − da (89.7) SevitanoT
kTx kTx 2
(89.5)-Si. integrirebis sazRvrebs advilad davadgenT, vinaidan roca λ = 0 ,
maSin x = ∞ , xolo, roca λ = ∞ , maSin x = 0 , gveqneba:

∗
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom atomuri oscilatorebis klasikuri fizikis kanonebisadmi
damorCilebiT, planki iRebda relei-jinsis formulas.
315
 ∞ 4∞
⎛ kT ⎞ x 3 dx
RT = ∫ u λ T dλ = 2πhc ⎜ ⎟ 2
∫0 e x − 1 .
0 ⎝ hc ⎠
∞
x 3 dx π 4
cnobilia, rom ∫0 e x − 1 = 15 , amitom

2π 5 k 4
RT = 3 2
⋅T 4
15h c
temperaturis win mdgomi gamosaxuleba mudmivi sididea. aRvniSnoT igi σ -Ti:

2π 5 k 4
σ= (89.8)
15h 3 c 2
maSin sabolood miviRebT:
RT = σ ⋅ T 4 ,
rac Tanxvdeba (88.1)-s.
mniSvnelovania, rom Tanxvedras aqvs ara marto Tvisobrivi, aramed
raodenobrivi xasiaTic. marTlac, (89.8)-Si ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis Casma
vt
gvaZlevs: σ = 5,68 ⋅ 10− 8 , rac zustad emTxveva cdiseul σ -s.
m2 K 4

§90. fotoefeqti

im optikur movlenaTa ricxvs, romlebic aixsneba sinaTlis kvanturi

TeoriiT, miekuTvneba fotoefeqti da komptonis efeqti.
fotoefeqti ewodeba sinaTlis m o q m e d e bi T nivTierebidan
e l e qt r o ne b i s a m o f r q v e v i s m o v l e na s .

es g a r e fotoefeqtia. igi damaxasiaTebelia kondensirebuli garemosaTvis (liTone-

bi, naxevargamtarebi, dielqtrikebi, siTxeebi), agreTve SeiZleba SemCneul iqnes airSi cal-
keul atomsa da molekulaze (fotoionizacia), magram gansakuTrebiT mkafiod es efeqti
vlindeba liTonebSi. naxevargamtarebsa da dieleqtrikebSi gare fotoefeqtis garda adgi-
li aqvs S i g a fotoefeqtsac, roca sinaTlis moqmedebiT bmuli eleqtronebi Tavisuflde-
bian atomebisagan, magram ar toveben sxeuls da rCebian masSi. Sedegad izrdeba denis
matareblebis anu gadamtanebis (eleqtronebisa da xvrelebis) koncentracia da Sesabamisad,
sxeulis gamtarobac. amitom xSirad Siga fotoefeqts aigiveben fotogamtarobasTan.

fotoefeqtis movlena aRmoaCina hercma (1887 w), romelmac daadgina,

rom ultraiisferi sxivebis moqmedebiT uaryofiTad damuxruli sxeuli
(vTqvaT, eleqtrometris burTula) swrafad ganimuxteba (e.i. kargavs uaryo-
fiT muxts), maSin rodesac dadebiTad damuxtuli firfita araviTar cvli-
lebas ar ganicdis. am movlenis aRmoCenidan 10 wlis Semdeg, ingliselma
mecnierma j.tomsonma da germanelma mecnierma lenardma, gazomes sinaTlis

316
moqmedebiT amofrqveuli nawilakebis k u T r i m u x t i da daadgines, rom es
nawilakebi eleqtronebia.
fotoefeqtis movlenas swavlobdnen da daadgines garkveuli kanonzo-
mierebebi rusi mecnieri stoletovi, igive lenardi da sxvebi.
fotoefeqtis Sesaswavli mowyobilo-
bis sqema mocemulia (90.1) suraTze. minis
balonSi, romlidanac amotumbulia haeri
(ionizaciis denis Tavidan asacileblad),
CarCilulia ori eleqtrodi _ kaTodi (K )
da anodi ( A) . balonSi sinaTle Sedis kvar-
cis F `sarkmlidan~, romelic (minisagan
gansxvavebiT) gamWvirvalea rogorc xilu-
li, ise ultraiisferi sinaTlisaTvis. kaTodsa da anods Soris modebulia
Zabva, romlis sidides gviCvenebs V voltmetri. Zabvis cvla xdeba poten-
ciometris saSualebiT. kaTodze sinaTlis dacemisas misgan amoifrqveva
eleqtronebi, romlebic miemarTebian dadebiTi anodidaken da wredSi
gaivlis fotodeni, romlis sididesac gviCvenebs mA miliampermetri.
damokidebulebas fotodenis Zalasa da Zavas Soris (voltamperuli
maxasiaTebeli) aqvs (90.2) suraTze mocemuli saxe. suraTidan Cans, rom
Tavdapirvelad, Zabvis zrdiT, izrdeba fotodenis Zalac ( ab ubani), magram
Zabvis raRac u n mniSvnelobidan dawyebuli, misi Semdgomi zrda aRar iwvevs

fotodenis zrdas ( bc ubani), miiReba e.w. n aj e r i d e n i (I ) .

naj cxadia, rom

deni maSin gaxdeba najeri, rodesac kaTodidan wamSi amotyorcnili yvela

n eleqtroni miaRwevs anodamde wamisve ganmavlobaSi, e.i. I naj = ne , sadac e _

eleqtronis muxtia. mravalricxovani cdebiT dadginda, rom wamSi amotyor-

cnili eleqtronebis raodenoba (da, maSasa-
I dame Inaj ) pirdapirproporciulia sinaTlis
Inaj b c
intensivobisa. amrigad fotoefeqtis pirve-
li kanoni SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camoya-
libdes: najeri fotodenis sidide
I0 a
pird apirpr o po rc iul ia k aTo d ze d a-
uk O un u c e m u l i s i n aT l i s n ak ad i s i n t e n si v o -
sur. 90.2 bisa.
(90.2) suraTidan Cans agreTve, rom rodesac
317
Zabva kaTodsa da anods Soris nulis tolia (u = 0) , fotodenis Zala ar

udris nuls (I = I 0 ) , rac imas miuTiTebs, rom amotyorcnili eleqtronebis

nawils gaaCnia sakmarisi kinetikuri energia imisaTvis, raTa amaCqarebeli
velis gareSec miaRwios anodamde. I 0 -is mosaspobad eleqtrodebs unda
movdoT sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebis (damamuxruWebeli) Zabva. am Zabvis
TandaTanobiT zrdiT I0 TandaTan mcirdeba∗ da misi raRac uk
mniSvnelobis dros, romelsac Semak avebeli Zabv a ewodeba, xdeba nulis
toli. cxadia, I0 maSin gaxdeba nulis toli, rodesac maqsimaluri
kinetikuri energiis fotoeleqtronebic ki veRar Zleven damamuxruWebel
vels, anu roca Sesruldeba piroba:
mυ m2
= eu k . (90.1)
2
aRmoCnda, rom Semakavebeli Zabvis mniSvneloba damokidebulia dacemu-
li sinaTlis talRis sixSireze _ sixSiris zrdiT igi izrdeba. maSasadame,
izrdeba amotyorcnili eleqtronebis maqsimaluri kinetikuri energia. es
dasvna gamosaxavs fotoefeqtis meore kanons: k a T o d i d a n a m o t y o r c n i l i
e l e qt r o ne b i s maqsimaluri kinetikuri e ne r g ia p r o po r c i u l i a
m a s z e d a c e m u l i s i n a T l i s t al R i s s i x S i r i s a da ar aris damokide-
buli mis intensivobaze.
meore kanonidan faqtiurad gamomdinareobs fotoefeqtis mesame kano-
ni: arse bo bs sinaTli s t alR is mi nim aluri si xSire ν 0 (mas ewodeba
fotoefeqtis wiTeli sazRvari), r oml is qveviTac fetoefe qt s adg ili
a R a r e q n e b a , r a n a i r i m Z l avr i s inaT li s n a kad ic ar u nd a d ae c e s
mυ m2
k aT o d s. marTlac, vinaidan ~ ν , ν -s SemcirebiT kinetikuri energia
2
TandaTan unda Semcirdes da misi raRac ν 0 mniSvnelobisaTvis gaxdes nu-
lis toli.
aseTia fotoefeqtis movlenasTan dakavSirebuli cdiseuli faqtebi.
fotoefeqtis pirvel kanons sinaTlis talRuri Teoria advilad xsnis.
marTlac, kaTodze dacemuli sinaTlis intensivobis zrdasTan erTad

∗
TandaTanobiTi Semcireba miuTiTebs imas, rom amofrqveul eleqtronebs aqvT sxvadasxva
kinetikuri energia, rac imiTaa gamowveuli, rom sinaTlis moqmedebiT eleqtronebi
Tavisufldebian ara marto kaTodis zedapiridan, aramed misi sxvadasxva siRrmidanac. am
ukanasknelTa energiebi ki zedapirze amosvlamde sxva nawilakebTan (ionebTan, eleqtro-
nebTan) Sejaxebebis gamo sxvadasxvanairad mcirdeba.
318
gaizrdeba mis mier STanTqmuli sinaTlis intensivoba da maSasadame, im
eleqtronTa raodenobac, romlebic SeZleben kaTodidan amofrqvevas.
rac Seexeba meore kanons, igi gaugebaria sinaTlis talRuri Teoriis
TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, rac metia sinaTlis intensi-
voba, miT metia misi eleqtruli velis amplituda (I ~ A )2
da miT meti Za-
liT moqmedebs es veli eleqtronebze. amitom sinaTlis intensivobis zrda
unda iwvevdes amotyorcnili eleqtronebis kinetikuri energiis zrdas, xo-
lo sixSire gavlenas ar unda axdendes masze, rac ewinaaRmdegeba foto-
efeqtis meore kanons.
sinaTlis talRuri Teoria ver xsnis fotoefeqtis praqtikul
arainerciulobas (uinerciobas). marTlac, rodesac kaTods ecema mcire
intensivobis sinaTlis talRa, imisaTvis, rom eleqtronma daagrovos
amotyorcnisaTvis saWiro energia, garkveuli droa saWiro. sinamdvileSi ki
fotoefeqti xorcieldeba myisve, sinaTlis dacemisTanave. amave
mosazrebidan gamomdinare fotoefeqtis ganxorcielebisaTvis gadamwyveti
unda iyos intensivobis da ara sixSiris sidide, rac ewinaaRmdegeba
fotoefeqtis mesame kanons.
fotoefeqtis kanonebi martivad aixsneba sinaTlis kvanturi TeoriiT.
rogorc viciT (§89), kvanturi Teoriis fuZemdebelia planki, romelmac
(absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis speqtrSi arsebuli kanonzomi-
erebis asaxsnelad) gamoTqva hipoTeze imis Taobaze, rom nivTierebis ato-
mebi sinaTles asxiveben ara uwyvetad, anu talRis saxiT, aramed wyvetilad,
energiis calkeuli porciebis saxiT. energiis am calkeul porciebs
kvantebi ewoda, xolo optikuri diapazonis Sesabamis kvantebs _ fotonebi.
TiToeuli fotonis energia gamoiTvleba formuliT ε = hν , sadac h -
plankis mudmivaa, xolo ν - rxevis sixSire.
ainStainma ganazogada plankis hipoTeza, dauSva ra, rom s i n a T l e
ara marto g amoasx ivdeba, ar amed vrcelde b a d a ST ainT qmeba fo-
t on e b i s s a x i T . amiT man safuZveli Cauyara sinaTlis kvantur Teorias.
avxsnaT sinaTlis kvanturi TeoriiT fotoefeqtis kanonebi:
1. am TeoriiT sinaTlis TiToeuli kvanti (fotoni) STainTqmeba mxolod
erTi eleqtroniT, amitom amofrqveuli fotoeleqtronebis ricxvi propor-
ciuli iqneba STanTqmuli fotonebis ricxvis da maSasadame, kaTodze
dacemuli sinaTlis intensivobis (fotoefeqtis I kanoni).

319
 2. eleqtronis mier STanTqmuli fotonis energiis nawili xmardeba misi
kaTodidan gamosvlisaTvis saWiro muSaobis Sesrulebas ( A) , danarCeni na-
wilis xarjze ki igi iZens kinetikur energias. maSin energiis mudmivobis
kanonis Tanaxmad
mυ m2
hν = A + (90.2)
2
(90.2) Tanafardobas ewodeba a i n S t a i n i s g a n t o le b a fotoefeqtisaTvis.
igi gviCvenebs, rom, vinaidan A mocemuli liTonisaTvis mudmivia, amitom
mυ m2
~ ν , e.i. kaTodidan amotyorcnili eleqtronis maqsimaluri kinetikuri
2
energia proporciulia masze dacemuli sinaTlis talRis sixSiris (foto-
efeqtis II kanoni).
3. Tu sinaTlis talRis sixSire imdenad naklebia, rom hν < A , maSin, cxa-
dia, fotoefeqts saerTod ar eqneba adgili, aseTi sixSiris ranairi mZlav-
ri sinaTlis nakadic ar unda daeces kaTods (fotoefeqtis III kanoni)
fotoefeqtis zRvruli sixSire ν0 (fotoefeqtis wiTeli sazRvari)
ganisazRvreba tolobidan
A ⎛ hc ⎞
hν 0 = A =→ ν 0 =
. ⎜ an λ0 = ⎟
h ⎝ A⎠
ν0 damokidebulia kaTodis masalis gvarobaze da zedapiris mdgomareobaze.
sinaTlis kvanturi Teoria advilad xsnis agreTve fotoefeqtis
uinerciobas. Teoriis Tanaxmad es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom sinaTlis nawi-
lakebSi _ fotonebSi koncentrirebulia didi energia. SevafasoT es ener-
gia da SevadaroT airis molekulis saSualo kinetikur energias, romelic
3
kT -s tolia; ufro sworad ganvsazRvroT ra temperaturaze gaxdeba mole-
2
kulis saSualo kinetikuri energia xiluli sinaTlis ν ~ 1015 hc ( ) Sesabamisi
fotonis energiis toli. pirobis Tanaxmad
3 2 hν jouli
hν = kT , saidanac T = . k = 1,36 ⋅ 10 − 23 ,
2 3 k k
amitom T ~ 10 5 k .

§91. fotoefeqtis gamoyeneba. fotoelementebi

fotoefeqtis movlena udevs safuZvlad uaRresad mniSvnelovni foto-

eleqtornuli xelsawyoebis moqmedebas, romelTac fotoelementebi ewodeba.

320
 ganvixiloT jer e.w. vakuumuri fotoelementi,
romlis moqmedeba gare fotoefeqtis movlenaze damya-
rebuli. igi warmoadgens sferuli formis minis
balons, romlidanac haeria amotumbuli. balonis Siga
zedapiris didi nawili dafarulia SuqmgrZnobiare (anu
gamosvlis mcire muSaobis mqone) feniT, romlis
Sedgeniloba imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra speqtruli
intervalisTvisaa gankuTvnili fotoelementi.∗ es fena
asrulebs kaTodis rols, xolo balonis centrSi

sur. 91.1 moTavsebuli liTonis rgoli _ anodis (koleqtoris∗∗)

rols (sur.91.1). kaTodze sinaTlis dacemisas misgan amofrqveuli
eleqtronebi moZraoben anodisaken da warmoqmnian fotodens. rogorc viciT
(§90) najeri fotodenis sidide proporciulia dacemuli sinaTlis nakadis
intensivobis, amitom fotoelementis praqtikuli gamoyenebis erTerTi
mxarea maTi saSualebiT fotometruli gazomvebis Catareba. zogjer, foto-
denis gazrdis mizniT iyeneben airis ionizaciis movlenas, risTvisac
balonSi SeyavT romelime inertuli airi (argoni an neoni). kidev ufro
Zlierdeba deni e.w. fotomamravlSi, romlis moqmedebasac safuZvlad udevs
meoradi eleqtronuli emisia.
garda gare fotoefeqtisa, arsebobs Siga fotoefeqtis movlenaze dam-
yarebuli fotoelementebi. esenia fotorezistorebi da Camketiani anu venti-
luri∗∗∗ fotoelementebi. Siga fotoefeqti gansakuTrebiT intensiuria naxe-
vargamtarebSi, ris gamoc fotoelementSi umTavresad isinia gamoyenebuli.
fotorezistoris moqmedebis princips advilad davakvirdebiT (91.2)
suraTze mocemuli sqemis saSualebiT. vidre P naxevargamtarul firfitas
sinaTle ar ecema, wredSi deni (TiTqmis) ar gadis. sinaTlis dacemisas ki,
Siga fotoefeqtis movlenis gamo, masSi Cndeba denis matareblebi (eleq-
tronebi da xvrelebi) da wredSi gaivlis deni, romlis sidide damokidebu-
lia dacemuli sinaTlis intensivobaze.

∗
speqtris xiluli nawilisadmi yvelaze mgrZnobiarea tute liTonebi: natriumi, kaliumi
da gansakuTrebiT ceziumi. magram am ukanasknelis dnobis dabali temperaturis gamo (28,5°C),
misgan amzadeben rTul fenebs, rogorebicaa cezium-Jangbadi (Cs 2 O ) , cezium-bismuti da sxv.
∗∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisgan collector da niSnavs Sekrebas.
∗∗∗
warmodgeba germanuli sityvisgan Ventil _ sarqveli. e l e q t r u l i v e n t i l i saerTo
saxelwodebaa eleqtruli xelsawyoebisa, romelTac axasiaTebT calmxrivi gamtaroba.
321
 CamkeTfeniani fotoelementis sqema mocemulia (91.3)
suraTze. liTonis M firfitaze dafenilia P naxevar-
gamtaris Txeli (sinaTlisadmi gamWvirvale) fena. am fe-
nisa da liTonis kontaqtis zonaSi warmoiqmneba e.w. Cam-
keti fena (B ) , romelsac axasiaTebs calmxrivi gamta-

roba:∗ igi eleqtronebs atarebs naxevargamtaridan li-

Tonis mimarTulebiT, piruku ki _ ara. naxevargamtaris
ganaTebisas maSi warmoiqmneba Tavisufali eleqtronebi
(fotoeleqtronebi), romlebic qaosuri moZraobis Sede-
sur. 91.2 gad gadadian naxevargamtaridan liTonSi, ukan ki veRar
brundebian. amis Sedegad naxevargamtari (romelsac moaklda eleqtronebi)
imuxteba dadebiTad, liToni ki uaryofiTad. warmoqmnili potencialTa
sxvaoba (romelic 0.1 voltis rigisaa) iwvevs dens fotoelementis wredSi.
amrigad, Camketfeniani (ventiluri) fotoelementi warmoadgens denis
generators, romelic sinaTlis energias uSualod gardaqmnis eleqtrul
energiad.
siliciumis fotoelementisagan Sedgenili
batarea, romelsac mzis batarea ewodeba, war-
matebiT gamoiyeneba kosmosur TanamgzavrebSi da
xomaldebSi iq arsebuli radioaparaturis sakve-
bad. amisaTvis fotoelementebis zedapiris far-
Tobi unda iyos sakamod didi. magaliTad, kosmo-
sur. 91.3
sur xomald `soiuz-3~-ze igi Seadgenda ~ 14 m2-s.
mzis batareis margi qmedebis koeficienti aRwevs 15%-mde. Teoriuli gaT-
vlebiT SesaZlebelia misi gazrda 22%-mde. am maCveneblis miRwevis Semdeg
mzis batareebi ekonomikurad imdenad xelsayreli iqneba, rom SesaZlebeli
gaxdeba misi gamoyeneba sawarmoo da sayofacxovrebo miznebisaTvis.
fotoelementebi aucilebeli nawilia fotoreleebis, romlebic
farTod gamoiyeneba warmoebaSi sxvadasxva procesebis kontrolis, marTvisa
da avtomatizaciisaTvis. fotoelementebi farTod gamoiyeneba xmovan
kinoSi, kavSirgabmulobis sxvadasxva sistemebSi da a.S.
Siga fotoefeqtze dafuZnebul fotoelementebs aqvT gacilebiT
ufro meti mgrZnobiaroba, vidre gare fotoefeqtze dafuZnebulebs. magram
maT gaaCniaT naklic, romelic maTi didi inerciulobiT gamoixateba. es

∗
Camketi fena warmoiqmneba agreTve n da p _ tipis naxevargamtarebis kontaqtis zonaSi.
322
nakli gansakuTrebiT mJRavndeba swrafad cvlad procesebSi, magaliTad,
rodesac dacemuli sinaTlis intensivoba swrafad icvleba.

§92. fotonis masa da impulsi

ainStainis sinaTlis kvanturi Teoriis Tanaxmad, sinaTle gamosxiv-

deba, vrceldeba da STainTqmeba energiis cakleuli porciebis _ kvantebis
anu fotonebis saxiT. fotoni elementaruli nawilakia, romlis energia
gamoiTvleba formuliT
c
ε = hν = h , (92.1)
λ
sadac h plankis mudmivaa, ν _ rxevis sixSire, λ _ talRis sigrZe.
mravalricxovani cdebiT dadgenilia, rom fotonebi nebismier
sistemaSi moZraoben erTaderTi (garemosgan damoukideblad) c = 3 ⋅ 10 8 m/wm
siCqariT. es TiTqos ewinaaRmdegeba CvenTvis cnobil faqts, rom nivTiere-
c
baSi sinaTlis gavrcelebis (fazuri) siCqare υ = < c . magram es winaaRmde-
n
goba moCvenebiTia. marTlac sinaTlis gavrcelebisas nivTierebaSi misi pir-
velive fenis atomebi STanTqaven fotonebs, ris gamoc isini aRigznebian da
garkveuli drois Semdeg gamoasxiveben meoreul fotonebs, romlebic
STainTqmebian meore fenis atomebis mier da a.S. fenis atomebTan am
Seyovnebebis gamo fotonebis (sinaTlis) gavrcelebis siCqare nivTierebaSi
c -ze naklebia, Tumca fenidan fenamde isini moZraoben c siCqariT.
vinaidan fotoni moZraobs c siCqariT, igi relativisturi nawilakia,
amitom misi masisa da energiis gamosaTvlelad unda visargebloT
fardobiTobis Teoriidan gamomdinare SedegebiT. am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
sxeulis masa gamoiTvleba formuliT:
m0
m= , (92.2)
υ2
1−
c2
sadac m0 uZraobis masaa, xolo m _ υ siCqariT moZravi sxeulis masa.
vinaidan fotonisTvis υ = c , gamodis, rom m = ∞ , rac, cxadia, uazrobaa.
erTaderTi gamosavali am mdgomareobidan aris daSveba, rom m0 = 0 . am Sem-

⎛ 0⎞
TxvevaSi m -sTvis miiReba ganusazRvreloba ⎜ m = ⎟ , romelsac sxvadasxva
⎝ 0⎠
konkretul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva amonaxsni aqvs.
323
 piroba m0 = 0 niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs uZravi fotoni, igi

`gaCenisTanave~ iZens c siCqares.∗ nawilaki, romelic arasdros ar SeiZleba

iyos uZravi, ar SeiZleba miekuTvnos Cveulebriv nawilakTa ricxvs. fotoni
mxolod zogierTi TvisebiT emsgavseba nawilaks.
fardobiTobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, sxeulis energia
E = mc 2 . (92.3)
am formulis Sedareba (87.1)-Tan gvaZlevs fotonis masis gamosaTvlel
formulas:
hv h
= , m= (92.4)
c 2
λc
romlis Tanaxmadac xiluli sinaTlis speqtrSi yvelaze didi masa aqvs
`iisfer fotons~, yvelaze patara _ wiTels.
cxrilSi mocemulia sxvadasxva gamosxivebis Sesabamisi sixSireebi da
fotonTa masebi.
cxrilidan Cans, rom xiluli sinaTlis fotonis masa mcirea, magram xisti
rentgenis gamosxivebis kvantis masa Sesadaria eleqtronis masisa, xolo γ
sxivebis kvantis masa kidevac

gamosxivebis saxe ν , hc mf kg aRemateba mas.

radgan cnobilia foto-
xiluli sinaTle 5,4 ⋅ 1014 4 ⋅ 10 −36
nis masa da siCqare, SeiZleba
ultraiisferi gamosxiveba 3 ⋅ 1015 2,2 ⋅ 10 −35 ganisazRvros misi impulsi:
hv h
xisti rentgenis sxivebi 8 ⋅ 1018 6 ⋅ 10 −32 P = m⋅c = = . (92.5)
c λ
γ - sxivebi 3 ⋅ 10 20 2,2 ⋅ 10 −30 impulsi mimarTulia sinaTlis
sxivis gaswvriv.

§93. luminescencia

rogorc viciT (§87) gamosxivebas, romelic sxeulis Semadgeneli

nawilakebis siTburi agznebis xarjze xdeba, siTburi anu temperaturuli
gamosxiveba ewodeba. gamosxivebis intensivoba da speqtruli Semadgenloba
damokidebulia sxeulis temperaturaze. kerZod, roca temperatura

≈ (500 − 2000) C farglebSia, sxeuli gamoasxivebs xilul sinaTles. siTburi

gamosxiveba gamosxivebis yvelaze ufro zogadi saxea: is damaxasiaTebelia

∗
aseTive Tviseba elementaruli nawilakebis mravalricxovani ojaxidan gaaCnia mxolod
neitrinos.
324
yvela sxeulisaTvis, romlis temperaturac absolutur nulze metia.
amitom cxadia rom siTbur gamosxivebaSi monawileobas iRebs sxeulis
Semadgeneli yvela nawilaki.
sxeulma xiluli sinaTle SeiZleba gamoasxivos gaxurebis gareSec _
civ mdgomareobaSi, Tu mis atomebs raime saSualebiT avagznebT.
gamosxivebis am saxes lumine scencia ewodeba, xolo sxeulebs,
romlebsac aqvT civi naTebis mocemis unari _ luminoforebi an
f o s f o r e b i . umravles SemTxvevaSi fosforebs warmoadgens metalebisa da
metaloidebis qimiuri naerTebi. aseTi kristalofosforebis tipiuri
warmoamadgenelia gogirdovani TuTia (ZnS ) ,gogirdovani kadmiumi (CdS ) da
sxv. luminescenciis gamomwvevi saSualeba sxvadasxvaa: sinaTlis moqmedeba
(fotoluminescencia), dabombva eleqtronebiT an sxva damuxtuli
nawilakebiT (kaTodoluminescencia), zogierTi qimiuri reaqciebi
(qemiluminescencia) da sxv. siTburi gamosxivebisagan gansxvavebiT,
luminescencias ganapirobebs sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis SedarebiT
mcire raodenoba, romelic aigzneba zemoT CamoTvlili saSualebebiT.
mocemul paragrafSi ganvixilavT fotoluminescencias. saerTod,
luminescenciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia SemdgomnaTeba: luminofori asxivebs
sinaTles masze amgznebi saSualebis moqmedebis Sewyvetis Semdegac. imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogoria SemdgomnaTebis xangrZlivoba, ganasxvaveben ori
saxis luminescencias:
1. fluorescencia, roca SemdgomnaTebis xangrZlivoba Seadgens ~ 10 −6 wams
da yovel SemTxvevaSi erT wams ar aRemateba, e.i. praqtikulad qreba amgzne-
bis moqmedebis SewyvetisTanave. 2. fosforescencia, roca SemdgomnaTebis
xangrZlivoba wamebiT, wuTebiT da xSirad saaTebiTac ganisazRvreba.
luminoforis mier sinaTlis gamosxiveba sami stadiisagan Sedgeba:
1. sxeulis mier amgznebi saSualebis, vTqvaT sinaTlis, energiis STanTqma,

2. am energiis gadatana da dagroveba, 3. dagrovili energiis gamosxiveba si-

naTlis saxiT.
cdebiT dadgenilia, rom luminescencia dakavSirebulia kristaluri
struqturis defeqtebTan. sxeuli, romlis kristaluri struqtura idealu-
ria, luminescenciis unars ar amJRavnebs. maSasadame, aseTi unaris misa-
niWeblad sxeulSi xelovnurad unda SevqmnaT defeqtebi. yvelaze ufro
efeqtur defeqts warmoadgens kristalSi Seyvanili minarevuli atomebi.
maT aqtivatore bi ewodeba. aqtivatorebis raodenoba kristalSi Zalian
325
mcirea _ procentis measedi da meaTasedi nawilebiT ganisazRvreba. aqtiva-
torebad, rogorc wesi, gamoiyeneba mZime elementebi _ Ag , Cu , Bi, Mn da
sxv. xangrZlivi SemdgomnaTebis (fosforescenciis) misaRebad kristalSi
marto aqtivatorebis Setana ar kmara. is aucileblad unda Seicavdes
eleqtronebis CamWer centrebs anu maxeebs. CamWeri centrebi warmoadgens
Seuvsebel lokalur doneebs, romlebic ganlagebulia gamtarobis zonas-
Tan axlos. am doneebs qmnis rogorc minarevuli atomebi, aseve (umetesad)
uaryofiTi ionebis (metaloidebis) vakansiebi. manZili lokaluri donidan
gamtarobis zonis fskeramde gansazRvravs CamWeri centris siRrmes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom luminescencia erT-erTi uZvelesi kvantur-meqa-
nikuri movlenaa, romelsac didi praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs, dRemde ar
aris Seqmnili srulyofili Teoria, romelic asxnida am movlenis yvela
Taviseburebas. (93.1) suraTze mocemulia kristalofosforis erT-erTi Se-
saZlo energetikuli sqema, romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleba aixsnas lu-
minescenciis meqanizmi, amasTan 93.1 a Seesabameba fluorescenciis meqanizms,
xolo 93.1 b _ fosforoscenciis meqanizms. naxazze aqtivatoris done
aRniSnulia A -Ti, xolo CamWeri centrebis done F -iT. F -is siRrme SeiZ-
leba iyos sxvadasxva.

Ec Ec
hv = E c − E A 5
F 6
F hv = E c − E A
2 1 4 2 1 4
3 3
A A A A A A
Eυ Eυ
a b
sur. 93.1

davuSvaT, kristalofors daeca sinaTle. sinaTlis energiis STanTqma

iwvevs Siga fotoefeqts. am dros eleqtronebi gadadian gamtarobis zonaSi
(Tavisufldebian), rogorc savalento zonidan (es gadasvla sqemaze
aRniSnulia isriT 1), ise aqtivatoris lokaluri doneebidan (gadasvla 2).
amis Sedegad savalento zonaSi warmoiqmneba xvrelebi, romelTa Sevseba
eleqtronebiT xdeba aqtivatoris doneebidan (gadasvla 3). gamtarobis
zonaSi moxvderili eleqtronebi Tavisuflad moZraobs kristalSi mocu-
lobaSi manam, sanam ar Sexvdeba aqtivatoris ionebs da rekombinirdeba maT-
Tan. energetikul sqemaze es niSnavs eleqtronis gadasvlas gamtarobis zo-
nidan aqtivatoris A doneze (gadasvla 4). am gadasvlas Tan sdevs sinaT-
326
lis kvantis gamosxiveba. cxadia, rom SemdgomnaTebis dro damokidebulia
aqtivatoris agznebul (ionizebul) mdgomareobaSi yofnis xangrZlivobaze,
es ki Zalian mcirea ( 10 −6 wm-dan erT wamamde).
ganxiluli magaliTidan naTelia, rom xangrZlivi SemdgomnaTebis
(fosforescenciis) misaRebad saWiroa gavzardoT aqtivatoris agznebul
mdgomareobaSi yofnis dro, e.i. xeli SevuSaloT ganTavisuflebuli eleq-
tronebis rekombinacias aqtivatoris ionebTan (gadasvla 4). amisaTvis kris-
taloforSi qmnian F CamWer centrebs (sur. 93.1b). axla ukve gamtarobis zo-
naSi moxvedrili eleqtronebis mxolod nawili gadadis aqtivatoris done-
ze, danarCenebi ki CaiWirebian F centebis mier (gadasva 5). F centrebSi Ca-
Werili eleqtronebi, kargavs _ ra Zvradobas, veRar xvdeba aqtivatoris io-
nebs. amrigad, gadasvla F → A gamoricxulia. CaWerili eleqtronebis A
doneze gadasasvlelad saWiroa maTi winaswari ganTavisufleba, e.i. gamta-
robis zonaSi gadayvana (gadasvla 6). aseTi gadasvlisaTvis saWiro energias
eleqtroni iRebs mesris siTburi rxevebis xarjze. ganTavisuflebuli eleq-
tronebi rekombinireben aqtivatoris ionebTan (gadasvla 4) an myisve, an F
doneebze xelaxali gadasvlebis Semdeg. amrigad, maxeebi warmoadgens cent-
rebs, romlebSic xdeba STanTqmuli sinaTlis energiis gadatana da dagroveba.
F centrebSi eleqtronebis yofnis dro, e.i. fosofrscenciis xan-
grZlivoba, cxadia, ganisazRvreba F donis siRrmiT da sxeulis tempera-
turiT _ rac naklebia donis siRrme da metia temperatura, miT mcirea
EF

SemdgomnaTeba da piriqiT (es dro proporciulia bolcmanis faqtoris e kT ,

sadac E F maxis siRrmea, T sxeulis temperatura).
rogorc vnaxeT, kristalofosforis naTebas adgili aqvs eleqtrone-
bis gadasvlisas gamtarobis zonidan aqtivatoris doneze. amitom aqtivato-
ris atomebs xSirad naTe bis centre bs uwodeben.
cdebi gviCvenebs, rom eleqtronis gadasvlas agznebuli mdgomare-
obidan normalurSi yovelTvs ar sdevs Tan sinaTlis gamosxiveba (lu-
minescencia). ufro xSirad aseTi gadasvlebis dros warmoiqmneba mxolod
fononebi, e.i. STanTqmuli sinaTlis energia midis kristalis gaTbobaze.
myari sxeulis Tanamedrove Teorias jerjerobiT ar SeuZlia winaswar gan-
sazRvros Tu mocemul sxeulSi rogori minarevebis Seyvana mogvcems lu-
minescenciis efeqts, rogorisa ki gamoiwvevs fononebis warmoqmnas. gansa-
kuTrebiT didi yuradReba unda mieqces kristalofosforis sisufTaves,

327
vinaidan minarevebis umniSvnelo raodenobasac ki (< 10 −4
% ) SeuZlia gamo-
iwvios luminescenciis sruli Caqroba.
luminescencias mravalmxrivi praqtikuli gamoyeneba aqvs. luminofo-
rebis saSualebiT SeiZleba uxilavi gamosxivebis xilul sinaTled gar-
daqmna. es xdeba e.w. dRis sinaTlis naTuraSi, romelic Sedgeba milisagan,
romlis Siga zedapiri dafarulia luminoforis Txeli feniT da, romelic
avsebulia vercxliswylis orTqliT. eleqtruli ganmuxtvis dros ver-
cxliswylis atomebis mier gamosxivebuli uxilavi ultraiisferi gamos-
xiveba gardaiqmneba xilul sinaTled, romlis speqtruli Semadgenloba
SeiZleba Seicvalos luminoforis SerCeviT. aseTi naTurebi ekonomiuri
TvalsazrisiT bevrad ufro xelsayrelia varvarnaTurebTan SedarebiT. lu-
minescenciis movlena gamoiyeneba eleqtronul-sxivur milakebSi, eleqtro-
nul mikroskopebSi da sxv.

§94. komptonis efeqti

eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis kvanturi bunebis erT-erTi mkafio

dadasturebaa amerikeli fizikosis komptonis mier 1923 wels aRmoCenili
movlena. igi axdenda maRali energiis rentgenis sxivebiT msubuq nivTiere-
baTa (parafini, grafiti, liTiumi) dasxivebas da ikvlevda gabneuli sxive-
bis speqtrs. mravalricxovani cdebis safuZvelze komptonma daadgina, rom
gabneul rentgenis sxivebSi zogierTi talRis sigrZe udris dacemuli
sxivebis talRis sigrZes, xolo zogierTis _ masze metia.
g abnevis Se degad rent genis sxive bi s talR is sigr Zi s zrd as
k o m p t o n i s e f e q t i e w o d e b a . aRsaniSnavia, rom gabnevis Sedegad talRis sig-
rZis cvlileba damokidebulia gabnevis Θ kuTxeze da ar aris damokidebuli
nivTierebis gvarobaze, rac miuTiTebda imas, rom gabneva xdeba eleqtronebze.
fotoefeqtis msgavsad komptonis efeqtic ver aixneba gamosxivebis
eleqtromagnituri TeoriiT, vinaidan am Teoriis Tanaxmad eleqtroni dace-
muli talRis cvladi eleqtruli velis gavleniT iwyebs iZulebiT rxevas
ris Sedegadac gamoasxivebs (gaabnevs) imave sixSiris meorad talRas.
efeqtis asaxsnelad komptonma gamoiyena gamosxivebis kvanturi buneba,
e.i. dauSva, rom rentgenis sxivebi warmoadgens fotonebis nakads, romel-

⎛ hc ⎞
Tac, iseve rogorc yvela nawilaks, gaaCnia energia ⎜ ε = hv = ⎟ da impulsi
⎝ λ⎠

328
⎛ hv h ⎞
⎜p= = ⎟ . amitom fotonebis gabneva eleqtronebze SeiZleba ganvixiloT
⎝ c λ⎠
biliardis birTvebis drekadi dajaxebis (Sexlis) magaliTze. gansxvaveba
isaa, rom Tu Sejaxebisas birTvis energia mcirdeba misi siCqaris Semci-
rebis xarjze, kvantis energia, vinaidan mas erTaderTi c siCqare gaaCnia,
SeiZleba Semcirdes mxolod sixSiris Semcirebis, an rac igivea, talRis
sigrZis gazrdis xarjze∗.
gamoviyvanoT talRis sigrZis cvlilebis (Δλ = λ '−λ ) gabnevis Θ ku-
Txeze damokidebulebis formula. amisaTvis gamoviyenoT energiisa da im-
pulsis mudmivobis kanonebi. amasTan, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom msubuq
nivTierebaTa atomebSi eleqtronis bmis energia bevrad naklebia im
energiaze, romelsac eleqtroni iZens masze fotonis dajaxebisas, ris
gamoc Sejaxebamde eleqtroni SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc Tavisufali da
uZravi. garda amisa, vinaidan Sejaxebis Sedegad eleqtroni iZens Zalian
did siCqares, unda gaviTvaliswinoT gabneuli eleqtronis masis siCqareze
damokidebuleba. amrigad gveqneba:
hc hc
+ m0 c 2 = + mc 2 ; (94.1)
λ λ '

p + 0 = p ' + mυ ; (94.2)

m0
m= , (94.3)
1−υ
2

c2
hc hc
sadac da p dacemuli, xolo da p ' gabneuli kvantis energia da im-
λ λ'
pulsia. m0 c 2 uZravi eleqtronis energiaa, xolo mc 2 da mυ - fotonis
dajaxebis Sedegad SeZenili energia da impulsi.
visargebloT impulsis mudmivobis veqtoruli diagramiT (sur. 94.1) da
gamoviyenoT kosinusebis Teorema:
p'
(mυ )2 = p 2 + p 2 '−2 pp' cos Θ
p Θ p 2 2

an (mυ )2 = ⎛⎜ h ⎞⎟ ⎛h⎞
+⎜ ⎟ −2
h2
cos Θ (94.4)
⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝ λ' ⎠ λλ '
mυ (94.1) toloba SevkvecoT c -ze da aviyvanoT kvadratSi:
sur. 94.1

∗
eleqtronTan Sejaxebisas rentgenis kvanti mas gadascems Tavisi energiis nawils. mTeli
energiis gadacema ewinaaRmdegeba energiisa da impulsis mudmivobis (Senaxvis) kanonebs.
329
 2
⎛h h ⎞ h 2 h 2 2h 2 ⎛1 1 ⎞
(mc ) 2
= ⎜ − + m0 c ⎟ = 2 + 2 − + 2hm0 c⎜ − ⎟ + m02 c 2
⎝ λ λ' ⎠ λ λ' λλ ' ⎝ λ λ' ⎠
miRebul tolobas wevrwevrad gamovakloT (94.4) toloba:

2
(
m c − υ = m0c − 2
2 2
) 2 h2
(1 − cos Θ) + 2hm0c Δλ (94.5)
λλ ' λλ '
⎛ υ2 ⎞
(94.3)-dan m02 = m 2 ⎜⎜1 − 2 ( )
⎟⎟ , an m02 c 2 = m 2 c 2 − υ 2 , romlis CasmiT (94.5)-Si sabolo-
⎝ c ⎠
od miviRebT:

Δλ =
h
(1 − cos Θ ) = 2h sin 2 Θ (94.6)
m0 c m0 c 2

h
mudmiv sidides λ k = aqvs sigrZis ganzomileba, mas ewodeba komptonis
m0 c

talRis sigrZe nawilakisa, romlis masa m0 . eleqtronisaTvis λ k = 2,42 ⋅ 10 −12 m.

(94.6) formula adasturebs komptonis mier cdiT miRebul Sedegebs
imis Taobaze, rom talRis sigrZis cvlileba damokidebulia gabnevis Θ ku-
Txeze da ar aris damokidebuli nivTierebis gvarobaze, rac metyvelebs
formulis gamoyvanis dros gakeTebuli daSvebebis sasargeblod.
gabneuli sxivebis SemadgenlobaSi dacemuli sxivis talRis arseboba
imiT aixsneba, rom fotonebi ejaxebian ara marto im eleqtronebs, romle-
bic birTvTan sustad arian dakavSirebulni (`TiTqmis Tavisufali eleq-
tronebi~), aramed birTvTan Zlierad dakavSirebul eleqtronebsac (Siga
eleqtronebi). am SemTxvevaSi isini cvlian energias da impulss atomTan,
rogorc mTlianTan. vinaidan atomis masa gacilebiT metia eleqtronis
masaze, amitom mas gadaecema fotonis energiis Zalian mcire nawili, ris
gamoc λ ' praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba λ -sgan. gambnevi nivTierebis atomuri
masis gadidebiT izrdeba birTvTan Zlierad dakavSirebuli eleqtronebis
ricxvic, rac iwvevs komptoniseuli gabnevis intensivobis Semcirebas.
Tu fotoefeqtis movleniT dadasturda, rom fotons aqvs ε = hv ener-
gia, komptonis efeqti aris eqsperimentuli mtkiceba imisa, rom fotons
h
gaaCnia p = impulsi.
λ
fotoefeqti da komptonis efeqti aris brwyinvale dadastureba ener-
giisa da impulsis mudmivobis kanonebis marTebulobisa mikrosamyaroSi mim-
dinare elementaruli procesebisaTvis.

330
 mesame nawili

atomisa da atombirTvis fizikis safuZvlebi

Tavi XIII

atomis agebuleba. boris Teoria

§95. rezrfordis cda. atomis agebulebis birTvuli modeli

sityva atomi berZnuli warmoSobisaa da niSnavs ganuyofels. Zveli

berZeni mecnierebi (levkipi, demokrite da sxv.) fiqrobdnen (Tvlidnen), rom
yoveli nivTiereba Sedgeba umciresi nawilakebisagan _ atomebisagan, romel-
Ta Semdgomi gayofa aRar xdeba (SeuZlebelia). Sexeduleba atomis ganuyo-
fadobis Sesaxeb ZalaSi iyo mravali saukunis manZilze, magram me-19-e sau-
kunis bolosaTvis dagrovda mTeli rigi faqtebi∗, romlebic cxadyofdnen,
rom atomi rTuli agebulebisaa, igi Sedgeba dadebiTad da uaryofiTad da-
muxtuli nawilakebisagan. cxadia, mecnierebis winaSe daisva sakiTxi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor arian es nawilakebi ganawilebuli atomSi, anu rogoria
atomis agebuleba.
atomis agebulebis pirveli modeli mogvca 1903 wels ingliselma
fizikosma j. j. tomsonma, romelmac aRmoaCina eleqtroni. tomsonis Tanax-
mad, atomi warmoadgens Tanabrad damuxtul dadebiT sferos, romlis
SigniT ganTavsebulia eleqtronebi im raodenobiT, rom atomi mTlianobaSi
eleqtroneitraluri iyos. dadebiTi muxtis gavleniT eleqtronebi irxevian
wonasworobis mdebareobis maxloblad, rac ganapirobebs atomis mier
eleqtromagnituri talRis (sinaTlis) gamosxivebas. tomsonis modeli
saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros agreTve atomis zoma ( r ≈ 10−10 m), romelic
karg TanxmobaSia molekulur-kinetikuri warmodgenebis safuZvelze
miRebul SedegTan.
miuxedavad amisa, atomis agebulebis tomsoniseuli modelis siswore
imTaviTve iwvevda eWvs, vinaidan dadebiT da uaryofiT muxtebs miewerebo-
daT sxvadasxva buneba: uaryofiTi muxtebi arseboben calkeuli nawilakebis
_ eleqtronebis saxiT, dadebiTi muxti ki uwyvetadaa ganawilebuli

∗
am faqtebidan gamovyoT radioaqtiuroba (§110) da j.j.tomsonis mier eleqtronis, rogorc
a t o m i s S e m a d g e n e l i n a w i l a k i s aRmoCena (1897 w.). atomi eleqtroneitraluri sistemaa,
amitom igi, uaryofiT nawilakebTan _ eleqtronebTan erTad, aucileblad unda Seicavdes
dadebiT muxtsac (dadebiT nawilakebsac).
331
gacilebiT did moculobaSi. ra akavebs am dadebiT muxtebs, ratom ar
gaityorcnebian isini kulonis Zalis moqmedebiT?
amitom bunebrivia, rom atomis agebulebis dadgenis mizniT intensiuri
gamokvlevebi mimdinareobda tomsonis modelis gamoqveynebis Semdegac.
atomis agebulebis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove warmodgenis safuZveli gaxda
rezerfordisa da misi mowafeebis geigerisa da marsdenis mier 1906-1911
wlebSi Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi α -nawilakebis gabnevaze, romelmac
aCvena, rom tomsonis modeli mcdaria mis yvelaze mTavar sakiTxSi. kerZod,
mcdaria daSveba, rom dadebiTi muxti Tanabradaa ganawilebuli atomis
mTel moculobaSi. rezerfordis cdis sqema mocemulia 95.1 suraTze. tyviis
konteinerSi moTavsebulia α -nawilakebis wyaro _ R radioaqtiuri prepara-
ti. preparatis mier gamosxivebuli α -nawilakebi, D diafragmiT gamoiyofa
viwro konis saxiT da ecema gogirdovani TuTiiT (ZnS ) dafarul naxev-
radgamWvirvale E ekrans, romelzec α -nawilakebiT gamowveuli xanmokle
naTebebis (scintilaciebis) Sedegad miiReba xvrelis zomis Sesabamisi
naTeli laqa. misi damzera xdeba mikroskopis saSualebiT. rodesac α -
nawilakebis gzaze aTavsebdnen oqros Txel ( d ≈ 1 mkm sisqis) firfitas _ K
kilitas, xdeboda mnaTi laqis gafarToeba, rac gamowveuli iyo kilitaSi
gavlis Sedegad α -nawilakebis gadaxriT sawyisi mimarTulebidan, anu maTi
gabneviT. zogierTi nawilakis gadaxris kuTxe 90° da metic iyo (danadgari
ise iyo mowyobili, rom SesaZlebeli iyo didi kuTxiT gabneuli
nawilakebis damzerac). mTeli danadgari moTavsebuli iyo WurWelSi,
saidanac haeri iyo amotumbuli.
cdam aCvena, rom α -nawilakebis umravle-
R
soba firfitaSi gadioda mimarTulebis
Seucvlelad, anu gabnevis gareSe, xolo gab-
neul i naw ilake bis r icxvi gabnevis
K
D E kuTx is zr dasTan erT ad mkveTrad

sur. 95.1 m c i r d e b o d a. im nawilakebis raodenoba, ro-

melTaTvisac gabnevis kuTxe ~ 180 °-ia, iyo
Zalze mcire ( ~ 20000 nawilakidan mxolod erTi brundeboda ukan). rogor
SeiZleba miRebuli Sedegis axsna? α -nawilaki aris heliumis orjer
ionizebuli atomi (anu heliumis atombirTvi). misi muxti 2e -s tolia, xolo
masa daaxloebiT 8000-jer metia eleqtronis masaze. amitom cxadia,
eleqtrons ar SeuZlia α -nawilakis gzis SesamCnevi gamrudeba. maSasadame,
332
α -nawilakebis gabnevis mizezia atomis dadebiTi muxti da vinaidan gabnevis
kuTxis zrdasTan erTad gabneuli nawilakebis ricxvi mkveTrad mcirdeba,
kerZod, ukan dabrunebuli nawilakebis raodenoba aris metismetad mcire,
amitom am dadebiTi muxtis moculoba unda iyos Zalian mcire.∗ aseTi
msjelobis safuZvelze rezerfordi mivida atomis birTvis arsebobis
ideamde, anu atomSi iseTi metismetad mcire zomis sxeulis arsebobis
ideamde, romelSic koncentrirebulia atomis mTeli dadebiTi muxti da
TiTqmis mTeli masa.∗∗ sxvadasxva kuTxiT gabneuli nawilakebis ricxvis

daTvliT rezerfordma daadgina birTvis zomac _ misi radiusi 10−15 m-is

rigisaa, e.i. 100000-jer naklebia atomis radiusze, romelic 10−10 m-is rigisaa.
amis Sedegad rezerfordma mogvca atomis agebulebis b i r T v u l i m o d e l i ,
romlis Tanaxmadac,
atomi Sedgeba d ad e biT a d d am u x t u l i b ir T vis ag an da mis
ir gvliv or bitebze mbrunavi ele qtrone bisagan .∗∗∗
eleqtronebis ricxvs atomSi gansazRvravs elementis Z rigiTi
nomeri mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi. vinaidan atomi eleqtroneitralu-
ria, cxadia, birTvis muxti + Ze -s tolia.∗∗∗∗
atomis agebulebis birTvul models, mzis sistemis aRnagobasTan
msgavsebis gamo, zogjer pl anet arul model sac uwodeben.
atomis birTvuli modelis sisworeze miuTiTebda is, rom am modelis
safuZvelze rezerfordis mier Teoriulad gamoyvanili gabnevis formula
(gabneuli nawilakebis ricxvis damokidebuleba gabnevis Θ kuTxeze) kargad
xsnida cdiseul faqtebs.
SemdegSi dadgenil iqna, rom TviT atombirTvic rTuli agebulebisaa,
igi Sedgeba dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebisagan - protonebisagan ( p) da

∗
r radiusiani damuxtuli sferos mier Seqmnili velis daZabuloba maqsimaluria sferos
q
zedapirze da tolia E = k 2 -is. veli rom iyos imdenad Zlieri, rom SeZlos didi siCqariT
r
⎛υ ≈ 10 4 km ⎞ moZravi (`Caqrolili~) α -nawilakebis gadaxra, r unda iyos Zalian mcire.
⎜ wm ⎟⎠
⎝
∗∗
drekadi birTvebis dajaxebidan cnobilia (tomi I, §31), rom dajaxebisas birTvi uku-
igdeba (`airekleba~) mxolod maSin, Tu misi masa gacilebiT naklebia meore birTvis masaze.
∗∗∗
birTvis irgvliv eleqtronebis moZraoba rezerfordma dauSva imasTan dakavSirebiT,
rom winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, kulonuri mizidvis Zalebis moqmedebiT isini daecemodnen
birTvze da atomi daiSleboda.
∗∗∗∗
unda aRiniSnos, rom atomis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia birTvis muxti, romlis Secvla
Zalian Znelia da iwvevs qimiuri elementis Secvlas da ara eleqtronebis (jamuri) muxti,
romelic SeiZleba advilad Seicvalos.
333
neitraluri nawilakebisagan - neitronebisagan (n ) . amrigad, atomi Seicavs
mxolod sami saxis elementarul nawilakebs - eleqtronebs, protonebs da
neitronebs. CamovweroT maTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi (muxti da masa):
eleqtroni aris elementaruli nawilaki, romlis muxti
e = −1,6 ⋅ 10−19 k,
xolo masa
me = 9,1 ⋅ 10−31 kg.
protonis muxti sididiT eleqtronis muxtis tolia, xolo masa
daaxloebiT 1840-jer metia eleqtronis masaze:
q p = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 k,

m p ≈ 1840me .

neitronis muxti nulis tolia, masa ki daaxloebiT udris protonis

masas (odnav metia):
qn = 0

mn ≈ m p .

moyvanili cifrebidan Cans, rom miuxedavad atomgulis moculobis

simcirisa (igi 1015 -jer naklebia atomis moculobaze!), atomis TiTqmis
mTeli masa Tavmoyrilia atombirTvSi. sagulisxmoa, rom aseTive daskvna
(birTvis masis Taobaze) rezerfordma gaakeTa birTvis agebulebis dadgenam-
de 20 wliT adre:
dabolos, aRvniSnoT, rom atomi metismetad `aJurulia~. swored amiT
iyo ganpirobebuli is faqti, rom α -nawilakebis umravlesoba kilitaSi
gadioda gadaxris gareSe.

§96. atomis birTvuli modelis siZneleebi. boris postulatebi

rezerfordis mier dadgenili atomis birTvuli modeli Seicavda

garkveul siZneleebs, kerZod, igi ver xsnida atomis mdgradobas da
gamosxivebis xazovani speqtris arsebobas. marTlac, eleqtronis moZraoba
birTvis garSemo warmoadgens aCqarebul moZraobas. klasikuri eleqtro-
dinamikis kanonis Tanaxmad ki yoveli aCqarebulad moZravi muxti asxivebs
energias eleqtromagnituri talRis saxiT. maSasadame, birTvis irgvliv
mbrunavi eleqtroni unda asxivebdes eleqtromagnitur talRebs, ris gamoc
misi energia ganuwyvetliv unda mcirdebodes. Sesabamisad, ganuwyvetliv

334
unda mcirdebodes orbitis radiusic, e.i. eleqtroni unda moZraobdes
spiralur wirze da bolosdabolos igi unda `daeces~ atombirTvze, anu
atomi unda daiSalos TavisTavad, igi ar unda warmoadgendes mdgrad
sistemas. sinamdvileSi, atomi metad mdgradi sistemaa _ igi ara Tu ar iS-
leba TavisTavad, mis dasaSlelad sakmaod didi energiis daxarjvaa saWiro.
garda amisa, Tu eleqtronis energia TandaTan mcirdeba, gamosxivebis
speqtrSi talRis sigrZe (sixSire) unda icvlebodes TandaTan, anu gamos-
xivebis speqtri unda iyos mTliani, uwyveti. sinamdvileSi, gavarvarebuli
airis (liTonis orTqlis) gamosxivebis speqtri aris wyvetili, xazovani.
atomis mdgradoba, xazovani speqtris arseboba da bevri sxva sakiTxi
axsna danielma fizikosma nils borma, romelmac Camoayaliba Semdegi sami
postulati (1911 w):
1. eleqtronebi atomSi moZraoben ara nebismier, aramed gansakuTrebul,
e.w. stacionarul orbitebze da am dros isini arc gamoasxiveben da
arc STanTqaven energias. atomis aseT mdgomareobas, rodesac igi arc
gamoasxivebs da arc STanTqavs energias, stacionaruli ewodeba.
2. atomi energias gamoasxivebs an STanTqavs maSin, roca eleqtroni ga-
dadis erTi stacionaruli orbitidan meoreze. amasTan, gamosxivebuli
an STanTqmuli kvantis energia ganisazRvreba tolobiT:
hv = En − Em , (96.1)
sadac En da Em eleqtronis energiebia n -ur da m -u orbitebze (maT

ewodeba atomis energetikuli doneebi). Tu En > Em , e.i. Tu eleqtroni gada-

dis didi radiusis mqone stacionaruli orbitidan nakleb radiusianze, ad-
gili aqvs gamosxivebas da piriqiT (sur. 96.1).∗
3. boris mesame postulati gansazRvravs
gamosxiveba stacionaruli orbitis radiuss: sta-
cionarulia is orbita, romlisTvisac
h
eleqtronis impulsis momenti ri-
2π
STanTqma
cxvis jeradia:
sur. 96.1 h
L = mυr = n , (96.2)
2π
sadac n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; mas mTavari kvanturi ricxvi ewodeba ( n -is fizikur arss
mogvianebiT ganvixilavT). h _ plankis mudmivaa.

∗
suraTidan Cans, rom gamosxivebis da STanTqmis speqtrebi urTierT Seqcevadia.
335
 (96.2) toloba gamosaxavs eleqtronuli orbitebis dakvantvis pirobas.
rogorc Semdeg vnaxavT, aqedan gamomdinareobs atomis energiis dakvantvis
pirobac.
Teorias, dafuZnebuls boris postulatebze, Zvel i kvanturi
T e o r i a ewodeba. advili misaxvedria, rom boris Teoria martivad xsnis
rogorc atomis mdgradobas, ise gamoasxivebs xazovani speqtris arsebobas.
es ukanaskneli uSualod gamomdinareobs, meore postulatidan. marTlac,
(96.1)-is Tanaxmad, atomis mier gamosxivebuli (an STanTqmuli) energia
hv = En − Em ,
saidanac Cans, rom atoms SeuZlia gamoasxivos (an STanTqos) energia mxo-
lod sruliad gansazRvruli porciebiT, romlebis stacionarul mdgomare-
obebis energiaTa sxvaobiT ganisazRvreba. Sesabamisad, gamosxivebuli tal-
Ris sixSirec SeiZleba iyos ara nebismieri, aramed mkacrad gansazRvruli.

§97. wyalbadis atomis boris Teoria. seriuli formulebi

wyalbadi pirveli elementia mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi. misi

atomi Sedgeba birTvisagan, romelic Seicavs erT protons da orbitaze
mbrunavi erTi eleqtronisagan. simartivisaTvis davuSvaT (rogorc amas
akeTebda bori), rom eleqtronis brunva warmoebs wriul orbitaze. eleqt-

⎛ mυ 2 ⎞
ronma rom ibrunos, masze unda moqmedebdes centriskeni Zala ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , ro-
⎝ rn ⎠
melsac warmoqmnis birTvis mxridan eleqtronze moqmedi kulonis

⎛ e2 ⎞
mizidulobis Zala ⎜⎜ k 2 ⎟⎟ . amrigad,
⎝ rn ⎠

mυ 2 e2 e2
=k 2 , saidanac mυ 2 = k . (97.1)
rn rn rn

h
boris mesame postulatis Tanaxmad, mυrn = n . aviyvanoT kvadratSi:
2π
h2 n2h2
m 2υ 2 rn2 = n 2 , saidanac mυ 2 = . (97.2)
4π 2 4π 2 mrn2

e2 n2h2
(97.1) da (97.2) formulebis Sedareba gvaZlevs: k = , saidanac
rn 4π 2 mrn2

⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜⎜ k = ⎟
⎝ 4πε 0 ⎟⎠

336
 ε 0h2
rn = n 2 . (97.3)
π m e2
(97.3) formula gansazRvravs wyalbadis atomis stacionaruli orbitebis
radiuss. Tu masSi SevitanT ε 0 -is, h -is, m -is da e -s mniSvnelobebs, pirveli

orbitis radiusisaTvis (n = 1) miviRebT:

r1 = 0,53 ⋅ 10−10 m.
es cifri kargad Tanxvdeba wyalbadis atomis zomas, miRebuls airis
kinetikuri Teoriis safuZvelze.
gamoviTvaloT wyalbadis atomis energia. igi tolia eleqtronis
moZraobis kinetikuri da birTvTan misi urTierTqmedebis potenciuri
energiaTa jamis:
E =W +u .
kinetikuri energiis mniSvnelobas miviRebT (97.1) formulidan:

mυ 2 1 e2
W= = ,
2 8πε 0 rn
xolo urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia

1 e2
u=− .
4πε 0 rn
amitom

1 e2 1 e2 1 e2
En = − = − (97.4)
8π ε 0 rn 4π q 2 rn 8πε 0 rn
aseTia wyalbadis atomis sruli energia. rogorc vxedavT igi uaryo-
fiTia (da sididiT eleqtronis kinetikuri energiis toli), rac niSnavs,
rom absoluturi sididis SemcirebiT energia ki ar mcirdeba, aramed izr-
deba. roca r = ∞ , maSin E = 0 da es aris energiis is maqsimaluri mniSvnelo-
ba, romelic SeiZleba gaaCndes protonisa da eleqtronisagan Sedgenil sis-
temas. Tu (97.4)-Si SevitanT rn -is mniSvnelobebs (97.3)-dan, miviRebT
wyalbadis atomis stacionaruli mdgomareobebis energiis mniSvnelobebs
(energetikul doneebs)∗:

1 me 4
En = − , sadac n = 1, 2, 3, . . . . (97.5)
n 2 8ε 02 h 2

∗
minusi niSani gamoxatavs im faqts, rom birTvis mxridan mizidulobis Zalis moqmedebiT
eleqtroni imyofeba bmul mdgomareobaSi.
337
(97.5) formula gviCvenebs, rom wyalbadis atoms gaaCnia diskretuli anu
wyvetili energetikuli doneebi, amitom mas xSirad uwodeben e n e r g i i s
d ak v a n t v i s p i r o ba s. Tu Cavsvam formulaSi Semavali sidideebis mniSvne-
lobebs, energetikuli doneebisaaTvis miviRebT:
E1 (n = 1) = −2,168 ⋅ 10−18 j = −13,55 ev.

E2 (n = 2) = −5,4 ⋅ 10−19 j = −3,37 ev.

E3 (n = 3) = −2,4 ⋅ 10−19 j = −1,50 ev.

am cifrebidan Cans, rom n -is zrdiT sxvaoba mezobel energetikul
doneebs Soris swrafad mcirdeba. roca n sakmaod didia, sxvaoba imdenad
mcirea, rom energetikuli doneebis diskretulobaze laparaki azrs kar-
gavs. es ki niSnavs, rom Tavisufali eleqtronis energia ar ikvanteba, misi
energetikuli spqtri uwyvetia. aRsaniSnavia, rom (97.5) formula gamosadegia
ara marto wyalbadis atomisaTvis, aramed w y a l b a d i s m sg a v s i atomebis-
Tvisac. es iseTi atomebia, romelTa birTvis muxti erTze metia, magram
Seicaven mxolod erT eleqtrons. aseTebia heliumis erTjer ionizebuli
atomi (heliumis ioni He + ), liTiumis orjer ionizebuli atomi (Li + + ) da a.S.

1 m Z 2e 4
am SemTxvevaSi En = − 2 , sadac Z _ elementis rigiTi nomeria
n 8ε 02 h 2
periodul sistemaSi.
n mTel ricxvs, romelic gansazRvravs wyalbadis atomis energiis
mniSvnelobebs, ewodeba m T a v a r i k v a n t u r i r i c xv i. energetikul mdgoma-
reobas energiis minimaluri mniSvnelobiT (n = 1) , ewodeba ZiriTadi

(n o r m a l u r i ) mdgomareoba, xolo yvela danarCen mdgomareobebs (n > 1) _

a g z n e bu l i . Sesabamisad, atomis ZiriTadi mdgomareobis Sesabamis energe-
tikul dones ewodeba ZiriTadi (normaluri) done, xolo yvela
danarCens _ agznebu li doneebi.
normalur mdgomareobaSi atomi SeiZleba imyofebodes ragind did-
xans, agznebul mdgomareobaSi ki rCeba metad mcire xans ( ~ 10−8 wm), ris Sem-
degac igi ubrundeba normalur mdgomareobas da Warb energias gamoasxivebs
sinaTlis kvantis saxiT.
Cven aRvniSneT, rom boris Teorias mniSvnelovani miRwevebi hqonda, vi-
naidan man axsna atomis mdgradobac da gamosxivebis xazovani speqtris ar-
sebobac. am Teoriis kidev erTi didi gamarjveba iyo misi saSualebiT speq-
truli seriebis formulebis miReba, romlebic adre (speqtris sxvadasxva
338
ubnisaTvis) miRebuli iyo empiriuli gziT. kerZod, Sveicarielma fizikosma
balmerma aRmoaCina (1885 w), rom wyalbadis gamosxivebis speqtris xilul
ubanSi Semavali speqtruli xazebis sixSireebi akmayofilebs pirobas:
⎛1 1⎞
v = R⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ , (97.6)
⎝2 n ⎠
sadac R = 3,290 ⋅ 1015 wm-1 da mas r id b e r g i s mudmiva ewodeba∗, xolo

n = 3, 4, 5, . . . ; pirveli xazi aris wiTeli, misTvis n = 3 . meore xazi (n = 4 ) mom-

wvano-cisferia, mesame (n = 5) _ lurji, meoTxe (n = 6) _ iisferi. (97.6) for-

mula martivad miiReba boris Teoriis safuZvelze. marTlac, boris meore
En − Ek
postulatis Tanaxmad, hv = En − Ek , saidanac v = . Tu am formulaSi
R
SevitanT En -is da Ek -s mniSvnelobebs (5) formulidan, miviRebT:

me 4 ⎛ 1 1⎞
v= 2 3 ⎜ 2
− 2 ⎟.
8ε 0 h ⎝ k n ⎠

sur. 97.1

me 4
ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis Casma gvaZlevs, rom = 3,29 ⋅ 1015 wm-1, rac emTx-
8ε h
2 3

veva ridbergis mudmivas mniSvnelobas, amitom SeiZleba davweroT:

⎛ 1 1⎞
v = R⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ . (97.7)
⎝k n ⎠

∗
balmeris mier miRebul formulas ramdenadme gansxvavebuli saxe hqonda. (6) formuliT
gamosaxul saxemde igi daiyvana Svedma fizikosma ridbergma.
339
 Tu (97.7)-Si davuSvebT, rom k = 2 da n = 3, 4, 5 . . . miviRebT balmeris (97.6)
formulas. boris Teoriam cxadyo, rom am seriaSi Semavali speqtruli
xazebi miiReba eleqtronis gadasvliT mesame, meoTxe da a.S. stacionaruli
orbitebidan meore stacionarul orbitaze (sur. 97.1). Hα , H β , H γ , Hδ

gamosaxavs Sesabamisi gadasvlebiT miRebul speqtris wiTel, momwvano-

mocisfro, lurj da iisfer xazebs.
Tu amave formulaSi davuSvebT, rom k = 1 , xolo n = 2, 3, 4, . . . miviRebT
e.w. l a i m a n i s se r i a s. es seria mdebareobs speqtris ultraiisfer nawilSi
da Sedegia eleqtronis gadasvlisa meore, mesame da a.S. orbitebidan
pirvel orbitaze.
bolos, Tu formulaSi davuSvebT, rom k = 3 , xolo n = 4, 5, 6 . . . mi-
viRebT p a S e n i s s e r i a s . es seria aRmoaCina paSenma speqtris infrawiTel
ubanSi, da rogorc axla ukve cxadia, igi miiReba eleqtronis gadasvliT
meoTxe, mexuTe da a.S. orbitebidan mesame orbitaze.
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, boris Teoriis meSveobiT laimanis, balme-
risa da paSenis empiriulma formulebma miiRes fizikuri axsna.
(97.2) suraTze sqematuradaa gamosaxuli wyalbadis atomis energeti-
kuli doneebi. TiToeuli donis gaswvriv dawerilia (97.5) formuliT miRe-
buli energiis mniSvnelobebi. vertikaluri wirebi gviCvenebs gadasvlebs
erTi donidan meoreze. aRniSnulia am gadasvlebis Sedegad miRebuli speqt-
ruli seriebi.

§98. boris Teoriis eqsperimentuli dadastureba. frankisa da hercis cda

atomis diskretuli energetikuli doneebis brwyinvale dadasturebas

warmoadgenda germaneli mecnierebis frankisa da hercis mier Catarebuli
cdis Sedegebi (1913 w). cdis principuli sqema mocemulia 98.1 suraTze. ba-
lonSi CarCilulia sami eleqtrodi _ kaTodi (K ) ,
I bade (g ) da anodi ( A) . kaTodsa da bades Soris
modebulia dadebiTi (amaCqarebeli) u Zabva, rom-
lis cvlilebac xdeba potenciometris saSualebiT
(suraTze naCvenebi ar aris), badesa da anods
Soris ki _ mcire sididis (0,5v) mudmivi uaryofiTi
u (Semakavebeli) ua Zabva. xelsawyo analogiuria Cve-
sur. 98.2

340
ulebrivi sameleqtrodiani milakis, amitom, roca milSi vakuumia, voltampe-
rul maxasiaTebels aqvs cnobili saxe (sur. 98.2). magram Tu milSi SevitanT
mcire wnevis (~1mm.v.wy.sv) vercxliswylis orTqls, suraTi mkveTrad
Seicvleba _ voltamperul maxasiaTebelze gaCndeba maqsimumebi da
minimumebi, Tanac manZili or mezobel maqsimums (an minimums) Soris mkacrad
mudmivia da tolia 4,9 voltis (sur. 98.3). voltamperuli maxasiaTeblis
aseTi saxe Semdegnairad aixsneba. boris meore postulatis Tanaxmad, atoms
SeuZlia miiRos mxolod mkacrad gansazRvruli energia, romelic saWiroa
mis gadasayvanad erTerT agznebul mdgomareobaSi. vercxliswylis
atomisaTvis pirveli agznebis energia (anu energia, romelic mas gadaiyvans
uaxloes agznebul doneze) 4,9 eleqtronvoltia (ev). amaze nakleb energias
is ver miiRebs. amitom, vidre
Zabva kaTodsa da bades Soris 4,9
v-ze naklebi da Sesabamisad,
eleqtronis energia 4,9 ev-ze nak-
lebia, misi Sexla vercxlis-
wylis atomTan drekad xasiaTs
atarebs, anu energias mas
srulebiT ar gadascems. maSasadame, am dros eleqtronis kinetikuri energia
ar mcirdeba, icvleba siCqaris mimarTuleba. kinetikuri energiis mqone
eleqtronebi gaZvrebian badeSi, daZleven mcire sididis Semakavebel Zabvas
da miaRweven anodamde. cxadia, anodamde misuli eleqtronebis ricxvi
iqneba miT meti, rac metia amaCqarebeli Zabva. amiT aixsneba, rom (0-4,9)v Sua-
ledSi Zabvis gadidebiT izrdeba denis Zala. rodesac amaCqarebeli Zabva
miaRwevs 4,9 v-s, anu eleqtronebis energia gaxdeba 4,9 ev-s toli, maTi
Sexla atomebTan xdeba aradrekadi xasiaTis,
romlis drosac isini mTlianad gadascemen
maT kinetikur energias. amis Sedegad el-
eqtronebis siCqare ecema nulamde. aseTi
eleqtronebi, cxadia, ver daZleven Sema-
kavebel Zabvas, ris gamoc Semcirdeba anodam-
de misuli eleqtronebis ricxvi da maSa-
sadame, denic.
Zabvis Semdgomi zrdiT eleqtronebis
Sexlis aradrekadi xasiaTi atomebTan ar icv-

341
leba, magram isini atomebs gadascemen mxolod 4,9 v-is Sesabamis energias,
danarCeni ki maT rCebaT. vidre es `narCeni~ energia 0,5 volti Semakavebeli
Zabvis Sesabamis energiaze naklebia, isini anodamde ver miaRweven. amitomaa,
rom Zabva izrdeba, magram deni ganagrZobs Semcirebas. denis Semcireba
gagrZeldeba manam, sanam narCeni energia ar gadaaWarbebs 0,5 v-is Sesabamis
energias. amis Semdeg Zabvis gazrda gamoiwvevs denis gazrdas da es
gagrZeldeba, vidre eleqtronis energia ar gaxdeba 2 ⋅ 4,8 ev-is toli. roca
amaCqarebeli Zabva miaRwevs 9,8 v-s, anu roca eleqtronis energia gaxdeba
9,8 ev-is toli, igi, atomebTan ori Tanmimdevruli aradrekadi Sexlis
Sedegad, mTlianad gadascems maT Tavis energias, rac gamoiwvevs denis
kvlav Semcirebas da a.S.
amrigad, frankisa da hercis cda warmoadgens boris Teoriis
pirdapir dadasturebs diskretuli energetikuli doneebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc aRvniSneT gadacemuli energiis xarjze vercxliswylis atomi
modis agznebul mdgomareobaSi. magram am mdgomareobaSi yofnis dro metis-
metad mcirea (~10-8wm), romlis gasvlis Semdeg igi ubrundeba normalur
mdgomareobas da gamoasxivebs miRebul energias eleqtromagnituri talRis
saxiT. gamosxivebul talRis sigrZes advilad gamoviTvliT. boris meore
c
postulatis Tanaxmad hv = ΔE = 4,9ev = 4,9 ⋅ 1,6 ⋅ 10−19 j. magram v = , amitom
λ
hc
λ= ≈ 0,2534mkm = 2534 A .
ΔE
amrigad, Tu Teoria sworia, 4,9 ev energiis mqone eleqtronebiT
dabombvisas vercxliwylis atomebma unda gamoasxivon aRniSnuli sigrZis
talRa. vercxliswylis atomebis gamosxivebis speqtris ultraiisfer
nawilSi marTlac aRmoCnda aseTi talRis Sesabamis speqtruli xazi.
Cven mokled gavecaniT boris Teorias da misgan gamomdinare Sedegebs.
miuxedavad am Teoriis didi warmatebebisa, razec wina paragrafebSi iyo
saubari, mas gaaCnda garkveuli siZneleebic. kerZod, igi ver xsnida iseT
atomebSi arsebul kanonzomierebebs, romlebic Seicavda erTze met eleq-
trons, ver xsnida atomebis urTierTqmedebas da sxv. es arcaa gasakviri; bo-
ris Teoria ar SeiZleba iyos srulyofili, vinaidan igi `hibriduli~
Teoriaa _ kvantur ideebTan erTad iyenebs niutonis kanonebs. amboben, rom
boris kvanturi Teoria naxevradklasikuria. rogorc fizikis Semdgomma
ganviTarebam aCvena, boris Teoria warmoadgenda gardamaval etaps atomis
Tanmimdevruli Teoriis Seqmnis gzaze. atomis aseT Tanmimdevrul Teorias
342
warmoadgens kvanturi meqanika, romlis elementebsac ganvixilavT momdevno
TavSi.
miuxedavad aRniSnuli siZneleebisa, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
boris Teoriam udisesi roli Seasrula Tanamedrove atomuri fizikis
SeqmnaSi.

Tavi XIV

kvanturi meqanikis elementebi

§99. nivTierebis korpuskuluri-talRuri dualizmi. de-broilis

formula.

kvanturi meqanika warmoiSva da ganviTarda im winaaRmdegobebis daZle-

vis safuZvelze, romelsac hqonda adgili klasikuri fizikis warmodgenebsa
da eqsperimentul monacemebs Soris. rogorc viciT, klasikurma fizikam ver
axsna rezerfordis mier dadgenili atomis birTvuli modelis verc mdgra-
doba da verc xazovani speqtris arseboba. viciT agreTve, rom gamosavali
am mdgomareobidan mogvca danielma fizikosma nils borma, romelmac Camoa-
yaliba sami postulati. Teorias, dafuZnebuls boris postulatebze Zvel
kvantur Teorias uwodeben. boris Teorias didi warmateba hqonda _ man
axsna atomis mdgradoba, xazovani speqtrisa da seriuli formulebis
arseboba da sxv., magram igi imTaviTve waawyda gadaulaxav siZneles iseT
atomebSi mimdinare procesebis axsnisas, romlebic Seicavdnen erTze met
eleqtrons. Teoria ver xsnida atomebis urTierTqmedebasac _ umartivesi
molekulis H 2 -is warmoqmnac ki am TeoriiT iyo sruliad gaugebari. Teo-
ria ver xsnida speqtruli xazebis intensivobasac da sxv. yovelive aman
cxadi gaxada, rom saWiro iyo mogvexdina Zireuli gardaqmnebi Cvens Sexedu-
lebebSi mikronawilakebis bunebis Sesaxeb. aseTi Zireuli gardaqmna
moaxdina 1924 wels frangma fizikosma lui de broilma, romelmac gamoTqva
uaRresad Tamami azri imis Sesaxeb, rom dualizmi anu orgvari buneba mar-
to sinaTlis nawilakisaTvis ki ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, aramed univer-
saluri mniSvnelobisaa da marTebulia nivTierebis nawilakisTvisac.
rogorc viciT (§51), sinaTlis dualizmi imiT vlindeba, rom zog op-
tikur movlenebSi (mag. interferencia, difraqcia) igi amJRavnebs talRur
bunebas, zogSi ki (mag. fotoefeqti, komptonis efeqti) _ korpuskulurs

343
(fotonurs). talRa xasiaTdeba λ talRis sigrZiT (an v sixSiriT), xolo
korpuskula m masiT (an p impulsiT), amasTan es sidideebi erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebulia cnobili TanafardobiT (§92):
h h
λ= , an λ= . (99.1)
mc p
de broilma dauSva, rom (99.1) formulebi marTebulia nivTierebis nawilake-
bisTvisac.
amrigad, de broilis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, mikronawilaks, romlis masa
aris m da moZraobs υ siCqariT, eTanadeba talRa, romlis sigrZec gamoiT-
vleba formuliT:
h h
λ= = . (99.2)
mυ p
(99.2) formulas ewodeba debroilis formula, nivTier nawilakTan dakavSi-
rebul talRas _ de broilis talRa, xolo Teorias, romelsac safuZvlad
udevs es formula _ axali kvanturi Teoria.

(99.2) formula gviCvenebs, rom makroskopuli (didi masis) sxeulebisaTvis λ imdenad

mcire iqneba, rom veraviTari, zefaqizi instrumentiTac ki mas ver gavzomavT da maSasadame,

talRuri Tvisebebis gamovlena SeuZlebeli iqneba. mag. υ = 106 m/wm siCqariT moZravi 1 g

masis sxeulis Sesabamisi talRis sigrZe ≈ 10−34 metria! imave siCqariT moZravi

eleqtronisTvis ki λ ≈ 10−10 m-s da misi gazomva kristalis difraqciuli mesris

saSualebiT siZneles ar warmoadgens.

yovelgvari Teoriis, hipoTezis piruTvneli msajulia cda, eqsperimen-

ti. amitom, cxadia, mecnierebis winaSe daisva sakiTxi de broilis hipoTezis
cdiT Semowmebis Sesaxeb. cdis idea martivia: cnobilia, rom sinaTlis
gavliT difraciul meserSi miiReba difraqciuli suraTi bneli da naTeli
zolebis saxiT. rentgenis sxivebisaTvis, talRis sigrZis simciris gamo,
difraqciul mesers warmoadgens kristaluri meseri _ liTonis Txel
firfitaSi rentgenis sxivebis gatarebisas miiReba difraqciuli suraTi
naTeli da bneli rgolebis saxiT. Tu eleqtrons marTlac gaaCnia
talRuri buneba, eleqtronebis gatarebiT liTonis Txel firfitaSi unda
miviRoT analogiuri difraqciuli suraTi. ingliseli mecnieris uiliam
tomsonis (j.j.tomsonis Svili) mier Catarebuli cdebis Sedegad (1928 w)
aseTi difraqciuli suraTi marTlac iqna miRebuli. difraqciuli
suraTidan gaTvlili talRis sigrZe zustad daemTxva (99.2) formuliT
gamoTvlil talRis sigrZes.

344
 amrigad, e l e q t r o n e b i s d i f r a q c i a S i C at a r e b u l m a e q s p e r i m e n -
tm a brwy inv aled d a adastura de- broil is hipoTez a am nawilake-
bi s t alRuri bunebi s Sesaxe b.
amerikelma mecnierebma devisonma da jermerma aCvenes (1927 w), rom
eleqtronebis difraqcias (rentgenis sxivebis msgavsad) adgili aqvs
kristalis zedapiridan arekvlis drosac.
germaneli mecnierebis estermanis da Sternis mier mogvianebiT (1929 w)
Catarebulma cdebma aCvena, rom difraqcias ganicdis LiF -is kristalis
zedapiridan areklili atomuri (He) da molekuluri (H 2 ) konebi. am cdebs
didi mecnieruli mniSvneloba hqonda, vinaidan maT cxadyves, rom talRuri
Tvisebebi marto eleqtronebis unikaluri Tavisebureba ki ar aris, aramed
igi damaxasiaTebelia atomebisaTvisac, molekulebisaTvisac da saerTod,
yvela nivTieri nawilakebisaTvis. amasTan, yvela SemTxvevaSi difraqciuli
suraTi Seesabameba (99.2) formuliT gaTvlil talRis sigrZes.
rac Seexeba de broilis talRis bunebas, cxadia, rom igi ar aris
eleqtromagnituri talRa, vinaidan eleqtromagnituri talRa gamosxivdeba
muxtis aCqarebuli moZraobis dros, de broilis talRa ki dakavSirebulia
nebismierad, maT Soris Tanabrad moZrav muxtTanac. kidev metic, am talRis
arsebobisaTvis saerTod ar aris muxti saWiro, saWiroa mxolod, rom na-
wilaki moZraobdes.

§100. haizenbergis ganusazRvrelobaTa Tanafardoba (principi)

mikronawilakis orgvari, korpuskulur-talRuri buneba svams metad

mniSvnelovan sakiTxs klasikuri fizikis cnebebis gamoyenebis sazRvrebis
Sesaxeb mikrosamyaroSi. TavisTavad amaSi gasakviri araferia, vinaidan kla-
sikur fizikaSic zogierT cnebas gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi aqvT gamoyene-
bis sazRvrebi. magaliTad temperaturis cneba gamouyenebadia erTi moleku-
lisaTvis, wertilovani lokalizaciis cneba gamouyenebadia eleqtromagni-
turi talRis mdebareobis gansazRvrisaTvis sivrceSi da sxv. msgavsad ami-
sa, kvantur meqanikaSi SeuZlebelia erTdroulad da zustad ganisazRvros
mikronawilakis mdebareoba ( x koordinata) da misi impulsi _ rac ufro
zustad ganvsazRvravT nawilakis mdebareobas, miT ufro did Secdomas
davuSvebT impulsis gansazRvrisas da piriqiT. aRmoCnda, rom nawilakis x
koordinatisa da p impulsis erTdrouli gansazRvrisas maTi gazomvis Δx

345
da Δp cdomilebebis (uzustobebis, ganusazRvrelobebis) namravli ar SeiZ-
leba h plankis mudmivaze naklebi iyos:
Δx ⋅ Δp x ≥ h (100.1)
(100.1) Tanafardoba daadgina germanelma mecnierma haizenbergma 1927
wels da mas haizenbergis ganusazRvrelobaTa Tanafardoba (principi)
ewodeba.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom mikronawilakis koordinatisa da im-
pulsis erTdrouli da zusti gansazRvris SeuZlebloba gamowveulia ara
xelsawyoebisa da gazomvis meTodebis arasrulyofilebiT, aramed amis
principuli SeuZleblobiT. es principuli SeuZlebloba asaxavs mikronawi-
lakTa obieqtur Tvisebebs, kerZod imas, rom maT ormagi (dualisturi) bune-
ba aqvT _ erTdroulad gaaCniaT nawilakis (korpuskulis) Tvisebebic da
talRisac.
miviRoT haizenbergis ganusazRvrelobaTa
Tanafardoba eleqtronTa konis difraqciis ana-
lizis safuZvelze. vTqvaT, y RerZis mimarTule-
biT υ siCqariT moZravi eleqtronebis kona gadis
mcire d siganis xvrelis mqone A firfitaSi,
romelic moTavsebulia x RerZis paralelurad
(sur.100.1). vinaidan eleqtronebi mikronawilake-
sur.100.1
bia, maTi xvrelSi gavlisas adgili eqneba dif-
raqcias, ris gamoc eleqtronebi moxvdeba MN ekranze ara marto xvrelis
pirdapir, aramed ganawildeba difraqciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kanon-
zomierebiT mTel ekranze. wyvetili mrudi gamosaxavs ekranze eleqtronebis
ganawilebis simkvrives.∗ miRebuli difraqciuli suraTi msgavsia erTi
xvrelidan miRebuli sinaTlis difraqciuli suraTisa (§68). vinaidan inten-
sivobis didi nawili modis centralur maqsimumze, SeiZleba Semovifar-
gloT mxolod misi ganxilviT.
davuSvaT, rom eleqtronis gavla xvrelSi da difraqciuli suraTis
registrireba warmoadgens misi koordinatisa da impulsis erTdrouli ga-
zomvis aqts. radgan Cven ar SegviZlia mivuTiToT xvrelis romel wertil-
Si gaiara eleqtronma, xvrelSi gavlis momentSi eleqtronis x koordinata
gansazRvruli iqneba xvrelis d siganis sizustiT, e.i.

∗
aseTive suraTi miiReba, Tu xvrelSi gavatarebT erTimeoris miyolebiT calkeuli
eleqtronebis did raodenobas.
346
 Δx = d (100.2)
rac Seexeba impulss, Tu xvrelSi gavlamde impulsis px mdgenels
hqonda zusti mniSvneloba _ igi iyo nulis toli, xvrelSi gavlis Sedegad
man SeiZina garkveuli ganuzRvreloba, vinaidan, difraqciis gamo gaCnda
garkveuli albaToba imisa, rom eleqtroni imoZravebs 2ϕ sxeulovani ku-
Txis sazRvrebSi, sadac ϕ pirveli difraqciuli minimumis Sesabamisi ku-
Txea. amrigad, ganuzRvreloba impulsis px mdgenelis gansazRvraSi

⎛ h⎞
Δpx = p ⋅ sin ϕ . an, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT de broilis formulas ⎜ p = ⎟ ,
⎝ λ⎠
h
Δpx = ⋅ sin ϕ . (100.3)
λ
erTi xvrelidan sinaTlis difraqciis SemTxvevis analogiurad, pirve-
li minimumi (k = 1) miiReba im ϕ kuTxisaTvis, romlisTvisac sruldeba piroba:
λ λ
d ⋅ sin ϕ = λ , saidanac sin ϕ = , an (100.2)-is Tanaxmad, sin ϕ = ,
d Δx
amitom
h λ
Δpx = ⋅ da Δx ⋅ Δpx = h .
λ Δx
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT difraqciuli suraTis meore, mesame da a.S.
minimumebs Δpx gaxdeba ufro didi, amitom

Δx ⋅ Δpx ≥ h , (100.4)
rac Tanxvdeba (100.1)-s.
analogiuri Tanafardoba miiReba y da z mdgenelebisTvisac.

Tu (100.4)-Si SevcvliT Δpx = mΔυ x , miviRebT Tanafardobas Δx -sa da

Δυ -s Soris:
h
Δx ⋅ Δυ x ≥ . (100.5)
m
vinaidan plankis mudmiva metad mcire sididea, amitom didi masis sxe-

ulebisaTvis h → 0 . aseT SemTxvevaSi Δx da Δpx ganuzRvrelobebi erT-

m
droulad SeiZleba Zalian mcire sididis iyos, rac niSnavs, rom sxeuli
klasikuri sxeulia da misTvis ar arsebobs haizenbergis SezRudva. misi ko-
ordinata da siCqare erTdroulad da zustad izomeba. mikronawilakebisaT-

vis, maTi masebis simciris gamo, fardoba h aSkarad metia nulze, amitom
m
ar SeiZleba, rom Δx da Δpx sidideebi erTdroulad aRmoCndes Zalian mcire.

347
 naTqvamis naTesayofad ganvixiloT magaliTi. davuSvaT, ganixileba
birTvis moZraoba, romlis masa m = 10−3 kg. Cveulebriv, birTvis mdebareoba
SeiZleba ganisazRvros milimetris meaTedi da measedi sizustiT. yovel
SemTxvevaSi, azri ara aqvs vilaparakoT mdebareobis ufro meti sizustiT
gazomvaze, vidre atomis zomaa. davuSvaT amitom, rom Δx = 10−10 m. maSin (100.5)
ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobidan viRebT:

h 6,62 ⋅10−34
Δυ x ≥
≈ −10 −3
≈ 10− 20 m/wm.
Δx ⋅ m 10 ⋅10
Δx da Δυ sidideebis erTdrouli simcire aris swored dadastureba
klasikuri meqanikis gamoyenebadobisa. sul sxvanairadaa saqme, roca
laparakia atomur movlenebze _ metad mcire masis nawilakebis moZraobaze
sivrcis metad mcire moculobaSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad, eleqtronis
moZraoba wyalbadis atomSi. misi siCqare υ ≈ 106 m/wm. eleqtronis masa
m ≈ 9 ⋅ 10−31 kg. radgan wyalbadis atomis zoma 10−10 m rigisaa. aseTive iqneba
eleqtronis mdebareobis ganusazRvrelobac, e.i. Δx = 10−10 m. maSin siCqaris
ganusazRvrelobisaTvis (100.4)-dan miviRebT:

h 6,62 ⋅ 10−34
Δυ x ≥
≈ ≈ 7 ⋅ 106 m/wm.
m ⋅ Δx 9 ⋅ 10− 31 ⋅ 10−10
gamodis, rom eleqtronis siCqaris ganuzRvreloba daaxloebiT 7-jer aRema-
teba TviT siCqares. es ki imas niSnavs, rom atomis eleqtronis mdebareobisa
da siCqaris erTdroulad da zustad gansazRvra SeuZlebelia da, maSa-
sadame, dauSvebelia misTvis klasikuri meqanikis kanonebis gamoyeneba.∗
amrigad, haizenbergis principi iZleva klasikuri meqanikis gamoyenebis
kriteriums: klasikuri meqanikis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac Δx da Δυ sakmaod mcirea, anu nawilakis (sxeulis) mdebareoba da
siCqare SeiZleba gaizomos erTdroulad da zustad. amas ki, rogorc vna-
xeT, adgili aqvs maSin, roca nawilakis masa gacilebiT metia atomis
masaze.∗∗
haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardoba kvanturi meqanikis
erTerTi fundamenturi debulebaa. misi saSualebiT SeiZleba bevri
∗
aq mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT erTi garemoeba. kerZod, eleqtroni atomSi da igive
eleqtroni Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi gansxvavebul Tvisebebs avlens. haizenbergis
principi atomis eleqtronisaTvis yovelTvis sruldeba (atomi kvanturi sistemaa), magram
rodesac eleqtroni Tavisufalia, magaliTad, amofrqveulia liTonidan Termoeleqtruli
emisiis Sedegad da moZraobs sxivur-eleqtronul an sxva raime milakSi, igi moZraobs
rogorc klasikuri nawilaki.
∗∗
Cven araerTxel aRgviniSnavs klasikuri meqanikis gamoyenebadobis meore kriteriumi:
nawilakis (sxeulis) siCqare gacilebiT naklebi unda iyos sinaTlis gavrcelebis c
siCqareze.
348
mniSvnelovani Sedegis miReba (umartivesi atomis zoma, eleqtronis SesaZlo
minimaluri energiis sidide aseT atomSi da sxv.). kerZod, igi martivad
xsnis ratom ar ecema eleqtroni birTvs, anu ratom aris atomi mdgradi:
eleqtroni rom birTvs daeces, misi koordinatebi da impulsi miiRebda
sruliad gansazRvrul (nulovan) mniSvnelobas, rac SeuTavsebelia
ganusazRvrelobis principTan.

§101. Sredingeris gantoleba.

eleqtronebis difraqciaSi Catarebulma eqsperimentma cxadyo, rom

eleqtroni SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc talRa, romlis sigrZe ganisa-
h
zRvreba de broilis formuliT λ = . magram yoveli talRa xasiaTdeba
mυ
ara marto sigrZiT, aramed A amplitudiT da I intensivobiT, romelic am-
plitudis kvadratis proporciulia (I ~ A ).
2
ra unda vigulisxmoT am sidi-
deebSi ( A -sa da I -s qveS) eleqtronuli talRis SemTxvevaSi? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad mivmarToT isev eqsperiments eleqtronebis difraqciaSi,
oRond ekranis nacvlad gamoviyenoT fotografiuli firfita. cxadia, rom
im adgilebSi, romlebzedac modioda difraqciuli suraTis maqsimumebi,
firfita gaSavdeba. cxadia agreTve, rom gaSavebis xarisxi damokidebuli
iqneba talRis intensivobaze. ase rom Tu eleqtronuli talRis amplitu-
das aRvniSnavT ψ -Ti, miviRebT, rom intensivoba, romelic gansazRvravs ga-

Savebis xarisxs, proporciulia ψ 2 -is. meores mxriv, eleqtronuli konis

intensivoba ganisazRvreba eleqtronebis n koncentraciiT nakadSi, amitom
Cven SegviZlia ψ 2 gavutoloT n -s:

ψ 2 = n.
amrigad, eleqtronuli konis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi garkveulia, magram
ra unda vigulismoT ψ 2 -is qveS, roca gvaqvs erTi eleqtroni? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gasacemad Cvens eqsperiments vucvaloT saxe: liTonis Txel firfi-
taSi gavataroT ara eleqtronebis kona, aramed erTimeoris miyolebiT cal-
keuli eleqtronebi, Tanac ise, rom dro calkeuli eleqtronebis gatarebis
TiToeul aqts Soris 30000-jer aRematebodes im dros, romelic sWirdeba
eleqtrons firfitaSi gasavlelad. es gamoricxavs mocemul eleqtronze
sxva eleqtronebis moqmedebas. cda gviCvenebs, rom eleqtronebi ekranze
(fotofirze) ecemian sul sxvadasxva wertilebSi, magram maTi ganawileba
349
araTanabaria. kerZod, isini ufro xSirad ecemian im wertilebSi, romlebic
Seesabameba eleqtronuli konis difraqciul maqsimumebs. im wertilebSi ki,
romlebic Seesabameba difraqciul minimumebs, eleqtronebi an srulebiT ar
xvdebian, an xvdebian Zalian iSviaTad. rodesac firfitaSi gavatarebT
eleqtronebis sakmaod did ricxvs, miRebuli suraTi savsebiT analogiuria
imisa, rac gvqonda eleqtronuli konis SemTxvevaSi, magram Cven ar SegviZ-
lia mivuTiToT, Tu konkretulad romel wertilSi moxvdeba mocemuli el-
eqtroni. Cven mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom eleqtronis moxvedris al-
baToba difraqciuli maqsimumebis Sesabamis wertilebSi didia, difraqciu-
li minimumebis Sesabamis wertilebSi ki mcire. es saSualebas gvaZlevs ganv-
sazRvroT ψ 2 , rogorc eleqtronis ekranis mocemul wertilSi (sazogadod
ki _ sivrcis mocemul wertilSi) moxvedris albaToba. ψ eleqtronuli ta-
lRis amplitudas xSirad uwodeben t alRur funqc ias . zemoTqmulidan
gamomdinareobs, rom talRur funqcias TavisTavad araviTari fizikuri
arsi ar gaaCnia, fizikuri arsis matarebelia misi kvadrati∗ (ψ 2 ), romelic
gamosaxavs eleqtronis (sazogadod, mikronawilakis) sivrcis mocemul wer-
tilSi yofnis albaTobas. dω albaToba imisa, rom nawilaki imyofeba sivr-
cis dxdydz moculobaSi tolia: dω = ψ 2 dxdydz . vinaidan sadRac, anu sivrcis
mTel V moculobaSi nawilakis yofnis albaToba warmoadgens ueWvel xdo-
milobas, amitom cxadia, rom

∫ dω = ∫ψ dV = 1 .
2
(101.1)
V V
(101.1) toloba gamosaxavs e.w. normire bis pir obas . funqcia, romelic am
pirobas akmayofilebs normire buli a .
talRuri funqcia kvanturi meqanikis Sesaswavli obieqtis _ mikrona-
wilakis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia, amitom igi, normirebis pirobis garda,
unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: iyos uw yvet i (e.i. ar unda icvle-
bodes naxtomiseburad), c a l s a x a (e.i. erT mdgomareobas unda aRwerdes
mxolod erTi talRuri funqcia) da s a s r u l i. sasruli da uwyveti unda
iyos misi pirveli rigis warmoebulic.
SevniSnoT, rom talRuri funqciis albaTuri ganmarteba erTi eleq-
tronisaTvis ekuTvnis germanel fizikoss maqs borns (1926 w.).
amrigad, klasikuri meqanikisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic saSualebas
iZleva zustad moinaxos nawilakis mdebareoba da ganisazRvros moZraobis

∗
ufro zustad, misi namravli kompleqsur- SeuRlebulze (ψ ⋅ψ )
*
anu modulis kvadrati.
350
traeqtoria, kvantur meqanikaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod nawilakis
sivrcis mocemul wertilSi yofnis, an mocemul traeqtoriaze moZraobis
albaTobaze.
yoveli talRuri procesi aiwereba talRuri gantolebiT. amitom bu-
nebrivia davuSvaT, rom mikronawilakis moZraobac talRuri gantolebiT
unda aiwerebodes. aseTi gantoleba mogvca avstrielma mecnierma Sredin-
germa (1926 w.). Sredingeris stacionarul (e.i. droze damoukidebel) ganto-
lebas m masis mikronawilakisaTvis, romelsac gaaCnia E sruli energia da
moZraobs u ( xyz ) potenciur velSi, aqvs saxe:∗

8π 2 m
Δψ + (E − u )ψ = 0 , (101.2)
h2
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
sadac Δ = + + _ aris l a p l a s i s o p e r a t o r i .
∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
(101.2) gantolebas xSirad Sredingeris amplitudur gantolebasac
uwodeben.
amrigad, Sredingeris gantoleba m ikr onawil akis mo Zraobis g an-
toleba a. igi iseTive rols TamaSobs kvantur meqanikaSi, rogorsac niuto-
nis meore kanoni klasikurSi da maqsvelis gantolebebi eleqtrodinamikaSi.
Sredingeris gantolebis gamoyvana ar SeiZleba, iseve, rogorc ar gamoiyva-
neba niutonis kanoni da maqsvelis gantolebebi.
Sredingeris gantoleba ar gamoiyvaneba, igi mxolod p o stu l i r d e b a
da misi samarTlianoba mowmdeba imiT, rom am gantolebiT miRebuli Sedege-
bi atomur da birTvul fizikaSi dasturdeba cdiT.
Sredingeris gantoleba akmayofilebs boris Sesa bami so bi s p r in-
c i p s (1923 w), romelic moiTxovs didi kvanturi ricxvebis zRvrul SemTxve-
vaSi kvanturi meqanikis Sedegebis Tanxvedras klasikuri meqanikis Sede-
gebTan.∗∗
dabolos, SevniSnoT, rom Sredingeris gantoleba vargisia mxolod
sinaTlis siCqaresTan SedarebiT mcire siCqariT moZravi mikronawilakisa-

∗
Sredingeris d r o i T (arastacionalur) gantolebas Cven ar ganvixilavT, vinaidan
dadgenilia, rom mikrosamyaroSi mimdinare fizikuri movlenebis didi raodenoba (maT
Soris eleqtronis moZraoba atomSi) srulad aiwereba (101.2) gantolebiT.
∗∗
farTo gagebiT, Sesabamisobis principi gulisxmobs imas, rom yoveli axali Teoria,
romelic acxadebs pretenzias fizikuri realobis ufro Rrma aRwerisa da gamoyenebadobis
ufro farTo areze, vidre Zveli Teoria, am ukanasknels unda Seicavdes rogorc zRvrul
SemTxvevas. magaliTad, relavisturi meqanika mcire siCqareebis SemTxvevaSi (υ << c )
gadadis klasikurSi.
351
Tvis (igi ararelavisturia). sinaTlis siCqaris Sesadari siCqariT moZravi
nawilakisaTvis talRuri gantoleba miiRo dir akm a .

§102. Sredingeris gantolebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi.

ganvixiloT Sredingeris gantolebis gamoyenebis ramodenime magaliTi.

1. T av is u fa li mikro naw i l aki s mo Zraoba. ganvixiloT m masis
mqone Tavisufali mikronawilakis moZraoba x RerZis gaswvriv. mikronawi-
laki Tavisufalia niSnavs, rom masze Zala ar moqmedebs, e.i. potenciuri en-
ergia u (x ) = 0 , amitom Sredingeris amplutudur (101.2) gantolebas eqneba saxe:

d 2ψ 8π 2 m
+ 2 Eψ = 0 (102.1)
dx 2 h
radgan u = 0 , amitom E warmoadgens nawilakis kinetikur energias:

mυ 2 p2 h2 ⎛ h⎞
E =W = = = ⎜ p = ⎟.
2 2m 2mλ2 ⎝ λ⎠
SevitanoT (102.1)-Si:

d 2ψ 4π 2 d 2ψ
+ 2 ψ = 0, an + K 2ψ = 0 (102.2)
dx 2 λ dx 2
2π
sadac K = mikronawilakis Sesabamisi de broilis talRis talRuri
λ
ricxvia.
(102.1) warmoadgens harmoniuli rxevis diferencialur gantolebas,
romlis amoxsnas aqvs saxe: ψ = A cos K x , sadac A talRis amplitudaa.

8π 2 m
(102.1) da (102.2) tolobebis Sedareba gvaZlevs: E = K 2 , saidanac
h2
h2
E= K2 (102.3)
8π 2 m
miRebuli formula gviCvenebs, rom Tavisufali mikronawilakis ener-
gia warmoadgens misi Sesabamisi de broilis talRis talRuri ricxvis kva-
dratul funqcias. vinaidan talRur ricxvze araviTari SezRudva ar gag-
vivrcelebia, maSasadame, Tavisufali mikronawilakis energiac SezRuduli
ar aris, man SeiZleba miiRos nebismieri mniSvneloba. sxvanairad, Tavisufa-
li mikronawilakis energia ar ikvanteba, anu misi energetikuli speqtri
aris mTliani, uwyveti. E = f (K ) funqciis grafiki mocemulia (102.1) suraTze.
igi warmoadgens parabolas.

352
 2. mikronaw ilakis mo Zrao ba pote nciur yuTSi . ganvixiloT
mikronawilakis moZraoba x RerZis gaswvriv potenciur velSi, romelic
Semdegnairadaa gansazRvruli (sur.102.2):
0, roca 0 < x < a
u (x ) = (102.4)
∞, roca x ≤ 0 da x ≥ a
aseTnairad ganawilebul potenciur vels ewodeba
usasrulod Rrma potenciuri ormo. vinaidan ormos
SigniT u (x ) = 0 , aq mikronawilakis moZraoba aiwereba
(102.2) gantolebiT:
sur. 102.1
d 2ψ
+ K 2ψ = 0 .
dx 2
am gantolebis zogad amoxsnas aqvs saxe (raSic advilad davrwmunde-
biT CasmiT):
ψ ( x ) = A sin (Kx − δ ) . (102.5)
ragdan ormo usasrulod Rrmaa, misgan amosvlas mikronawilaki ver
SeZlebs. maSasadame, ormos gareT nawilakis aRmoCenis albaToba nulis to-
lis: ψ ⋅ψ * = 0 , anu ψ = 0 . talRuri funqciis uwyvetobis gamo igi toli iqne-
ba x = 0 da x = a wertilebSic, e.i.
ψ (0) = ψ (a ) = 0 . (102.6)

pirveli sasazRvro piroba gvaZlevs: A sin (K ⋅ 0 − δ ) = 0 , saidanac δ = 0 . maSasa-

dame,
ψ ( x ) = A sin Kx . (102.7)
meore sasazRvro pirobis Tanaxmad
ψ (a ) = A sin Ka = 0 . (102.8)
(102.8) toloba sruldeba Ka -s Semdegi mniSvnelobebisaTvis:
Ka = nπ (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .) , saidanac
π
Kn = n ⋅ . (102.9)
a
Tu K n -is miRebul mniSvnelobas CavsvavT Tavisufali mikronawilakis
energiis gamomsaxvel (102.3) formulaSi miviRebT potenciur ormoSi moZravi
mikronawilakis energiis SesaZlo mniSvnelobebs:

h2
En = n 2 . (102.10)
8ma 2

353
 miRebuli formula gviCvenebs, rom usasrulod Rrma potenciur
ormoSi moZravi mikronawilakis energia ikvanteba, anu misi energetikuli
speqtri aris wyvetili, diskretuli. n mTel ricxvs, romelic gansazRvravs
energiis mniSvnelobebs, ewodeba kvanturi ricxvi.
amrigad, energiis dakvantvis piroba, romelic boris TeoriaSi iyo
p o s t u l i r e b u l i, kvantur meqanikaSi miiReba bu-
nebrivad, rogorc Sredingeris g an t o l e bi s
am oxsnis Sedegi.
(102.2) suraTze naCvenebia mikronawilakis ramo-
denime, yvelaze dabali energetikuli donis gan-
lageba. minimaluri energiis Sesabamis mdgomare-
obas (n = 1) , ewodeba ZiriTadi mdgomareoba, danar-
Cenebs _ agznebuli.
sxvaoba or energetikul dones Soris n -is

sur. 102.2 gazrdiT izrdeba:

ΔE = En +1 − En =
h2
8ma 2
(n {
+ 1)2
− n }
2
=
h2
8ma 2
(2n + 1) ,
ΔE 2n + 1 1
xolo fardoba = ≈ n -is gazrdiT mcirdeba. es niSnavs, rom dis-
E n2 n
kretulobis efeqti n -is gazrdiT TandaTan mcirdeba da Zalian didi n -is
SemTxvevaSi praqtikulad xdeba nulis toli (Sesabamisobis principi).
talRuri funqciis (102.7) mniSvnelobaSi K n -is Setana gvaZlevs:

nπ
ψ n ( x ) = A sin x. (102.11)
a
ψ n -is kvadrati gamosaxavs albaTobas. mag., albaToba imisa, rom mikro-
nawilaki imyofeba a monakveTis sxvadasxva dx ubnebSi tolia:
π
ω ( x )dx = ψ n dx = A2 sin 2 n
2
xdx (102.12)
a
(102.3) suraTze mocemulia ψ n -is (a)

da ψ n2 -is (b) grafikebi n -is sxvadasxva

mniSvnelobebisaTvis.
suraTidan Cans, rom mikronawila-
kis yofnis albaToba a monakveTis sxva-
dasxva adgilas sxvadasxvaa (roca n = 1 ,
sur. 102.3
354
 ⎛a⎞
maSin ψ n2 (0) = ψ n2 (a ) = 0 , xolo ψ n2 ⎜ ⎟ maqsimaluria. e.i. nawilakis yofnis alba-
⎝2⎠
Toba ormos kideebze nulis tolia, xolo SuaSi maqsimaluri. roca n = 2 ,
a
ψ n2 nulis tolia x = 0, x = a da x= mniSvnelobebisaTvis, xolo
2
a 3
maqsimaluria x = da x = a mniSvnelobebisaTvis. aseve gamoiTvleba ψ n2 n -
4 4
is ufro maRali mniSvnelobebisaTvis). n -is zrdiT maqsimumebis raodenoba
(ricxvi) matulobs da didi n -is SemTxvevaSi imdenad mWidrod arian
ganlagebulni, rom nawilakis aRmoCenis albaToba a monakveTis sxvadasxva
ubnebSi praqtikulad erTnairia, rogorc amas aqvs adgili Tavisufali
mikronawilakis SemTxevvaSi.
Cven ganvixileT erTganzomilebiani amocana. aq miRebuli Sedegebi
SeiZleba ganvazogadoT mikronawilakis moZraobisaTvis samganzomilebiani
marTkuTxa ormosaTvis, romelsac Cveulebriv potenc iur yuT s uwodeben.

mikronawilakis energias da talRur funqcias am SemTxvevaSi aqvs saxe:

h 2 ⎛ n12 n22 n32 ⎞

En1 , n2 , n3 = ⎜ + + ⎟; (102.13)
8m ⎜⎝ a12 a22 a32 ⎟⎠
π π π
ψn ,n 2 , n3
= A sin n1 x ⋅ sin n2 y ⋅ sin n3 z, (102.14)
1
a1 a2 a3
sadac a1 , a2 , a3 _ potenciuri yuTis zomebia x, y , z RerZebis mimarTulebiT, xolo

n1 , n2 , n3 _ mTeli ricxvebi. Tu a1 = a2 = a3 (kuburi formis potenciuri yuTi), maSin

mikronawilakis energia

En1 , n2 , n3 =
h2
8ma 2
(
n12 + n22 + n32 ) (102.15)

(102.15) gviCvenebs, rom mikronawilakis energiis mocemuli mniSvneloba SeiZleba mi-

Rebul iqnes n1 , n2 , n3 ricxvebis sxvadasxva kombinaciis saSualebiT. magram vinaidan am sa-

mi ricxvis yoveli kombinacia gansazRvravs mikronawilakis mdgomareobas, romelic

ψn ,n1 2 , n3
talRuri funqciiT aiwereba, es niSnavs, rom energiis e r T m n i S v n e l o b a s Seesa-

bameba ramodenime kvanturi mdgomareoba (sxvadasxva talRuri funqciebiT). am

SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom kvanturi mdgomareobebi gadagvarebulia. kvantur
mdgomareobaTa ricxvs, romlebic Seesabameba energiis erTidaigive mniSvnelobas,

h2
g a d a g v a r e b i s j e r a d o b a ewodeba. mag., ganvixiloT E = ⋅ 6 done. am donisaTvis
8ma 2
n12 + n22 + n32 = 6 . es toloba sruldeba n1 , n2 , n3 ricxvebis sami kombinaciisaTvis:

n1 = 1, n2 = 2, n3 = 1; n1 = 1, n2 = 1, n3 = 2 da n1 = 2, n2 = 1, n3 = 1 . maSasadame, energiis erT

355
mniSvnelobas Seesabameba sami sxvadasxva kvanturi mdgomareoba, romlebic aiwereba

ψ 121, ψ 112 , ψ 211 talRuri funqciebiT. maSasadame, gadagvarebis jeradoba samis tolia.

3. po tenc iuri jebiri. g vir abul i

efeqti. vTqvaT, mikronawilaki moZraobs x
RerZis gaswvriv sivrceSi, sadac potenciuri
veli Semdegnairadaa ganawilebuli (sur. 102.4):
potenciuri energia nulia roca x < 0 da x > a
da aqvs nulisagan gansxvavebuli mudmivi u
mniSvneloba, roca 0 ≤ x ≤ a . aseTnairad ganawile-
bul potenciur vels ewodeba p oten ciur i
je bir i.
davuSvaT, m masis mikronawilaki uaxlovdeba jebirs marcxena
mxridan. nawilakis sruli energia misi kinetikuri da potenciuri

p2
energiebis jamis tolia: E= + u . Tu E < u , maSin, klasikuri fizikis
2m
Tanaxmad II are misTvis `akrZalulia~ (am areSi nawilakis impulsi
warmosaxviTia, rac moklebulia yovelgvar fizikur arss). maSasadame, aseT
SemTxvevaSi nawilaki I aredan III-Si ver moxvdeba, anu igi ver gaivlis (ver
gadalaxavs) potenciur jebirs. nawilaks potenciuri jebiris gadalaxva
SeuZlia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu E > u ; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi
`airekvleba~ jebiridan da brundeba ukan.
sxvanairi Sedegi miiReba sakiTxis kvantur-meqanikuri ganxilvis dros.
Sredingeris gantolebis amoxsna dasmuli amocanisaTvis (unda daiweros
Sredingeris gantoleba samive arisaTvis, unda moxdes maTi amoxsnis
Sedegad miRebuli talRuri funqciebis `gadakerva~) gvaZlevs, rom arsebobs
garkveuli albaToba imisa, rom nawilaki aRmoCndes I aridan III areSi, anu
igi `gaZvres~, `gaiJonos~ potenciur jebirSi. am movlenas ewodeba
g vir abul i efeqt i.
gvirabuli efeqti xasiaTdeba jebiris gamWvirvalobiT (D ) , romelic
tolia jebirSi gasuli nawilakebis ricxvis fardobisa jebirze dacemuli
nawilakebis ricxvTan. gamoTvlebi gvaZlevs, rom
4πa
− 2 m (u − E )
D≈e h
, (102.16)
sadac a jebiris siganea, u _ jebiris simaRle, xolo m _ nawilakis masa.

356
 formulidan Cans, rom jebiri miT ufro gamWvirvalea, anu gvirabuli
efeqtis albaToba miT ufro metia, rac naklebia nawilakis masa, jebiris
sigane da (u − E ) sxvaoba.
gvirabuli efeqtiT aixsneba mravali faqti, romlebic klasikuri
fizikis TvalsazrisiT aris gaugebari. aseTebia atombirTvis radioaqtiuri
daSla, civi emisiis didi simkvrivis denebis arseboba, naxevargamtaruli
gvirabuli diodebis moqmedeba da sxv. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom
eleqtronebi gaxurebis gareSe gamovidnen liTonidan da miviRoT e.w. c i v i
e m i si i s d e n i , saWiroa liTonSi SevqmnaT Zalian didi eleqtruli veli,
romelic eleqtrons mianiWebs energias dadebiTi ionebis mizidviT
gamowveuli potenciuri jebiris dasaZlevad. sinamdvileSi, sakmao
simkvrivis civi emisiis deni miiReba liTonSi Seqmnili iseTi eleqtruli
velis dros , romelic Teoriul mniSvnelobaze sagrZnoblad naklebia. es
xdeba imitom, rom gvirabuli efeqtis gamo liTonidan gamodian iseTi
eleqtronebi, romelTa energia naklebia potenciuri jebiris simaRleze.

§103. wyalbadis atomi kvanturi meqanikis TvalsazrisiT

wyalbadis birTvi Sedgeba erTi protonisagan (q1 = +e ) , romlis ir-

gvliv r radiusian orbitaze brunavs erTi eleqtroni (q2 = −e) . eleqtronis

birTvTan urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia

e2
u=− , (103.1)
4πε 0 r
k2
sadac ε 0 = 8,85 ⋅10 −12 _ eleqtruli
nm 2
mudmivaa. minusi niSani gamosaxavs im
faqts, rom atomis Semadgeneli nawi-
lakebi urTierTmiizidebian. (103.1) su-
raTze mocemulia am energiis r -ze
damokidebulebis grafiki, saidanac
Cans, rom wyalbadis atomi SeiZleba
warmovadginoT rogorc Taviseburi
potenciuri ormo, romelic Semosa-
zRvrulia birTvze gamavali vertika-
luri RerZis irgvliv u (r ) mrudis
sur. 103.1

357
brunviT miRebuli zedapiriT. ormos fskeri ara aqvs. ormos SigniT
eleqtrons gaaCnia u uaryofiTi energia, romelic miiswrafvis
usasrulobisaken roca r → 0 da xdeba nulis toli, roca r → ∞ .
Sredingeris gantolebas am SemTxvevaSi aqvs saxe:

8π 2 m ⎛ e2 ⎞
Δψ + ⎜ E + ⎟ψ = 0 . (103.2)
h 2 ⎜⎝ 4πε 0 r ⎟⎠

(103.2) gantoleba aRwers wyalbadis atomis stacionarul mdgomareo-

bebs. misi amoxsna did maTematikur siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, ami-
tom moviyvanT mxolod saboloo Sedegebs:
1. eleqtronis energia wyalbadis atomSi iRebs Semdeg mniSvnelobebs:

1 me 4
En = − , (103.3)
n 2 8ε 02 h 2
sadac n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ; formula gviCvenebs, rom eleqtronis energia wyalbadis
atomSi ikvanteba, anu misi energetikuli speqtri aris wyvetili, diskretu-
li. aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTive Sedegi miiReba boris TeoriaSic (formu-
la 97.5), magram iq diskretuli doneebis arseboba iyo p o s t u l i r e b u l i,
aq ki miiReba rogorc Sredingeris gantolebis amoxsnis auc ile beli Se-
deg i . n mTel ricxvs, romelic gansazRvravs energiis mniSvnelobebs, ewo-
deba mTavari kvanturi ricxvi. mdgomareobas minimaluri energiiT
(n = 1, E1 = −13,55ev ) ewodeba ZiriTadi (normaluri) mdgomareoba, danarCenebs

(n = 2, E2 = −3,37ev; n = 3, E3 = −1,50ev da a.S) _ agznebuli. energiis E1 , E2 , E3

mniSnelobebi naCvenebia suraTze horizontaluri wrfeebis saxiT. suraT-
idan Cans, rom n -is zrdiT birTvTan bmuli eleqtronis energia izrdeba
sxvaoba energetikul doneebs Soris ki mcirdeba. roca n = ∞, E∞ = 0. dade-

biTi energia (E > 0 ) Seesabameba Tavisufal eleqtrons. am dros wyalbadis

atomi ionizebulia. maSasadame, Teoriis Tanaxmad, wyalbadis atomis
ionizaciis energia Ei = − E1 = 13,55 ev-is tolia, rac dasturdeba cdiT.
2. ikvanteba eleqtronis orbituli brunvis L impulsis momentis si-
didec (anu L -sac SeuZlia miiRos ara nebismieri, aramed mxolod
diskretuli mniSvnelobebi). dakvantis piroba mocemulia formuliT

l (l + 1) ,
h
L= (103.4)
2π
sadac l mTeli ricxvia da mas o r b i t u l i k v a n t u r i ricxvi ewodeba. igi
iRebs mniSvnelobebs l = 0, 1, 2, . . .(n − 1), _ sul n mniSvnelobas.

358
 mTavari da orbituli kvanturi ricxvebis sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebi
aris atomur fizikaSi eleqtronuli mdgomareobebis sistematikis safuZveli.
eleqtronis mdgomareobas, romelsac Seesabameba l = 0 kvanturi ricxvi, ewo-
deba s mdgomareoba; eleqtronis mdgomareobebs, romelTaTvisac l = 1, 2, 3, 4,
Sesabamisad ewodeba p, d , f , g mdgomareobebi. mTavari kvanturi ricxvis
mniSvneloba miTiTebulia orbituli kvanturi ricxvis pirobiTi aRniSvnis
win. magaliTad, eleqtronis mdgomareobebi, romelTaTvisac n = 2 , xolo l
nulisa da erTi tolia, Sesabamisad aRiniSneba simboloebiT 2 s da 2 p .

(103.4) formula garegnulad (ramdenadme) emsgavseba impulsis momentis dakvantvis

boris (96.2) formulas, xolo didi l -is SemTxvevaSi, rodesac l + 1 = l da l (l + 1) = l ,

kidevac Tanxvdeba mas. arsebiTi gansxvaveba dakvantvis am or pirobas Soris aris is, rom
Sredingeris Tanaxmad l -s SeuZlia miiRos mniSvneloba l = 0 . amrigad, Sredingeris
Teoriidan gamodis, rom eleqtronis orbituli brunvis impulsis momenti SeiZleba nulis
toli iyos, rac klasikuri SexedulebebiT sruliad warmoudgenelia. es Sedegi unda
gavigoT ara ise, rom eleqtroni saerTod ar moZraobs, aramed ise, rom misi moZraoba ar
gvaZlevs SedegiT impulsis moments. amis TvalsaCinod warmodgena SeuZlebelia, magram igi
unda gavigoT rogorc eleqtronis Tanabrad albaTuri moZraoba yvela mimarTulebiT.
aseTi Sedegis miReba imiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom eleqtronis talRuri Tvisebebis gamo,
kvanturi meqanika saerTod ambobs uars eleqtronuli orbitis klasikur warmodgenaze.
kvanturi meqanikis Tanaxmad, yovel energetikul mdgomareobas Seesabameba talRuri
funqcia, romlis kvadrati (modulis kvadrati) gansazRvravs eleqtronis yofnis albaTo-
bas moculobis erTeulSi. es albaToba atomis sxvadasxva nawilSi aris sxvadasxva. eleq-
tronis SesaZlo mdgomareobaTa Sesabamisi wertilebis erTobliobas ewodeba o r b i t a l i ,
romelic pirobiTad gamoisaxeba sivrciTi e l e q t r o n u l i R r u b l i s s a x i T . am Rrublis
simkvrive axasiaTebs eleqtronis aRmoCenis albaTobis ganawilebas. Rrublis zomebi da
forma ganisazRvreba n da l kvanturi rxevebiT. mag. roca n = 1 da l = 0 , anu ZiriTad 1s
mdgomareobaSi, wyalbadis atomis orbitals aqvs sferuli forma simkvrivis araTanabari

ganawilebiT. simkvrive masqimaluria centridan r0 manZilze, rac Seesabameba boris ZiriTa-

di (pirveli) orbitis radiuss. roca l = 1 , anu atomi p mdgomareobaSia, eleqtronis orbi-

tals aqvs rvianis brunviT miRebuli geometriuli figuris forma. l -is ufro didi mniS-
vnelobebisaTvis orbitalebis forma ufro rTulia. wyalbadis atomis ZiriTadi orbita-
lis sferuli forma SesaZlebels xdis eleqtronis Tanabrad albaTur moZraobas yvela
mimarTulebiT, razec zemoT iyo laparaki.

→
3. ikvanteba eleqtronis L impulsis momentis gegmilic nebismierad
aRebul Z mimarTulebaze. dakvantvis es piroba mocemulia formuliT:
h
LZ = m , (103.5)
2π

359
sadac m iRebs mTel ricxviT mniSvnelobebs − l -dan + l -mde nulis CaTvliT:
m = 0, ∓ 1, ∓ 2, . . . ∓ l ; anu mocemuli l -is dros m iRebs sul 2l + 1 gansxvavebul
mniSvnelobas. m -s ewodeba m a g n i t ur i k v ant u r i ricxvi. magnituri imi-
→
tom, rom mimarTulebad, romelzedac ganixileba L veqtoris gegmili, Cveu-
lebriv iReben magnituri velis mimarTulebas.∗ amrigad, diskretul mniSvne-
→ →
lobebs iRebs ara marto L veqtoris sidide, aramed TviT L veqtorsac
sivrceSi SeiZleba hqondes mxolod iseTi mimarTulebebi, rom misi gegmili
akmayofilebs dakvantvis (103.5) pirobas. am movlenas s i v r c u l i d a k v a n t va
ewodeba. TvalsaCinoebisaTvis sivrcul dakvantvas gamosaxaven grafikulad.
→
(103.2) suraTze naCvenebia L veqtoris SesaZlo orientaciebi eleqtronis
p (l = 1) da d (l = 2 ) mdgomareobebi-

⎛ h ⎞
saTvis ⎜ = ⎟ . magaliTad, ro-
⎝ 2π ⎠
ca l = 1, m -is SesaZlo mniSvnelo-
→
bebia 0, ∓ 1 , rasac Seesavameba L
veqtoris 3 SesaZlo orientacia
sivrceSi.
amrigad, Sredingeris gan-
tolebis amoxsna gvaZlevs, rom
eleqtronis mdgomareoba wyalba-
dis atomSi xasiaTseba sami
sur. 103.2 kvanturi ricxviT _ n, l da m .
n (mTavari kvanturi ricxvi) gansazRvravs eleqtronis energiis
mniSvnelobebs, l (orbituli kvanturi ricxvi) gansazRvravs orbituli im-
pulsis momentis sididis mniSvnelobebs, m (magnituri kvanturi ricxvi)
gansazRvravs orbituli impulsis veqtoris gegmilis mniSvnelobebs.
gamodis, rom erTidaigive energiis mqone eleqtroni SeiZleba
imyofebodes sxvadasxva kvantur mdgomareobebSi. energetikul dones,
romelsac Seesabameba ramodenime kvanturi mdgomareoba, Cven gadagvarebuli
done vuwodeT, xolo mocemuli energiis Sesabamis kvantur mdgomareobaTa
ricxvs _ gadagvarebis jeradoba. gadagvarebis jeradobas advilad

∗
an gareSe magnituri velis, an magnituri velis, romelsac qmnis birTvi da danarCeni
eleqtronebi (mocemulis garda).
360
gamoviTvliT: mocemuli l -sTvis m iRebs (2l + 1) sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs,

xolo mocemuli n -isaTvis l iRebs (n − 1) sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebs. mdgo-

mareobaTa srul ricxvs, romelic mocemul n -s Seesabameba (anu gadagva-
rebis jeradobas) miviRebT, Tu (2l + 1) -s SevkrebT l -is yvela mniSvnelobisa-

Tvis, e.i. 0-dan (n − 1) -mde:

n −1

∑ (2l + 1) = n
l =0
2
.

mravaleleqtronian atomebSi, imis gamo, rom mocemuli eleqtroni

birTvis garda urTierTqmedebas sxva eleqtronebTanac da velis poten-
ciali wminda kulonuri aRar aris, eleqtronis energia damokidebulia ara
marto n -ze, aramed l -zec. amitom gadagvarebis jeradoba ganpirobebulia
marto m -iT da tolia (2l + 1) -is.

§104. eleqtronis spini

kvanturi meqanikis zogadi principebidan gamomdinareobs, rom eleqt-

rons, masisa da muxtis garda, unda gaaCndes kidev sakuTari impulsis
→
momenti L S , romelsac spini ewoda. misi sidide gamoiTvleba (103. )-is msgav-
si formuliT:∗

s(s + 1)
h
LS = (104.1)
2π
sadac s spinuri kvanturi ricxvia.
hipoTeza am momentis arsebobis Sesaxeb gamoTqves amerikelma mecnie-
rebma haudsmitma da ulenberkma 1925 wels, raTa aexsnaT im droisaTvis
atomur fizikaSi dagrovili siZneleebi, maT Soris Sternisa da gerlaxis
mier Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebi (1922 w).∗∗ Tavdapirvelad varaudobdnen,
rom am momentis arseboba dakavSirebulia eleqtronis brunvasTan sakuTari
RerZis garSemo da swored amitom ewoda mas s p i n i , rac inglisurad
bzrialas niSnavs. magram SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom aseTi Sexeduleba mcda-

∗
ingliselma fizikos-Teoretikosma dirakma daadgina (1928 w), rom eleqtronis impulsis
sakuTari momenti aris relavisturi kvantur-meqanikuri efeqtebis Sedegi.
∗∗
rogorc wina paragrafSi iyo aRniSnuli, ZiriTad mdgomareobaSi ( n = 1, l = 0 da
maSasadame, m = 0 ) wyalbadis eleqtronis orbituli magnituri momenti nulis tolia.
amitom mosalodneli iyo, rom wyalbadis atomebi magnitur velSi ar gadaixreba. Sternisa
da gerlaxis cdam ki aCvena, rom wyalbadis atomebis kona, magnitur velSi gavlisas, iyofa
toli kuTxeebiT gadaxril or konad, rac SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod spinis (spinis
magnituri momentis) arsebobiT.
361
ria. spini, iseve rogorc masa da muxti eleqtronis pirveladi, ganuyofeli
Tvisebaa da misi dayvana raime martivze, kerZod brunvaze, ar SeiZleba.∗
iseve, rogorc eleqtronis orbituli impulsis moments gare magnitur
velSi aqvs (2l + 1) sxvadasxva orientacia, sakuTari impulsis momentsac

(spinsac) unda gaaCndes (2s + 1) orientacia. magram Sternisa da gerlaxis

cdaSi SeiniSneboda mxolod ori orientacia. e.i. (2s + 1) = 2 , saidanac s =

1
.
2
maSasadame, spinur kvantur ricxvs aqvs mxolod erTi mniSvneloba, romelic
1
-is tolia, amitom
2

h 1⎛1 ⎞ h 3
Ls = ⎜ + 1⎟ = ⋅ (104.2)
2π 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2π 2
→
orbituli impulsis L momentis sivrculi dakvantvis analogiurad,
eleqtronis sakuTari impulsis momentsac (spinsac) unda axasiaTebdes sivr-
culi dakvantva, misi gegmili gareSe velis mimarTulebaze unda iRebdes
diskretul mniSvnelobebs, romlebic (103.5) formulis analogiuri formu-
liT ganisazRvreba:
h
LSZ = ⋅ mS , (104.3)
2π
sadac mS m a g n i t u r i s p i n u r i r ic x v i a. mas SeuZlia miiRos mxolod ori

1 1 ⎛ 1⎞
mniSvneloba: + da − ⎜ ms = ∓ ⎟ . maSasadame, eleqtronis sakuTari impul-
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠
sis momentis gegmils velis mimarTulebaze SeiZleba gaaCndes mxolod ori
mniSvneloba:
1 h
LSZ = ∓ ⋅ (104.5)
2 2π
unda aRiniSnos, rom gamoTqma `magnituri spinuri ricxvi~, Cveulebriv,
iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. ms gansxvavdeba s -sagan mxolod imiT, rom SeuZlia

1 1
miiRos ori mniSvneloba: ara marto + (rogorc s -ma), aramed − -ic.
2 2

∗
eleqtronis s a k u T a r i magnituri momentis cdiseuli mniSvneloba iseTia, rom
eleqtronis `zedapiris~ wertilebis xazovani siCqare 200-jer unda aRematebodes sinaTlis
siCqares vakuumSi, rac ewinaaRmdegeba fardobiTobis Teoriis ZiriTad debulebas.
362
amitom, xSirad roca laparakoben spinur kvantur ricxvze ( s -ze),
1
gulisxmoben ms -s, anu mas miaweren ∓ mniSvnelobebs.∗
2
cxadia, spinis SemoRebis Semdeg, eleqtronis kvantur mdgomareobaTa
ricxvi, romelic n -is (energiis) erTidaigive mniSvnelobas Seesabameba, ga-
ormagdeba da gaxdeba 2n 2 -is toli.

§105. paulis principi. eleqtronTa ganawileba

atomSi mdgomareobaTa mixedviT

Sredingeris gantoleba zustad amoixsneba mxolod wyalbadis da

wyalbadis msgavs atomebisaTvis, romlebic Seicavs erT eleqtrons. mraval-
eleqtroniani atomebis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia am gantolebis mxolod
m i a x l o e b i T i amoxsna. aseTi miaxloebiTi amoxsna gvaZlevs, rom eleqtro-
nis mdgomareoba mravaleleqtronian atomSic (iseve, rogorc wyalbadis
msgavsSi) xasiaTdeba n, l , m da ms oTxi kvanturi ricxviT. gavixsenoT, rom

n _ m T ava r i k v an t u r i ricxvia da iRebs mniSvnelobebs n = 1, 2, 3 . . . ; l _

o r b i t u l i k v a n t u r i ricxvia da iRebs mniSvnelobebs l = 1, 2, 3 . . .(n − 1) ; sul

n mniSvnelobas. m _ m ag n i t u r i k v an t u r i ricxvia da iRebs mniSvnelo-
bebs m = 0, ∓ 1, ∓ 2 . . . ∓ l _ sul 2l + 1 mniSvnelobas, xolo mS _ spinuri

k v a n t u r i ricxvia, romelic iRebs or SesaZlo mniSvnelobas: mS = ∓1 .

eleqtronebis ganawileba atomSi ganisazRvreba ori principiT:
1. e n e r g i i s m i n i m al u r o bis p r i n c i p i T , romlis Tanaxmadac eleqtroni
miiswrafvis daikavos mdgomareoba minimaluri energiiT.
2. paulis akrZalvis principiT,∗∗ romlis Tanaxmadac atomSi ar
SeiZleba imyofebodes erTze meti eleqtroni, romelTac
o T x i v e k v a n t u r i r i c x v i e r T n a i r i e q n e b a T .∗∗∗
erTi qimiuri elementidan meoreze gadasvlisas, birTvis dadebiTi
muxtis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba eleqtronebis ricxvi atomSi. yoveli

∗
amrigad, spinuri kvanturi ricxvi, adre ganxilul n, l , m kvanturi ricxvebisagan
gansxvavebiT ar warmoadgens mTel ricxvs.
∗∗
Camoayaliba Sveicarielma fizikosma paulim 1925 wels.
∗∗∗
Tu eleqtronebis ricxvs aRvniSnavT z -iT, maSin paulis principi maTematikurad Semdeg-

nairad Caiwereba: Z (n, l , m, mS ) = 1, an 0-s. toloba, miuTiTebs, rom oTxi erTnairi kvanturi

ricxvis mqone eleqtroni atomSi SeiZleba iyos erTi, an sulac ar iyos.

363
axlad SemoerTebuli eleqtroni miiswrafvis daikavos umciresi energiis
Sesabamisi mdgomareoba (umdablesi energetikuli done), magram Tu es mdgo-
mareoba ukve dakavebulia, paulis principis Tanaxmad igi misTvis miuwvdo-
melia da eleqtroni iZulebulia daikavos momdevno, ufro maRali energiis
Sesabamisi mdgomareoba.
eleqtronTa erToblioba atomSi, romelTac Seesabameba erTidaigive
n mTavari kvanturi ricxvi, qmnis e l e q t r o n u l S r e s. Sreebs, romelTaT-
visac n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . , Sesabamisad aRniSnaven K , L, M , N , O, . . . asoebiT. TiToeul
SreSi eleqtronebi nawildebian q v e S r e e bi s mixedviT, romelTac Seesabame-
ba l orbituli kvanturi ricxvis gansazRvruli mniSvneloba. vinaidan l
iRebs mniSvnelobebs 0-dan n − 1 -mde, qveSreebis ricxvi Sris n rigiTi nom-
ris tolia.
vinaidan n -is mocemuli mniSvnelobis Sesabamisi kvantur mdgomareo-
baTa ricxvi 2n 2 -is tolia (§104), TiToeul kvantur mdgomareobaSi ki SeiZ-
leba iyos mxolod erTi eleqtroni, amitom TiToeul SreSi eleqtronebis
maqsimaluri raodenoba 2n 2 -is tolia. qveSreSi eleqtronebis raodenoba
ganisazRvreba magnituri (m ) da spinuri (mS ) kvanturi ricxvebiT da tolia

2(2l + 1) -is. I cxrilSi mocemulia Sreebis aRniSvna da eleqtronebis ganawi-

leba Sreebisa da qveSreebis mixedviT. igi warmoadgens paulis principis
safuZvelze agebul elementTa periodul sistemas. TiToeul SreSi eleq-
tronebis ricxvi unda Seesabamebodes elmentTa ricxvs periodSi. ase
magaliTad, pirveli periodi unda Seicavdes 2 elements, meore _ 8-s, mesame
_ 18-s, meoTxe _ 32-s, mexuTe _ 50-s da a.S. yoveli periodis TavSi da bo-
loSi aris elementebi, romelTac Sesabamisad ewyebaT da umTavrdebaT
axali eleqtronuli Sris dakompleqteba eleqtronebiT.

I cxrili
mTavari kvanturi ricxvi, n 1 2 3 4 5
Sris aRniSvna K L M N O
eleqtronebis maqsimaluri ricxvi 2 8 18 32 50
SreSi, 2n2
orbituli kvanturi ricxvi, l 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4
qveSris aRniSvna 1s 2 s 2 p 3s 3 p 3d 4 s 4 p 4d 4 f 5s 5 p 5d 5 f 5g

eleqtronebis maqsimaluri ricxvi 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 2 6 10 14 18

qveSreSi, 2(2l + 1)

364
 eleqtronebis ganawileba mdgomareobis mixedviT (`eleqtronuli
konfiguracia~) gamoisaxeba cifrebis saSualebiT, romlebic iwereba
s , p, d , f simboloebis marcxniv da marjvniv. cifri marcxniv aRniSnavs
eleqtronuli Sris rigiT nomers da tolia n mTavari kvanturi ricxvis.
cifri marjvniv ki miuTiTebs eleqtronebis raodenobaze qvejgufSi.
magaliTad, pirveli aTi eleqtronis eleqtronuli konfiguracia (neonis
atomi) Semdegnairad Caiwereba: 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 .

§106. elementTa mendeleevis perioduli sistema

1869 wels, rusma mecnierma mendeleevma, im droisaTvis arCeuli

uamravi eqsperimentuli monacemebis analizis safuZvelze aRmoaCina bunebis
erTerTi fundamenturi kanoni _ periodulobis kanoni, romelic mendelee-
visve formulirebiT Semdegnairad JRers: mart iv nivT ierebaT a
T v ise be bi pe r iodu l d am ok ide bulebaSi a elemen tTa atomur i
ma se bi s sid idesT an .
saxeldobr, man daadgina, rom Tu elementebs davalagebT atomuri
masis zrdis mixedviT, garkveuli Sualedebis Semdeg, romelTac per iode-
b i ewodeba, elementTa fiz iko-qimiur i Tvisebebi meorde ba : yoveli
periodi iwyeba aqtiuri liToniT (Li, Na, K , Rb, Gs, Fr ) , romelsac moyveba nak-
lebad aqtiuri liTonebi, susti aqtivobis araliTonebi, aqtiuri
araliTonebi da mTavrdeba inertuli airiT (He, Ne, Ar , Kr , Xe, Rn ) .
mendeleevma Semoitana Z rigiTi nomris cneba da daalaga elementebi
am nomris zrdis mixedviT. Sedegad miiRo perioduli kanonis grafikuli
gamosaxuleba _ elementTa perioduli s i s t e m a. aRsaniSnavia, rom
perioduli sistemis ujrebis nawili darCa Seuvsebeli, radgan maTi Se-
sabamisi elementebi maSin jer kidev ar iyo aRmoCenili.∗ amrigad, men-
deleevma, mis mier aRmoCenili periodulobis kanonis safuZvelze
iwinaswarmetyvela axali qimiuri elementebis arseboba (galiumi, skandiumi,
germaniumi da sxv.) da aRwera maTi qimiuri Tvisebebi. rigiTi nomris zrda,
rogorc wesi, emTxveva atomuri masis zrdas, Tumca arsebobs ramodenime ga-
monaklisi, magaliTad, argoni-kaliumi, teluri-iodi da sxv.

∗
im droisaTvis cnobili iyo mxolod 64 qimiuri elementi.
365
 gaivlis aTeuli wlebi da atombirTvis aRnagobis dadgenis Semdeg
(1932 w.), gairkva Z rigiTi nomris fizikuri Sinaarsi: Z gamosaxavs atom-
birTvis muxts atomur erTeulebSi, romelic protonebis ricxviT ganisa-
zRvreba da neitralur atomSi eleqtronebis ricxvis tolia.
wina paragrafSi I cxrilis saxiT warmodgenilia paulis principis
safuZvelze agebuli elementTa perioduli sistema (`Teoriuli cxrili~).
SevadaroT igi elementTa realur periodul sistemas _ mendeleevis peri-

cxrili II odul sistemas (II cxrili),∗ rome-

lic imave aRniSvnebiT aris war-
elementi
periodi

K L M N
Z modgenili (anu atomebi gamosaxu-
1s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p 3d 4s 4 p 4d 4 f lia eleqtronuli konfiguraciis

I
1 H 1 saSualebiT).∗∗
2 He 2
3 Li 2 1 daviwyoT pirveli elementiT
4 Be 2 2
5 B 2 2 1 _ wyalbadiT. misi atomi Seicavs
6 C 2 2 2
II erT eleqtrons. energiis minima-
7 N 2 2 3
8 O 2 2 4
9 F 2 2 5
lurobis principis dacviT, am el-
10 Ne 2 2 6 eqtronis kvanturi ricxvi n = 1 .
11 Na 2 2 6 1
12 Mg 2 2 6 2 vinaidan orbituli kvanturi ri-
13 Al 2 2 6 2 1
III
14 Si 2 2 6 2 2 cxvi icvleba 0-dan n − 1 -mde, am
15 P 2 2 6 2 3
16 S 2 2 6 2 4 eleqtrons SeiZleba hqondes l -is
17 Cl 2 2 6 2 5
18 Ar 2 2 6 2 6 mxolod erTi mniSvneloba l = 0 . m
19 K 2 2 6 2 6 - 1
magnitur kvantur ricxvsac erTi
20 Ca 2 2 6 2 6 - 2
21 Sc 2 2 6 2 6 1 2 miSvneloba gaaCnia da isic nulis
22 Ti 2 2 6 2 6 2 2
23 V 2 2 6 2 6 3 2 tolia, rac Seexeba mS spinur mag-
24 Cr 2 2 6 2 6 5 1
25 Mg 2 2 6 2 6 5 2 nitur ricxvs, mas SeiZleba hqon-
26 Fe 2 2 6 2 6 6 2
27 Co 2 2 6 2 6 7 2 1
IV
28 Ni 2 2 6 2 6 8 2 des oridan erTi mniSvneloba +
29 2 2 6 2 6 10 1
2
Cu
30 Zn 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1
31 Ga 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1 an − . sayovelTaod miRebuli,
32 Ge 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 2 2
33 As 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 3
Se
CvenTvis cnobili Caweris formis
34 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 4
35 Br 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5 Tanaxmad, wyalbadis atomis es
36 Kr 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6

∗
cxrilSi warmodgenilia mxolod 36 elementi, rac savsebiT sakmarisia sakiTxis arsSi
gasarkvevad.
∗∗
atomSi mdgomareobaTa mixedviT eleqtronebis ganawilebis dasadgenad CaTvlilia, rom
yoveli momdevno elementis atomi miiReba wina elementis atomisagan, romlis birTvs
damatebuli aqvs erTi protoni da Sesabamisad, gare eleqronul Sres _ erTi eleqtroni.
366
erTaderTi eleqtroni aRiniSneba 1s simboloTi. Semdegi _ heliumis atomi
Seicavs or eleqtrons. orive imyofeba 1s mdgomareobaSi, magram maTi
1
spinuri kvanturi ricxvebi gansxvavdeba _ erTisaTvis + -ia, xolo meo-
2
1
risaTvis − (amboben, rom spinebi mimarTulia antiparalelurad). heliumis
2
atomis eleqtronul konfiguracias aqvs saxe 1s 2 (ikiTxeba _ `ori 1s
eleqtroni~). heliumis atomze mTvardeba K Sris Sevseba, rac Seesabameba I
periodis damTavrebas elementTa mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi. rogorc
mosalodneli iyo, heliumi inertuli airia.
meore periodi Seicavs 8 elements. iwyeba liTiumis atomiT. mas gaaC-
nia sami eleqtroni. ori maTgani imyofeba 1s mdgomareobaSi. mesame eleq-
trons, paulis principis Tanaxmad, am mdgomareobis dakaveba aRar SeuZlia,
amitom iZulebulia daikavos ufro maRali 2 s mdgomareoba. magram es ukve
L Srea. amrigad, liTiumis atomiT iwyeba L Sris Sevseba, anu meore perio-
di. liTiumis atomis eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa 1s 2 2s . Semdegi aris beri-
liumis atomi (Z = 4) , romlis meoTxe `damatebuli~ eleqtroniT mTavrdeba

2 s qveSris Sevseba. misi eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa 1s 2 2s 2 . Semdeg eqvs

elementSi _ beriliumidan (Z = 5) neonamde (N = 10) xdeba 2 p qveSris Sevse-
ba. periodi mTavrdeba inertuli airiT neoniT, romlis 2 p qveSre mTlia-

nad Sevsebulia. misi eleqtronuli konfiguraciaa 1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 .

natriumis me-11-e eleqtroniT iwyeba axali, M Sris Sevseba da Sesaba-
misad, axali, mesame periodi. Teoriuli I cxrilis Tanaxmad, am SreSi unda
iyos 18 eleqtroni da Sesabamisad, periodi unda Seicavdes 18 elements. si-
namdvileSi (II cxrili), igi Seicavs mxolod 8 elements da mTavrdeba iner-
tuli airiT _ argoniT. es pirveli gadaxraa mendeleevis perioduli siste-
misa Teoriulisagan. ganpirobebulia igi imiT, rom eleqtronuli Rrubeli
sferul simetrias iRebs ara marto maSin, roca eleqtronuli Sre mTlia-
nad kompleqtdeba, aramed maSin, rodesac xdeba pirveli ori qveSris _ s -
isa da p -Sevseba, romlebic iteven 8 eleqtrons. mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom
3d qveSre Seuvsebelia. Teoriuli cxrilis Tanaxmad, kaliumis me-19-e eleq-
trons unda daewyo am qveSris Sevseba. sinamdvileSi igi ikavebs axali, meo-
Txe Sris s mdgomareobas. Sesabamisad, iwyeba axali, meoTxe periodi. me-19-e
eleqtronis aseTi moqmedeba imiT aris ganpirobebuli (iseve rogorc me-20-e

367
eleqtronis), rom I cxrilis agebis dros gakeTebuli daSveba imis Taobaze,
rom did kvantur ricxvebs Seesabameba didi energia, rTuli atomebis Sem-
TxvevaSi yovelTvis ar marTldeba. kerZod, 4 s mdgomareoba energetikuli
TvalsazrisiT miiReba ufro dabali, vidre 3d .∗ analogiuri gadaxrebi qve-
Sreebis Sevsebis normaluri∗∗ Tanamimdevrobidan dro da dro meordeba. am-
asTanave periodulad meordeba msgavsi eleqtronuli konfiguraciebis (mag.,
1s , 2 s , 3s da a.S) mTlianad Sevsebuli qveSreebis Semdeg,∗∗∗ rac ganapirobebs
atomebis (elementebis) fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebis periodul ganmeorebadobas.
amrigad, kvanturma meqanikam gasagebi gaxada bunebis erTerTi ZiriTa-
di kanoni _ mendeleevis periodulobis kanoni. man aCvena, rom qimiuri ele-
mentebis Tvisebebis perioduloba ganpirobebulia atomebis gare eleqtro-
nuli Sreebis agebulebis ganmeorebadobiT misi rigiTi nomris zrdisas. ma-
galiTad, inertul airebs aqvs msgavsi 8 eleqtroniani gare Sreebi (Sevsebu-
li s da p qveSreebiT), tute liTonis (Li, Na, K , Rb, Cs, Fr ) gare Sre Seicavs

erT s eleqtrons, halogenebis (F , Cl , Br , I , At ) gare Sre Seicavs 5 eleq-

trons (e.i. inertuli airis konfiguraciamde aklia erTi eleqtroni) da a.S.

Tavi XV

atombirTvis fizika

atombirTvis fizika Seiswavlis atomuri birTvebis aRnagobasa da maT

gardaqmnebs.
atomuri birTvebis kvleva daiwyo gasul saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT
intensiurad ki _ 30-iani wlebidan. miuxedavad amisa, miRweuli Sedegebi
uaRresad didi mecnieruli da praqtikulad mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda.
sakmaria iTqvas, rom am Sedegebma kacobrioba miiyvana birTvuli energiis
praqtikul gamoyenebamde.

∗
sazogadod, 4 s da 3d qvedoneebi imdenad axlos arian erTmaneTTan energetikuli Tval-
sazrisiT, rom aRiniSneba eleqtronebis gadasvla erTidan meoreSi amiT aixsneba, magali-
Tad, cvalebadi valentoba iseTi liTonebis, rogorebicaa qromi, manganumi, rkina, nikeli
da kobalti.
∗∗
e.i. TeoriiT gaTvaliswinebuli.
∗∗∗
laparakia 2 s 2 p, 3s3 p da a.S. qveSreebze. mag. rubidiumSi (Z = 37 ) , romelic modis
kriptonis Semdeg (Seuvsebeli 4d da 4 f qveSreebis pirobebSi), eleqtroni ikavebs me-5-e
Sris s mdgomareobas (5s ) da saTaves udebs axal mexuTe periods.
368
 §107. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi.

viciT (§95), rom 1911 wels rezerfordma a -nawilakebis gabnevaze Cata-

rebuli cdebis Sedegad daadgina atomis agebulebis birTvuli modeli,
romlis Tanaxmadac atomi Sedgeba dadebiTad damuxtuli birTvisa da mis
garSemo orbitebze moZravi eleqtronebisagan. dadginda, rom birTvis zoma
Zalian mcirea, 10−14 − 10−15 m rigisaa, e.i. daaxloebiT 10_100 aTas jer nakle-
bia atomis zomaze (romelic eleqtronuli orbitis diametriT ganisa-
zRvreba). miuxedavad atombirTvis zomis aseTi simcirisa, masSi Tavmoyri-
lia atomis TiTqmis mTeli masa.
atomis agebulebis birTvuli modelis dadgenisTanave atombirTvis
Sedgenilobis sakiTxi iqca birTvuli fizikis ZiriTad sakiTxad. swori
pasuxi am sakiTxs gaeca mxolod birTvis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb sakmao cnobe-
bis dagrovebis Semdeg. amaTgan umniSvnelovanesi iyo cnobebi birTvis
muxtis, masisa da spinis Sesaxeb. 1932 wels, ingliseli mecnieris Cedvikis
mier neitronis aRmoCenisTanave, sabWoTa fizikosma ivanenkom da germanelma
fizikosma haizenbergma Seqmnes birTvis protonul-neitronuli modeli,
romelic Semdgom mravalgvari eqsperimentebiT dadasturda da amJamad miRe-
bulia sayovelTaod.
p r o t o n u l - n e it r o n u l i modelis Tanaxmad, atombirTvi
S e d g e b a o r i s a x i s e l e m e n t a r u l i n a w i l a k e b i s a g a n _ p r o t o n e bi s a
da neitronebisagan.
birTvis Semadgeneli nawilakebis, protonebisa da neitronebis saer-
Tos saxelia _ nukl oni .∗ birTvSi adgili aqvs protonebisa da neitrone-
bis urTierTgardaqmnebs da amitom isini ganixileba rogorc birTvuli
nawilakis _ nuklonis ori sxvadasxva mdgomareoba.
birTvul fizikaSi saqme gvaqvs birTvis Semadgenel da sxva elementa-
rul nawilakebTan, romelTa masa da muxti (iseve rogorc, mTlianad
birTvis masa da muxti) mcirea, amitom maT gasazomad SemoRebulia mcire, e.
w. atomuri erTeulebi.
muxtis atomur erTeulad miRebulia eleqtronis muxtis sidide
e = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 k,

xolo masis atomur erTeulad (mae) _ naxSirbadis atomis masis 1 12 nawili.

dadgenilia, rom

∗
warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisagan nucleus _ birTvi.
369
 1 mae = 1,66 ⋅ 10 −27 kg.
garda amisa, sigrZis erTeulad birTvul fizikaSi gamoiyeneba fermi:
1 f = 10 −15 m,
xolo energia, izomeba eleqtronvoltebiT;
1 ev = 1,6 ⋅ 10 −19 j.
milionjer met erTeuls milioneleqtronvolti (mev) ewodeba.
birTvul fizikaSi miRebulia masis gamosaxva energiis erTeulebiT,
risTvisac mas amravleben sinaTlis siCqaris kvadratze. masis atomuri
erTeulis Sesabamis energias ewodeba energiis atomuri erTeuli (eae):

(
1 eae = 1 mae ⋅ c 2 = 1,66 ⋅ 10−27 kg ⋅ 3 ⋅ 10 8 m wm )
2
≈ 931 mev.

protoni ( p) dadebiTad damuxtuli elementaruli nawilakia, romlis

muxtia + e , xolo masa
m p = 1,67 ⋅ 10 −27 kg = 1,00727mae = 938,26 mev.∗

SedarebisaTvis mivuTiToT, rom eleqtronis masa

me = 9,1 ⋅ 10 −31 kg ≈ 0,511 mev.

e.i. protonis masa ≈ 1836-jer metia eleqtronis masaze: m p ≈ 1836me . protonis

spini naxevris tolia ( s = 1 2 ), xolo sakuTari magnituri momenti

μ p = +2,79μ b ,

eh j
sadac μ b = ≈ 0,505 ⋅ 10 − 26 - birTvuli m a g n e t o n i a . misi gamosaxu-
4π m p tl

leba savsebiT analogiuria boris magnetonisa (§26), oRond eleqtronis

masa Secvlilia protonis masiT, e.i. birTvuli magnetoni ≈ 1836-jer nakle-
bia boris magnetonze, protonis sakuTari magnituri momenti ki daaxloebiT
660-jer naklebia eleqtronisaze. niSani plusi miuTiTebs imas, rom
protonis sakuTari meqanikuri (spini) da magnituri momentebis mimarTule-
bebi erTnairia. klasikuri TvalsazrisiT es niSnavs, rom protonis magni-
turi momenti TiTqos dakavSirebulia dadebiTi muxtis brunvasTan.
neitroni (n) umuxto elementaruli nawilakia, romlis masa
mn = 1,675 ⋅ 10 −27 kg ≈ 1,00866mae ≈ 939,55mev

TiTqmis protonis masis tolia. sxvaoba mn − m p = 1,3 mev, e.i. Seadgens 2,5me –s.

neitronis spinic naxevris tolia, xolo sakuTari magnituri momenti

∗
aq da yvelgan igulisxmeba invariantuli sidide, e.i. uZraobis masa.
370
 μ n = −1,9 μ b .∗
neitroni Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi (e.i. atombirTvis gareT)
arastabiluria (radioaqtiuria) _ igi TavisTavad gardaiqmneba protonad da
gamoasxivebs eleqtrons da kidev erT elementarul nawilaks, romelsac an-

(ν )
~
tineitrino ewodeba (§111). dadgenilia, rom neitronis saSualo sico-
cxlis xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 16 wuTs Seadgens.

neitronis daSlis sqemas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

~
n = p + e +ν
antineitronis masa (iseve rogorc muxti) nulis tolia, neitronis masa ki 2,5me -Ti
metia protonis masaze. maSasadame, neitronis masa 1,5me -Ti(0,77 mev) metia daSlis
produqtebis masaze. neitronis daSlisas es masa gamoiyofa Semadgeneli nawilakebis
kinetikuri energiis saxiT.

atombirTvis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia Z muxtis ricxvi da A

masuri ricxvi.
muxtis ricxvi ewodeba atombirTvSi Semaval protonebis ricxvs. igi
gansazRvravs atombirTvis muxts, romelic kulonebiT + Ze , xolo atomuri
erTeulebiT Z -is tolia. Z gansazRvravs elementis rigiT nomers mendele-
evis periodul sistemaSi, amitom mas birTvis atomur nomersac uwodeben.
masuri ricxvi ewodeba atombirTvSi Semavali nuklonebis, e.i. pro-
tonebisa (Z ) da neitronebis (N ) ricxvs: A = Z + N . igi gansazRvravs atomu-
ri erTeulebiT gamosaxul atombirTvis masas damrgvalebuls mTel
ricxvamde.
yoveli qimiuri elementis atombirTvi gamoisaxeba simboloTi

Z XA (an A
ZX ),
sadac X elementis qimiuri simboloa, xolo Z da A _ muxtis ricxvi da
4
masuri ricxvi Sesabamisad. magaliTad, 2 He gamosaxavs heliumis

∗
mosalodneli iyo, rom neitrons, rogorc umuxto nawilaks, saerTod ar eqneboda
magnituri momenti, xolo protonis magnituri momenti (eleqtronis spinuri magnituri
momentis analogiiT, romelic erTi boris magnetonis tolia) erTi birTvuli magnetonis
toli iqneboda. anomalurad didi mniSvneloba protonis magnituri momentisa, iseve
rogorc neitronis uaryofiTi magnituri momenti, dakavSirebulia am nawilakebis rTul
struqturasTan.
371
atombirTvs, 238
92U _ uranis atombirTvs da a.S.∗ (107.1) suraTze sqematuradaa
gamosaxuli wyalbadis, heliumis, liTiumis da boris atombirTvebi.

garda muxtisa da masisa, atombirTvi xasiaTdeba agreTve spiniT da

magnituri momentiT.
birTvis spini masSi Semaval nuklonTa spinebis geometriuli jamis

⎛ h ⎞
tolia. vinaidan TiToeuli nuklonis spini udris 1 -s ⎜ erTeulebiT ⎟ ,
2 ⎝ 2π ⎠
amitom cxadia, rom nuklonTa kenti ricxvis SemTxvevaSi birTvis spini
naxevarmTeli iqneba, xolo luwi ricxvis SemTxvevaSi _ mTeli an nuli.
aRmoCnda, rom arc erTi birTvis spini ramodenime erTeuls ar aRemateba,
rac imas miuTiTebs, rom nuklonTa umravlesobis spinebi birTvSi
antiparaleluria da erTmaneTs abaTilebs. amiT aixsneba zogierTi birTvis
nulovani spinic (aseTia, kerZod, yvela e.w. luwi-luwi birTvi, romelic
Seicavs protonebis luw da neitronebis luw raodenobas).
birTvis spinTan dakavSirebulia misi magnituri momenti. es kavSiri
mocemulia TanafardobiT, romelic savsebiT analogiuria eleqtronuli
momentebis Tanafardobisa (§26):
Pb
= Gb ,
Sb
sadac Pb aris birTvuli magnetonebiT gamosaxuli birTvis magnituri

h
momenti, xolo Sb − erTeulebiT gamosaxuli birTvis spini. Gb -s
2π
ewodeba b i r T v u l i g i r o m ag n i t u r i f ar d o b a .
qvemoT moyvanilia zogierTi birTvis magnituri momentis mniSvnelobebi
4 9
2 He . . . . 0 6 C . . . . 0
9 115
4 Be . . . . 1,2 49 Sn . . . . 5,5.

∗
muxtisa da masuri ricxvis gamomsaxvel cifrebs xSirad uweren (gansakuTrebiT
1 1 0
birTvuli reaqciebis Cawerisas) elementarul nawilakebsac. mag. p, n, −1 e da sxv. 1 0
eleqtronis SemTxvevaSi indeqsi `0~ gamosaxavs im faqts, rom misi masa gacilebiT
( ≈ 1836 -jer) naklebia masis atomur erTeulze.
372
 birTvis zoma ganisazRvreba misi masuri ricxviT. Tu pirveli
miaxloebiT birTvs CavTvliT r -radiusian sferod, maSin

r = r0 3 A ,∗ (107.1)

sadac r0 = (1,4 − 1,5) ⋅ 10 −15 m = (1,4 − 1,5)f .

am formulis gamoyeneba gvaZlevs, rom sxvadasxva atombirTvebisaTvis
radiusi icvleba (1,4 − 1,5) fermidan ( H − sTvis
1
1 ) (8 ÷ 9)
A =1 fermimde.
(107.1)-dan gamomdinareob, rom birTvis moculoba proporciulia
nuklonebis ricxvisa masSi. maSasadame, birTvuli materiis simkvrive yvela
birTvisaTvis erTnairia. Tu CavTvliT, rom birTvis masa m = Amn , sadac mn
neitronis masaa, birTvis simkvrive

m A ⋅ mn 3 ⋅ 1,67 ⋅ 10−27 kg 17 kg 8 t
= ρ= = ≈ 1,5 ⋅ 10 = 1,5 ⋅ 10 .
V 4 π r 3 4π (1,5 ⋅ 10−15 m )3
m 3
sm 3
3
TviT nuklonebis simkvrive ramodenimejer ufro metia. amrigad, 1 sm 3
birTvuli nivTiereba aiwonida daaxloebiT 150 milion tonas (!), maSin ro-
desac erT-erTi yvelaze mZime elementis _ platinis 1 sm 3 iwonis mxolod
22,5 grams. aseTi kolosaluri gansxvaveba miuTiTebs imas, rom atomebis,
molekulebisa da makrosxeulebis struqtura metismetad `aJurulia~.

§108. izotopebi

rogorc aRvniSneT, atombirTvis masa praqtikulad Tanxvdeba atomis

masas. marTlac, nebismieri atomis (wyalbadis garda) eleqtronebis masa
Seadgens daaxloebiT atomis masis mxolod 2,5 ⋅ 10 −4 -s.
Tanamedrove mas-speqtroskopia saSualebas iZleva didi sizustiT
ganisazRvros atomTa masebi. am gazomvebisas aRmoCenili iqna izotopebi.
izotopebi ewode ba mocemuli qimiuri e lementis atomTa
n a i r s a x e o ba s, r o m e l T a birTve bs aqvs erTnair i muxt i (e.i. Seica-
ve n proto nebis erT id aim ave raodenobas), magr am g ansxv avde bi an
masiT (e.i. Seicave n ne itro nebis sxvad asxva r aode no bas).

∗
(107.1) formula, romelic miRebulia eqsperimentulad (sxvadasxva birTvze swrafi
neitronebis gabnevis SeswavliT), aixsneba, Tu davuSvebT, rom birTvi Sedgeba erTnairi
zomisa da erTmaneTisagan toli manZiliT daSorebuli nuklonebisagan, ise rom TiToeul
maTganze modis erTnairi `efeqturi~ moculoba. maSin Tu erTi nuklonis `radiuss~
4 4
aRvniSnavT r0 -iT, gveqneba: π r 3 = π r03 A , saidanac miiReba (107.1).
3 3
373
 radgen protonebis ricxvi gansazRvravs elementis rigiT nomers,
cxadia, rom mocemuli elementis izotopebs mendeleevis periodul sistema-
Si erTi da igive adgili ukaviaT. TviT sityva `izotopebi~, romelic Semo-
iRo rezerfordis mowafem sodim, aRniSnavs periodul sistemaSi erTsa da
imave adgilze myofs.
amJamad dadgenilia yvela qimiuri elementis izotopis arseboba.
cnobilia daaxloebiT 300 stabiluri da 1000-ze meti arastabiluri (radio-
aqtiuri) izotopi. SemuSavebulia mocemuli qimiuri elementebis izotopebis
gayofis meTodebi. izotopebis masebis didi sizustiT gazomvam aCvena, rom
atomuri erTeulebiT isini yovelTvis TiTqmis mTeli ricxvebiT gamoisa-
xeba.∗ rac Seexeba TviT qimiuri elementebis atomur masebs, rig SemTxve-
vebSi isini sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba mTeli ricxvisagan. es ZiriTadad∗∗
imiT aixsneba, rom yoveli qimiuri elementi Cveulebriv warmoadgens ramo-
denime izotopis narevs,∗∗∗ amitom yoveli qimiuri elementis atomuri masa
warmoadgens misi izotopebis atomuri masebis saSualos.
magaliTad, qlori arsebobs ZiriTadad ori izotopis saxiT, romelTa
atomuri masebia 37 da 35, amasTan, pirveli Seadgens bunebrivi qloris
25%-s, xolo meore _ 75%. amitom qloris atomuri masa
A = 37 ⋅ 0,25 + 35 ⋅ 0,75 ≈ 35,5 .
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia wyalbadis izotopebi, radgan maTi masebi
didad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.
cnobilia wyalbadis sami izotopi: protiumi (msubuqi wyalbadi) H ,
deiteriumi (mZime wyalbadi) D da tritiumi (zemZime wyalbadi) T.
1
protiumis birTvi (protoni) Sedgeba erTi protonisagan. misi aRniSvnaa 1 H.
fardobiTi atomuri masa A = 1 . deiteriumis birTvi (deitoni) Sedgeba erTi
protonisa da erTi neitronisagan ( H;
2
1 A = 2) , xolo tritiumis birTvi

(tritoni) – erTi protonisa da ori neitronisagan ( H;

3
1 A = 3) . JangbadTan
naerTSi deiteriumi adgens mZime wyals (D2 O ) , xolo tritiumi _ zemZime
wyals (T2 0 ) .

∗
am faqtma (romelic dadgenil iqna atombirTvis agebulebis dadgenamde) didi roli
iTamaSa birTvuli fizikis ganviTarebaSi. misgan kerZod gamomdinareobda, rom yvela
qimiuri elementis izotopis atombirTvebi Sedgeba erTgvarovani (erTnairi) nawilakebis
mTeli ricxvebisagan.
∗∗
sxva mizezi dakavSirebulia e.w. `masis defeqtTan~.
∗∗∗
aRmoCnda, rom mocemuli qimiuri elementisaTvis izotopebis procentuli Sedgeniloba
mudmivia.
374
 bunebrivi wyali (H 2 O ) yovelTvis Seicavs mZime wyals, magram metad
mcire raodenobiT _daaxloebiT 0,016%. misi gamoyofa xdeba bunebrivi
wylis mravaljeradi gamoxdiT an eleqtroliziT. rac Seexeba zemZime
wyals, igi sruliad umniSvnelo raodenobiT (~ 10 −16 % ) gvxvdeba wvimis wyalSi.
mZime wyali neitronebis saukeTeso Semnelebelia, amitom igi farTod
gamoiyeneba atomur reaqtorebSi.
mocemuli qimiuri elementis izotopebs aqvT erTnairi agebulebis
eleqtronuli garsi. amitom maTi rogorc qimiuri, agreTve is fizikuri
Tvisebebi, romlebic eleqtronuli garsis struqturiT ganisazRvreba,
erTnairia. rac Seexeba im fizikur Tvisebebs, romlebic ganisazRvreba
birTvis struqturiT (masuri ricxvi, radioaqtiuroba da sxv.), sagrZnoblad
gansxvavebulia.

$109. atombirTvuli Zalebi. atombirTvis modelebi

atombirTvis uaRresad didi simkvrive da mdgradoba miuTiTebs imas,

rom mis Semadgenel nuklonebs Soris moqmedebs metad Zlieri urTi-
erTmizidvis Zalebi. advili misaxvedria, rom es Zalebi ar aris arc gravi-
taciuli (nuklonebis metad mcire masis gamo) da arc eleqtruli (birTvSi
sxvadasxva niSnis damuxtuli nawilakebis ararsebobis gamo). nuklonebs
Soris SesaZlebelia kidev magnituri urTierTmizidvis Zalis arseboba
(maTi magnituri momentebis antiparaleluri orientaciis SemTxvevaSi),
magram, rogorc gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, isic metismetad mcirea. amrigad,
birTvis nawilakebis SemakavSirebeli Zalebi gansakuTrebuli, aqamde ucno-
bi Zalebia, romlebic Tavisi bunebiT ar hgavs arc gravitaciuls da arc
eleqtromagniturs. maT birTvuli Zalebi ewodeba.
birTvuli Zalebis buneba dReisaTvis bolomde ar aris garkveuli.
birTvuli Zalebis me zonuri ∗ Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic wamoayena iapo-
nelma mecnierma iukavam, urTierT qmede ba nu klonebs Sor is birTvSi
g anpirobebulia g a nsaku T r e bu l i n aw i l ak e bi s π m ezo ne bis (pio-
ne bis) g acvliT. es gacvla swarmoebs imdenad swrafad ( ~ 10 −23 wamis
ganmavlobaSi), rom birTvSi am nawilakebis damoukidebeli arsebobis

∗
warmodgeba berZnuli sityvisagan `mezos~ _ rac saSualos, Sualedurs niSnavs. am
dasaxelebiT xazgasmulia rom mezonis masa unda iyos eleqtronisa da protonis masebis
Sualeduri.
375
dadgena ver xerxdeba, amitom maT virtualuri∗ (warmoasaxviTi) nawilakebi
ewodeba. amrigad, mezonur TeoriaSi urTierTqmedebis gadamtanebs,
birTvuli velis kvante bs , warmoadgens (virtualuri) pionebi, msgavsad
imisa, rogorc kvantur eleqtrodinamikaSi eleqtromagnituri velis kvan-
tebs warmoadgens fotonebi (romelTa saSualebiTac xorcieldeba urTi-
erTqmedeba damuxtul nawilakebs Soris).
Tavisufali pioni aRmoaCines kosmosur gamosxivebaSi. dadgenilia,
rom pioni SeiZleba iyos rogorc neitraluri (π 0 ), ise dadebiTad da uar-

yofiTad damuxtuli (π +
da π − ) . damuxtuli pionebis masa udris 273me -s,
xolo muxti e elementaruli muxtis tolia. neitraluri pionis masaa
264me . pionis spini (rogorc neitraluris, aseve damuxtulis) nulis tolia.
samive saxis pioni arastabiluria, amasTan damuxtuli pionebis siciocxlis
xangrZlivoba Seadgens 2,6 ⋅ 10 −8 , xolo neitraluris _ 0,8 ⋅ 10 −16 wams. unda
aRiniSnos, rom Tavisufali pionis miReba SeiZleba laboratoriul
pirobebSic. Tu nuklons mivaniWebT pionis masis ekvivalentur energias
(magaliTad, SevajaxebT mas didi siCqaris nuklonTan), virtualuri pioni
SeiZleba realuri gaxdes.

igulisxmeba, rom yoveli nukloni Sedgeba centraluri nawilisagan (gulisagan),

romelic garemoculia ama Tu im saxis mezonuri RrubliT. mezonebi SeiZleba iyos
damuxtuli an daumuxtavi da erTaderTi gansxvaveba protonsa da neitrons Soris am
Rrublis saxeSia. or protons an or neitrons Soris urTierTqmedeba ganpirobebulia

neitraluri (π )
0
mezonis gacvliT, protonsa da neitrons Soris ki rogorc damuxtuli

(π +
an π − ) , ise neitraluri mezonis gacvliT. gacvlis procesi SeiZleba Semdegnairad
warmovidginoT: protoni gamoasxivebs virtualur π+ mezons da gardaiqmneba neitronad

( p → n + π ). +

neitroni STanTqavs π+ - mezons da gardaiqmneba protonad (n + π +

)
→ p . Semdeg
aseTive procesi mimdinareobs Sebrunebuli mimarTulebiT ise, rom yoveli urTierTmoqmedi
nukloni drois nawils imyofeba (atarebs) neitralur mdgomareobaSi, nawils ki _
damuxtulSi:

p+n →
← n+π+ + n →
← n+ p.

π− mezonis monawileobiT urTierTqmedebis sqemas aqvs Semdegi saxe:

n+ p →
← p +π− + p →
← p+n,

∗
kvantur meqanikaSi virtualuri ewodeba nawilaks, romlis aRmoCena misi arsebobis
ganmavlobaSi SeuZlebelia. aseTi nawilakebis gacvliT ganpirobebul urTierTqmedebas
virtualuri urTierTqmedeba ewodeba.
376
xolo π0 mezonis gacvliT Semdegi:

n+ p →
← p +π0 + n →
← p+n

p+ p →
← p +π0 + p →
← p+ p

n+n →
← n +π0 + n →
← n+n
birTvuli urTierTqmedebis mezonuri TeoriiT aixsneba protonebisa da neitronebis
magnituri momentebis anomaluri mniSvneloba. marTlac, pionis magnituri momenti ≈ 6,6
birTvuli magnetonis tolia. rogorc neitroni, aseve protoni drois garkveul (Zalian

mcire) nawilSi imyofeba virtualur mdgomareobaSi (p + π −

)
da n + π + . vinaidan am
nawilakebis magnituri momentis gazomva gamzom xelsawyoTi xdeba raRac Δt drois
ganmavlobaSi (romelic maTi virtualur mdgomareobaSi yofnis droze gacilebiT metia),
pionebis `gaCena~ da `mospoba~, cxadia, garkveul wvlils Seitans am gazomvebSi. miRebuli
Sedegi iqneba saSualo statistikuri Δt droSi. neitronis uaryofiTi magnituri momenti,

cxadia, ganpirobebulia virtualuri π− mezoniT.

CamovTvaloT birTvuli Zalebis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi:

1. birTvuli Zalebi bunebaSi arsebul Zalebs Soris yvelaze mZlavria.
isini daaxloebiT 100-jer aRematebian eleqtromagnitur Zalebs. amitomaa,
rom protonebs Soris moqmedi kolosaluri sididis kulonuri ganzidvis
Zalebis miuxedavad, birTvi (birTvebis didi umravlesoba) warmoadgens
uaRresad mdgrad sistemas. birTvuli Zalebis sididis gamo birTvuli
nawilakebis urTierTqmedebas xSirad Zlier urTierTqmede bas uwodeben.
2. birTvuli Zalebis meore mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa axloqmedeba.
kulonuri da gravitaciuli Zalebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic SedarebiT
nela _ manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulad _ mcirdeba, birTvuli Zale-
bi moqmedebs metad mcire manZilebze: ukve 2,2 f manZilze maTi moqmedeba um-
niSvneloa, xolo 1 f-ze nakleb manZilebze urTierTmizidva icvleba
ganzidviT.
2,2 f manZils ewodeba birTvuli Zalebis moqmedebis radiusi.
3. birT vuli Zale bi s si dide muxtze dam okidebu li ar aris : or
protons Soris moqmedebs birTvuli mizidvis iseTive Zala, rogoric or
neitrons an neitronsa da protons Soris.
4. birT vul Zale bs ax asi aTe bs n ajero ba . es Tviseba (romelic SeiZ-
leba aixsnas birTvuli Zalebis axloqmedebiT) mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

377
mocemul nuklons SeuZlia urTierTqmedeba nuklonTa mxolod garkveul
ricxvTan.∗
am TvisebiT birTvuli Zalebi waagavs kovalenturi bmis qimiur
Zalebs, romelTac iseve rogorc birTvul Zalebs, safuZvlad udevs g a c -
v l i T i e f e q t i.

dReisaTvis ar arsebobs birTvis aRnagobis dasrulebuli modeli,

romliTac aixsneboda misi yvela Tviseba. amis mizezi ZiriTadad oria:
1. arasruli cnobebis arseboba birTvuli Zalebis Tvisebebis Sesaxeb.
2. mravalnawilakiani sistemis kvanturi amocanis sirTule. amitom birTvis
ama Tu im Tvisebis asaxsnelad ZiriTadad sargebloben ori modeliT _
wveTuriT da garsuliT.

birTvis w veTuri m odelis Tanaxmad (wamoayena frenkelma 1939

wels, xolo ganaviTares borma da sxva mecnierebma) birTvi SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc siTxis (damuxtuli) wveTi. am modelis safuZvels
Seadgens garkveuli msgavseba birTvisa da siTxis wveTis Tvisebebs Soris.
marTlac, sxvadasxva zomis birTvebis simkvrive erTnairia, ar aris
damokidebuli nuklonTa ricxvze, iseve, rogorc erTnairia da ar aris
damokidebuli molekulaTa ricxvze sxvadasxva zomis siTxis wveTebis
simkvrive. ori wveTis SeerTebisas miiReba imave simkvrivis wveTi. garda
amisa, wveTis molekulebs Soris moqmedi Zalebi, birTvuli Zalebis
msgavsad, axlomoqmedia da axasiaTebs najeroba; siTxis wveTis zedapirze
myofi molekulebi ganicdian mezobeli molekulebis calmxriv (wveTis
Signidan) moqmedebas, rac ganapirobebs siTxis zedapirul daWimulobas
iseve, rogorc birTvis zedapirze myofi nuklonebi ganicdis mezobeli
nuklonebis calmxriv moqmedebas, rac warmoSobs zedapirul daWimulobas
da Sesabamis zedapirul energias. bolos, birTvis Semadgenel nuklonebs,
siTxis wveTis molekulebis msgavsad, axasiaTebs garkveuli Zvradoba.
miuxedavad aseTi msgavsebisa, xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos erTi garemoeba,
riTac birTvi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba siTxis wveTisagan _ igi damuxtulia
da emorCileba kvanturi meqanikis kanonebs.

∗
praqtikulad, birTvuli Zalebis srul najerobas ukve aqvs adgili α _ nawilakSi,
romelic warmoadgens ori protonisa da ori neitronisagan Sedgenil metad mdgrad
sistemas.
378
 birTvis wveTuri modeliT kargad aixsneba birTvuli reaqciebis
meqanizmi, gansakuTrebiT mZime birTvis gayofis meqanizmi. garda amisa, igi
iZleva birTvis bmis energiis Sefasebis SesaZleblobas. magram es modeli
ver xsnis birTvis iseT Tvisebebs, rogoricaa diskretuli energetikuli
doneebis arseboba, protonebisa da neitronebis garkveuli raodenobiT
Semcveli birTvebis gansakuTrebuli mdgradoba da sxv.
birTvis am Tvisebebis asaxsnelad 1949 wels amerikelma fizikosma
maria gepert-maierma da misgan damoukideblad germanelma fizikosma hans
iensenma Seqmnes birTvis garsuli modeli . es modeli garkveuli Tval-
sazrisiT sawinaaRmdegoa wveTuri modelisa, vinaidan Tu wveTur modelSi
nuklonebi urTierTqmedebs, moZraobs qaosurad da xSirad ejaxeba erT-
maneTs, ris gamoc ar SeuZliaT didxans yofna mocemul energetikul mdgo-
mareobaSi, g ar su li m o d e li s T an ax mad, nuklone bi birTvS i
mo Zrao bs erTmaneTisag an (T iTqm is) d amoukide blad g ar kveul
or bite bze maT mierve Seqmnil TviTSeTanxmebul velSi. suraTi garkve-
ulad analogiuria atomSi eleqtronebis moZraobisa, amitom, atomis
msgavsad, birTvs gaaCnia diskretuli energetikuli doneebi, romelic Sevse-
bulia nuklonebiT paulis principis dacviT (TiToeul doneze mocemuli
sortis ori nukloni sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli spinebiT). atomis msgavsad,
birTvis energetikuli doneebi jgufdeba Sreebad, romelTagan TiToeulSi
SeiZleba imyofebodes nuklonebis garkveuli ricxvi. amasTan, msgavsad imi-
sa, rogorc atomebSi, Sreebis Sevsebadobis mixedviT, maTi Tvisebebi perio-
dulad meordeba da is atomebi, romelTa gare Sre mTlianad Sevsebulia
(Z = 2, 10, 18, 36, 54, 86) yvelaze mdgradia, atombirTvebic, romelTa gare Srec
mTlianad Sevsebulia, unda iyos gansakuTrebiT mdgradi. marTlac,
Sredingeris gantolebis amoxsna dasmuli amocanisaTvis gvaZlevs, rom
maqsimaluri raodenoba mocemuli sortis nuklonebisa Sevsebul garsebSi
SeiZleba iyos 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126. meores mxriv, dadgenilia rom birTvebi,
romlebSic protonebis (Z ) an neitronebis (N ) ricxvi tolia 2, 8, 20, 28, 50,
82, 126, gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia bunebaSi, rac, unda vigulisxmoT,
dakavSirebulia maT mdgradobasTan. aseT birTvebs `magiuri birTvebi~
ewodeba, xolo Sesabamis cifrebs _ `magiuri cifrebi~.
naTqvamis sailustraciod moviyvanoT izotopebis fardobiTi
Sedgeniloba (C , %) bunebriv elementSi qromSi (Z = 24) N -is sxvadasxva
mniSvnelobebisaTvis:
379
 N . . . . . . 26 28 29 30
C . . . . . 4,31 83,64 9,45 2,60

rogorc vxedavT, izotopi magiuri birTviT (N = 28) mkveTrad gamoirCeva

danarCenisagan.
birTvebs, romlebic Seicaven rogorc protonebis, aseve neitronebis
magiur ricxvebs, orgzis magiuri ewodebaT.∗
4 16 48 208
maT ricxvs miekuTvneba: 2 He; 8 O; 20 Ca; 82 Pb . es birTvebi gamoirCeva
gansakuTrebuli mdgradobiT. kerZod, heliumis atombirTvis gansakuT-
rebuli mdgradoba Cans Tundac iqidan, rom is erTaderTi Semadgeneli
nawilakia, romelic gamoityorcneba mZime birTvebis radioaqtiuri daS-
lisas.
orgzis magiuri birTvebidan yvelaze mZime _ tyvia _ Seicavs Z = 82
protonsa da N = A − Z = 126 neitrons. mendeleevis periodul sistemaSi
tyviis Semdeg ganlagebuli elementebis birTvebi ukve aRar aris mdgradi
da ganicdis radioaqtiur daSlas.

$110. radioaqtiuroba. α , β , γ sxivebi

atomisa da misi birTvis rTuli agebulebis dadgenasa da SeswavlaSi

gansakuTrebiT didi roli iTamaSa gasuli saukunis bolos radio-
aqtiurobis aRmoCenam da Seswavlam.
r adioaqtiuroba ewodeba erTi elementis (aramdgradi)
birTve bis TavisTavad (spont anur) gardaqmnas meore elementis
birTve bad, r asac Tan axlavs ux ilavi g amosxive ba. am gamosxivebas
radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba (radioaqtiuri sxivebi) ewodeba, xolo nivTiere-
bebs, romelTa birTvebic ganicdian spontanur gardaqmnebs _ radioaqtiuri
nivTierebebi.
radioaqtiurobis cnebas zogjer avrceleben elementaruli nawilake-
bis urTierTgardaqmnebzec.
radioaqtiurobe SeiZleba iyos bunebrivi an xelovnuri.
radioaqtiurobas, romelic gvxvdeba bunebaSi arsebul aramdgrad
birTvebSi, bunebrivi radioaqtiuroba ewodeba. bunebrivi radioaqtiuroba,
rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia mZime elementebis birTvebisaTvis, romlebic

∗ maTSi mTlianadaa Sevsebuli rogorc protonebis, aseve neitronebis Sre.

380
moTavsebulia elementTa perioduli sistemis boloSi, tyviis Semdeg.
magram gvxvdeba msubuqi bunebrivad radioaqtiuri birTvebic, mag., kaliumis
40 14
izotopi 19 K , naxSirbadis izotopi 6 C da sxva.
radioaqtiurobas, romelsac adgili aqvs sxvadasxva birTvuli
reaqciis meSveobiT (e.i. xelovnurad) miRebul aramdgrad birTvebSi,
xelovnuri radioaqtiuroba ewodeba.
principuli gansxvaveba bunebriv da xelovnur radioaqtiurobebs
Soris ar arsebobs. isini emorCileba erTsadaimave kanonebs.

radioaqtiurobis movlena aRmoaCina frangma mecnierma bekerelma 1896 wels.∗

(rentgenis sxivebis aRmoCenidan ramodenime Tvis Semdeg) bednieri SemTxvevis wyalobiT:
uranis marilebis luminiscenciis (mermenaTebis) Seswavlisas man daadgina, rom mzis
sxivebiT ganaTebis Semdeg, isini, xilul sinaTlesTan erTad, uxilav sxivebsac
gamoasxivebs. es xivebi, rentgenis sxivebis msgavsad, iwvevs airis ionizacias, xasiaTdeba
nivTierebis ganWolvis didi unariT, moqmedebs Sav qaRaldSi gaxveul fotofirze da sxv.
amitom bekerels egona, rom saqme aqvs rentgenis msgavs gamosxivebasTan, romelic Cndeba
mzis sxivebis gavleniT. magram erTxel, Rrubliani amindis gamo, morigi cdis Catareba ar
moxerxda da bekerelma ujraSi Seinaxa Sav qaRaldSi gaxveuli fotofiri, romelzec ido
uranis mariliT dafaruli spilenZis jvari. ramodenime dRis Semdeg man yoveli
SemTxvevisaTvis gaamJRavna fotofiri da SeamCnia masze jvris mkafio gamosaxuleba. cdis
mravaljer gameorebiT bekereli mivida daskvnamde, rom uranis marilebi
TavisTavad, garegani faqtorebis moqmedebis gareSec gamoasxivebs
rentgenis msgavs uxilav sxivebs. daiwyo intensiuri gamokvlevebi, romelTac,
bekerelis garda, atarebdnen maria sklodovskaia-kiuri, misi meuRle pier kiuri da
rezerfordi. 1898 wels maria sklodovskaia-kiurim aRmoaCina, rom uranis msgavs
gamosxivebas iZleva Toriumic. imave wels man meuRlesTan erTad uranis madnidan gamoyo

ori manamde ucnobi elementi _ poloniumi ( 212

84 Po ) da radiumi ( 226
88 )
Ra , romlebic
iZleodnen msgavs uxilav gamosxivebas. am gamosxivebas pier da maria kiurebma uwodes
radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba, xolo TviT movlenas _ radioaqtiuroba. dadginda, rom
radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba ar aris damokidebuli gareSe faqtorebze (wneva, temperatura,
sinaTle) da imaze _ Tavisufalia elementi Tu romlime qimiur naerTSi imyofeba. am
gamokvlevebma, agreTve rezerfordis mier α nawilakis bunebis garkvevam, daamtkica, rom
radioaqtiuroba birTvuli procesia, am dros gardaqmnebs ganicdis TviT atombirTvebi.

radioaqtiur gamosxivebaze magnituri velis moqmedebiT dadginda,

rom igi Sedgeba sami saxis sxivebisagan: α , β da γ . amasTan, magnitur
velSi α da β sxivebi gadaixreba urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT,
xolo γ sxivebi gadaxras ar ganicdis (sur. 110.1). es miuTiTebs, rom α da

∗
igulisxmeba bunebrivi radioaqtiuroba. xelovnuri radioaqtiuroba aRmoaCines 1934 w.
iren da frederik Jolio-kiurebma.
381
β sxivebi warmoadgens sawinaaRmdego niSniT damuxtuli nawilakebis na-
kads, xolo γ sxivebs muxti ar gaaCnia. gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom α
sxivebi warmoadgens heliumis orjer ionizebuli
atomebis anu heliumis atombirTvebis nakads
(α ≡ 4
2 He ) , β sxivebi _ eleqtronebis nakads∗ (β −
≡ −10 e )
xolo γ sxivebi _ metad mokle sigrZis eleqtro-
magnitur talRas. α nawilakebis masa gacilebiT
(~7350-jer) metia eleqtronebis masaze, amitom magni-
tur velSi isini naklebad gadaixreba. nawilakebis
gadaxris mimarTulebis gansazRvra SeiZleba mar-
cxena xelis wesiT. Cvens suraTze magnituri veli
mimarTulia suraTis sibrtyis marTobulad Cvengan.
sur. 110.1 mZime birTvebis bunebrivi radioaqtiuroba
SeiZleba aixsnas birTvSi moqmedi Zalebis xasiaTiT. marTlac vinaidan nuk-
lonTa urTierTmizidvis birTvuli Zalebi moqmedebs metad mcire man-
Zilebze, xolo protonebs Soris kulonuri urTerTganzidva atombirTvis
mTel moculobaSi xdeba, birTvis garkveuli zomidan dawyebuli, masSi
protonTa ricxvis zrda iwvevs ganzidvis Zalebis upirates zrdas. maTi
kompensaciisaTvis aucilebelia mizidvis Zalebis gazrda, rac xorcieldeba
birTvSi neitronebis ricxvis upiratesi zrdiT: Tu msubuq birTvebSi (peri-
oduli sistemis Suagulamde) neitronebis ricxvi saSualod Seadgens nuk-

⎛ N ⎞
lonTa ricxvis 50%-s ⎜ fardoba ≈ 1⎟ , Semdeg, birTvebis damZimebasTan er-
⎝ Z ⎠
Tad, neitronebis procentuli Sedgeniloba TandaTan izrdeba da yvelaze
⎛N ⎞
mZime birTvebisaTvis aRwevs 62%-mde ⎜ = 1,6 ⎟ . magram miuxedavad neit-
⎝Z ⎠
ronebis ricxvis aseTi zrdisa, garkveuli elementidan dawyebuli (bismuti,
Z = 83 ) mizidvis birTvuli Zalebi veRar uzrunvelyofs birTvis
mdgradobas da igi TavisTavad iSleba.
birTvis aramdgradoba SeiZleba gamoiwvios agreTve (nuklonebiT ga-
datvirTvis garda) masSi protonebisa da neitronebis ricxvis araxelsay-
relma Tanafardobam (ix. petitis teqsti). aseTi birTvi ganicdis radioaqti-

∗
zogjer β sxivebi warmoadgens dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebis _ pozitronebis
nakads. pozitroni eleqtronis oreuli anu antinawilakia. mas iseTive masa da muxtis
sidide aqvs, rogorc eleqtrons, gansxvavdeba mxolod muxtis niSniT (β +
≡ +10 e )
pozitronebis gamosxiveba xdeba xelovnurad miRebuli aramdgradi birTvebidan.
382
ur gardaqmnas β -nawilakis gamosxivebiT ( β -daSla, §111). protonebisa da
neitronebis ricxvis araxelsayrel Tanafardobas SeiZleba adgili qondes
rogorc mZime, aseve msubuq birTvebSi, amitom β -radioaqtiuroba damaxasia-
Tebelia rogorc mZime, aseve msubuqi birTvebisaTvis.

birTvis wveTuri modelis safuZvelze germanelma mecnierma veiczekerma mogvca bir-

Tvis energiis gamosaTvleli formula, romelic Seicavs A masur ricxvs, Z muxtis ri-
cxvs da αi koeficientebs, romelTa ricxviTi mniSvnelobebi dgindeba empirulad. es for-

mula saSualebas iZleva zogadi mosazrebebidan gamomdinare dadgindes birTvis stabilu-

robis∗ piroba: cxadia, rom mocemuli A –s SemTxvevaSi birTvi mdgradia Z –is iseTi mniS-
vnelobisaTvis, romlis drosac birTvis W sruli energia minimaluria. Z st –is es mniS-

⎛ dW ⎞
vneloba gamoiTvleba pirobidan ⎜ ⎟ = 0, romelic gamosaxavs birTvis energiis
⎝ dZ ⎠ A=const
minimums.
gamoTvlebis gvaZlevs, rom
A
Z st = 2
. (110.1)
1,98 + 0,015 A 3

es formula karg TanxvedraSia eqsperimentul monacemebTan. kerZod, misgan, gamomdina-

A
reobs, rom msubuqi birTvebisaTvis Z st = . es Sedegi kargad Tanxvdeba cdiseul faqts,
2
rom yvela msubuqi birTvi, romelic Seicavs protonebisa da neitronebis tol raodenobas,
stabiluria.

§111. α da β _ daSla

wina paragrafSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba, sazo-

gadod, rTuli bunebisaa da Sedgeba sami saxis sxivebisagan _ α , β da γ .
magram aucilebeli araa, rom radioaqtiuri gamosxiveba yovelTvis Seicav-
des erTdroulad samive saxis sxivebs, vinaidan mocemuli izotopi radioaq-
tiuri gardaqmnisas, rogorc wesi, gamoasxivebs mxolod α an mxolod β

nawilaks.∗∗

∗
stabiluri (mdgradi) ewodeba birTvs, romlis Sedgeniloba drois mixedviT ar icvleba.
∗∗
zogierT birTvs radioaqtiuri dardaqmnisas SeuZlia gamoasxivos zogjer α , zogjer
ki β nawilaki, rac iwvevs radioaqtiuri daSlis mwkrivis ganStoebas (§112). mag. bismutis
212
83 Bi izotopis β daSlis albaToba, ris Sedegadac igi gardaiqmneba 212
84 Po -is izotopad,
Seadgens 66.3%-s, xolo α -daSlis albaToba, ris Sedegadac igi gardaiqmneba
208
Tl -is
81
izotopad _ 33,7%-s. β -daSlas Tan sdevs α -daSla, xolo α -daSlas _ β -daSla, amitom
208
orive ganStoebas mivyevarT tyviis 82 Pb izotopamde (sur. 112.1).
383
 birTvis radioaqtiur gardaqmnas radioaqtiur daSlasac uwodeben.
amasTan, imisda mixedviT, Tu romeli nawilaki α Tu β gamoityorcneba
birTvidan, laparakoben Sesabamisad α -daSlaze an β -daSlaze.
rogorc α , aseve β -daSlas, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs γ -kvantebis
gamosxiveba.
ganvixiloT es gamosxivebebi cal-calke. sazogadod, radioaqtiuri
gamosxivebis maxasiaTeblebia nawilakebis masa, muxti, siCqare anu
kinetikuri energia da agreTve nawilakebis ganawileba energiebis mixedviT,
anu radioaqtiuri gamosxivebis speqtri.
α -daSla . birTvidan gamoityorcneba α -nawilaki, romelic
warmoadgens heliumis atombirTvs. atomur erTeulebSi misi muxti Z = 2 ,
xolo masa ( )
A = 4 α ≡ 2 He 4 . sxvadasxva radioaqtiuri izotopis birTvebidan
gamotyorcnili α -nawilakebis siCqare sxvadasxvaa, magram cvlileba xdeba
SedarebiT viwro sazRvrebSi: 1,4 ⋅ 10 7 m/wm-dan 2 ⋅ 10 7 m/wm-mde, rasac Seesabameba
konetikuri energia miaxlobeiT 4-dan 8 mev-mde. mocemuli radioaqtiuri
izotopis birTvebidan gamotyrocnili nawilakebis energiebi mkacrad
gansazRvrulia. amasTan, umetes SemTxvevaSi, gamosxivdeba ramdenime jgufi
α nawilakebisa, romelTac sxvadasxva, magarm mcired gansxvavebuli
energiebi aqvT, rac aixsneba birTvis diskretuli energetikuli doneebis
arsebobiT (ix. petitis teqsti).

α -nawilaki kinetikur energias iZens imis xarjze, rom sawyisi birTvis uZraobis

energia metia daSlis Sedegad miRebuli birTvis da α -nawilakis uZraobis energiaTa

jamze. es zedmeti energia nawildeba miRebul birTvsa da α -nawilaks Soris maTi masebis
ukuproporciulad. magram daSlis Sedegad miRebuli birTvi SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara
marto normalur, aramed (erT-erT) agznebul mdgomareobaSic. am SemTxvevaSi zedmeti
energiis nawili xmardeba birTvis agznebas, nawili ki gamoiyofa kinetikuri energiis
saxiT, amitom gamotyorcnili α -nawilakis kinetikuri energia iqneba ufro naklebi. sxva-

dasxva energiis mqone α -nawilakebis jgufebis raodenoba, cxadia, ganisazRvreba birTvis

agznebuli energetikuli doneebis raodenobiT.
birTvis umravlesobisaTvis agznebul mdgomareobaSi yofnis saSualo dro metisme-

tad mcirea da Seadgens 10 −14 -dan 10 −15 -mde wams. am drois gavlis Semdeg birTvi brundeba
normalur an erT-erT ufro naklebad agznebul mdgomareobaSi da gamoasxivebs γ -kvants.

nivTierebaSi gavlisas α -nawilaki, moqmedebs ra Tavisi eleqtruli

veliT atomebsa da molekulebze, iwvevs maT ionizacias. amis Sedegad α -
nawilakis energia TandaTan mcirdeba da bolos igi Cerdeba, ufro zustad.
384
iwyebs qaosur moZraobas. am dros igi miierTebs or eleqtrons (nivTi-
erebaSi myofi Tavisufali eleqtronebidan) da gadaiqceva heliumis atomad.∗
manZils, romelsac gadis α -nawilaki nivTierebaSi gaCerebamde, misi
ganarbeni an S e R w e v i su n ari an o b a ewodeba, xolo ganarbenis manZilze
warmoqmnil ionTa wyvils α -nawilakis ionizaciis unari ewodeba. didi
ionizaciis unari gamo (daaxloebiT 100000 wyvili) α -nawilakis ganarbeni
mcirea. haerSi (normaluri wnevis dros) igi ramodenime santimetris, xolo
siTxeSi da biologiur qsovilSi ~ 10 −2 sm-is tolia. α -nawilaks mTlianad
akavebs (STqanTqavs) qaRaldis furceli, tansacmeli an 0,05 mm sisqis
aluminis kilita.
unda aRiniSnos, rom α -daSla kvantur-meqanikuri efeqtia. amitom misi axsna
klasikuri fizikis saSualebiT ar SeiZleba. marTlac, viciT, rom birTvidan
gamotyorcnili α -nawilakis energia 8 mev-s ar aRemateba, maSin rodesac, rogorc mZime

birTvebze α -nawilakebis gabneviT dadginda, potenciuri jebiris u 0 simaRle,∗∗ romlis

gadalaxvac α -nawilaks uxdeba birTvidan gamosasvlelad, gacilebiT metia (mag. uranis

birTvisaTvis u 0 ≈ 25 mev-s). es winaaRmdegoba martivad aixsneba gvirabuli efeqtiT,

romelic kvantur-meqanikuri efqtia da mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mikronawilaks, romlis
energia potenciuri jebiris simaRleze naklebia, SeuZlia garkveuli albaTobiT `gaZvres~
(`gaiJonos~) jebirSi da aRmoCndes mis gareT.
111.1 suraTze mocemulia sanimuSo saxe potenciuri jebiris anu α -nawilakis
potenciuri energiis damokidebulebisa birTvis centridan daSorebis r manZilze. α -
⎛ 2 ze 2 1 ⎞
nawilakisa da birTvis kulonuri urTierTqmedebis potenciuri energia ⎜⎜W = ~ ⎟⎟
⎝ r r⎠
birTvTan miaxloebisas izrdeba. r ≈ R manZilze (sadac R birTvuli Zalebis moqmedebis
radiusia), moqmedebas iwyebs birTvuli mizidvis Zala. potenciuri energiis zrda wydeba da
misi mniSvneloba, maqsimumis wertilze gavlis Semdeg, swrafad mcirdeba raRac uaryofiT
sididemde birTvis SigniT (birTvuli Zalebi gacilebiT ufro axlomoqmedni arian, vidre
kulonis Zalebi, amitom jebiris Sida gverdi gacilebiT ufro cicaboa, vidre gare).

∗
aRsaniSnavia, rom rezerfordma α -nawilakis bruneba swored msgavsi procesis safuZ-
velze daadgina: radioaqtiuri radoniT 86 Rn ( 222
)
avsebuli minis ampula moaTavsa minisave
WurWelSi, romelSic Seqmnili iyo maRali vakuumi. ramodenime xnis Semdeg WurWelSi
Cndeboda airi, romlis speqtruli analizi uCvenebda, rom igi iyo heliumi. es miuTiTebda,
rom radonis birTvebidan gamoityorcnebodnen α -nawilakebi, romlebic STainTqmebodnen
ampulis kedlebis mier da or-ori eleqtronis mierTebiT gadaiqceodnen heliumis
atomebad. α -nawilakebis dajaxebis Sedegad ampulis kedlebi Tbeboda, rac xels uwyobda
iqidan heliumis atomebis gamoyofas da dagrovebas minis WurWelSi.
∗∗
birTvi α -nawilakisaTvis warmoadgens potenciur jebirs, romlis simaRle izomeba im
muSaobiT, romelic unda Sesruldes kulonuri ganzidvis ZalTa sawinaaRmdegod, raTa α -
nawilaki gadaadgildes usasrulobidan birTvuli Zalebis moqmedebis radiusis Sesabamis
mdebareobamde.
385
 suraTidan Cans, rom α nawilaki, romlis sruli energia (kinetikuri+potenciuri)

E ' < 0 , SeiZleba imyofebodes mxolod birTvSi, potenciuri energiis `ormos~ areSi,
vinaiadan am `ormos~ gareT yvelgan u > E' da,
maSasadame, nawilaks unda hqondes uaryofiTi W
kinetikuri energia, rac SeuZlebelia.
Tu α nawilakis sruli energia aris E , igi

SeiZlena imyofebodes rogorc birTvSi (roca r < r1 ),

ise mis gareT (roca r > r2 ). r -is Sualeduri mniSvne-

lobebi ( r1 -sa da r2 -s Soris) SeuZlebelia, vinaidan

am areSi u > E da kinetikuri energia unda iyos

uaryofiTi. swored am ares ewodeba potenciuri
jebiri (misi sisqe E -s sxvadasxva mniSvnelobebisaT-
vis sxvadasxvaa), romlis daZlevac, gvirabuli efeq-
sur. 111.1
tis gamo, SeuZlia α nawilaks.

β -daSla . neitrino. am dros birTvidan gamoityorcneba β -nawilaki,

romelic warmoadgens (umravles SemTxvevaSi) eleqtrons (β ≡ e)
− 0
−1 an

(xelovnurad radioaqtiuri birTvis SemTxvevaSi) pozitrons (β ≡ e).

+ 0
+1 am
nawilakebis masa 7350-jer naklebia α -nawilakis masaze, xolo muxti
(atomuri erTeulebiT) ∓ 1 -is tolia. rac Seexeba siCqares, imTaviTve iqna
SemCneuli, rom birTvidan gamotyorcnil β -nawilakebs yvelanairi
siCqareebi aqvT _ nulidan TiTqmis sinaTlis siCqaremde. amrigad, α-
gamosxivebisgan gansxvavebiT, β -gamosxivebis energetikuli speqtri uwyvetia
_ icvleba nulidan garkveul Wmaqs mniSvnelobamde, romelic mocemuli

birTvisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. meores mxriv, eqsperimentulad dadginda,

rom mocemuli elementis radioaqtiuri birTvebi β -daSlisas kargaven
savsebiT garkveul, erTi da imave sididis energias (romelic Wmaqs -is

tolia), miRebuli birTvebis energiebic erTnairia∗, amitom gamosxivebuli

β nawilakebis energiebic, unda iyos erTnairi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi
sawyisi birTvis energia ar iqneba toli miRebuli birTvisa da β -nawilakis
energiebis jamisa da dairRveva energiis mudmivobis kanoni _ bunebis es
yvelaze ufro fundamenturi kanoni.

∗
sinamdvileSi, miRebuli birTvebis energiebi SeiZleba mcired gansxvavdebodes
erTmaneTisagan, vinaidan aqac, iseve rogorc α -daSlis dros, axladwarmoqmnili birTvi
SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara marto normaluri, aramed erT-erT agznebul mdgomareobaSic.
386
 am winaaRmdegobis dasaZlevad 1931 wels Sveicarielma fizikosma
paulim gamoTqva hipoTeza, rom β -daSlis dros birTvebidan, β nawilakTan
erTad gamosxivdeba kidev erTi, uaRresad msubuqi (m0 ≈ 0) da umuxto

nawilaki, romelsac miaqvs β -nawilakis energiis danaklisi. am nawilaks

0
fermim neitrino uwoda, rac patara neitrons niSnavs (misi aRniSvnaa 0 v ).

β -nawilaksa da neitrinos erTad birTvidan miaqvT yovelTvis erTi da igi-

ve energia. magram β -daSlis sxvadasxva aqtSi es energia sxvadasxvanairad
nawildeba β -nawilaksa da neitrinos Soris, riTac aixsneba β -gamosxivebis
uwyveti speqtri. SemdegSi dadginda, rom neitrino birTvidan gamosxivdeba
mxolod β + -daSlis (anu pozitronuli daSlis) dros. β − -daSlis (anu
eleqtronuli daSlis) dros ki birTvidan gamoityorcneba neitrinos
⎛ ~ ⎞
oreuli anu antinawilaki, romelsac antineitrino ⎜⎜ 0 v 0 ⎟⎟ ewodeba. rogorc
⎝ ⎠
1
neitrinos, aseve antineitrinos spini -is tolia (gansxvavdebian isini
2
mxolod spinis orientaciiT impulsis mimarT). uaRresad mcire masisa da
neitralurobis gamo neitrino nivTierebasTan metismetad sustad
urTierTqmedebs,∗ amitom misi eqsperimentuli dakvirveba did siZnelesTan
aris dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad amisa, 1956 wels, aSS-Si neitrino
eqsperimentulad iqna aRmoCenili.
kidev erTi siZnele, romelic Tan axlda β -daSlis axsnas, mdgomare-
obda imaSi, rom am dros birTvidan gamoityorcneba eleqtronebi an pozit-
ronebi, e.i. nawilakebi, romlebic birTvSi ar arian. saidan Cndebian isini?
aRmoCnda, rom β -daSlis dros eleqtroni Cndeba birTvSi neitronis
gardaqmnis (da ara daSlis) Sedegad protonad da eleqtronad. es gardaqmna
mimdinareobs Semdegi sqemiT:
0~
1
0 n→ +11 p + −10 e+ 0 v
radganac neitronis masa metia protonisaze, aseTi gardaqmna
energetikulad dasaSvebia ara marto birTvSi myofi, aramed Tavisufali
neitronisaTvis, rac rogorc 107-e paragrafSi iyo aRniSnuli, ganapirobebs
Tavisufali neitronis radioaqtiurobas.

∗
dedamiwis sferos sisqe neitrinosaTvis araviTar dabrkolebas ar warmoadgens. rkinaSic
ki misi Tavisufali ganarbeni Seadgens ~ 1014 km-s (!).
387
 β + -daSlis dros pozitroni Cndeba imis Sedegad, rom birTvSi
protoni gardaiqmneba neitronad da pozitronad Semdegi sqemiT:
p→ 01 n+ +10 e+ 00 v .
1
+1
Tavisufali protonisaTvis aseTi gardaqmna SeuZlebelia
energetikuli TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan protonis masa naklebia neitronis
masaze. birTvSi aseTi gardaqmna xdeba imis xarjze, rom protoni amisaTvis
saWiro energias iZens (sesxulobs) sxva nuklonebisagan.
β -daSlas miakuTvneben agreTve birTvis radioaqtiur gardaqmnas,
romelsac eleqtronuli CaWera ewodeba da mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
birTvi STanTqavs (`CaiWers~) erT-erT eleqtrons atomis eleqtronuli
Sridan, ris Sedegadac erT-erTi protoni gardaiqmneba neitronad da
gamosxivdeba neitrino.
p + −10 e→ 01 n+ 00 v .
1
+1
CaWerili eleqtronis mier ganTavisuflebul adgils ikavebs sxva
eleqtroni ufro maRalenergetikuli Sridan, rasac Tan axlavs rentgenis
maxasiaTebeli gamosxiveba. swored rentgenis gamosxivebis saSualebiT iqna
aRmoCenili β -daSlis es saxe.
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, β -daSlis nebismieri saxis dros adgili
aqvs birTvSi protonisa da neitronis urTierTgardaqmnebs, rac iwvevs maTi
ricxvis cvlilebas. amitom es daSla mimdinareobs iseT birTvebSi, romel-
Ta aramdgradoba gamowveulia masSi protonebisa da neitronebis ricxvis
araxelsayreli SefardebiT (§109). aseTi araxelsayreli Tanafardoba SeiZ-
leba arsebobdes bunebrivadac da miRebul iqnas xelovnuradac rogorc
mZime, aseve msubuq birTvebSi. amitom, α -daSlisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic
axasiaTebs mxolod mZime (didi Z -is mqone) izotopebs, β -aqtivoba damaxasi-
aTebelia perioduli sistemis nebismieri aramdgradi izotopisaTvis.
iseve, rogorc α -daSlis dros, β -daSlis drosac warmoqmnili bir-
Tvi SeiZleba aRmoCndes ara marto normalur, aramed erT-erT agznebul
mdgomareobaSic. normalur, an erT-erT ufro naklebad agznebul mdgomare-
obaSi dabrunebisas birTvi gamoasxivebs γ -kvants. amitom, β -daSlas,
rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs γ -gamosxiveba.
imis gamo, rom β -nawilaks aqvs mcire masa da erTi elementaruli
muxti, misi maionebeli moqmedeba saSualod 100-jer naklebi, xolo ganarbe-
ni amdenjerve metia, vidre α -nawilakisa. mag., 2 mev energiis β -nawilakis
ganarbeni haerSi (normaluri wnevis dros) daaxloebiT 8 m-ia, siTxeSi da
388
biologiur qsovilSi ~10 mm, aluminSi ~3 mm da a.S. amitom, β -sxivebisagan
aucilebelia dacva. amisaTvis gamoiyeneba liTonebis, tyviagareuli minis,
plastmasebis ekranebi da sxva.
β -nawilakis mcire masa ganapirobebs agreTve imas, rom isini Zlier
ganibnevian nivTierebis eleqtronebis mier. amitom, α -nawilakisagan
gansxvavebiT, β -nawilakis traeqtoria nivTierebaSi mrudwirulia.
nivTierebaSi β -nawilakebis energiis kargvis erT-erTi mizezia
agreTve maTi damuxruWebis dros rentgenis sxivebis gamosxiveba. aseTi
gamosxiveba unda axasiaTebdeT α -nawilakebsac, magram maTi didi masis gamo
es efeqti umniSvneloa (energiis kargva masis kvadratis ukuproporciulia).

§112. radioaqtiuri gadanacvlebis wesebi

eqsperimentulad dadgenil iqna, rom α -da β -daSlis dros inaxeba

rogorc eleqtruli muxti, aseve masuri ricxvi. amis safuZvelze germanel-
ma mecnierma faiansma da ingliselma sodim 1913 wels Camoayalibes e.w.
g a d a n a c v l e b i s w e seb i; romelTa saSualebiTac ganisazRvreba α -da β -
daSlis dros miRebuli axali elementis rogorc Z muxtis ricxvi (e.i. ri-
giTi nomeri periodul sistemaSi), aseve A masuri ricxvi (e.i. protonebisa
da neitronebis jamuri ricxvi).
marTlac, α -daSlis dros birTvidan gamoityorcneba heliumis atom-
birTvi, ris gamoc birTvis muxti mcir-
deba ori erTeuliT, xolo masa _ oT-
xiT. amis Sedegad elementi gadainacv-
lebs perioduli sistemis dasawyisisa-
ken ori ujriT. simbolurad es Semdeg-
nairad Caiwereba:
X →24He+ ZA −−42Y ,
A
Z (112.1)
sadac X aris sawyisi birTvis qimiuri
simbolo, xolo Y _ daSlis Sedegad
miRebulisa. (112.1) gamosaxavs gadanacv-
lebis wess α -daSlis dros.
α -daSlis magaliTia radiumis
gardaqmna radonad:
226
88 Ra→ 24 He+ 222
86 Rn .

389
 eleqtronuli β -daSlis dros birTvidan gamoityorcneba eleqtroni.
amis Sedegad birTvis muxti izrdeba erTi erTeuliT (neitronis protonad
gardaqmnis gamo), e.i. elementi gadainacvlebs erTi ujriT perioduli sis-
temis bolosaken, xolo masa TiTqmis ar mcirdeba. amitom, gadanacvlebis
wess am SemTxvevaSi eqneba saxe:
X → −10 e+ Z +A1Y . A
Z
Cven ukve viciT, rom eleqtronuli β -daSlis dros birTvidan eleq-
tronTan erTad erTad gamoityorcneba antineitrino, amitom am saxis
daSlis birTvuli reaqcia simbolurad Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
0~
X → −10 e+ Z +A1Y + 0 v .
A
Z
eleqtronuli β -daSlis magaliTia kaliumis izotopis gardaqmna kalci-
umad:
0~
K → e+ Ca + 0 v . 40
19
0
−1
40
20
cxadia, rom pozitronuli β -daSlis reaqcias eqneba Semdegi saxe:
A
Z X → +10 e+ Z −A1Y + 00 v ,

romlis magaliTia azotis gardaqmna naxSirbadad∗

13
7 N → +10 e + 13
6 C+0 v ,
0

xolo eleqtronuli CaWeris birTvul reaqcias Semdegi saxe:

A
Z X + −10 e→ Z −A1Y + 00 v ,
romlis magaliTia beriliumis gardaqmna liTiumad;
7
4 Be+ −10 e → 37 Li + 00 v .

dasasrul, SevniSnoT, rom radioaqtiuri daSlis Sedegad miRebuli birTvic

SeiZleba aramdgradi aRmoCndes. maSin, cxadia, isic daiSleba. Tu miRebuli birTvi kvlav
aramdgradia, isic daiSleba da a.S. es procesi gagrZeldeba manam, sanam ar miiReba
romelime mdgradi (stabiluri) atombirTvi.
mocemuli radioaqtiuri atombirTvis daSlis Sedegad miRebul elementTa mwkrivs
r a d i o a q t i u r i o j a x i ewodeba.
cnobilia oTxi radioaqtiuri ojaxi, romlebic iwodeba pirveladi elementebis
mixedviT.
238 206
1. uranis ojaxi. iwyeba 92U -iT da mTavrdeba 82 Pb tyviis stabiluri izotopiT.
235
2. aqtiniumis ojaxi. iwyeba 92U -iT (romelsac aqtinouransac uwodeben da aRniSnaven
207
AcU -iT) da mTavrdeba 82 Pb tyviis stabiluri izotopiT.

∗
azotis radioaqtiuri izotopi xelovnurad miiRes iren da frederik Jolio-kiurebma α-
nawilakebiT boris dabombvis Sedegad:
10
5 B + He→ N + n .
4
2
13
7
1
0
390
 232 208
3. Toriumis ojaxi. iwyeba 90 Th da mTavrdeba 82 Pb tyviis stabiluri izotopiT.
237
4. neptuniumis ojaxi. iwyeba transuranuli elementiT neptuniumiT 93 Np (romelic
209
bunebaSi ar arsebobs da miiReba xelovnurad) da mTavrdeba 83 Bi bismutis

stabiluri izotopiT.
112.1 suraTze mocemulia Toriumis ojaxis aqema.

§113. γ -gamosxiveba

γ -gamosxiveba warmoadgens metad mokle sigrZis ( ~ 10 −12 m) eleqtromag-

nitur talRas. talRis sigrZis simciris mixedviT γ -gamosxivebas ukanaskne-
li adgili ukavia eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis skalaze rentgenis gamo-
sxivebis Semdeg.
γ -gamosxiveba ar aris radiaqtiuri gamosxivebis damoukidebeli saxe.
es gamosxiveba, rogorc wesi, Tan axlavs α -da β -daSlas da Sedegia imisa,
rom am radioaqtiuri gardaqmnebis dros miRebuli axali birTvi SeiZleba
aRmoCndes ara marto normalur, aramed agznebul mdgomareobaSic. agzne-
bul mdgomareobaSi birTvis yofnis dro metismetad mcirea _ 10 −14 − 10 −15 wm
(gacilebiT naklebi atomis agznebul mdgomareobaSi yofnis droze, rome-
lic ≈ 10 −8 wm)∗. am drois gasvlis Semdeg birTvi gadadis normalur an erT-
erT naklebad agznebul mdgomareobaSi da Warb energias gamoasxivebs γ -
kvantis saxiT.
agznebuli birTvis normalur (an naklebad agznebul) mdgomareobaSi
gadasvlis sxva gzac arsebobs, romelsac S inag ani ko nver sia ewodeba; am
SemTxvevaSi agznebuli birTvi Warb energias uSualod ( γ kvantis winaswari
gamosxivebis gareSe) gadascems atomis erT-erT eleqtrons K , L an M Sre-
ze. ris Sedegadac es eleqtroni gamoityorcneba atomidan. am eleqtronebs,
romlebic warmoaiqmnebian aseTi Sigaatomuri fotoefeqtis Sedegad, konver-
sirebuli eleqtronebi an konversiis eleqtronebi ewodeba. Sinagani
konversiis Sedegad warmoqmnil vakantur adgils ikavebs ufro maRal ener-
getikul doneze myofi eleqtroni, amitom am process yovelTvis Tan ax-
lavs rentgenis maxasiaTebeli gamosxiveba.

∗
arsebobs e.w. izomeruli birTvebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT agznebul mdgomareobaSi yofna
Zalian didi drois ganmavlobaSi (saaTebi, dReebi da wlebic ki).
391
 γ -gamosxiveba bevr rameSi hgavs rentgenis maxasiaTebel gamosxivebas _ orive war-
moadgens metad mokle sigrZis eleqtromagnitur talRas, aqvT nivTierebaSi SeRwevis didi
unari da sxv. magram gansxvavdeba isini warmoqmnis meqanizmiT. rentgenis maxasiaTebeli
gamosxiveba warmoiqmneba atomis eleqtronis erTi energetikuli mdgomareobidan meoreSi
gadasvlis Sedegad, γ -gamosxiveba ki _ birTvis erTi energetikuli mdgomareobidan meore-
Si gadasvlis Sedegad. radgan γ -kvantebs TviT birTvi gamoasxivebs, amitom γ -gamosxivebis
energetikuli speqtris Seswavlas mdidari informaciis mocema SeuZlia birTvis Sesaxeb.

radioaqtiuli γ -gamosxivebis speqtri, α -gamosxivebis msgavsad, dis-

kretulia. es mtkicdeba Sinagani konversiis movlenis SeswavliT. marTlac,
ainStainis gantolebas fotoefeqtisaTvis am SemTxvevaSi aqvs saxe:
hv = An + Tn , (113.1)

sadac hv aris γ -kvantis energia, Tn _ konversirebuli eleqtronis energia,

xolo An _ atomis n -uri Sridan eleqtronis amotyorcnaze Sesrulebuli

muSaoba, rac ricxobrivad am Sreze eleqtronis energiis tolia. am energi-
aTa sidide kargadaa cnobili rentgenis maxasiaTebeli speqtris Seswavlidan.
eleqtronTa amotyorcna SeiZleba moxdes atomis K , L, M Sreebidan.
amitom Sesabamisi konversirebuli eleqtronebis energiebi iqneba:
TK = hv − AK ; TL = hv − AL ; TM = hv − AM ; da a.S.
konversirebuli eleqtronebis energiebis gazomva da An sidideTa zusti
codna saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT, rom γ -gamosxivebis energetikuli
speqtri marTlac diskretulia. aqedan gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom TviT
atombirTvebi SeiZleba imyofebodnen mxolod garkveul diskretul
energetikul mdgomareobebSi.
am mosazrebaTa safuZvelze γ -kvantis energia SeiZleba Semdegnairad
Caiweros:
hvik = Wi − Wk .

sadac vik birTvis Wi energetikuli mdgomareobidan Wk -Si gadasvlis Sede-

gad gamosxivebuli γ -kvantis sixSirea. γ -kvantis energiis gazomva gviCve-
nebs, rom sxvaoba Wi − Wk umetes SemTxvevaSi 0,1 mev-is rigisaa. es bevrad
aRemateba atomSi uaxloes eleqtronul doneTa sxvaobas, romelic ramode-
nime eleqtronvoltis rigisaa.
γ -kvantebis didi energia da neitraloba ganapirobebs maT did SeRwe-
visunarianobas (romelic ufro metia, vidre rentgenis sxivebisa). sxvadasxva
nivTierebaSi γ fotonebis ganarbeni daaxloebiT 100-jer metia, vidre imave

392
energiis β -nawilakisa da Seadgens haerSi ramdenime aseul metrs, biologi-
ur qsovilSi ramdenime aTeul santimetrs ( γ -sxivebi Tavisuflad gadis
adamianis sxeulSi), xolo tyviaSi ramdenime santimetrs. amitom biologiu-
ri dacva γ -sxivebisagan ufro Znelia, vidre β -sxivebisagan. γ -sxivebisagan
dasacavad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes wylis, miwis, betonis sqeli fenebi,
tyviis firfita ( ~ 10 sm sisqis) da sxva.
neitralurobis gamo γ -fotonebis pirveladi maionebeli unari mcirea
_ ramodenime wyvili ioni 1 sm sigrZeze. magram meoradi ionizaciis gaTva-
liswinebiT γ -sxivebiT gamowveuli sruli ionizaciis efeqti SeiZleba sak-
maod mniSvnelovani iyos.
γ -sxivebis STanTqma nivTierebaSi ganpirobebulia ZiriTadad sami pro-
cesiT∗: fotoefeqtiT, komptonis efeqtiT da eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvi-
lebis warmoqmniT (rentgenis sxivebisaTvis, SedarebiT mcire energiis gamo,
mesame procesi damaxasiaTebeli ar aris).
fotoefeqtis dros γ -fotoni mTlianad gadascems Tavis energias
atomis eleqtrons,∗∗ ris Sedegadac es ukanaskneli amoityorcneba atomidan.
komptonis efeqtis dros fotoni Tavisi energiis mxolod nawils ga-
dascems Tavisufal an savalento eleqtrons da icvlis moZraobis mimarTu-
lebas anu ganibneva.∗∗∗
eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvilis warmoqmnis dros γ -fotoni atombir-
TvTan urTierTqmedebis dros gardaiqmneba eleqtronad da pozitronad,
atombirTvi ki ganicdis ukucemas.∗∗∗∗
γ -sxivebis nivTierebasTan urTierTqmedebis ama Tu im procesis alba-
Toba damokidebulia γ -kvantis energiaze: mcire energiebis dros adgili
aqvs fotoefeqts, Sualeduri energiebis dros komptonis efeqts, xolo
didi energiebis dros eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvilebis warmoqmnas. ener-
giis sasazRvro mniSvnelobebi damokidebulia nivTierebis gvarobaze. maga-

∗
didi energiis mqone γ -kvants SeuZlia gamoiwvios fotobirTvuli reaqciac.
∗∗
fotoefeqtis procesi Tavisufal eleqtronze SeuZlebelia, vinaidan es iwvevs energiisa
da impulsis mudmivobis kanonebis Seusabamobas.
∗∗∗
gabneuli fotonis sixSire cxadia, naklebia dacemulisaze. amiT gansxvavdeba
komptoniseuli gabneva koherentuli gabnevisagan, romlis drosac sixSire ar icvleba.
∗∗∗∗
aseTi gardaqmnisaTvis cxadia, aucilebelia, rom γ -fotonis energia ar iyos naklebi
eleqtronisa da pozitronis uZraobis energiaTa jamze (1,02 mev). magram miuxedavad
energiis sididisa, Tavisufali fotoni ver gardaiqmneba eleqtron-pozitronul wyvilad,
vinaidan impulsis mudmivobis kanoni moiTxovs, rom am gardaqmnaSi monawileobdes kidev
erTi nawilaki (am SemTxvevaSi birTvi).
393
liTad, aluminSi fotoefeqts adgili aqvs, roca kvantis energia naklebia
0,05 mev-ze, xolo eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvilis warmoqmnas, roca γ-
kvantis energia metia 15 mev-ze. tyviisaTvis es cifrebi Sesabamisad tolia
0,5 da 5 mev-is.
γ -sxivebis sTanTqma nivTierebaSi aiwereba bugeris eqsponencialuri
kanoniT:
I = I 0 e − λx .
sadac x mSTanTqmeli fenis sisqea, xolo λ _ STanTqmis wrfivi
koeficienti, romelic warmoadgens STanTqmis zemoT ganxiluli sami
procesis Sesabamis koeficientTa jams:
λ = λf + λk + λe p .
unda aRiniSnos, rom bugeris kanoni sruldeba miaxloebiT, gansakuT-
rebiT didi energiebis γ -kvantebis SemTxvevaSi. es aixsneba meoreuli pro-
cesebiT, romelTac aqvs adgili γ -sxivebis nivTierebasTan urTierTqmedebis
dros. magaliTad, didi energiis eleqtronebi da pozitronebi damuxruWebi-
sa da anihilaciis Sedegad warmoqmnian axal γ -kvantebs. anihilacia (gaqro-
ba) eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvilis warmoqmnis Sebrunebuli procesia, rom-
lis drosac eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvili gardaiqmneba or γ -fotonad.∗
eleqtron-pozitronuli wyvilis gaCenisa da anhilaciis movlenebis
dadgenas didi principuli mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierebisaTvis: isini
miuTiTeben eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis nivTier nawilakebad da piriqiT
gardaqmnebis SesaZleblobas da gamosaxaven materiis formebis erTian
bunebasa da cvalebadobas.
γ -sxivebis did SeRwevisunarianobaze dafuZnebulia γ -defeqtoskopia.
ase ewodeba γ -sxivebis saSualebiT sxvadasxva nakeTobebSi defeqtebis
aRmoCenis meTods, romelsac safuZvlad udevs nakeTobaSi gasuli γ-
sxivebis intensivobis damokidebuleba nakeTobis Sedgenilobaze, sisqeze,
simkvriveze da sxva Tvisebebze. Tu magaliTad, nakeToba moculobaSi
Seicavs fuWvilas an bzars, fotofiri, romelzedac ecema nakeTobaSi
gasuli γ -sxivebi, gamJRavnebis Semdeg mogvcems Sav laqas, romelic zustad
imeorebs fuWvilas an bzaris formas.

∗
ori γ -kvantis gaCena nakarnaxevia impulsis mudmivobis kanoniT.
394
 §114. radioaqtiuri daSlis ZiriTadi kanoni. aqtivoba

cda gviCvenebs, rom birTvis radioaqtiuri daSla misi Tvisebebis

TandaTanobiTi Secvlis (evoluciis) Sedegi ki aris, aramed sruliad
SemTxveviTi procesia.∗ amitom, SeuZlebelia winaswar ganisazRvros Tu
rodis daiSleba mocemuli birTvi, magram birTvebis didi
erTobliobisaTvis SeiZleba Sefasdes daSlis albaToba da miviRoT
statistikuri kanoni, romelic gamosaxavs mocemuli nivTierebis dauSleli
birTvebis damokidebulebas droze. gamoviyvanoT es kanoni:
vTqvaT, sawyis momentSi (t = 0 ) radioaqtiuri birTvebis ricxvi iyo N 0 ,
xolo t wamis Semdeg gaxda N . usasrulod mcire dt droSi ( t -dan t + dt
intervalSi) daSlili birTvebis raodenoba aRvniSnoT dN -iT. radganac
birTvebis daSla mimdinareobs spontanurad da, maSasadame, isini
radioaqtiur gardaqmnebs ganicdian erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, cxadia
rom dN prporciuli iqneba rogorc N is, aseve dt -si:
dN ~ Ndt
an
− dN = λNdt (114.1)
niSani minusi daiwera imis gamo, rom dN unda iyos uaryofiTi, vinaidan
dauSleli birTvebis raodenoba drois mixedviT mcirdeba. λ
proporciulobis koeficients ewodeba daSlis mudmiva. (114.1)-dan, Tu
davuSvebT rom dt = 1 ,
dN
λ=−
.
N
maSasadame, daSlis mudmiva gviCvenebs, Tu mocemuli birTvebis ra nawili
iSleba drois erTeulSi anu axasiaTebs (gansazRvravs) birTvis daSlis
albaTobas drois erTeulSi. igi ar aris damokidebuli gareSe pirobebze.
ganisazRvreba birTvis Sinagani TvisebebiT da maSasadame, mocemuli sortis
birTvebisaTvis mudmivia.
(114.1)-dan

∗
marTlac, sxvadasxva radioaqtiuri nivTierebis aqtivobaze dakvirvebisas dadginda, rom
drois nebismier intervalSi iSleba mocemuli radioaqtiuri birTvebis erTi da igive
nawili, maSasadame, daSlis siCqare drois mixedviT ar icvleba. es metad mniSvnelovani
faqtia, romelic miuTiTebs, rom radioaqtiuri birTvis Tvisebebi drois mixedviT ar
icvleba (mag., uranis birTvi, romelic dRes daiSala, arafriT ar gansxvavdeba imisgan,
romelic xval an milioni wlis Semdeg daiSleba), e.i. birTvebi `ar berdebian~, maTTvis ar
arsebobs xnovanebis cneba. birTvis daSla es aris `sikvdili ara siberis, aramed ubeduri
SemTxvevis gamo~. amitom, Cven ar SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT, Tu rodis daiSleba esa
Tu is birTvi.
395
 dN
= −λdt .
N
N t
dN
∫N N = −λ ∫0 dt ,
0

N
ln = e −λ t
N0
da
N = N 0 e −λ t . (114.2)
(114.2) gamosaxavs radioaqtiuri daSlis ZirTad kanons. igi gviCvenebs, rom
dauSleli birTvebis raodenoba drois mixedviT eqsponencialurad mcir-
deba. es niSnavs, rom mocemuli radioaqtiuri preparatis mTliani daSla
(N → 0) Teoriulad grZeldeba usasrulod didi drois ganmavlobaSi
(t → ∞ ) . amitom, praqtikulad, radioaqtiuri daSlis siswrafes axasiaTeben
naxe vard aSlis per iodiT (T ) . ase ewodeba dros, romlis ganmavlobaSic
iSleba mocemuli birTvebis naxevari (sur. 114.1). ganmartebidan gamomdinare-
N0
obs, rom Tu (114.2)-Si t = T , maSin N = :
2
N0
= N 0 e −λ T ,
2
saidanac
2 = e λ T , ln 2 = λ T
da
ln 2 0,693
T= = . (114.3)
λ λ
sxvadasxva radioaqtiuri bir-
sur. 114.1
TvebsaTvis naxevraddaSlis periodi ic-
vleba metismetad farTo sazRvrebSi _ 3 ⋅ 10 −7 wm-dan 5 ⋅ 1015 wlamde. dedamiwa-
ze, misi arsebobis miliardi wlebis ganmavlobaSi (dedamiwis asaki = 3 ⋅ 10 9
wels) SemorCnen mxolod `dRegrZeli~ radioaqtiuri elementebi, rogore-
bicaa mag., urani ( U ; T = 4,9 ⋅ 10 9 wels
239
92 ) da Toriumi ( Th; T = 1,4 ⋅ 1010 wels .
232
90 )
transuranuli elementi neptuniumi ( 237
93 )
Np; T = 2,2 ⋅ 10 6 wels , romelic erT-
erTi radioaqtiuri ojaxis `mamamTavaria~, dedamiwaze bunebrivi saxiT aRar
moipoveba, radgan igi ukve mTlianad daiSala. misi miReba xdeba
xelovnurad, birTvuli reaqciebis saSualebiT.

396
 naxevardaSlis periodis garda radioaqtiuri nivTierebis (birTvebis)
daSlis siswrafes axasiaTeben agreTve τ sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivo-
biT (droiT, warmoqmnis momentidan daSlis momentamde). vipovoT misi sidi-
de. t -dan t + dt droSi daSlili birTvebis raodenoba dN = λNdt . am birTve-
bidan TiToeulis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba aris t , amitom yvela dN
birTvis jamuri sicocxlis xangrZlivoba iqneba tdN = tλNdt = λ ⋅ tN 0 e − λ t dt
(114.4). Tavdapirvelad arsebuli yvela birTvis jamuri sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba miiReba (114.4)-is integrebiT yvela SesaZlo sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis mixedviT, e.i. 0-dan ∞ -mde. am integralis gayofa N 0 -ze
mogvcems birTvis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobas:
∞ ∞
1 1
τ= ∫
N0 0
tλN 0 e −λ t dt = ∫ tλ0 e −λ t dt = .
0
λ
(integralis amoxsna xdeba x=λt cvladis SemoyvaniT da nawil-nawil
1 T
integrebiT). magram (114.3)-is Tanaxmad = ≈ 1,44T . amitom
λ 0,693
1
τ= ≈ 1,44T .
λ
radioaqtiur preparatTan muSaobisas mniSvnelovania vicodeT, Tu ra
raodenobis nawilakebi an γ -kvantebi gamoityorcneba misgan wamSi. es
raodenoba, cxadia, prporciulia wamSi daSlili birTvebis raodenobisa

⎛ dN ⎞
anu daSlis siCqarisa ⎜ ⎟ . amitom, daSlis siCqare, romelsac aqt ivo ba
⎝ dt ⎠
( A) ewodeba, radioaqtiuri preparatis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia.
ganmartebis Tanaxmad aqtivoba
dN
A=− .
dt
niSani minusi aq imasve niSnavs, rasac (114.1)-Si. (114 1-3)-is gamoyenebiT
Semdegi damokidebulebebi miiReba aqtivobisaTvis:
dN
A=− = λN = λN 0 e − λ t ; (114.4)
dt
N
A= ln 2 . (114.5)
T
amrigad, radioaqtiuri preparatis aqtivoba miT metia, rac metia masSi
radioaqtiuri birTvebis raodenoba da naklebia daSlis naxevarperiodi;
aqtivoba drois mixedviT eqsponencialurad mcirdeba.

397
 aqtivobis erTeulad SI sistemaSi miRebulia wami minus erT xarisxad
(wm-1). es iseTi preparatis aqtivobaa, romelSic wamSi xdeba erTi daSla. am
erTeuls bekereli (bk) ewodeba. dadgenilia, rom preparati romlis
aqtivoba 400 bekerelamdea, saSiSi ar aris organizmisaTvis. roca A > 10 3 ,
aucilebelia gamafrTxilebeli zomebis miReba, xolo roca A > 10 7 bk
(`cxel kamerebSi~) _ saWiroa gansakuTrebuli sifrTxile.
unda aRiniSnos, rom radioaqtiuri izotopebis masebi, romlebic
gamoiyeneba praqtikaSi, metismetad mcirea. mag., masa radioaqtiuri iodisa
131
53 I , romlis aqtivoba 107bk, daaxloebiT 10-8 gramia.
farTod gamoiyeneba aqtivobis sistemgareSe erTeuli, romelsac k i u r i ewodeba.
k i u r i 1 g r a d i u m i s a q t i v o b a a , e.i. tolia daSlaTa im ricxvisa, romelic xdeba 1 g
radiumSi 1 wm-Si. daSlaTa am ricxvs advilad gamoviTvliT radiumis naxevardaSlis

NA
periodis saSualebiT ( T = 1590 wels). marTlac atomTa ricxvi 1 g radiumSi N = ,
M
sadac N A -avogadros ricxvia, xolo M - radiumis molis masa, CavsvaT mniSvnelobebi:

6,023 ⋅ 10 23 moli −1
N= ≈ 2,67 ⋅ 10 21 g −1 .
226 g moli
maSin, 1 g radiumis aqtivoba.

0,698 0,693 ⋅ 2,67 ⋅ 10 21

A = λN = N= ≈ 3,7 ⋅ 1010 .bk.
T 1590 ⋅ 367 ⋅ 24 ⋅ 3600
amitom, k i u r i ganimarteba rogorc iseTi radioaqtiuri preparatis

aqtivoba, romelSic wamSi xdeba 3,7 ⋅1010 d a S l a .

§115. atombirTvis bmis energia da masis defeqti

viciT (§109), rom nuklonebi birTvSi mtkiced arian dakavSirebulni

metad Zlieri birTvuli ZalebiT. am kavSirebis dasarRvevad, e.i. Semadgenel
nuklonebad birTvis dasaSlelad, garkveuli energiis daxarjvaa saWiro.
e n e rg ia s , r o m e l ic sa W i r oa b irTv is d a saSlel ad Sema d-
ge nel nuklone bad, birTvis bmis energ ia ewode ba. cxadia, rom bmis
energia udris im energias, romelic gamoiyofa calkeuli nuklonebisagan
birTvis warmoqmnisas. bmis energias advilad gamoviTvliT, Tu gamoviyenebT
energiis mudmivobis kanons da ainStainis mier dadgenil kavSirs masasa da
energias Soris.

398
 marTlac, ganvixiloT ori protonisa da ori neitronisagan Sedge-
nili sistema. am sistemis energia, roca nuklonebi SekavSirebulni arian
birTvuli ZalebiT (heliumis birTvi, sur. 115.1,a) aRvniSnoT E1 -iT, xolo
roca isini gancalkevebulni arian (sur. 115.1,b) _ E 2 -iT. cxadia, rom E 2 > E1 ,
vinaidan pirveli mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasayvanad saWiroa Sesruldes
muSaoba, romelic birTvis bmis energiis tolia. Tu am energias aRvniSnavT
ΔE -iT, maSin energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad:
ΔE = E 2 − E1 .
meore mxriv, ainStainis
fardobiTobis Teoriidan cnobi-
lia, rom sistemis energia pro-
porciulia misi masisa. maSasada-
me,
E1 = m1c 2 da E 2 = m2 c 2 ,

sadac m1 aris birTvis masa, m 2 _

gancalkevebuli nuklonebis masaTa jami, xolo c _ sinaTlis siCqare. rad-
gan E 2 > E1 , amitom m2 > m1 maSasadame, birTvis masa naklebia Semadgeneli
nuklonebis masaTa jamze Δm = m2 − m1 sididiT; amboben, rom arsebobs m a sis
defeqti . kerZod, heliumis birTvis masa 0,75%-iT naklebia ori protonisa
da ori neitronis masaTa jamze. Sesabamisad, erTi moli heliumisaTvis
masis defeqti Δm = 0,03 g.
cxadia, rom bmis energia
ΔE = Δm ⋅ c 2 . (115.1)
amJamad, mas-speqtroskopis saSualebiT didi sizustiTaa
gansazRvruli yvela birTvis masa. cnobilia nuklonTa masebic. maSasadame,
SeiZleba ganisazRvros masis defeqti da (115.1) formuliT gamoiTvalos
nebismieri birTvis bmis energia. gamoTvlebi gviCvenebs, rom bmis energia
izrdeba masuri ricxvis zrdasTan erTad da magaliTad heliumisaTvis
( 4
2 He ) Seadgens daaxloebiT 28,3 mev-s, xolo uranisaTvis ( 238
U
92 ) _ 1800 mev-s.
zogad formulas, romlis saSualebiTac gamoiTvleba nebismieri
birTvis bmis energia misi masis defeqtis saSualebiT, cxadia, aqvs saxe:
[ ]
ΔE = c 2 (Zm p + ( A − Z )mn ) − mb jouli

an, vinaidan c 2 ⋅ 1 mae = 931 mev-s.

399
 [ ]
ΔE = 931 (Zm p + ( A − Z )mn ) − mb mev.

Tu ΔE > 0 , birTvi stabiluria (cakleul nuklonebad mis dasaSlelad

saWiroa garedan energiis miwodeba). Tu ΔE < 0 , birTvi arastabiluria
(iSleba TavisTavad anu spontanurad).
birTvis mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels, romlis saSualebiTac
SesaZlebelia sxvadascva birTvebis simtkicis (mdgradobis) Sedareba,
warmoadgens bmis kuTri energia anu bmis energia, romelic modis erT
nuklonze. igi tolia bmis energiis fardobisa nuklonebis ricxvTan:
ΔE
ε= ;
A
rac ufro metia ε , e.i. rac ufro didi energiaa saWiro misgan
nuklonis amosaglejad, miT ufro mtkicea birTvi.
115.2 suraTze mocemulia ε bmis kuTri energiis A masur ricxvze
damokidebulebis grafiki. grafiks aqvs sustad gamosaxuli maqsimumi.
maqsimaluri bmis kuTri energia (8,6 mev) aqvT elementebs, romelTa masuri
ricxvi 50-dan 60-mdea (rkina da rigiTi nomriT masTan axlo myofi
elementebi). am elementebis birTvebi yvelaze metad mtkicea.
grafikis aseTi saxe miuTiTebs, rom principulad SesaZlebelia
energetikulad xelsayreli birTvuli reaqciebis ori tipi: mZime birTvebis
gayofa da msubuqi birTvebis SeerTeba. marTlac, energia maSin gamoiyofa,
roca sistema gadadis meti energiis mdgomareobidan naklebi energiis
mdgomareobaSi anu naklebi bmis energiis mdgomareobidan meti bmis energiis
mdgomareobaSi. pirveli tipis reaqcia xorciledeba, magaliTad, uranis
birTvis gayofisas, meore _ deiteriumisa da tritiumis SeerTebisas.

msubuqi birTvebisaTvis bmis

ε
kuTri energiis Semcireba aixsneba
zedapiruli efeqtiT: birTvuli Zale-
bis axloqmedebis gamo, zedapirze
myofi nuklonebi urTierTqmedeben
naklebi raodenobis mezobel nuklo-
nebTan, vidre birTvis SigniT myofi
nuklonebi. amis gamo nuklonis bmis
energia zedapirze ufro naklebia,
vidre birTvis SigniT. birTvis zomis
Semcirebisas izrdeba zedapirze mo-
suli nuklonebis wili, rac iwvevs
bmis kuTri energiis Semcirebas.
sur. 115.2
400
 mZime birTvebisaTvis bmis kuTri energiis Semcireba imiT aixsneba, rom Z -is
zrdasTan erTad izrdeba protonebis kulonuri ganzidvis energia kulonuri Zalebi
cdiloben birTvis gaxleCas.

§116. birTvuli reaqciebi

birTvuli reaqciebi ewodeba birTve bis gardaqmnas, m aTi

erTmaneTTan an elementarul n aw i la k e bTa n (m aT S o r i s γ -kvan-

te bTan) urTierTqmede bisas .

birTvuli reaqciis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli saxea a msubuqi
nawilakis urTierTqmedeba X birTvTan, ris Sedegadac warmoaiqmneba b
msubuqi nawilaki da Y birTvi:
X + a →Y +b, an X (ab )Y .

msubuqi nawilaki SeiZleba iyos protoni ( p) , neitroni (n ) , deitroni

(d ) , α -nawilaki (α ) da γ -kvanti (γ ) .
birTvuli reaqciebi maSin xorcieldeba, roca nawilakebi imdenad
uaxlovdebian birTvs, rom xvdebian birTvuli Zalebis moqmedebis sferoSi
(≈ 10 m ) .
−15
dadebiTi nawilakebis birTvTan (an birTvebis erTmaneTTan) miax-
loebisaTvis saWiroa maT hqondeT didi kinetikuri energia. am energias isi-
ni iZenen nawilakebis amCqareblebis meSveobiT. birTvuli reaqciis ganxor-
cieleba SeiZleba radioaqtiuri elementebis mier gamosxivebuli α -nawila-
kebis meSveobiTac, magram aCqarebuli nawilakebis gamoyeneba bevrad ufro
efeqturia, vinaidan maT SeiZleba mieniWoT 105 mev-is rigis energia, maSin
rodesac birTvidan gamotyorcnili α -nawilakis energia 9mev-s ar aRemateba.
nebismieri birTvuli reaqciis dros sruldeba eleqtruli muxtisa da
masuri ricxvis mudmivobis kanonebi: nawilakebisa da birTvebis muxtebis
(masuri ricxvebis) jami reaqciamde da reaqciis Semdeg erTmaneTis tolia,
sruldeba agreTve energiis, impulsisa da impulsis momentis mudmivobis
kanonebi.
birTvuli reaqciis mimdinareobisas energia an gamoiyofa an STainTq-
meba, pirvel SemTxvevaSi reaqcias ewodeba e gzoTermuli, meoreSi – en-
doTermuli. rogorc wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT, energiis gamoyofas adgi-
li aqvs mZime birTvebis gayofisas, an msubuqi birTvebis SeerTebisas. maSasa-

401
dame, mZime birTvebis gayofis, an msubuqi birTvebis SeerTebis reaqciebi
egzoTermulia.
1936w. borma daadgina, rom birTvuli reaqciebi, romlebic gamowveu-
lia arc Tu Zalian swrafi nawilakebiT, mimdinareobs or etapad, Semdegi
sqemis mixedviT:
X +a →C →Y +b (116.1)
pirveli etapia X birTvis mier masTan saTanadod miaxlovebuli a
nawilakis CaWera, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba C Sualeduri birTvi, ro-
melsac S edge nili birTvi (`kompaund~ _ birTvi) ewodeba. birTvSi SeWrili
nawilakis energia Zalian swrafad ganawildeba Sedgenili birTvis nuk-
lonebs Soris, ris gamoc igi aRmoCndeba aRgznebul mdgomareobaSi. Sed-
genili birTvis nuklonebis urTierTSejaxebisas erTerTi maTgani an maTi
kombinacia (deitroni, α -nawilaki) iZens birTvidan gamosvlisaTvis saWiro
energias, rasac moyveba birTvuli reaqciis meore etapi _ Sedgenili bir-
Tvis daSla Y birTvad da b nawilakad.
Tu b nawilaki igivuria a nawilakisa (b ≡ a ) , maSin (116.1) sqemiT gamo-
saxul process ewodeba gabneva. amasTan, Tu b -nawilakis energia tolia a -
nawilakis energiisa (E b = E a ) , gabneva aris drekadi, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi

(E b ≠ E a ) _ aradrekadi. birTvul reaqcias pirdapiri gagebiT maSin aqvs ad-

gili, roca gamosxivebuli b nawilaki ar aris igivuri CaWerili a nawilakisa.

Sedgenili birTvis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaa 10-15-10-18wm. igi gacilebiT metia τ

b i r T v u l d r o z e . ase ewodeba drois Sualeds, romelic sWirdeba 1 mev energiis, anu

107 m/wm siCqaris mqone nawilaks birTvis diametris rigis toli manZilis (≈ 10 m )
−15

⎛ 10 −15 m ⎞
gasavlelad ⎜ τ = ≈ 10 − 22
wm ⎟ . maSasadame Sedgenili birTvi cocxlobs imdenad
⎜ 7
m wm ⎟
⎝ 10 ⎠
didxans, rom mTlianad `iviwyebs~, Tu ra xerxiT iyo igi warmoqmnili. amitom birTvuli
reaqciis meore etapi _ Sedgenili birTvis daSlis xasiaTi ( b nawilakis gamosxiveba) _ ar
aris damokidebuli pirvel etapze _ Sedgenili birTvis Seqmnis xerxze.

birTvuli reaqciebi, romlebic gamowveulia swrafi nawilakebiT

(nuklonebiT, deitronebiT), mimdinareobs Sualeduri birTvis warmoqmnis
gareSe. aseT reaqciebs pirdapiri birTvuli urTierTqmedebani
ewodeba. pirdapiri urTierTqmedebis tipiuri magaliTebia m o w y v e t i s a d a
m i t a c e b i s reaqciebi. mowyvetis reaqcias adgili aqvs deitronis birTvTan
aracentraluri Sexlis dros. aseTi Sexlisas deitronis erTi nukloni

402
SeiZleba moxvdes birTvuli urTierTqmedebis areSi da igi CaiWireba
birTvis mier, meore nukloni ki am areSi ar xvdeba da Cauvlis birTvs.
mitacebis reaqcia mowyvetis reaqciis Sebrunebulia: didi siCqariT
dajaxebuli nukloni ( n an p ) birTvidan `Camotexs~, miitacebs erTerT
nuklons ( p -s an n -s) da gadaiqceva deitronad.

pirveli birTvuli reaqcia∗ ganaxorciela rezerfordma 1919 wels. igi

radiumidan gamotyorcnili α -nawilakiT bombavda azotis birTvs. azotis
birTvi, CaiWerda ra α -nawilaks, gardaiqmneboda ftoris birTvad (Sedgeni-
li birTvi), romelic Semdeg iSleboda protonad da Jangbadis birTvad:
14
7 N + 24He→189 F →178 O + p an 14
7 N (α , p )178 O .
xelovnurad aCqarebuli nawilakebiT pirveli birTvuli reaqcia
ganaxorcieles kokroftma da uoltonma 1932 wels. 0,8 mev energiamde
aCqarebuli protoniT liTiumis birTvis dabombvisas xdeboda misi gaxleCa
heliumis or birTvad:
7
3 Li + 11H → 48 Be→ 24 He+ 24He an 7
3 Li ( p, α ) 24He .
neitronebiT gamowveuli birTvuli reaqciebi pirvelma Seiswavla
italielma mecnierma fermim 1934 wels. sazogadod, neitronis aRmoCena
(1932 w.) Semobrunebis momenti iyo birTvuli reaqciebis gamokvlevebSi,
vinaidan igi ar ganicdis kulonur ganzidvas da advilad SeaRwevs birTvSi
maSinac ki, rodesac misi energia metismetad mcirea. magaliTad, ftoris
birTvis neitronebiT dabombvisas mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqcia:
19
9 F + n→ 209 F →167 N + 24He an 19
9 F (n, α )167 N .
rogorc aRvniSneT, birTvul reaqciebs iwvevs ara marto swrafi,
aramed neli neitronebic. amasTan, fermim daadgina, rom neli neitronebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi ufro efeqturia, vidre swrafi. aixsneba es imiT, rom
rac ufro mcirea neitronis siCqare, miT met dros imyofeba igi birTvuli
Zalebis moqmedebis areSi da miT metia misi CaWeris albaToba.∗∗ amitom
mizanSewonilia Cqari neitronebis winaswari Seneleba siTbur siCqareebamde.
erTi SexedviT neitronebis saukeTeso Semnelebeli unda iyos Cveulebrivi

∗
igulisxmeba birTvis xelovnuri gardaqmna.
∗∗
zogjer neitronis siCqaris Semcirebisas, raRac siCqaris dros, misi CaWeris albaToba
mkveTrad izrdeba xolme. es maSin xdeba, roca neitronis energia zustad Tanxvdeba im
energias, romelic saWiroa Sedgenili birTvis aRgznebul energetikul doneze
gadasayvanad. am SemTxvevaSi amboben, rom adgili aqvs birTvis mier neitronis rezonansul
233
STanTqmas. 92 U birTvis mier neitronis rezonansul STanTqmas maSin aqvs adgili, roca
neitronis energia daaxloebiT 7 ev-is tolia.
403
wyali, vinaidan igi Seicavs didi raodenobiT wyalbadis birTvebs _
protonebs, romelTa masa TiTqmis neitronebis masis tolia. erTnairi masis
birTvebis Sejaxebis dros ki xdeba kinetikuri energiis yvelaze ufro
intensiuri gadacema, magram, samwuxarod, es ase ar aris. wyalSi
mimdinareobs reaqcia 1
1 H (n, γ )12 H , romelsac Zalian didi albaToba aqvs da
neitronebis garkveuli raodenoba gamoyavs TamaSidan, rac amcirebs misi
Semaneleblad gamoyenebis efeqturobas. Semnelebeli ara marto unda
Seicavdes msubuq birTvebs, aramed am birTvebis mier neitronebis CaWeris
albaToba unda iyos Zalian mcire. am moTxovnebs yvelaze ufro kargad
akmayofilebs mZime wyali, Semdeg _ grafiti da beriliumi. mZime wylis
warmoeba metismerad Zviria. pirveli birTvuli reaqtoris gaSvebis
momentisaTvis, 1942 wels, misi maragi msoflioSi saWiro raodenobaze
bevrad naklebi iyo, amitom pirvel birTvul reaqtorebSi Semneleblad
gamoyenebul iqna grafiti.
did interess iwvevs birTvuli reaqcia
14
7 N + n→146 C + 11H ,
romelic ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs atmosferoSi kosmosuri sxivebiT
14
warmoqmnili neitronebis moqmedebiT. am reaqciis Sedegad warmoqmnil 6 C

naxSirbads radionaxSirbadi ewodeba, radgan igi β -radioaqtiuria T = 5700

weliwadis toli naxevardaSlis periodiT. radionaxSirbadi uerTdeba
Jangbads da qmnis naxSirJanga airs, romelic STainTqmeba jer mcenareebis
mier, xolo Semdeg maTi saSualebiT _ cxovelebis mier. organizmis
daRupvis Semdeg misi Sevseba radionaxSirbadiT wydeba, am izotopis
arsebuli raodenoba ki mcirdeba radioaqtiuri daSlis gamo. Tu Cven
ganvsazRvravT radionaxSirbadis procentul Sedgenilobas organul
14
narCenebSi, 6 C -is naxevardaSlis periodis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davad-
ginoT maTi wlovaneba. am meTodiT iqna dadgenili egvipturi mumiebis asaki.
birTvuli reaqciebi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes γ -kvantebis ( γ -fotone-
bis) moqmedebiTac, Tu maTi energia (3-10)mev-s aRemateba. γ -fotonebiT gamow-
veul reaqciebs f o t o b i r T v u l i r e a q c i e b i ewodeba. am dros adgili
aqvs birTvidan nuklonis amogdebas anu e.w. birTvul fotoefeqts. magali-
Tad:
9
4 Be + γ → 38 Li + 11H an 9
4 Be(γ , p )38 Li

404
 fotobirTvul reaqciebs adgili aqvs rogorc msubuq, aseve mZime
birTvebze. maT didi mniSvneloba aqvT birTvebis energetikuli doneebis
dadgenisaTvis.

§117. birTvebis gayofa

wina paragrafSi ganxilul birTvul reaqciebSi sawyisi da saboloo

birTvebis masebi mcired gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. Tu Sedge nil i
b i r T v i i S l e b a o r ( i S v i a T ad s a m , a n , k i d e v u f r o i S v i a T a d , o T x )
Sesad ari (e.i. d aaxloe biT tol i) masi s n awil ad, maSi n ambo ben,
r o m a d g i l i a q v s b i r T v i s g a y o f a s (gayofis birTvul reaqcias). bir-
Tvis gayofis Sedegad miRebul nawilebs (axal birTvebs) g a yof i s
n am s x v r e v e bi ewodeba.
gayofis birTvuli reaqciebi, rogorc wesi, mimdinareobs neitronebiT
dabombvis Sedegad, magram igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxva nawilakebis
moqmedebiTac, rogorebicaa protoni, deitroni, γ -kvanti da sxv.
neitronebis moqmedebiT, Tu maTi energia 200 mev-s aRemateba, iyofa
yvela birTvi. Tu neitronebis energia ramodenime milion eleqtronvoltis
rigisaa, maTi moqmedebiT iyofian is birTvebi, romelTa masuri ricxvi
210-is (poloniumis birTvi) da metis tolia. dasasrul, zogierTi mZime
233 235
birTvi, romelTa ricxvs miekuTvneba uranis U da
92 U izotopebi, iyofa
92

nebismieri energiis neitronebis moqmedebiT.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mZime birTvebis gayofa, vinaidan, am dros,
did energiasTan erTad, gamoiyofa ori-sami neitroni (agreTve β da γ -
sxivebi). n e i t r o n e b i s g am o y o f a w ar m o a d g e ns f u n d a m e n t u r f aq t s ,
b i r T v i s g ay o f i s y v e l az e S e s a n i S n av Tv ise b as, vin aid an swored
a m i t o m a R m o C n d a S e s a Z l e be l i b ir T v i s S ig a e n e r g i i s ( r o m e l s a c
C v e u l e br i v a t o m u r e n e rg ias uwo debe n) pr aqt ik ul i g am oye neba .
birTvis gayofis dros gamosxivebul neitronebs g a yof i s, an
meoradi neitronebi ewodeba. aRmoCnda, rom meoradi neitronebis didi
umravlesoba gamosxivdeba gayofisTanave, TiTqmis meyseulad _ 10-14wm-ze
nakleb droSi, mcire nawili (~0,75%) ki _ garkveuli dagvianebiT _ (0,05-
60)wm-is ganmavlobaSi (mas Semdeg, rac gayofa moxda da namsxvrevebi gaibna)
maT d a g v i a n e b u l i neitronebi ewodeba. miuxedavad mcire raodenobisa,

405
dagvianebuli neitronebis roli Zalian didia _ swored maTi meSveobiT
xdeba SesaZlebeli gayofis marTvadi jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcieleba.
birTvis gayofis dros gamosxivdeba mxolod Cqari neitronebi∗. maTi
energetikuli speqtri sakmaod farToa (0,1_10mev) da aqvs mkafiod gamosaxu-
li maqsimumi E ≈ 0,7 mev-is dros. saSualod, erT gamosxivebul neitronze
mosuli energia Seadgens 2 mev-s.
gayofis birTvul reaqciebs saTave daedo 1938 wels, roca germanelma
mecnierebma ganma da Strasmanma aRmoaCines, rom uranis neitronebiT dasxi-
vebisas warmoiqmneba perioduli sistemis Sua nawilis elementebi _ bariu-
mi, lanTani, kriptoni da sxv.∗∗ es, im droisaTvis ucnauri faqti, axsnes
friSma da meitnerma, romelTac gamoTqves hipoTeza mZime birTvebis aram-
dgradobis Sesaxeb maTi formis cvlielebisas, rac iwvevs birTvis gayofas.
mZime birTvebis gayofis Teoria erTamneTisagan damoukideblad daamuSaves
borma da da frenkelma. birTvis wveTuri modeli sakmaod srulad aRwers
procesis fizkur suraTs. am modelis Tanaxmad, Cveulebriv pirobebSi
birTvs metnaklebad sferuli forma aqvs. neitornis CaWerisas birTvi
aRigzneba da iwyebs deformirebas _ iWimeba. Tu agzneba didi ar aris, maSin
Sedgenili birTvi Tavisufldeba zedmeti energiisagan γ -kvantis gamosxive-
bis gziT da brundeba mdgrad mdgomareobaSi. magram Tu agzneba didia, bir-
Tvis gaWimva grZeldeba da Cndeba yeli. birTvi iWimeba manam, sanam mis bo-
loebs Soris kulonuri ganzidvis Zala ar gadaaWarbebs yelis SeWi-
dulobis Zalas. amis Semdeg yeli wydeba da birTvi iyofa or nawilad _
namsxvrevad, romlebic ganzidvis kulonuri Zalebis moqmedebiT
gaityorcnebian sapirispiro mimarTulebiT uzarmazari (~107m/wm) siCqariT.
ganzidvis kulonur da mizidvis birTvul Zalebs Soris Tanafardoba xasiaTdeba

Z2
sididiT, romelsac g a y o f i s p a r a m e t r i ewodeba. Tu fardoba
A

∗
neitronebs, romelTa energia ≥ 0,1 mev-is, Cqari ewodeba. Cqari neitronebidan gamoiyofa
maRalenergetikuli (102-104) mev da relavisturi ( ≥ 10 mev) neitronebi. 0,1 mev-ze naklebi
4

energiis mqone neitronebs neli neitronebi ewodeba. neli neitronebidan gamoiyofa

siTburi da civi neitronebi. siTburi ewodeba iseT neitronebs, romlebic siTbur
wonasworobaSi imyofebian nivTierebis atomebTan. maTi energia oTaxis temperaturaze
Seadgens 0,025 ev-s. 0,025 ev-ze naklebi energiis neitornebs civi neitronebi ewodeba
∗∗
dadgenilia, rom uranis birTvebis neitronebiT dabombvisas SesaZlebelia sul
sxvadasxva (oTxmocamde!) namsxvrevebis warmoqmna, magram yvelaze albaTuria iseTi
namsxvrevebis warmoqmna, romelTa masebi ise Seefardeba erTmaneTs, rogorc 2:3. gayofis es
asimetriuloba aixsneba birTvis garsuli meTodiT, rogorc Sedegi ise birTvebis
warmoqmnisa, romelTac aqvT Sevsebuli neitronuli garsebi (N=52 da 82).
406
 Z2
> 17
A
gayofa energetikulad xelsayrelia _ am dros xdeba energiis gamoTavisufleba
namsxvrevebis kinetikuri energiis saxiT. es Tanafardoba sruldeba im birTvebisaTvis,
romelTa masuri ricxvi A > 90 . rac metia gayofis parametri, miT ufro advilad iyofa
birTvi, miT naklebia b i r T v i s g a y o f i s a q t i v a c i i s e n e r g i a (gayofis zRurbli). ase

Z2
ewodeba minimalur energias, romelic saWiroa birTvis gayofisaTvis. roca > 45 ,
A
gayofis zRurbli nulis tolia. aseTi hipoTeturi zemZime birTvi aramdgradia. igi
TiTqmis meyseulad (10-22wm-is ganmavlobaSi) iyofa spontanurad (TavisTavad). spontanuri

Z2
gayofas gvirabuli efeqtis gamo adgili aqvs -s ufro mcire mniSvnelobisaTvisac,
A
Tumca aseT birTvebSi es procesi mimdinareobs Zalze iSviaTad. magaliTad, sabWoTa
238
fizikosebma flerovma da petrJakma 1940 wels daadgines, rom U izotopis birTvebSi
92

⎛Z2 ⎞
⎜⎜ = 35,6 ⎟⎟ spontanuri gayofa 1800-jer ufro iSviaTad xdeba, vidre α -daSla.
⎝ A ⎠
birTvis gayofis procesi sqematurad gamosa-
xulia sur. 117.1-ze.
mZime birTvebis gayofis ZiriTadi Tvisebebi _
didi energiis gamoyofa, neitronebis, β -nawilakebi-
sa da γ -kvantebis gamosxiveba _ advilad aixsneba.
marTlac, rogorc viciT, im atomTa birTvebis
bmis kuTri energia, romlebic imyofebian perioduli
sistemis Sua nawilSi, daaxloebiT 8,6 mev-is tolia,
maSin roca mZime (perioduli sistemis boloSi gan-
lagebuli) birTvebisaTvis igi Seadgens 7,6 mev-s.
magram rac metia birTvis bmis energia, miT meti
energia unda gamoiyos misi warmoqmnisas. maSasadame,
mZime birTvis gayofa perioduli sistemis Sua nawi-
lis elementTa birTvebad energetikulad xelsayrelia, vinaidan am dros
gamoTavisufldeba energia da axlad warmoqmnil sistemas eqneba naklebi
Sinagani energia. vinaidan erT nuklonze mosuli gamoTavisuflebuli
235
energia daaxloebiT 1 mev-is tolia, 92 U birTvis gaxleCisas unda gamoiyos
235
daaxloebiT 200 mev energia. U birTvis gaxleCisas gamoyofili energiis
92

uSualo gazomvam daadastura es mosazreba da mogvca 200 mev-is sidide.

407
 1 g. uranSi Semavali yvela birTvis (~ 2,6 ⋅10 ) 21
gaxleCisas gamoiyofa

8 ⋅ 1010 j anu 22000 kvt.sT energia. aseTi raodenobis energiis gamoyofisaTvis

unda daiwvas 2 t qvanaxSiri. e.i. birTvuli sawvavis Tbounarianoba 2
milionjer metia, vidre organulisa.
didi energiis gamoyofis garda, mZime birTvebis gayofisas unda
gamosxivdes neitronebi. es iqidan gamomdinareobs, rom perioduli sistemis
Sua nawilis birTvebisaTvis neitronebis ricxvis fardoba protonebis
ricxvTan tolia 1,3-is, maSin rodesac mZime birTvebisaTvis es fardoba Se-
adgens 1,6-s. maSasadame, mZime birTvebis gayofisas warmoqmnili namsxvrevebi
gadatvirTulni aRmoCndebian neitronebiT da amis Tavidan asacileblad
gayofis dros, γ -kvantebTan erTad, gamosxivdeba gayofis neitronebi.
magram gayofis neitornebis gamosxiveba mTlianad ver xsnis neitro-
nebiT gadatvirTvas, amitom namsxvrevebi arian radioaqtiurni. isini ganic-
dian rig β -daSlebs, romelTac Tan axlavs γ -gamosxiveba∗. vinaidan yoveli
β -daSlis dros xdeba neitronis gardaqmna protonad. amitom β -gardaq-
mnebis garkveuli jaWvis Semdeg neitronebis ricxvis fardoba protonebis
ricxvTan xdeba iseTi, rogoric damaxasiaTebelia saSualo birTvebisaTvis,,
235
magaliTad, 92 U birTvis gayofisas:

U + 01n→139
235
92 54 Xe + 38 Sr + 2 0 n .
95 1
(117.1)
139 95
gayofis namsxvrevebi 54 Xe (qsenonis izotopi) da 38 Sr (stronciumis izoto-

pi) gadatvirTulia neitronebiT, amitom ganicdian β -daSlebs. kerZod 139

54 Xe

β -daSlis sami aqtis Semdeg gardaiqmneba lanTanis stabilur izotopad:

β− β− β−
139
54 Xe ⎯⎯→ 55 Cs ⎯⎯→ 56 Ba ⎯⎯→ 57 La .
139 139 139

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, gayofis namsxvrevebi SeiZleba iyos sul

sxvadasxva, amitom (117.1) reaqcia erTaderTi ar aris , SesaZlebelia,
magaliTad, aseTi reaqciac:
235
92 U + 01n→137
56 Ba + 36 Kr +3 0 n
96 1

∗
β -daSlis Tamnxlebi γ -kvantebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic didi drois ganmavlobaSi
gamosxivdebian, γ -kvantebs, romlebic gamosxivdebian pirveladi agznebuli namsxvrevebis
mier maTi ZiriTadi mdgomareobaSi gadasvlisas, gayofis myisi neitronebis gamosxivebis
Semdeg, myisi γ -kvantebi ewodeba.
408
 96
aqac, gayofis namsxvrevi 35 Kr (kriptonis izotopi) aSkarad

⎛N ⎞
gadatvirTulia neitornebiT ⎜ ≈ 1,6 ⎟ , amitom igi ganicdis rig β-
⎝Z ⎠
gardaqmnebs, ris Sedegadac miiReba molibdenis stabiluri izotopi:
β− β− β− β− β− β−
96
36 Kr ⎯⎯→ 37 Rb ⎯⎯→ 38 Sr ⎯⎯→ 39Y ⎯⎯→ 40 Zr ⎯⎯→ 41 Nb ⎯⎯→ 42 Mo .
96 96 96 96 96 96

dasasrul, SevniSnoT, rom birTvis gayofis Sedegad gamoyofili ener-

giis udidesi nawili ( ≈ 166 mev) modis namsxvrevebis kinetikur energiaze. da-
narCeni _ myis γ -sxivebsa ( ≈ 7 mev) da meorad neitronebze ( ≈ 5 mev), β -nawila-
kebze ( ≈ 8 mev) da β -daSlis Tanmxleb γ -sxivebze ( ≈ 7mev). daaxloebiT 10 mev
energia miaqvs antineitrinoebs, romlebic gamosxivdebian β -gardaqmnebis
dros.
namsxvrevebis, myisi γ -sxivebisa da neitronebis energia ( ≈ 180 mev)
maSinve gardaiqmneba siTbod, dagvianebuli neitornebis, β -nawilakebis da
β -daSlis Tanmxlebi γ -kvantebis energia ( ≈ 15 mev) ki _ namsxvrevebis
radioaqtiuri daSlis procesSi. energiis es nawili, romelsac n ar C e n i
e n e r g o g a m oy o f a ewodeba, TandaTan mcirdeba gayofis reaqciis
damTavrebis Semdeg radioaqtiuri daSlis kanonis Sesabamisad.

§118. gayofis jaWvuri reaqcia

birTvuli energiis praqtikuli gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli gaxda mas

Semdeg, rac ganxorcielda gayofis j a W v u r i r e a q c i a , romlis drosac
neitronebi, romlebic iwveven birTvis gayofas, miiReba rogorc am gayofis
produqti. amasTan, jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom gayofis TiToeuli aqtis dros warmoiqmneba
erTze meti neitroni.
marTlac, rogorc viciT, uranis birTvis gayofisas did energiasTan
erTad ( ≈ 200 mev) gamosxivdeba ori-sami neitroni. am neitronebs SeuZliaT
axali birTvebis gayofa, romlis drosac gamosxivebuli meoradi
neitronebi Tavis mxriv gamoiwveven axali birTvebis gayofas da a.S.
(sur. 118.1). amis Sedegad gayofili birTvebisa da maSasadame, gamosxivebuli
neitronebis raodenoba ganuwyvetliv (zvaviseburad) izrdeba.

409
 235
U
92 izotopis bir-
Tvis gayofisas gamosxive-
buli meoradi neitronebis
saSualo kinetikuri ener-
gia daaxloebiT 2 mev-is
tolia, rac Seesabameba

sur. 118.1. υ ≈ 2 ⋅ 10 7 m/wm siCqares. aseTi

swrafi neitroni axal
birTvTan dajaxebamde uranis naWerSi gadis ramodenime santimetr manZils,
amitom neitronis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba (dro gamosxivebidan
axali birTvis mier CaWeramde) uranSi metismetad mcirea ( ~ 10 −8 wm).
maSasadame, jaWvuri reaqcia mimdinareobs Zalian swrafad.
neitronebis gamravlebis zemoT aRwerili suraTi idealuria. mas
maSin eqneboda adgili, yvela gamosxivebuli neitroni rom iwvevdes
birTvebis gayofas. sinamdvileSi, gasayofi nivTierebis sasruli zomebis
gamo, neitronebis nawili gamodis nivTierebidan ise, rom ar CaiWireba
birTvis mier (ar xvdeba birTvs) da ar iwvevs mis gayofas, nawili ki
CaiWireba nivTierebaSi arsebuli minarevebis aragayofadi birTvebis mier da
`gamodis TamaSidan~ ise, rom ar iwvevs axali neitronebis gaCenas.
jaWvuri reaqciis mimdinareobisaTvis arc aris aucilebeli, rom
yovelma neitronma gamoiwvios birTvis gayofa. saWiroa mxolod, rom
gamosxivebuli neitronebis ricxvi drois mixedviT ar mcirdebodes. es
piroba Sesruldeba, Tu neitronebis k gamravlebis koeficienti, romelic
udris mocemuli `Taobis~ neitronebis ricxvis Sefardebas wina `Taobis~
neitronebTan, metia an tolia erTis. Tu k < 1 , neitronebis ricxvi drois
mixedviT mcirdeba da jaWvuri reaqcia wydeba.
gamravlebis koeficienti damokidebulia gasayofi nivTierebis
bunebaze, mocemuli izotopis SemTxvevaSi ki _ mis raodenobaze. igi
damokidebulia agreTve aqtiuri zonis (ase ewodeba sivrces, sadac
mimdinareobs jaWvuri reaqcia) zomebsa da formaze.
jaWvuri reaqciis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTebels
warmoadgens misi ganviTarebis siCqare, romelic gamravlebis k
koeficientis garda damokidebulia erTi `Taobis~ neitronebis τ
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobaze.

410
 davuSvaT, mocemuli `Taobis~ neitronebis ricxvia N , maSin Semdegi
`Taobis~ neitronebis ricxvi iqneba kN . erTi `Taobis~ ganmavlobaSi
neitronebis ricxvis namati
dN = kN − N = N (k − 1) ,
xolo drois erTeulSi neitronebis ricxvis namati anu jaWvuri reaqciis
ganviTarebis siCqare
dN N (k − 1)
υ= = . (118.1)
dt τ
(118.1)-is integreba gvaZlevs
( k −1)t
N = N 0e τ
, (118.2)

sadac N 0 aris neitronebis ricxvi sawyis momentSi (t = 0 ) , xolo N _ maTi

ricxvi t momentSi.
(118.2)-dan Cans, rom N ganisazRvreba (k − 1) -is niSniT: Tu (k − 1) > 0 e.i.
k > 1 , maSin N drois mixedviT izrdeba da jaWvur reaqcias ewodeba
g an viT are bad i. roca (k − 1) = 0 , anu k = 1, maSin N = N0 , e.i. am dros
neitronebis ricxvi drois mixedviT ar icvleba da jaWvur reaqcias
ewodeba TviTxelSemwyobi. Tu (k − 1) < 0 , anu k < 1, maSin N < N0 , e.i.
neitronebis ricxvi drois mixedviT mcirdeba da jaWvuri reaqcia wydeba.
piroba k =1 gansazRvravs reaqciis kritikul reJims. roca k > 1,
reJims ewodeba zekritikuli, xolo roca k < 1 _ qvekritikuli.
jaWvuri reaqcia SeiZleba iyos marTvadi an aramarTvadi, reaqcia
aramarTvadia, Tu ar xdeba misi ganviTarebis siCqaris SezRudva. am dros
neitronebis ricxvi da gayofili birTvebis raodenoba metad swrafad,
faqtiurad myisierad izrdeba. amitom uzarmazari energiis gamoyofa xdeba
rogorc udidesi Zalis afeTqeba. aseTi aramarTvadi jaWvuri reaqcia
xorcieldeba atomur bombSi.
Tu ki jaWvuri reaqciis ganviTareba SezRudulia ise, rom raRac mome-
ntidan dawyebuli aRar xdeba neitornebis ricxvis zrda, maSin procesi mim-
dinareobs wynarad, afeTqebis gareSe. aseT jaWvur reaqcias ewodeba marTva-
di da igi xorcieldeba birTvul reaqtorSi. swored marTvadma jaWvurma
reaqciam gaxada SesaZlebeli atomuri energiis mSvidobiani mizniT gamoyeneba.
(118.2) formula gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebadi jaWvuri reaqciis dros,
metad swrafi (afeTqebis tipis anu aramarTvadi) reaqciis misaRebad τ unda
iyos uaRresad mcire. amas ki maSin eqneba adgili, Tu neitronebis
411
gamravleba moxdeba swraf neitronebze. piriqiT, marTvadi jaWvuri reaqciis
misaRebad saWiroa τ drois gadideba. am dros reaqciis ganviTarebis
siCqare mcirdeba da SesaZlebeli xdeba reaqciis garkveuli, CvenTvis sa-
surveli simZlavris miRwevisas, misi stacionarul reJimSi (k = 1) gadayvana.
τ drois gadidebaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs dagvianebuli neitronebi.
bunebrivi urani ZiriTadad ori izotopisagan Sedgeba: 238
U
92 (≈ 99,3% )
da 235
U
92 (≈ 0.7% ) . amasTan, jaWvuri reaqcia mimdinareobs mxolod 235
U -Si,
92

romelic iyofa rogorc swrafi, aseve neli neitronebiT. rac Seexeba ufro
238
gavrcelebul U
92 izotops (romlis raodenoba bunebriv uranSi 140-jer
metia), igi jaWvuri reaqciisaTvis ar gamodgeba, vinaidan iyofa mxolod
swrafi neitronebiT, romelTa energia 1 mev-s aRemateba. marTalia, aseTi
energia aqvs meoradi neitronebis 60%-s, magram xuTidan mxolod erTi
238
iwvevs U
92 -is gayofas, danarCeni ki CaiWireba birTvebis mier gayofis
gareSe. amitom, cxadia, jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis gayofis erT
aqtSi unda gamosxivdes aranakleb xuTi neitronisa, rasac sinamdvileSi
ara aqvs adgili.
238
garda U -isa, jaWvuri reaqcia mimdinareobs (e.i. iyofa rogorc
92

233 239
Cqari, aseve neli neitornebiT) 92 U da 94 Pu izotopebSi. es izotopebi
bunebaSi ar arsebobs. isini miiReba xelovnurad.
239
kerZod, transuranuli elementis _ plutoniumis 94 Pu izotopi
238
miiReba birTvul reaqtorSi 92 U -is birTvis mier neitronis gayofis gareSe

CaWerisa da Semdgomi ori β -daSlis Sedegad. marTlac, 238

92 U -is birTvis

mier neitronis CaWeris Sedegad warmoiqmneba β -radiaqtiuri izotopi 239

U,
92

romlis naxevardaSlis periodia ≈ 23 wuTi. daSla xdeba eleqtronis

gamosxivebiT da pirveli transuranuli elementis _ neptuniumis
warmoqmniT. neptuniumic Tavis mxriv β -radioaqtiuria, romlis
naxevardaSlis periodi 2 dRe-Ramea. neptuniumis β -daSlis Sedegad
warmoiqmneba Semdegi transuranuli elementi plutoniumi:
β− β−
238
U + 01n → 239
U → 239
Np 239
Pu (118.3)
2 dRe − Rame
92 92 93 94
23wT
plutoniumis 239
94 Pu izotopi α _ radioaqtiuria, magram imdenad didi
naxevrdaSlis periodi aqvs ( ≈ 2400 weli), rom praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT
igi SeiZleba CaiTvalos stabilurad.
412
 233 232
uranis U izotopi miiReba Toriumis
92 Th izotopis mier neitronis
90

CaWerisa da Semdgomi ori β -daSlis Sedegad:

β− β−
Th + 01n →
232 233
Th → 233
Pa → 233
92 U (118.4)
27dRe − Rame
90 90 91
22wT
233
U izotopis naxevardaSlis periodi 160000 welia.
92

235
nivTierebebs, romlebic Seicaven 92 U , 233
92 U an 239
94 Pu izotopebs im
raodenobiT, romelic aucilebelia jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis,
238 232
birTvul i sawv av i ewodeba. 92 U da Th
90 izotopebs, romelTaganac
239 233
miiReba jaWvuri reaqciisaTvis vargisi 94 Pu da U
92 izotopebi, s a w v av i
ne dleul i e wodeba.

235 233 239

is faqti, rom 92 U, U
92 da 94 Pu izotopebis birTvebi iyofa rogorc swrafi, aseve ne-

238 232
li neitronebiT, U
92 da Th
90 izotopebis birTvebi ki mxolod swrafi neitronebiT, Semdegnairad

aixsneba: neitronis CaWerisas birTvi modis agznebul mdgomareobaSi da imisaTvis, rom igi gaiyos,

saWiroa E' agznebis energia aRematebodes EA gayofis aqtivaciis energias. Sedgenili birTvis ag-

znebis E' energia tolia neitronis bmisa da kinetikuri energiebis jamisa (E '
= Ebm + Ek ) , amasTan,
bmis energiis wvlili ZiriTadia. bmis energia ki Zlier aris damokidebuli birTvis protonul-neit-
ronul Sedgenilobaze. bmis energia luwi neitronisaTvis yovelTvis metia, vidre kentisTvis. amitom
235
bmis energia U , 233
92 92 U da
239
94 Pu -is Sedgenil birTvebSi metia gayofis aqtivaciis EA energiaze.

238 232 235 233 239

U
92 da Th -is
90 birTvebSi ki _ naklebi. es iwvevs imas, rom U,
92 U
92 da 94 Pu -is birTvebi iy-

238 232
ofa nebismieri siCqaris neitronebiT. 92U da 90 Th -is birTvebi ki _ mxolod swrafi neitronebiT.

§119. birTvuli reaqtori

birTvuli anu atomuri reaqtori ewodeba m o w yo b i l o b a s ,

romelSic x o r c i e ld e b a b i r T v e bi s gayofis marTvadi reaqcia.
misi ZiriTadi nawilia a q t i u r i z o n a , romelic Sedgeba birTvuli sawva-
visa da Semneleblisagan. reaqtoris aucilebeli elementebia agreTve Tbo-
g ad am tan i im siTbos raodenobis gamosayvanad, romelic reaqtoris muSa-
obis dros gamoiyofa da mowyobiloba reaqtoris siCqaris regulire-
bisaTvis.
Tbogadamtanad gamoiyeneba siTxe (Cveulebriv, wyali), airi (haeri, CO2
da sxv.) an dnobis dabali temperaturis mqone liTonis (natriumi, kaliumi,
liTiumi) mdnari.

413
 aqtiuri zonidan neitronebis gadenis Sesamcireblad igi Semovlebulia
amrekli feniT, romelic ukan abrunebs aqtiuri zonidan gamosul neitronebs.
neitronebisa da γ -gamosxivebisagan momsaxure personalis dasacavad
reaqtors gars akravs betonis sqeli damcveli garsi.
ansxvaveben swraf da nel (siTbur) neitronebze momuSave reaqtorebs.
pirveli tipis reaqtori (Cqari reaqtori) muSaobs Semneleblis gareSe,
maSin roca siTburi reaqtoris aucilebeli elementia Semnelebeli.
imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria birTvuli sawvavisa da Semneleblis urTi-
erTganlageba, siTburi reaqtori SeiZleba iyos homogenuri da heterogenu-
li. homogenur reaqtorSi birTvuli sawvavi Tanabradaa ganawilebuli Sem-
neleblis mTel moculobaSi (magaliTad, gaxsnilia wyalSi), heterogenul
reaqtorSi ki birTvuli sawvavi calkeuli blokebis (Reroebis) saxiT gar-
kveuli periodulobiTaa ganawilebuli SemnelebelSi (wyalSi an grafitSi).
aqtiur zonaSi mimdinare jaWvuri reaqciis Sedegad gamoyofili
energiis xarjze Tbogadamtani nivTiereba xurdeba da gadadis orTqlis
generatorSi. aq igi siTbos raodenobas gadascems meore konturSi
moTavsebul wyals, civdeba da brundeba ukan reaqtorSi. gadacemuli
siTbos raodenobis xarjze orTqlis generatorSi warmoiqmneba maRali
temperaturisa da wnevis orTqli, romelic miewodeba orTqlis turbinas
da abrunebs mis lilvs. namuSevari orTqli gadadis kondensatorSi,
gadaiqceva wylad da brundeba orTqlis generatorSi. turbina SeerTebulia
eleqtrul generatorTan, saidanac gamomuSavebuli eleqtruli deni midis
gamanawilebel mowyobilobaSi da Semdeg gare eleqtrul wredSi. birTvuli
reaqtoris energetikuli mowyobilobis sqema mocemulia sur. 119.1-ze.
aqtiur zonaSi jaWvuri reaqciis ganviTarebisaTvis k ar unda iyos
erTze naklebi. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom neitronebis danakargi iyos mcire.
rogorc wina paragrafSi aRvniSneT, neitronebis dakargvis erT-erTi mTava-
ri mizezia maTi gamosvla aqtiuri zonidan. aqtiuri zonidan gamosuli nei-
tronebis ricxvi proporciulia zonis S zedapirisa, xolo warmoqmnili
neitronebis ricxvi _ zonis V moculobisa. aqtiuri zonis zomebis Semcire-
S ⎛ S 1⎞
bisas fardoba izrdeba ⎜ kerZod, sferuli formis zonisaTvis ~ ⎟ , ami-
V ⎝ V R⎠
tom izrdeba neitronebis dakargva da SeuZlebeli xdeba jaWvuri reaqcia.

414
 sur. 119.1
aqt iuri zonis minimalur z omeb s, r oc a jer ki dev S e s aZ le -
belia jaWvuri reaqcii s p r o c e si (e. i . k = 1 ), kritikuli zome bi
ewo deba, xolo g asay ofi n ivT iere bi s min imalur m a sa s, romelSic
SesaZlebelia jaWvuri reaqci a, kr itikuli m asa ewodeba. kritiku-
li zomebi, da Sesabamisad, kritikuli masa ganisazRvreba sawvavis tipiT,
SemnelebliT da reaqtoris konstruqciuli TaviseburebebiT. amrekli gar-
sis gamoyeneba kritikuli sidideebis mniSvnelobas, cxadia amcirebs.
235
U
92 izotopis sferuli formis naWrisaTvis kritikuli masa daax-
loebiT 50 kg-is tolia (aseTi sferos radiusi ≈ 9 sm). Semneleblisa da
amrekli garsis gamoyeneba kritikul masas amcirebs 250 gramamde.
reaqtoris marTva, e.i. jaWvuri reaqciis ganviTarebis siCqaris
regulireba xorcieldeba kadmiumis an boris didi raodenobiT Semcveli
foladis Reroebis saSualebiT. kadmiumi da bori intensiurad STanTqavs
neitronebs∗, amitom Reroebis aqtiur zonaSi SeweviT neitronebis
gamravlebis koeficienti mcirdeba, gamoweviT _ izrdeba. reaqtorSi garkve-
uli simZlavris miRwevisas mis aqtiur zonaSi xdeba marTvadi Reroebis Se-
weva ise, rom ganviTarebadi jaWvuri reaqciis zekritikuli reJimi davides
kritikulze, romlis drosac gamravlebis koeficienti k = 1 . Reroebis kidev
ufro Rrmad SeweviT gamravlebis koeficienti xdeba erTze naklebi,
jaWvuri reaqcia wydeba da reaqtori Cerdeba.

∗
amave nivTierebebisagan mzaddeba burTulebi, romlebic avariis SemTxvevaSi iyreba
reaqtorSi jaWvuri reaqciis uswrafesi SewyvetisaTvis.
415
 marTvadi Reroebis aqtiur zonaSi gadaadgilebas garkveuli dro
sWirdeba. neitronebis ricxvis zrdis siCqare rom marto myisi neitronebiT
ganisazRvrebodes, romelTa τ sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba reaqtor-
Si daaxloebiT 10-3 wm-is tolia, reqtoris marTva iqneboda metismetad Zne-
li, vinaidan k = 1,005 mniSvnelobis drosac ki neitronebis ricxvi wamSi ga-
izrdeboda 150-jer (formula 118.2). sinamdvileSi, dagvianebuli neitronebis
wyalobiT, τ ≈ 0,1 wm, ris gamoc neitronebis ricxvis zrdis siCqare mkveTrad
(≈ 100 − jer) mcirdeba da reaqtoris marTva xdeba SesaZlebeli.
birTvul reaqtorSi mimdinare procesebis gasarkvevad unda gaviTva-
235 238
liswinoT is gansxvaveba, rac arsebobs U da
92 U izotopebis birTvebis
92

235
gayofaSi. rogorc viciT, 92 U iyofa nebismieri siCqaris (gansakuTrebiT
239
efeqturad _ siTburi) neitronebiT, 92 U ki _ mxolod swrafiT, romelTa
energia 1 mev-s aRemateba. marTalia, aseTi energia aqvs warmoqmnili
neitronebis 60%-s, magram aradrekadi gabnevis Sedegad energiis TandaTano-
biTi Semcirebisa da radiaciuli CaWeris gamo (romelic gansakuTrebiT
efeqturia, roca neitronis energia ≈ 7 ev), rogorc wina paragrafSi iyo
238
aRniSnuli, xuTidan mxolod erTi iwvevs birTvis gayofas. amitom U
92

izotopi jaWvuri reaqciisaTvis ar gamodgeba. Cveulebriv pirobebSi

jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis ar gamodgeba uranis bunebrivi
238
narevic, romelSic 92 U izotopis birTvebis raodenoba 140-jer metia, vidre
235 235
U -is.
92 92 U -is mier neitronis STanTqma xels uwyobs jaWvuri reaqciis
ganviTarebas, vinaidan ganxorcieldeba gayofis aqti da gamosxivdeba 2-3
238
neitroni, U -is mier neitronis STanTqma ki umetes SemTxvevaSi iwvevs
92

jaWvuri reaqciis Sewyvetas. amitom, bunebriv uranSi jaWvuri reaqciis

235
ganxorcilebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom 92 U -is mier neitronebis CaWeris
238
albaToba 140-jer mainc aRematebodes 92 U -is mier neitronebis CaWeris
albaTobas, rasac Cveulebriv ara aqvs adgili.
235
aRmoCnda, rom U -is
92 mier neitronis CaWeris albaToba ufro
238
metjerac (200-jer!) SeiZleba aRematebodes U -is mier neitronebis CaWeris
92

albaTobas, Tu neitronebis siCqares SevanelebT siTburi neitronebis (0,025

ev) siCqaremde. bunebriv uranSi amis miRweva SeuZlebelia, vinaidan,
neitroni, uranis birTvTan aradrekadi Sejaxebis TiToeuli aqtis dros,

416
masebis didi gansxvavebis gamo, umniSvnelod kargavs energias. amitom misi
energia TandaTan mcirdeba. igi aucileblad gaivlis rezonansis `saSiS
zonaSi~ ( ≈ 7 ev) da STainTqmeba 238
92 U -is birTvis mier manam, sanam misi siCqare
gaxdeba siTburi neitronebis siCqaris toli.
amrigad, bunebriv uranSi jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis
238
saWiroa U -is
92 mier neitronebis rezonansuli STanTqmis albaTobis
Semcireba da maTi Seneleba siTbur siCqaremde. amisaTvis aqtiur zonaSi
SeaqvT msubuqi atomebisagan Sedgenili nivTiereba, romelic asrulebs
Semneleblis rols. roca neitronebis ejaxebian Semneleblis atombirTvebs,
isini Sejaxebis yoveli aqtis dros kargaven energiis did raodenobas, rac
xels uwyobs maT ise garbinon rezonansis `saSiSi zona~, rom ar STainTqan.
rogorc 116-e paragarafSi aRvniSneT, Semneleblad gamoiyeneba wyali
(gansakuTrebulad efeqturad _ mZime wyali), grafiti, beriliumi da sxv.
pirvel birTvul reaqtorSi, romelic agebul iqna 1942 wels CikagoSi
fermis xelmZRvanelobiT, Semneleblad gamoyenebuli iyo grafiti.
bunebrivi uranis Reroebi (blokebi) Cawyobili iyo grafitSi garkveuli
periodulobiT gakeTebul xvrelebSi. uranis blokebs Soris manZili ise
iyo SerCeuli, rom erTi blokidan gamosuli meoradi neitronebi meoreSi
moxvedramde imdenad Senelebuliyvnen, rom gascdenodnen rezonansuli
238
energiis ares. amis Sedegad U
92 izotopis birTvebis mier neitronebis
radiaciuli CaWeris albaToba mkveTrad mcirdeboda da SesaZlebeli
xdeboda jaWvuri reaqciis mimdinareoba.
bunebriv uranze momuSave reaqtorSi Semneleblad grafitis garda
gamoiyeneba mZime wyali. Cveulebrivi wylis Semneleblad gamoyeneba moi-
235
Txovs uranis narevis U
92 izotopiT gamdidrebas. dadgenilia, rom
umniSvnelo gamdidrebis drosac ki ( ≈ 1 %-mde 0,7%-is nacvlad) SesaZlebeli
xdeba jaWvuri reaqciis ganxorcieleba.
gayofis jaWvuri reaqcia SeiZleba ganxorcieldes Cqari neit-
ronebiTac, Tu birTvul sawvavad gamoviyenebT uranis ara bunebriv, aramed
235
gamdidrebul narevs, romelic Seicavs U izotopis aranakleb 15%-s. Cqar
92

neitronebze momuSave reaqtorebi ar Seicaven Semnelebels _ aqtiur zonas

warmoadgens gamdidrebuli uranis narevis Senadni mZime liTonebTan (tyvia,
bismuti), romlebic mcired STanTqaven neitronebs. aseT reaqtorebSi Cqari
neitronebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 10-7 wm-ia. magram dag-

417
vianebuli neitronebis arseboba mkveTrad amcirebs neitronebis τ
sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobas, ris gamoc reaqtoris marTva ar iwvevs
specialur siZneleebs. aq marTva xdeba ara mSTanTqmeli Reroebis saSu-
alebiT, romlebic naklebefeqturia, vinaidan maT mier Cqari neitornebis
STanTqmis albaToba bevrad naklebia, vidre neli neitronebis, aramed
amrekli garsis gadaadgilebiT an gayofadi nivTierebis masis cvlilebiT.
Cqar neitronebze momuSave reaqtorebis upiratesoba isaa, rom
238
muSaobis procesSi (energiis gamoyofis garda) 92U izotopis birTvebis

mier neitronebis radiaciuli CaWerisa da ori Tanmimdevruli β -daSlis

procesebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba plutoniumis mniSvnelovani raodenoba,
romelic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes birTvul sawvavad∗.
239 235
94 Pu -is miRebam da agreTve bunebrivi uranidan U izotopis gamoyo-
92

fis problemis gadawyvetam, SesaZlebeli gaxada afeTqebis tipis jaWvuri

reaqciis ganxorcieleba, e.i. atomuri bombis damzadeba∗∗.
reaqtorebs, romlebSic xdeba birTvuli sawvavis kvlavwarmoeba,
gamamravlebel anu br iderul reaqtorebs uwodeben. briderul reaqto-
238 236
rebSi sawvav nedleulad U -is garda iyeneben Toriumis
92 Th izotopsac
90

(reaqcia 118.4).
Tanamedrove brideruli reaqtoris kvlavwarmoebis koeficienti 1,5-is
235
tolia. es niSnavs, rom uranis gamdidrebul narevSi yoveli 1 kg U
92

239
izotopidan miiReba 1,5 kg 94 Pu -is izotopi ( 235
92 U izotopis birTvis
gayofisas saSualod gamosxivebuli 2,5 neitronidan erTi xmardeba jaWvuri
239
reaqciis uzrunvelyofas, 1,5 ki warmoSobs imdenive 94 Pu izotopis birTvs).
plutoniumis miReba xdeba siTbur reaqtorebSic, magram gacilebiT
naklebi raodenobiT. aq kvlavwarmoebis koeficienti 0,7-s ar aRemateba.

∗ 235
unda aRiniSnos, rom uranidan plutoniumis gamoyofa bevrad ufro advilia, vidre 92 U
izotopisa, rac ganpirobebulia mocemuli elementis izotopebis qimiur ganurCevlobiT _
nacvlad uaRresad rTuli fizikuri meTodebisa, romlebic gamoiyeneba bunebrivi uranidan
235
92 U izotopis gamosacalkeveblad, plutoniumis gamoyofa xdeba qimiuri meTodebiT.
∗∗ 235 233 239
atomur bombSi birTvul sawvavad gamoyenebulia sufTa 92 U , 92 U an 94 Pu . bombis
muxti Sedgeba aseTi izotopebis ori an meti nawilisagan, romelTagan ToToeulis masa
kritikulze naklebia. atmosferoSi yovelTvis aris neitornebis garkveuli raodenoba,
romlebic warmoiqmneba kosmosuri sxivebis moqmedebiT. amitom sakamarisia birTvuli
sawvavis nawilebis erT naWrad SeerTeba, romlis masa kritikulze meti iqneba, rom
warimarTos afeTqebis tipis jaWvuri reaqcia. birTvuli sawvavis nawilebis erT naWrad
SeerTeba xdeba Cveulebriv feTqebadi nivTierebis gamoyenebiT.
418
 garda energetikuli da kvlavwarmoebadi reaqtorebisa arsebobs
sakvlevi reaqtorebic. maTi simZlavre metismetad mcirea. isini gamoiyeneba
birTvul da neitronul fizikaSi kvlevisa da masalebis gamocdisaTvis.
dasasrul, SevniSnoT, rom reaqtorSi mimdinare procesebis Tanamdevi
produqtebia sxvadasxva elementebis radioaqtiuri izotopebi, romlebic
farTod gamoiyeneba medicinaSi, soflis meurneobaSi, mecnierebasa da
teqnikaSi.

§120. atombirTvebis sinTezis reaqcia

116-e paragrafSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom birTvuli reaqcia egzoTermu-

lia, e.i. mimdinareobs energiis gamoyofiT, ara marto mZime birTvebis gayo-
fisas, aramed msubuqi birTvebis SeerTebis (sinTezis) drosac. msubuqi bir-
Tvebis sinTezi SesaZlebelia mxolod Zalian maRal temperaturaze, amitom
msubuqi birTvebis SeerTebis reaqcias TermobirTvuli reaqcia ewodeba.
marTlac, SevafasoT, magaliTad, deiteriumis ( H)
2
1 birTvebis
SeerTebisaTvis saWiro temperatura. birTvebi rom SeerTdnen, isini unda
dauaxlovdnen erTmaneTs 2 ⋅ 10 −15 m manZilze, roca moqmedebas iwyeben
birTvuli Zalebi. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom birTvebis siTburi moZraobis

⎛3 ⎞
kinetikuri energia ⎜ kT ⎟ toli iyos maTi kulonuri ganzidvis potenciuri
⎝2 ⎠
e2
energiisa. ganzidvis potenciuri energia u = k ≈ 1,15 ⋅ 10 −13 j = 0,7mev . vinaidan
r
TiToeuli birTvis wilad modis am energiis naxevari, amitom SeerTebis
reaqciisaTvis saWiro temperatura

1,15 ⋅ 10 −13
T= ≈ 2 ⋅ 10 9 K .
j
3 ⋅ 1,38 ⋅ 10 − 23
K
magram aRmoCnda, rom msubuqi birTvebis sinTezi SeiZleba
mimdinareobdes mniSvnelovnad naklebi ( 10 7 K rigis) temperaturis drosac.
amis mizezi oria: 1. ukve 10000 K -ze yvela nivTiereba imyofeba plazmis
mdgomareobaSi∗, romlis nawilakebi emorCilebian siCqareTa ganawilebis
maqsvelis kanons. amitom birTvebis garkveuli raodenobis energia metia
saSualoze. 2. gvirabuli efeqti.

∗
zemaRal temperaturaze plazma warmoadgens `SiSveli~ birTvebisa da eleqtronebis
erTobliobas.
419
 dedamiwis pirobebSi yvelaze ufro xelsayrelia Semdegi
TermobirTvuli reaqciebis ganxorcieleba:
2
1 H + 12H → 23 H + 01n, Q = 3,25 mev (120.1)
2
1 H + 12H →13 H + 11p, Q = 4,03 mev (120.2)
2
1 H + 13H → 24 He+ 01n, Q = 17,6 mev (120.3)∗
rogorc vxedavT, TermobirTvuli reaqciebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
erT nuklonze mosuli didi energogamoyofa, romelic rig SemTxvevebSi
mniSvnelovnad aRemateba energogamoyofas mZime birTvebis gayofis
procesSi. magaliTad, (120.3) reaqciis dros erT nuklonze mosuli
17,5
energogamoyofa q = ≈ 3,5 mev, maSin rodesac uranis birTvis gayofisas
5
⎛ 200 ⎞
igi mxolod 0,85 mev-ia ⎜ q = ≈ 0,85mev ⎟ .
⎝ 235 ⎠
mzisa da varskvlavebis zemaRali temperaturebi, agreTve maTze
wyalbadisa da heliumis didi raodenobiT arseboba gvafiqrebinebs, rom am
sxeulebis gamosxivebis energiis ZiriTadi wyaro swored TermobirTvuli
reaqciebia.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom mzesa da varskvlavebSi wyalbadis birTvebis
SeerTeba heliumis birTvad ZiriTadad xdeba Semdegi ori ciklis
ganxorcielebis Sedegad:
I. protonul-protonuli anu wyalbadis cikli
1. 1
1 H + 11H →12 H + +10 e + v

2. 2
1 H + 11H → 23 He + γ

3. 3
2 He+ 23He→ 24 He + 211 p
reaqciaTa am ciklSi saWiroa 1 da 2 etapebis or-orjer ganxorci-
3
eleba, raTa miRebul iqnas mesame etapisaTvis saWiro 2 He -is ori birTvi
(sur. 120.1) yvela am reaqciebis Sedegad wyalbadis oTxi birTvisaTvis
(protonisagan) miiReba (warmoiqmneba) erTi heliumis birTvi, ori
pozitroni, ori neitrino da ori γ -kvanti. amitom ciklis jamuri Sedegi
SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxos:
411H → 24 He + 2 +10 e + 2v + 2γ (Q ≈ 25 mev )

∗
(120.3) reaqciis ganxorcielebis sirTule isaa, rom tritiumi bunebaSi ar moipoveba, misi
miReba xdeba xelovnurad.
420
 sur.120.1

wyalbadis cikli damaxasiaTebelia ≈ 10 7 K temperaturisaTvis. va-

raudoben, rom mzis energiis udidesi nawili am ciklis Sedegad gamoiyofa.
II. naxSirbad-azotis an naxSirbadis cikli (betes cikli)
1. C +11H →137N + γ
12
6

2. 13
7 N →136 C + +10 e + v

3. 13
6 C + 11H →147 N + γ

4. 14
7 N + 11H →158 O + γ

5. 15
8 O→157 N + +10 e + v

6. 15
7 N + 11H →126 C + 24He
rogorc vxedavT, ciklis bolos naxSirbadi kvlav rCeba Tavisufali.
igi TamaSobs katalizatoris rols, uzrunvelyofs ra saboloo jamSi
oTxi protonis gaerTianebas, ris Sedegadac miiReba heliumis birTvi, ori
pozitroni, ori neitrino da sami γ -kvanti. e.i. ciklis jamuri Sedegi
Semdegnairad Caiwereba:
411H → 24 He + 2 +10 e + 2v + 3γ (Q ≈ 25 mev )
naxSirbadis cikli damaxasiaTebelia SedarebiT ufro maRali
(≈ 2 ⋅10 K )
7
temperaturisaTvis. misi mimdinareobis albaToba didia mzis cen-
trSi da mzeze ufro `cxel~ varskvlavebSi.
laboratoriuli gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom pirveli ciklis
xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 15 miliardamde welia, xolo meore ciklis xang-
421
rZlivoba Seadgens ramodenime aTeul milion wels. ciklebis aseTi
xangrZlivobiT aixsneba is, rom mze ar `feTqdeba~. meores mxriv ciklebSi
birTvebis didi raodenobiT monawileoba uzrunvelyofs mzis mier energiis
uwyvetad gamosxivebas.
TermobirTvuli reaqciebi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs samyaros evo-
luciaSi. Tanamedrove warmodgenebiT, ganviTarebis adreul stadiaSi var-
skvlavebi ZiriTadad wyalbadisagan Sedgeboda. zemoTaRniSnuli Termo-
birTvuli reaqciebis Sedegad xdeboda wyalbadis birTvebis SeerTeba heli-
umis birTvebad. heliumis birTvebis dagrovebasTan erTad izrdeba ufro
mZime birTvebis sinTezis albaToba. erTimeoris miyolebiT mimdinareobs
TermobirTvuli reaqciebi:
4
2 He(α , γ )48 Be(α , γ )126 C (α , γ )168 O(α , γ )1020 Ne(α , γ )1224 Mg . . .
aseTi procesebi mimdinareobs mzezec, rac kerZod dasturdeba iq
texneciumis ( 93
Tc
43 ) arsebobiT, romelic aRmoCenili iqna speqtruli
analiziT. vinaidan texneciums stabiluri izotopi ar gaaCnia, misi
arseboba mzeze SeiZleba aixsnas mxolod ganuwyveteli ganaxlebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mzeze da varskvlavebze miliardobiT wlebis
ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs wyalbadis `dawva~, es elementi dResac rCeba am
sxeulebis ZiriTad Semagdnel nawilad da maSasadame, maTi energiis
ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens wyalbadisa da naxSirbadis ciklebi.
rogoria wyalbadis maragi mzeze? mzis speqtris Seswavla gviCvenebs,
rom igi ZiriTadad Sedgeba wyalbadisagan ( ≈ 80 %) da heliumisagan ( ≈ 20 %).
naxSirbadi, azoti, Jangbadi da sxva elementebi Seadgens mzis masis erT
procentze naklebs. wyalbadisa da naxSirbadis ciklebis dros gamoyofili
energia ΔE = Δm ⋅ c 2 (sadac Δm aris masis defeqti anu gansxvaveba oTxi
protonis masasa da α -nawilakisa da ori pozitronis masas Soris)
Seadgens daaxloebiT 25 mev-s anu daaxloebiT 650 miliard jouls erT
gram wyalbadze∗. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom mzis masa tolia daaxloebiT

2 ⋅ 10 30 kg-is, xolo mis mier gamosxivebuli energia 3,8 ⋅ 10 26 j/wm-is, Zneli araa
gamoTvla, rom ≈ 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi wyalbadis danaxarji Seadgens
mzis masis mxolod erT memiliarded nawils! ase rom wyalbadi mravali
miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi kvlav darCeba ZiriTad `birTvul sawvavad~
mzeze.
∗
SedarebisaTvis gavixsenoT, rom erT gram uranSi Semavali yvela birTvis gaxleCisas
gamoiyofa `mxolod~ 80 miliardi jouli energia.
422
 ismis kiTxva: ram ganapiroba Tavdapirvelad mzeze da varskvlavebze
TermobirTvuli reaqciebisaTvis saWiro temperaturebis warmoqmna? arse-
bobs mosazreba, rom am sxeulebis Tavdapirveli gaxureba moxda varskvla-
vieri nivTierebis SekumSvis Sedegad gravitaciuli Zalebis moqmedebiT,
romlis drosac mizidvis potenciuri energia gardaiqmna Sinagan energiad.

§121. marTvadi TermobirTvuli reaqciebis problema

rogorc wina paragrafSi moyvanili cifrebidan Cans, TermobirTvuli

reaqciebi iZleva energiis ufro met gamosavals `sawvavis~ masis erTeulze,
vidre nebismieri sxva gardaqmnebi, maT Soris mZime birTvebis gayofa.
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom 1 litr Cveulebriv wyalSi arsebuli deiTeri-
umis raodenoba (romelic wyalbadis saerTo raodenobis mxolod 0,015%-s
Seadgens) energetikulad ekvivalenturia daaxloebiT 350 litri benzinisa.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT wylis saerTo raodenobas Cvens planetaze, gasagebi
gaxdeba is didi interesi, rasac mecnierebi iCenen xelovnuri Termobir-
Tvuli reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis _ igi kacobriobas miscemda energiis
praqtikulad amouwurav wyaros.
jerjerobiT moxerxda mxolod ara-
marTvadi xelovnuri TermobirTvuli reaq-
ciis ganxorcieleba wyalbadis bombis
afeTqebis saxiT (1953 w., ssrk, mogvianebiT
aSS). TviTxelSemwyobi TermobirTvuli re-
aqciisaTvis saWiro temperatura miiReba
atomuri bombis afeTqebis Sedegad.

wyalbadis bombis SesaZlo konstruqcia sqe-

sur. 121.1 maturad gamosaxulia sur. 121.1-ze, aq 1 – atomuri
bombia, 2 – TermobirTvuli sawvavi, 3 – garsi, rome-
lic ewinaaRmdegeba birTvuli sawvavis gafantvas. birTvul sawvavad gamoyenebulia
6
deiTeriumis da liTiumis 3 Li izotopi. atomuri bombis afeTqebis Sedegad sistemaSi
mimdinareobs Semdegi reaqciebi:
2
1 H + 12H → 23 He+ 01n, Q = 3,25 mev
2
1 H + 12H →13 H + 11p, Q = 4,03 mev
6
3 Li + 01n→ 24 He+ 13H , Q = 4,8 mev
2
1 H +13H →24He+ 01n, Q = 17,6 mev

423
 atomuri bombis afeTqebisas miRebuli maRali temperaturis SenarCuneba xdeba wamis
ramodenime memilioned nawilSi, amitom birTvuli sawvavis (sawyisi nivTierebebis)
simkvrive unda iyos rac SeiZleba didi. amis ganxorcieleba SeiZleba liTiumisa da

deiTeriumis myari SenaerTis (LiD ) gamoyenebiT.

wyalbadis bombis simZlavre ramodenime aseuljer aRemateba atomuri bombis
235
simZlavres. saqme imaSia, rom atomur bombSi `feTqebadi~ masalis ( U , 233
92 92 U an
239
94 Pu )
raodenoba SezRudulia, vinaidan misi calkeuli nawilebis masa kritikulze naklebi unda
iyos. wyalbadis bombSi ki `feTqebadi~ masalis raodenoba SezRuduli ar aris, vinaidan
deiTeriumi, liTiumi, maTi narevi da a.S. TavisTavad arasdros ar feTqdeba.
wyalbadis bombSi energiis gamoyofis siCqare Zalian didia _
daaxloebiT 1017 jouli 10-5wm-Si, anu 1022vt. SedarebisaTvis aRvniSnoT, rom
dReisaTvis arsebuli yvelaze mZlavri eleqtrosadguris simZlavre ar aRe-
mateba 1010vats. imisaTvis, rom TermobirTvuli reaqciebi gamoviyenoT praq-
tikuli miznebisaTvis rogorc energiis wyaro, saWiroa SegveZlos am reaq-
ciebis marTva, raTa mniSvnelovnad Semcirdes energiis gamoyofis siCqare.
marTvadi TermobirTvuli reaqciis ganxorcieleba dakavSirebulia
udides, dRemde gadaulaxav siZneleebTan. es siZneleebi dakavSirebulia ara
marto zemaRali (108K rigis) temperaturis miRebasTan (afeTqebis gareSe),
aramed, umTavresad, maRaltemperaturuli plazmis TermoizolaciasTan.
saqme imaSia, rom maRaltemperaturuli plazmis WurWlis kedlebTan Sexeba,
jer erTi, gamoiwvevs siTbos raodenobis intensiur gacemas da plazmis
gacivebas (TviTxelSemwyobi TermobirTvuli reaqciis mimdinareobisaTvis
saWiroa, rom energiis gamoyofis siCqare sistemaSi, sadac mimdinareobs
TermobirTvuli reaqciebi, ar iyos naklebi am sistemidan energiis arinebis
siCqareze). meorec, aseT temperaturaze nebismieri masalisagan damzadebuli
WurWlis kedeli dauyovnebliv aorTqldeba. amrigad, aucilebelia plazmis
Sekaveba mocemul moculobaSi, raTa ar moxdes misi gafarToeba da
WurWlis kedlebTan kontaqti.
WurWlis kedlebTan plazmis kontaqtis acilebis meTodi wamoayenes
sabWoTa fizikosebma a.saxarovma da i.tamma (1950 w.). meTodis arsi mdgomare-
obs magnituri velis gamoyenebaSi plazmis garkveul moculobaSi Sesa-
kaveblad.
Tu plazmaSi, romelsac svetis forma aqvs, gavatarebT misi RerZis
gaswvriv mZlavr eleqtrul dens∗, igi erTis mxriv, plazmis didi winaRobis

∗
denis sidide milionobiT amperia. misi miReba xdeba kondensatorebis mZlavri batareis
ganmuxtviT.
424
gamo, gamoiwvevs mis gaxurebas maRal temperaturamde.∗ meore mxriv, misi
magnituri veli (romelic wrfivi deniani gamtaris magnituri velis
msgavsia) gamoiwvevs plazmis SekumSvas, mowyvets
ra plazmur svets WurWlis kedlebs.∗∗ marTlac,
rogorc sur. 121.2-dan Cans, svetis RerZis gaswvriv
moZrav nebismier muxtze moqmedebs RerZisaken
mimarTuli Fc lorencis Zala. amis Sedegad plaz-
muri sveti, romelsac WurWlis mTeli moculoba
ekava gadaiqceva plazmur zonrad, romelsac WurW-
lis centraluri nawili ukavia. cxadia, rom
plazmis SekumSva gagrZeldeba manam, sanam eleq-
trodinamikuri ZalebiT gamowveuli wneva ar ga-
sur. 121.2 wonaswordeba SekumSuli `plazmuri airis~ wneviT.
magram, samwuxarod, plazmis Sekaveba zonris mdgomareobaSi didxans
ar grZeldeba. ramodenime mikrowamis Semdeg plazmuri zonari iwyebs
deformirebas da misi geometriuli forma icvleba: Cndeba yeli, iRuneba
(sur. 121.3,a,b) da sxv. pirvel SemTxvevaSi (imis gamo, rom Seviwrovebul
nawilSi magnituri velis induqcia da, maSasadame, eleqtrodinamikuri Za-
lebiT gamowveuli wneva izr-
deba) zonari wydeba, meore
SemTxvevaSi exeba WurWlis ke-
dels da civdeba. plazmuri
zonris es aramdgradoba aris
erTerTi ZiriTadi mizezi imi-
sa, rom ar xerxdeba marTvadi

a b TermobirTvuli reaqciis gan-

sur. 121.3 xorcieleba.
gamokvlevebiT dadginda, rom TermobirTvuli reaqciis ganxorcielebisaTvis
saWiroa Sesruldes l o u s o n i s T temperaturisa da n ⋅ τ
piroba, romelsac iTxovs
namravlis (sadac n nivTierebis koncentraciaa plazmaSi, xolo τ _ plazmis Sekavebis
dro) garkveul minimalur mniSvnelobebs.
tritium-deiTeriumis narevisaTvis es pirobebi Semdegia:

∗
sawyis stadiaSi deni iwvevs airis intensiur ionizacias da plazmis warmoqmnas.
∗∗
plazmis svetis SekumSvas magnituri velis saSualebiT ewodeba pinCefeqti. warmosdgeba
inglisuri sityvidan `pinC~, rac kumSvas niSnavs.
425
 wm
n ⋅ τ ≥ 10 20 3
, T > 10 8 K .
m
sufTa deiTeriumisaTvis es pirobebi ramdenadme `mkacria~:

wm
n ⋅ τ > 10 22 , T > 10 9 K .
m3
dReisaTvis miRweuli parametrebi marTalia, sagrZnoblad ar CamorCeba lousonis
pirobis moTxovnebs, magram maTi Semdgomi gaumjobeseba sul ufro da ufro met
siZneleebs awydeba. plazmis Sekavebis droze Cven zemoT vilaparakeT. n ⋅ τ namravlis
gazrda plazmis n koncentraciis gazrdis xarjze ki moiTxovs plazmis Sesakaveblad
dReisaTvis ar arsebuli sididis magnitur vels.
wrfivi plazmuri zonris SemTxvevaSi garduvalia misi torsebis
kontaqti WurWlis kedlebTan. amis Tavidan asacileblad WurWels aZleven
toroidis formas. plazmuri zonris Sekavebis drois gasadideblad
toroidSi qmnian misi RerZis Tanxvedril (e.i. denis paralelur) magnitur
vels. es veli, ewinaaRmdegeba _ ra plazmuri zonris ganiv moZraobebs,
iwvevs mis garkveul stabilizacias. am principiT Seqmnil danadgars
tokomaki ewodeba (toroiduli kamera mastabilizebeli magnituri veliT).
marTvadi TermobirTvuli reaqciis ganxorcielebis zemoTaRniSnuli gza erTaderTi
ar aris. meore SesaZlo gza aris kondensirebuli birTvuli sawvavis swrafi gaxureba
−9
mcire drois ( ~ 10 wm) ganmavlobaSi. principSi, zegaxurebis aseTi impulsuri reJimi
SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes metad mZlavri lazeris saSualebiT. lazeris sxivis
SesaniSnavi Tviseba _ kolosaluri energiis koncentrireba mcire moculobaSi _
saSualebas iZleva mcire zomis kondensirebuli TermobirTvuli sawvavis gaxurebisa
birTvebis sinTezisaTvis saWiro temperaturamde (meti efeqtisaTvis gaxureba unda moxdes
yoveli mxridan, e.i. araerTi lazeria saWiro). am dros moxdeba afeTqeba, magram sawvavis
simciris gamo afeTqeba ar iqneba Zlieri da SesaZlebeli iqneba misi energiis gamoyeneba
mSvidobiani miznebisaTvis.
100 milion kelvinamde gaxurebuli mkvrivi plazmis wneva imdenad didia, rom igi
swrafad ifanteba. swrafad, magram ara myisierad. plazmis myisier gafantvas xels uSlis
inerciis Zalebi. am Zalebis dasaZlevad wamis memilionedi nawilebia saWiro. am drois
ganmavlobaSi plazmaSi moeswreba kolosaluri energiis gamoyofa. plazmis `dakavebis~ am
xerxs, roca sinamdvileSi mas araferi ar akavebs, ewodeba inerciuli.

myari wyalbadisaTvis n ≈ 4 ⋅ 10 m-3 . maSasadame, lousonis n ⋅ τ ≈ 10

28 20
wm/m3 pirobis

SesrulebisaTvis saWiroa, rom Sekavebis dro τ toli iyos 2,5 ⋅ 10

−9
wm-is. gamoTvlebi
gviCvenebs, rom amisaTvis tritium-deiTeriumis myari sawvavis radiusi ar unda
aRematebodes 2,5mm-s.
marTvadi TermobirTvuli reaqciis ganxorcielebis es gzac did siZneleebTan aris
dakavSirebuli, rogorebicaa arsebuli lazerebis metad dabali margi qmedebis
koeficienti (ris gamoc maTi eleqtruli kveba aRemateba kidec yvelaze didi tokomakis
kvebas), lazerebis momarTva (awyoba) da maTi optikuri sistemis iustireba da sxv.
426
 Tavi XVI

elementaruli nawilakebi

§122. elementaruli nawilakebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis ganviTareba

elementaruli nawilakebis fizika, romelic Seiswavlis am nawilakebs

bunebas, Tvisebebsa da urTierTgardaqmnebs, Tanamedrove fizikis umniSvne-
lovanesi dargia∗. magram zogadi fizikis kursis farglebSi SesaZlebelia
mxolod winaswari warmodgenebis mocema elementarul nawilakebze. amitom,
Cvens kursSi mocemuli masala elementaruli nawilakebis Sesaxeb aris
aRweriTi _ informaciuli xasiaTis da rogorc wesi, ar exeba Sesaswavli
kanonzomierebebis Teoriul safuZvlebs.
Tavidanve SevniSnoT, rom elementaruli nawilakebis fizikaSi Semo-
aqvT egzotikuri dasaxelebis mTeli rigi terminebi, rogorebicaa ucnau-
roba, mojadoeba, silamaze (an mSveniereba), aromati, feri da sxv. am ter-
minebs araferi aqvT saerTo imasTan, ra azriTac isini ixmareba yoveldRi-
ur cxovrebaSi. esenia raRac kvanturi ricxvebi, Semotanili nawilakebis
Tvisebebis asawerad. cxadia, am terminebis nacvlad SeiZleboda #1, #2 da
a.S. kvanturi ricxvebis Semotana, rac Znelad aRsaqmeli da saSinlad mosa-
wyeni iqneboda.
ra aris elemntaruli nawilaki?
elementaruli nawilakebi pirveladi, Semdgom ganuyofadi nawilakebia,
romelTaganac agebulia materia. mecnierebis ganviTrebasTan erTad Cveni
warmodgena nawilakebis elementarulobis Sesaxeb icvleboda. marTlac, XX
saukunis dasawyisamde ganuyofel nawilakad atomi iTvleboda. atomis
rTuli struqturis dadgenasTan dakavSirebiT aseTad iTvleboda birTvi.
Semdeg dadginda, rom birTvic rTuli agebulebisaa, igi Sedgeba protone-
bisa da neitronebisagan. . .
amitom, elementarul nawilakTa yvelaze Sesaferisi ganmarteba
Semdegia: elementaruli ewodeba na wilaks, romlis warmodge na
ufro mar tiv i naw ilake bis er T o b l i o b i s saxiT mecnierebis
g an viT are bi s mocemul et ap ze SeuZle bel ia.

∗
elementaruli nawilakebis bunebis, Tvisebebisa da urTierTgardaqmnebis Seswavla
SesaZlebelia mxolo maRali energiebis nawilakebis meSveobiT. amitom, elementaruli
nawilakebis fizikas xSirad maRali energiebis fizikasac uwodeben.
427
 elementaruli nawilakebis yvelaze mTavari Tviseba, romelic maTi
arsebobis ZiriTadi faqtoria, aris is, rom isini u cvlelni ar ar ian _
maT aqvT gaCenisa da erTmaneTSi gardaqmnis unari Sejaxebisas.
elementaruli nawilakebis meore damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa maTi didi
umravlesobis a r asta bi luro ba _ isini TavisTavad gardaiqmnebian sxva
nawilakebad. gamonaklisia fotoni, eleqtroni, protoni da neitrino. Tavi-
sufal mdgomareobaSi nawilakTa saSualo sicocxlis xangrZlivoba icvle-
ba farTo sazRvrebSi _ daaxloebiT 10-23wm-dan (rezonansebi) usasrulobam-
de (stabiluri nawilakebi)∗.
elementaruli nawilakebis mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa is, rom yovel
maTgans, mciredis gamoklebiT (fotoni, π 0 -mezoni, η 0 -mezoni), aqvs Tavisi
oreuli _ antinaw ilaki. pirveli antinawilaki _ antieleqtroni, romel-
sac pozitroni uwodes, eqsperimentulad aRmoaCines 1932 wels.∗∗ nawilakebsa
da antinawilakebs aqvT erTnairi masebi, spinebi, izotopuri spinebi,
sicocxlis xangrZlivobebi, sxva maxasiaTeblebi ki (eleqtruli muxti, mag-
nituri momenti, leptonuri da barionuli muxtebi, ucnauroba) _ sididiT
toli da niSniT sawinaaRmdegoa. magaliTad, eleqtroni da protoni gansxv-
avdeba pozitronisa da antiprotonisgan pirvel rigSi eleqtruli muxtis
niSniT. neitroni gansxvavdeba antineitronisagan magnituri momentis niSniT.
e eleqtronis Sexvedrisas e + pozitronTan xdeba maTi gaqroba da
ori an ramodenime γ - kvantis warmoqmna.∗∗∗ am process a n i hi l aci a ewo-
deba. SesaZlebelia Sebrunebuli procesic _ eleqtronul-pozitronuli
wyvilis gaCena. amas adgili aqvs didi energiis fotonis (misi energia meti
unda iyos 2me c 2 -ze) dajaxebisas birTvTan. Tavis droze eleqtron-pozi-
tronuli wyvilis gaCenisa da anihilaciis aRmoCenam sensacia gamoiwvia
mecnierebaSi, vinaidan manamde aravin fiqrobda, rom eleqtroni SeiZleba
mudmivi (ucvleli) ar iyos. SemdegSi dadgenil iqna, rom anihilaciisa da
nawilaki-antinawilakis wyvilis warmoqmna eleqtronebisa da pozitronebis
monopolia ar aris. antinawilakebi upirispirdeba nawilakebs swored
imitom, rom nebismieri nawilakis Sexvedrisas Sesabamis antinawilakebTan
xdeba maTi gaqroba da γ - kvantebis an sxva nawilakebis warmoqmna.

∗
magaliTad, eqsperimentulad dadgenilia, rom protonis saSualo sicocxlis
xangrZlivoba 1032 welze metia.
∗∗
pozitronis arseboba Teoriulad iwinaswarmetyvela ingliselma mecnierma dirakma 1931
wels.
∗∗∗
erTi γ - kvantis warmoqmnas krZalavs impulsis mudmivobis kanoni.
428
 vakuumSi pozitroni iseve stabiluria, rogorc eleqtroni. nivTierebaSi
moxvedrisas ki eleqtronTan anihilaciis gamo qreba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas, antiprotonis
Sesaxeb. es garemoeba principul SesaZleblobas qmnis a n t i n i v T i e r e b i s arsebobisas.
antinivTierebis atombirTvebi Sedgeba antinuklonebisagan, xolo garsi _
pozitronebisagan. pirveli antibirTvi _ antideitroni miiRes aSS-Si 1965 wels, xolo
~
3
antiheliumis birTvi 2 He _ serpuxovis amaCqarebelze 1969 wels. samyaroSi antinivTiereba
astronomebs jer ar aRmouCeniaT. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom igi arc iyos. aseTi varaudis
SesaZleblobas iZleva is faqti, rom pirvelad kosmosur sxivebSi registrirebuli
protonebis ricxvi 10 000-jer sWarbobs antiprotonebisas. aseTi asimetriulobis mizezi,
Tu is namdvilad arsebobs, unda veZioT samyaros warmoSobasa da evoluciaSi.

iseT elementarul nawilakebs, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT antinawilakebi,

WeSm arit ad ne itr aluri nawilake bi ewode baT. aseTebs miekuTvneba
fotoni, π 0 -mezoni da η 0 mezoni. WeSmaritad neitralur nawilakebs ara aqvT
anihilaciis unari, magram ganicdian urTierTgardaqmnebs, rac, rogorc aR-
vniSneT, yvela elementaruli nawilakis fundamenturi Tvisebaa.
SevniSnoT, rom WeSmariti neitraloba bevrad ufro Rrma Tvisebaa,
vidre eleqtruli neitraloba, vinaidan eleqtruli neitralobis dros
mxolod eleqtruli muxtia nulis toli, WeSmariti neitralobis dros ki
nulis tolia araeleqtruli ( B -barionuli da L -leptonuri) muxtebic, ag-
reTve ucnauroba, mojadoeba da sxv. magaliTad, neitroni, romlisTvisac
barionuli muxti B = 1 , WeSmaritad neitraluri ar aris.
elementaruli nawilakebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mravalricxovno-
bac . e.w. rezonansebis CaTvliT (romelTa raodenoba 200-ze metia) maTi
ricxvi oTxasamdea. elementaruli nawilakebis aseTma simravlem daaeWva
mecnierebi maT WeSmarit elementarulobaSi. amis Sedegi iyo 1964 wels ame-
rikeli fizikosis gel-manisa da avstrieli fizikosis cveigis mier
gamoqveynebuli idea, romlis Tanaxmadac Zlier (birTvul) urTierT-
qmedebaSi monawile elementarul nawilakebs (e.i. elementarul nawilakTa
udides umravlesobas) gaaCnia Sinagani struqtura _ isini Sedgeba kidev
ufro fundamenturi (anu pirveladi) nawilakebisagan _ k v a rke bi sag an .
hipoTezas kvarkebis Sesaxeb didi warmateba hqonda, vinaidan man ara marto
axsna ukve cnobili nawilakebis struqtura, aramed iwinaswarmetyvela
axali nawilakebis arseboba. Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi kvarkebi aRmoCenili
ar aris. erT-erTi mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi kvarkebi
arc SeiZleba arsebobdes bunebaSi, vinaidan kvarkTaSorisi Zalebi manZilis
gadidebiT ar mcirdeba, ufro metic _ SesaZloa izrdeba kidec.
429
 iseT elementarul nawilakebs, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT Sinagani struq-
tura, WeSmaritad elemen taruli nawilakebi ewodeba. dReisaTvis
aseTebad miCneulia leptonebi (§125) da kvarkebi.
gavecnoT Zalian mokled elementaruli nawilakebis aRmoCenis isto-
rias. pirveli elementaruli nawilaki _ eleqtroni aRmoCenil iqna 1897
wels. igi aRmoaCina ingliselma mecnierma tomsonma kaToduri sxivebis
SemadgenlobaSi.
meored aRmoCenil iqna eleqtromagnituri velis kvanti anu fotoni∗.
rogorc cnobilia, sinaTlis kvanturi buneba dadgenil iqna plankis
(1900 w.) da ainStainis (1905 w.) SromebSi, magram fotonis arsebobis pirveli
eqsperimentuli damtkiceba mogvca milikenma 1912-1915 wlebSi fotoefeqti-
sadmi miZRvnili metad faqiz gamokvlevebSi, agreTve komptonma (1922 w.),
romelmac aRmoaCina rentgenis sxivebis gabneva talRis sigrZis SecvliT.
Semdeg, 1919 wels, rezerfordma, ganaxorciela ra kacobriobis isto-
riaSi birTvis xelovnuri gardaqmnis (azotisa Jangbadad) pirveli reaqcia,
aRmoaCina protoni.
meoTxe nawilaki, romlis aRmoCeniTac damTavrda atomisa da atombir-
Tvis struqturuli elementebis gamovlena, iyo neitroni. igi aRmoaCina 1932
wels rezerfordis mowafem, ingliselma fizikosma Cedvikma.
30-iani wlebidan dawyebuli 50-ian wlebamde, axali nawilakebis aRmo-
Cena umTavresad xdeboda kosmosuri sxivebis SemadgenlobaSi.

kosmosuri sxivebi ewodeba maRali energiebis birTvebis nakads, romelic modis

kosmosidan dedamiwaze yvela mxridan, agreTve meorad gamosxivebas, romelsac es birTvebi
iwveven atmosferul haerTan urTierTqmedebisas.
uSualod kosmosidan mosul nawilakebis nakads p i r v e l a d i k o s m o s u r i s x i v e b i
ewodeba. misi Sedgenilobis gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom igi umTavresad Sedgeba
protonebisagan (90%-ze meti) da α -nawilakebisagan ( ≈ 7% ). gamosxivebis mcire nawili

(≈ 1%) modis mZime elementebis (Z ≥ 20) birTvebze. pirvelad kosmosur sxivebSi

nawilakebis umetes nawils aqvs 1013-1014ev energia. gvxvdeba iseTi nawilakebic, romelTa
energia 1021ev-ia. Tanamedrove SexedulebiT, romelic dafuZnebulia astrofizikisa da
radioastronomiis monacemebze, pirvelad kosmosur sxivebs aqvT galaktikuri warmoSoba _
isini miiRebian, e.w. zeaxali varskvlavebis afeTqebis Sedegad. iTvleba, rom am afeTqebis

∗
unda aRiniSnos, rom 1930 wlamde fotons, misi specifikuri Tvisebebis gamo, ar Tvlidnen
`sruluflebian~ nawilakad. marTlac, fotons ar gaaCnia uZraobis masa, vakuumSi aTvlis
nebismier sistemaSi moZraobs erTi da igive c siCqariT, advilad warmoiqmneba
(gamosxiveba) da qreba (STanTqma). magram SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom aseTi gardaqmnadoba
damaxasiatebelia TiTqmis yvela nawilakisaTvis da amgvarad fotonis nawilakuri buneba
aRiarebul iqna.
430
dros warmoqmnil swrafad cvlad eleqtrul da magnitur velebs SeuZliaT protonebis aC-
qareba 1014ev energiamde. zemaRali energiis (1021ev) nawilakebis arsebobas ki ukavSireben im-
as, rom zogierTi tipis varskvlavi qmnis dabali sixSiris mZlavr eleqtromagnitur vels,
romelic, moqmedebs ra 1014ev energiis mqone protonebze, aCqarebs maT 1021ev energiamde.
kosmosuri sxivebis I intensivobis∗ (fardobiT erTeulebSi) damokidebuleba dedami-

wis zedapiridan h simaRleze mocemulia 122.1 suraTze. suraTidan Cans, rom 50 km-is zeviT
intensivoba mudmivia, 50 km-dan 20 km-mde izrdeba, Semdeg TandaTan klebulobs da deda-
miwis zedapirTan xdeba umciresi. simaRlis mixedviT intensivobis aseTi cvlileba Semdeg-
nairad aixsneba: 50 km-is zeviT gvaqvs pirveladi kosmosuri sxivebi. aq maTi intensivoba
mudmivia, vinaidan am simaRleze atmosferuli haeri Zlier aris gaiSviaTebuli da mis
ionizacias TiTqmis ara aqvs adgili. 50 km-is qveviT haeris simkvrive SedarebiT didia, ami-
tom kosmosuri sxivebi ufro xSirad xvdebian haeris molekulebs da maTTan urTierTqme-
debisas warmoqmnian damatebiT axal birTvebsa da sxvadasxva elementarul nawilakebs. maT
nakads ewodeba m e o r a d i kosmosuri s x i v e b i . meoradi kosmosuri sxivebi agreTve
iwveven haeris ionizacias, ris Sedegadac warmoqmnil ionTa ricxvi izrdeba da aRwevs
maqsimums 20 km simaRleze. 20 km-is qveviT haeris simkvrive iseTia, rom kosmosuri sxivebis
energia sagrZnoblad mcirdeba molekulebTan xSiri Sejaxebis gamo. amis gamo mcirdeba
maTi ionizaciis unari da maSasadame, intensivobac.
unda aRiniSnos, rom pirveladi kosmosuri
sxivebi faqtiurad mTlianad STainTqmeba atmosfe-
ros mier, amitom dedamiwis zedapirs umTavresad
aRwevs maT mier warmoqmnili meoradi kosmosuri
sxivebi. ufro metic, protonebisa da mZime bir-
Tvebis ganarbenis sigrZis Sefaseba gviCvenebs, rom
20 km-ze qveviT kosmosuri gamosxiveba meoradia.
kosmosuri sxivebis nivTierebasTan urTierT-
sur. 122.1 qmedebis procesebis Seswavla didxans iyo elemen-
taruli nawilakebis Seswavlis erTaderTi meTodi. mxolod mZlavri amaCqareblis Seqmnis
Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli elementaruli nawilakebis bunebis, Tvisebebisa da urTierT-
gardaqmnebis Seswavla laboratoriul pirobebSi, riTac kosmosurma sxivebma dakarga Ta-
visi gansakuTrebuloba. magram Tu gaviTavliswinebT, rom yvelaze mZlavr amaCqarebelSic
ki nawilaki ver iZens ramodenime aseul gev-ze met energias, pirvelad kosmosur sxivebSi
ki nawilakebis energia aRwevs 1012gev-s, cxadi gaxdeba, rom kosmosuri sxivebi kidev did-
xans gauwevs konkurencias amaCqarebelebs elementaruli nawilakebis Seswavlis saqmeSi.

1932 wels amerikelma fizikosma andersonma kosmosur sxivebSi aRmoa-

Cina pirveli antinawilaki _ pozitroni.
elementaruli nawilakebis fizikis drevandeli saxiT Camoyalibebasa
da ganviTarebaSi udidesi roli iTamaSa iaponelma fizikosma iukavam, ro-
melmac iwinaswarmetyvela axali nawilakebis arseboba (iukavas nawilakebi),

∗
kosmosuri sxivebis intensivoba ganisazRvreba maT mier moculobis erTeulSi erT wamSi
warmoqmnili ionTa ricxviT.
431
romelTa gacvliTac ganpirobebulia nuklonebs Soris urTierTqmedeba
birTvSi. es nawilakebi warmoadgens birTvuli (Zlieri) urTierTqmedebis
gadamtanebs, birTvuli velis kvantebs, msgavsad imisa, rogorc fotonebi
warmoadgens eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis gadamtanebs, eleqtromag-
nituri velis kvantebs. iukavas Tanaxmad am axal nawilaks unda hqonoda
Sualeduri masa eleqtronsa da protons Soris (≈ 250me ) , risTvisac mas
ewoda mezoni , rac Sualedurs niSnavs. 1937 wels andersonma da nedermeie-
rma marTlac aRmoaCines axali nawilaki romlis masa (≈ 207me ) mcired gan-
sxvavdeboda iukavas nawilakis masisagan. mas miu-mezoni (m i u o n i )
uwodes∗. magram aRmoCnda, rom es axali nawilaki monawileobs ara
birTvul, aramed eleqtromagnitur urTierTqmedebaSi, amitom, cxadia, igi
ver iqneba birTvuli urTierTqmedebis gadamtani. miuonis Tvisebebi analo-
giuria eleqtronis Tvisebebisa, igi, ase vTqvaT, `mZime eleqtronia~.
(eleqtronisagan gansxvavebiT miuoni arastabiluria, iSleba Semdegi sqemiT:
~ ~
μ + → e + + ve + vμ ; μ − → e − + ve + vμ ;
~
sadac vμ da v μ Sesabamisad miuonuri neitrino da antineitrinoa). iukavas

nawilakebi bolos da bolos aRmoaCines da maT π -mezone bi (anu

p io ne bi ) uwodes. Tavdapirvelad, 1947 wels, ingliselma fizkosma pauelma
aRmoaCina dadebiTad da uaryofiTad damuxtuli pionebi, romelTa masa
273 me -s tolia. cota mogvianebiT, 1950 wels, aRmoCenil iqna neitraluri

pionic (264 me ). samive saxiT pioni arastabiluria. maTi daSla ZiriTadad

swarmoebs Semdegi sqemiT
~
π + → μ + + v μ ; π − → μ − + v μ ; π 0 → 2γ .
40-iani wlebis bolos jer kosmosur sxivebSi, Semdeg ki laborato-
riul pirobebSi aRmoaCines axali nawilakebis jgufi. am nawilakebs hqon-
daT araCveulebrivi Tvisebebi, risTvisac maT ucnauri nawilakebi
uwodes. pirveli nawilakebi am jgufidan iyvnen K -mezonebi anu kaonebi
(≈ 970me ) da lambda hiperonebi (∧ ) .
0
lambdas garda cnobilia sigma

(Σ 0
)
, Σ + , Σ − , qsi (ξ +
, ξ− ) da omega (Ω )
−
hiperonebi. hiperonebi nuklonebze
mZime nawilakebia (aqedan warmodgeba maTi dasaxeleba: berZnulad `hiper~
niSnavs zes, zemZimes), maTi masebi icvleba (2183-3273) me -s farglebSi.

∗
mezoni miekuTvneba leptonebis da ara mezonebis klass (§125), amitom am nawilaks, ro-
gorc wesi, miuons uwodeben.
432
 1956 wels amerikelma fizikosebma reinesma da kouenma, erTerTi reaq-
toris maxloblad eqsperimentulad daadastures antineitrinos arseboba∗.
50-iani wlebis dasawyisidan, roca amCqareblebi gaxdnen maRali ener-
giebis mikronawilakebis ZiriTad wyarod, axali nawilakebis aRmoCena swra-
fi tempiT wavida win. aRmoCenil iqna mravali nawilaki da antinawilaki.
kerZod, 1955 wels aRmoaCines pirveli mZime antinawilaki _ antiprotoni,
xolo 1956 wels _ antineitroni.
60-ian wlebSi aRmoaCines didi jgufi uaRresad arastabiluri nawila-
kebisa, romelTa sicocxlis xangrZlivoba 10-22_10-23wm-ia. am nawilakebs
rezonansebi ewoda. rezonansi warmoadgens bmul mdgomareobas ori an ramo-
denime Zlierad urTierTqmedi nawilakisa, romlebic, maT Soris arsebuli
Zlieri kavSirebis gamo, kargaven individualurobas da aseTi gaerTianebu-
li nawilakebis sistema iqceva rogorc erTi mTliani. rezonansebi Cndebian
Zlierad urTierTqmedi nawilakebis nebismier jgufSi (amitomaa maTi ricxvi
ase didi). TviT saxelwodeba rezonansi warmosdgeba iqidan, rom aseTi nawi-
lakebis gaCenis albaToba mkveTrad izrdeba urTierTqmedi protonis gar-
kveuli energiis dros.
rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, rezonansebis simravle gaxda sababi
1964 wels gamoTqmuli hipoTezisa kvarkebis Sesaxeb, ramac dasabami misca
elementaruli nawilakebis fizikis ganviTarebis axal etaps.
1962 wels dadginda, rom arsebobs neitrinos ori nairsaxeoba _ eleq-
tronuli (ve ) da miuonuri (v μ ) . kidev metic, 1975 wels gamoCnda pirveli cno-

bebi eleqtronisa da miuonis mZime analogis _ τ -leptonis (≈ 3500me ) da mas-

Tan dakavSirebuli axali tipis neitrinos _ τ neitrinos arsebobis Sesaxeb.∗∗

∗
neitrono (antineitrono), nulovani muxtisa da masis gamo, saocrad sustad urTierTqme-
debs nivTierebasTan, ris gamoc misi registracia uaRresad Znelia. da mainc, aseTi regis-
~
tracia moxerxda (ganxorcielda reaqcia v + p → n + e + ) imis wyalobiT, rom birTvuli reaq-
⎛ nawilaki ⎞⎟
toris muSaobisas gamosxivdeba neitrinoebis mZlavri nakadi ⎜ ≈ 1013 .
⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ sm wm ⎠
∗∗
samive tipis neitrono Sesabamisi antineitrinosagan gansxvavdeba spiralurobiT. am
terminiT gamoxataven garkveul Tanafardobas nawilakis p impulsisa da s spinis
mimarTulebebs Soris: Tu spinsa da impulss aqvT erTnairi mimarTuleba spiraluroba
dadebiTia (am SemTxvevaSi impulsis mimarTuleba ⎛⎜ p ⎞⎟ da spinis Sesabamisi `brunvis~
→

⎝ ⎠
mimarTuleba qmnian marjvena xraxns). Tuki impulsis mimarTuleba sawinaaRmdegoa spinis
mimarTulebisa (marcxena xraxni), spiraluroba uaryofiTia. neitrinos aqvs uaryofiTi
spiraluroba, antineitrinos _ dadebiTi.
433
 1974 wels aRmoaCines j ψ -mezoni, romelmac saTave daudo axali, e.w.
mojadoebu l nawilakTa jgufs, xolo 1977 wels aRmoCenilma Υ -mezonma
dasabami misca e.w. lamaz anu mS venier nawilakTa jgufs.
axali nawilakebis aRmoCena grZeldeba . . .

§123. fundamentur urTierTqmedebaTa oTxi tipi

elementaruli nawilakebis urTierTqmedeba aris samyaroSi mimdinare

yvela procesisa da movlenis pirvelwyaro. mzis naTeba Tu zeaxali vars-
kvlavis afeTqeba, mcenaris zrda Tu mweris gafrena saboloo jamSi xdeba
elementaruli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegad.
dReisaTvis miRebulia, rom a rse bobs fu ndame ntur urT ierTqme-
debaT a ∗ oTx i tipi: Zlieri, eleqtromagnituri, su sti da gravi-
t ac iu li . urTierTqmedebaTa tipebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia fardobiTi
intensivoba, qmedebis radiusi da urTierTqmedebis dro.
Zlieri anu bir T v u l i urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba e.w. adro-
nebs∗∗ Soris. adronebi Seadgens elementaruli nawilakebis yvelaze mraval-
ricxovan jgufs. masSi Sedis mezonebi (miuonis garda) da barionebi.∗∗∗
barionebi Tavis mxriv iyofian nuklonebad da hiperonebad. mtkice kavSiri
birTvSi nuklonebs Soris urTierTqmedebis am tipiTaa ganpirobebuli.
saerTod, urTierTqmedebis intensivoba xasiaTdeba uganzomilebo sididiT
(aRiniSneba G 2 -iT), romelsac urTierTqmedebis konstanta ewodeba. igi
axasiaTebs mocemuli urTierTqmedebiT ganxorcielebuli procesebis
albaTobas. radgan Zlieri urTierTqmedeba udidesi intensivobiT
xasiaTdeba, miRebulia, rom misTvis
G 2 = 1.
muxedavad udidesi intensivobisa, Zlieri urTierTqmedebis gavlena
mainc SezRudulia da iq, sadac igi ar aris, mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
sxva tipis urTierTqmedebebi. Zlieri urTierTqmedebis SezRuduloba imiT
gamoixateba, rom jer erTi, am urTierTqmedebaSi ar monawileobs y v e la
elementaruli nawilaki (amasTan dakavSirebiT amboben, rom Zlieri urTi-
erTqmedeba arau ni versaluri a ). meorec, es urTierTqmedeba vrceldeba

∗
fundamenturi ewodeba urTierTqmedebebs, romlemzec saboloo jamSi daiyvaneba
nebismieri bunebis Zalebi.
∗∗
warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvidan adros~, rac Zliers niSnavs.
∗∗∗
warmosdgeba berZnuli sityvidan `baris~, rac mZimes niSnavs.
434
metad mokle manZilze _ qmedebis radiusi 10-15 metrs ar aRemateba, amitom
Zlier urTierTqmedebas ar SeuZlia Seqmnas makroskopuli zomebis struq-
turebi. Zlieri urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba birTvuli velis saSualebiT,
romlis kvantsac warmoadgens π -mezoni∗.
ele qtrom agnituri urTierT qmede ba damaxasiaTebelia yvela
elementaruli nawilakebisaTvis, garda neitrinosi (da gravitonis, rome-
lic jerjerobiT hipotezuri nawilakia). am urTierTqmedebis konstanta
1
G2 =
137
e.i. daaxloebiT 100-jer naklebia ZlierTan SedarebiT.
miuxedavad simcirisa, imis gamo, rom eleqtromagnituri Zalebi vlin-
debian nebismier manZilze (maTi qmedebis radiusi SezRuduli ar aris), ur-
TierTqmedebis es tipi umravles SemTxvevaSi aris mTavari. eleqtromagni-
turi urTierTqmedeba ganapirobebs atomebis arsebobas, akavSirebs atomebs
molekulebSi, aris mizezi myari sxeulis, siTxis, airisa da plazmis
nawilakebs Soris arsebuli urTierTqmedebis Zalebisa. am urTierTqmedebiT
xorcieldeba yvela fizko-qimiuri da biologiuri procesebi. eleqtromag-
nituri urTierTqmedeba (gravitaciulTan erTad) TamaSobs ZiriTad rols
Cvens garemomcvel makroskopul samyaroSi. swored eleqtromagnitur urTi-
erTqmedebaze daiyvaneba praqtikulad yvela arafundamenturi xasiaTis Zala
(magaliTad, drekadobis, xaxunis). eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba im
manZilebzec ki TamaSobs garkveul rols, sadac moqmedeben birTvuli Zale-
bi. magaliTad, protonebs Soris moqmedi kulonuri ganzidva auaresebs bir-
Tvis mdgradobas.
eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba eleqtromagnituri
velis saSualebiT, romlis kvantebsac warmoadgens fotonebi.
birTvuli urTierTqmedebisagan gansxvavebiT, eleqtromagnituri urTi-
erTqmedebis intensivoba damokidebulia muxtze _ igi gansakuTrebiT didia
damuxtuli nawilakebisaTvis (kulonuri Zalebi). spinis mqone neitraluri
nawilakebi (mag. neitronebi) urTierTqmedeben mxolod magnituri velis
saSualebiT, romlis wyaroc nawilakebis magnituri momentebia. es Zalebi
kulonurze bevrad sustia. kidev ufro sustia urTierTqmedeba iseT neitra-
lur nawilakebs Soris, romelTac spini ar gaaCniaT (mag. neitralur
pionebs Soris). aseT nawilakebs Soris eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedeba

∗
bolo monacemebiT, Zlieri urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba ara π -mezonebis, aramed gluo-
nebis meSveobiT (§126).
435
ganpirobebulia virtualuri nawilakebiT, romelTac gaaCniaT eleqtruli
muxtebi da magnituri momentebi.
su st i urTierT qmede ba damaxasiaTebelia yvela elementaruli na-
wilakisaTvis fotonebs garda. magram urTierTqmedebis es saxe yvelaze
SesamCnevia neitrinosaTvis, radgan misTvis igi erTaderTia. susti urTi-
erTqmedebiT xorcieldeba birTvis yovelgvari β -daSla, mravali elementa-
ruli nawilakis daSla, nivTierebasTan neitrinos urTierTqmedeba da sxv.
susti urTierTqmedebis intensivoba umniSvneloa ZlierTan da eleq-
tromagniturTan SedarebiT. misTvis urTierTqmedebis konstanta
G 2 ≈ 10 −14 .
amitomaa, rom neitrinos Tavisufali ganarbeni nivTierebaSi fantasti-
kurad didia _ mag. 1 mev energiis mqone neitrinos Tavisufali ganarbeni
wyalSi tolia 1016km-is. es bevrad aRemateba varskvlavebis xazovan zomebs,
romelic 108km rigisaa.
susti urTierTqmedebis Zalebi, Zlieris msgavsad, axloqmedia _ maTi
qmedebis radiusi 10-17m-s ar aRemateba.
susti urTierTqmedebac xorcieldeba velis saSualebiT, romlis
kvantebsac warmoadgens W ± da Z 0 Sualeduri veqtoruli bozone bi.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom amJamad dadgenilia eleqtromagnituri
da susti urTierTqmedebis erTiani buneba da Seqmnilia erTiani e le q -
trosusti urTierT qmede bis Teoria. swored am Teoriam iwinaswarmet-
yvela Sualeduri veqtoruli bozonebis arseboba da gansazRvra maTi mase-
bi. Teoriis udavo miRwevaa, rom aseTi nawilakebi eqsperimentulad iqna
aRmoCenili 1983 wels. masebis gazomvam aCvena, rom maTi mniSvnelobebi
sakmaod axlosaa Teoriuli gaTvlebiT miRebul mniSvnelobebTan.
miuxedavad Zalian patara intensivobisa, susti urTierTqmedeba
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs bunebaSi. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am urTi-
erTqmedebis gareSe ver warimarTeboda proton-protonuli cikli, romlis
Sedegadac xdeba wyalbadis oTxi birTvis (protonis) SeerTeba heliumis
birTvad da romlis drosac gamoyofili energia warmoadgens mzisa da var-
skvlavebis naTebis wyaros.

heliumis birTvi protonebs garda Seicavs neitronebsac, amitom, ciklis ganxorcie-

lebisaTvis aucilebelia protonebis nawilis winaswari gardaqmna neitronebad. neitro-
nebis saWiro maragi iqmneba deitronebSi Semdegi reaqciiT
1
1 H + 11H →12 H + e + + v e ,

436
romelic xorcieldeba mxolod susti urTierTqmedebiT. es reaqcia mimdinareobs Zalian

nela _ misi saSualo xangrZlivoba 1,4 ⋅ 10

10
welia. saqme imaSia, rom varskvlavebis wiaRSi
arsebuli protonebis kinetikuri energia ar aris sakmarisi imisaTvis, rom Sejaxebisas
daZlion kulonuri potenciuri jebiri da SeerTdnen. amitom, rogorc wesi, protonebis
Sejaxebas aqvs drekadi xasiaTi. mxolod daaxloebiT erTi asmemilionedi nawili Seja-
xebisa mTavrdeba SeerTebis reaqciiT gvirabuli efeqtis meSveobiT.

gr av itaciul i urTierTqmede ba damaxasiaTebelia uklebliv yvela

nawilakisaTvis, ase rom urTierTqmedebis es saxe (tipi) universaluria,
magram gravitaciuli urTiertqmedeba yvelaze sustia, misTvis urTierTqme-
debis konstanta
G 2 ≈ 10 −38 ,
e.i. sust urTierTqmedebazec ki mravali rigiT naklebia. amitom, elementa-
ruli nawilakebis fizikaSi, misi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, gravita-
cia mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba. amasTan dakavSirebiT, elementaruli nawila-
kebis fizikaSi fundamenturi urTierTqmedebebis qveS igulisxmeba mxolod
sami _ Zlieri, eleqtromagnituri da susti. gravitaciul Zalebs, eleqtro-
magnituris msgavsad, aqvT qmedebis ganusazRvreli radiusi (r = ∞ ) , magram
eleqtromagnituri Zalebisagan gansxvavebiT gravitaciuli Zalebi yovel-
Tvis mizidvis Zalebia. es Zalebi masebis gazrdiT izrdeba, amitom makro-
samyaroSi, didi masis warmonaqmnebis (galaktikebi, varskvlavebi, planetebi
da a.S.) moZraobisas, agreTve patara makroskopuli sxeulebis moZraobis
ganxilvisas aseTi masebis velSi, gravitaciuli Zalebis roli gan-
msazRvrelia. gansakuTrebiT arsebiTia gravitaciuli Zalebis roli varskv-
lavebis warmoqmnisa da evoluciis procesSi.
urTierTqmedebis Zalebis sididis Sesabamisad gansxvavdeba urTierT-
qmedebis τ droc, anu im procesebis mimdinareobis dro, romelsac iwvevs
esa Tu is urTierTqmedeba.
Zlieri urTierTqmedebis dro 10-23wm-is rigisaa. marTlac, maRali en-
ergiis nawilakebis Sejaxebisas, romelTa fardobiTi siCqarea c , dro, rom-
lis ganmavlobaSic es nawilakebi urTierTqmedeben, miiReba birTvuli Zale-
bis qmedebis r radiusis gayofiT sinaTlis c siCqareze:

r 10 −15 m
τ= ≈ ≈ 10 − 23 w.
c 3 ⋅ 10 m wm
8

437
 eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis dro (misi sididis Sesabamisad)
ori rigiT metia da Seadgens daaxloebiT 10-21wm-s, xolo susti urTierTqme-
debis dro 14 rigiT metia Zlierze da tolia daaxloebiT 10-9wm-s.
am urTierTqmedebaTa mokle analizidan Cans, rom rac naklebi inten-
sivobisaa urTierTqmedeba, miT metia masSi monawile nawilakTa ricxvi. gar-
da amisa, nawilaki, romelic monawileobs CamoTvlili oTxidan erTerT ur-
TierTqmedebaSi, monawileobs agreTve masze sust yvela urTierTqmedebaSi.

§124. nawilakebis urTierTqmedeba da Senaxvis kanonebi

Senaxvis kanonebs Tanamedrove fizikaSi centraluri adgili ukavia.

magram fizikis arcerT nawilSi ar TamaSobs es kanonebi iseT mniSvnelovan
rols, rogorc elementaruli nawilakebis fizikaSi. dakavSirebulia es
SemdegTan.
1. kvanturi movlenebi, romelTac ar krZalavs Senaxvis kanonebi, adre
Tu gvian, magram aucileblad moxdeba. mag., mikronawilaki aucileblad
Camovardeba horizontaluri Tarodan maSinac ki, Tu mas aravin ar ubiZgebs.
nawilakis Camovardnas ar krZalavs Senaxvis kanonebi da xdeba imitom, rom
arsebobs nulisagan gansxvavebuli kvanturmeqanikuri albaToba imisa, rom
mikronawilaki aRmoCndeba Taros kideze. SedarebisaTvis aRvniSnoT, rom
makrosxeuli, Tu mas ar ubiZgeben, arasdros Camovardeba aseTi Tarodan,
Tumca am Camovardnas agreTve ar krZalavs Senaxvis kanonebi.
2. elementaruli nawilakebis fizikaSi Senaxvis kanonebis aRmoCena win
uswrebs Tanamimdevruli Teoriis Seqmnas _ kanonebi aRmoCenilia cdis
saSualebiT, nawilakebis moZraobis gantolebebi ki dadgenili ar aris (Cve-
ulebriv, yovel Tanamimdevrul TeoriaSi, Senaxvis kanonebi Sedegia moZrao-
bis gantolebebisa). amitom Senaxvis kanonebi im movlenebis analizis SesaZ-
leblobas iZleva, romelTa meqanizmi jer ganxiluli ar aris.
3. elementaruli nawilakebisaTvis sruldeba gacilebiT meti Senaxvis
kanonebi, vidre makroskopuli movlenebisaTvis.
elementaruli nawilakebis fizikaSi Senaxvis kanonebi iyofa zust da
miaxloebiT kanonebaT. zusti kanonebi sruldeba yvela fundamentur urTi-
erTqmedebaSi, miaxloebiTi ki mxolod zogierTSi.
zustia energiis, impulsisa da impulsis momentis mudmivobis kanonebi.
es kanonebi geometriuli warmoSobisaa da gamosaxaven Sesabamisad drois

438
erTgvarovnebas, sivrcis erTgvarovnebas da izotropulobas. es kanonebi
cnobilia klasikur fizikaSic. zustia agreTve yvela muxtis Senaxvis ka-
noni. amaTgan klasikur fizikaSi cnobilia mxolod eleqtruli muxtis
mudmivobis kanoni. araeleqtruli muxtebis (leptonurebisa da barionulis)
mudmivobis kanonebs qvemoT ganvixilavT. muxtebis mudmivobis kanonebis
warmoSoba jerjerobiTY dadgenili ar aris.
nawilakis eleqtruli muxti ormag rols TamaSobs. jer erTi, igi
aris Zaluri velis wyaro. meorec, es aris nawilakis damaxasiaTebeli kvan-
turi ricxvi. leptonuri da barionuli muxtebi ki Zalur vels ar qmnian.
eseni mxolod kvanturi ricxvebia, romlebic axasiaTeben elementaruli
nawilakebis Sinagan Tvisebebs.
araeleqtruli muxtebis Semotana nakarnaxevia im cdiseuli faqtis
asaxsnelad, Tu ratomaa, rom zogierTi reaqcia mimdinareobs, zogi ki ara,
Tumca am ukanasknelebs ar krZalavs klasikur fizikaSi cnobili arc erTi
Senaxvis kanoni.
magaliTad, cdiT dadgenilia, rom mZime nawilakebi, barionebi, aras-
dros ar iSleba mxolod msubuq nawilakebad, kerZod protoni arasdros ar
iSleba pozitronad da γ kvantad:

p ≠ e+ + γ , (124.1)
Tumca aseTi reaqcia ar ikrZaleba klasikur fizikaSi cnobili arc erT
Senaxvis kanoniT. aseve ar mimdinareobs reaqcia
~
p+n≠ p+ p+ p. (124.2)
Tumca muxti da sxva sidideebi aqac inaxeba. samagierod, maRali energiebis
nuklonebis Sejaxebisas, mimdinareobs reaqcia∗:
~
p+n→ p+n+ p+ p (124.3)
reaqciebis aseTi `SerCeviTobis~ asaxsnelad fizikosebma SemoiRes
Senaxvis axali kanoni _ b ar i o n u li m u x t i s S e n a x v i s k an o n i (barionu-
li muxti igivea rac nuklonebis ricxvi, romelic yovelTvis inaxeba bir-
Tvuli reaqciebis dros). Tu barionebs (e.i. nuklonebsa da hiperonebs) miva-
kuTvnebT dadebiT barionul muxts (B = +1) , antibarionebs _ uaryofiTs
(B = −1) , xolo danarCen nawilakebs _ nulovans (B = 0 ) , maSin yvela reaq-
ciebi, romlebSic monawileoben barionebi da antibarionebi, mimdinareobs

∗
(124.3). reaqcia pirvelad ganaxorcieles amerikelma mecnierebma q.berkliSi, maRali
energiis protonebiT spilenZis samiznis dabombvisas.
439
barionuli muxtis SenaxviT. marTlac, advili misaxvedria, rom (124.1) da
(124.2) reaqciebSi barionuli muxti ar inaxeba, (124.3) reaqciaSi ki _ inaxeba.

barionuli muxtis Senaxvis kanoni ganapirobebs yvelaze msubuqi barionis _ proto-

nis stabilurobas, isevev rogorc eleqtruli muxtis Senaxvis kanoni ganapirobebs yve-
laze msubuqi damuxtuli nawilakis _ eleqtronis stabilurobas. magaliTad, reaqcia
~
p ≠ e+ + v + v
(romelic saboloo jamSi gamoiwvevda atomebis anihilacias), daSvebulia yvela Senaxvis
kanoniT, garda barionuli muxtisa. aseve, mag., reaqcia

e− ≠ γ + γ + v
daSvebulia yvela Senaxvis kanoniT, garda eleqtruli muxtisa.

aseve martivad aixsneba susti urTierTqmedebiT gamowveuli reaqcie-

bis (kerZod, daSlis reaqciebis) SerCeviToba leptonuri muxtebis Semota-
niT.
ansxvaveben sami saxis leptonur muxts (ricxvs): Le eleqtronuls (Se-
moRebulia eleqtronis, eleqtronuli neitrinosa da maTi antinawilakebi-
saTvis), Lμ miuonurs (miuonis, miuonuri neitrinosa da maTi antinawilake-

bisaTvis) da Lτ taonurs ( τ _ leptonis, taonuri neitrinosa da maTi anti-

nawilakebisaTvis)∗.
eleqtronuli leptonuri muxtis Senaxvis kanoniT aixsneba magaliTad
is faqti, Tu Cveulebrivi β -daSlis dros ratom gamosxivdeba eleqtronu-
li antineitrino
~
n → p + e − + ve
⎛ ~
⎞
da ratom ar gamosxivdeba miuonuri antineitrino ⎜ v μ ⎟ an eleqtronuli neitrino:
⎝ ⎠
~
n ≠ p + e − + vμ
n ≠ p + e − + ve
Tumca bolo or reaqcias ar krZalavs arcerTi sxva Senaxvis kanoni.
aseve arasdros ar xorcieldeba reaqcia
ve + p ≠ e + + n
Tumca isic daSvebulia sxva Senaxvis kanonebiT. samagierod, xorcieldeba
(birTvul reaqtorze) reaqcia

∗
kidev erTxel aRvniSnoT eqsperimentalurad dadasturebuli faqti, rom eleqtronuli
neitrino (ve ) , romelic gamosxivdeba daSlis reaqciis dros eleqtronTan erTad, gansxvav-
deba miuonuri v μ ( ) da taonuri (vτ ) neitrinosagan, romlebic gamosxivdebian Sesabamisad
miuonTan da τ _ leptonTan erTad.
440
 ~
ve + p → e + + n .
Tu miviRebT, rom eleqtronisa da eleqtronuli neitrinosaTvis eleq-
tronuli leptonuri muxti Le = +1 , pozitronisa da eleqtronuli antineit-

rinosaTvis Le = −1 , xolo yvela sxva nawilakisaTvis Le = 0 , advilad dav-

rwmundebiT, rom yvela praqtikulad ganxorcielebul reaqciebSi eleq-
tronuli leptonuri muxti inaxeba, ganuxorcielebelSi ki _ ara.
miuonuri leptonuri muxti Semotanilia im cdiseuli faqtis asaxsne-
lad, Tu ratom xorcieldeba, magaliTad, Semdegi reaqciebi
~
π − → μ − + vμ
π + → μ + + vμ
~
vμ + p → μ + + n
da ratom ara aqvs adgili, magaliTad, reaqciebs
π − ≠ μ − + vμ
~
π + ≠ μ + + vμ
vμ + p ≠ μ + + n
Tumca maT ar krZalavs Senaxvis sxva kanonebi.
aqac, Tu davuSvebT, rom μ − -miuonisa da miuonuri neitrinosaTvis miu-

onuri leptonuri muxti Lμ = +1 , μ + -miunisa da miuonuri antineitrinosaT-

vis Lμ = −1 , xolo yvela danarCeni nawilakebisaTvis Lμ = 0 , davrwmundebiT,

rom yvela ganxorcielebul reaqciebSi Lμ inaxeba, ganuxorcieleblebSi ki

_ ara.
mesame, taonuri leptonuri muxti SemoRebulia τ -leptonis monawi-
leobiT mimdinare reaqciebis asawerad. aqac, τ − -leptonisa da taonuri nei-
trinosaTvis Lτ = +1 , τ + -leptonisa da taonuri antineitronisaTvis Lτ = −1 ,

xolo yvela danarCeni nawilakisaTvis Lτ = 0 . amrigad yvela uaryofiTi

leptonisa da yvela neitronisaTvis leptonuri muxtebi tolia +1-is, xolo
yvela dadebiTi leptonisa da yvela antineitrinosaTvis -1-is∗.
rogorc aRvniSneT, elementaruli nawilakebis fizikaSi Senaxvis zus-
ti kanonebis garda arsebobs miaxloebiTi kanonebic, romlebic mxolod

∗
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad miRebuli iyo mxolod erTi leptonuri muxti da misi
Senaxvis kanoni. maSasadame, am TavlsazrisiT daSvebulia iyo, magaliTad, reaqcia
μ − → e− + γ
, rasac sinamdvileSi ara aqvs adgili. dRes cnobilia, rom es asec unda iyos,
vinaidan igi ewinaaRmdegeba cal-calke eleqtronuli da miuonuri muxtebis Senaxvis
kanonebs.
441
zogierT fundamentur urTierTqmedebaSi sruldeba. aseTia, magaliTad, uc-
n au r o bi s Senaxvis kanoni. terminis Semotana dakavSirebulia 50-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi dadgenil im faqtTan, rom axladaRmoCenili nawilakebi,
kerZod K , ∧ 0 , Σ, ξ (kaonebi da hiperonebi) iqcevian ucnaurad ori mxriv.
jer erTi, maRali energiebis sxva nawilakebis Sejaxebisas isini yo-
velTvis Cndebian (ibadebian) wyvil-wyvilad an didi jgufebiT (manamde cno-
bili iyo mxolod nawilakisa da Sesabamisi antinawilakis erToblivi
gaCena). magaliTad, reaqciebi
π − + p → K 0 + ∧0 (124.4)
p+ p →ξ0 + p+ K0 + K+
mimdinareobs didi albaTobiT (e.i. gamowveulia Zlieri urTierTqmedebiT),
xolo reaqcia
π− + p ≠ K0 +n (124.5)
saerTod ar xorcieldeba, Tumca mas ar krZalavs arc erTi cnobili
Senaxvis kanoni.
meorec, Tumca am, rogorc maT uwodes, ucnauri nawilakebis gaCena
gamowveulia Zlieri urTierTqmedebiT, maTi daSla mimdinareobs Zalian ne-
la _ susti urTierTqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli drois xangrZlivobiT
(miuxedavad imisa, rom isini yovelTvis iSlebian Zlierad urTierTqmed na-
wilakebad; mag., K 0 → 2π 0 ; Σ + → p + π 0 da sxv). nacvlad 10-23 wamisa, rac dama-
xasiaTebelia Zlieri urTierTqmedebiT daSladi nawilakebisaTvis, ucnauri
nawilakebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba meryeobs 10-10-dan 10-8 wamis far-
glebSi, rac damaxasiaTebelia susti urTierTqmedebisaTvis.
ucnauri nawilakebis aseTi qcevis asaxsnelad gel-manma da niSijimam
SemoiRes axali kvanturi ricxvi _ ucnauroba (S ) da dauSves, rom Zlier
(da eleqtromagnitur) urTierTqmedebaSi igi inaxeba, sustSi ki _ ara (ic-
vleba ± 1 -iT). K -mezonebisaTvis S = +1 , ∧ 0 da Σ hiperonebisaTvis S = −1 , ξ
hiperonebisaTvis S = −2 , xolo Ω -hiperonebisaTvis S = −3 . antinawilakebisa-
Tvis ucnauroba miiReba Sesabamisi nawilakebis ucnaurobaTa niSnis
SecvliT. yvela sxva (e.i. araucnauri) nawilakebisaTvis S = 0 .
axla ukve gasagebia, Tu ucnauri nawilakebi, romelTa gaCena
ganpirobebulia Zlieri urTierTqmedebiT, ratom Cndebian wyvil-wyvilad, an
didi jgufebiT _ amas moiTxovs ucnaurobis Senaxvis kanoni. marTlac,
(124.4) reaqciebSi ucnauroba inaxeba (reaqciamde da reaqciis Semdeg ucnau-
roba nulis tolia), (124.5)-Si ki _ ara. Semdeg, ucnaur nawilakTa daSlisas
442
ucnauroba ar inaxeba _ icvleba erTi erTeuliT e.i. es daSla gamowveulia
susti urTierTqmedebiT, rac ganapirobebs am nawilakTa did sicocxlis
xangrZlivobas.
Senaxvis miaxloebiTi kanonebis ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve
mojadoebis da sxv. Senaxvis kanonebi (§126).

§125. nawilakebis klasifikacia

`miuxedavad elementaruli nawilakebis didi simravlisa, dReisaTvis

gamovlenilia maTi klasifikaciis cotad Tu bevrad mwyobri sistema.
saerTod, nawilakebis yovelgvari klasifikacias safuZvlad udevs maTi
dajgufeba (gaerTianeba) ama Tu im Tvisebebis mixedviT, cxrilSi (gv. 445)
mocemulia nawilakTa klasifikacia, romelsac safuZvlad udevs urTierT-
qmedebis xasiaTi da zogierTi sxva Tvisebebi. masSi Sesulia mxolod
stabiluri nawilakebi da isini, romelTa sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
τ > 10 −19 wm. cxrilSi WeSmaritad neitraluri nawilakebi moTavsebulia ori
svetis SuaSi, nawilakebisa da antinawilakebis gamyof sazRvarze. cxrilSi
moyvanila mxolod nawilakis dasaxeleba. antinawilakis dasaxeleba miiReba
win `anti~-s damatebiT. am SemTxvevaSi antinawilaki gamoisaxeba nawilakis
simboloTi, romelsac Tavze talRisebri wiri aqvs. mag., neitronis antina-

⎛~⎞
wilakia antineitroni ⎜ n ⎟ . antieleqtrons aqvs specialuri dasaxeleba _
⎝ ⎠
pozitroni (e ) ,
+
xolo damuxtuli pionebisa da kaonebis mimarT termini
`antinawilaki~, rogorc wesi ar ixmareba. kerZod, dadebiTad damuxtuli
pionis (pi-plus-mezonis) antinawilaki ewodeba uaryofiTad damuxtul pions
(pi-minus-mezons). aseve, dadebiTad damuxtuli kaonis antinawilakia uaryo-
fiTad damuxtuli kaoni. yvela damuxtuli nawilaki da antinawilaki gamo-
ixateba Sesabamisi simboloTi, romelsac zeviT marjvniv dasmuli aqvs `+~
an `-~. gamonakliss Seadgens mxolod protoni da antiprotoni, romelTac
es niSnebi ar ewereba. yvela saxis muxtebi, agreTve ucnaurobaTa mniSvne-
lobebi, miTiTebulia mxolod nawilakebisaTvis. antinawilakebisaTvis am
sidideebs aqvT cxrilSi moyvanilis sapirispiro niSnebi. sxva fizikuri si-

443
dideebi _ masebi, spinebi, sicocxlis xangrZlivobebi _ nawilakebsa da
Sesabamis antinawilakebs aqvT erTnairi∗.
cxrili Sedgeba sami jgufisagan.
p ir v e l i j g u f i gansakuTrebulia. masSi Sedis erTaderTi nawilaki
_ fotoni . fotoni monawileobs mxolod eleqtromagnitur urTierTqmede-
baSi, warmoadgens am urTierTqmedebis gadamtans∗∗.
m e o r e j g u f S i gaerTianebulia leptone bi . ase ewodeba nawilakebs,
romlebic ar monawileoben Zlier urTierTqmedebaSi. isini monawileoben
sust, xolo maT Soris damuxtulni _ agreTve eleqtromagnitur urTierT-
qmedebaSi.
m e s a m e j g u f S i gaerTianebulia adronebi . ase ewodeba nawilakebs,
romlebic monawileoben Zlier urTierTqmedebaSi. adronebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebelia sxva saxis urTierTqmedebebic, magram im manZilebze, sadac Tavs
iCens Zlieri urTierTqmedeba, isini umniSvneloa. adronebi Tavis mxriv iyo-
fa or qvejgufad _ mezonebad (barionuli muxti B = 0 ) da barionebad
(barionuli muxti B = 1 ).
unda aRiniSnos, rom elementarul nawilakTa aseTi dasaxeleba dakav-
Sirebulia klasifikaciis Tavdapirvel meTodebTan, roca maTi dajgufeba
xdeboda masebis mixedviT. aseTi dajgufebis Sedegad iyo maTi dayofa
leptonebad (`msubuqi~ nawilakebi), barionebad (`mZime nawilakebi~) da me-
zonebad (`Sualeduri~, `saSualo~ nawilakebi). urTierTqmedebis mixedviT
nawilakebis klasifikacia TiTqmis Seesabameba Zvel klasifikacias, magram
miuons axla akuTvneben leptonTa jgufs, vinaidan igi ar monawileobs
Zlier urTierTqmedebaSi, Tumca Tavisi masis gamo Tavdapirvelad mas ewoda
μ -mezoni. gamonaklisia kidev 1974 w. aRmoCenili jei-fsi (J ψ ) mezoni,
romelic Cvens cxrilSi ar Sevida sicocxlis mcire xangrZlivobis gamo
(τ ≈ 10 −20
w ) . igi Zalian mZimea (≈ 6000me ) , magram aqvs nulovani barionuli
muxti, amitom miekuTvneba mezonebis jgufs.

∗
cxrilSi nawilakebis masebi da eleqtruli muxtebi mocemulia Sesabamisad eleqtronis
me masisa da e muxtis erTeulebiT.
∗∗
aris mosazreba, rom am jgufSi Sevidnen (gaerTiandnen) sxva fundamentur urTierTqmede-
baTa gadamtani nawilakebic: gravitonebi (gravitaciuli urTierTqmedeba), Sualeduri veq-
toruli bozonebi (susti urTierTqmedeba) da gluonebi (Zlieri urTierTqmedeba).
444
 cxrili
simbolo uZraobis
muxti masa
jgufi
sicocxlis
nawilakis anti (e- Le Lμ Lτ
nawila ( me _ spini B S xangrZlivoba,
dasaxeleba nawila erTeul wm.
ki erTeule
ki ebiT
biT
fotone
bi

fotoni v 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 stabiluria

eleqtroni e− e+ -1 1 1/2 0 +1 0 0 0 stabiluria

eleqtronu ~
li ve ve 0 0 ½1/2 0 +1 0 0 0 stabiluria
neitrino
leptonebi

miuoni μ− μ+ -1 206.8 1/2½ 0 0 +1 0 0 2,2 ⋅ 10 −6

miuonuri ~
vμ vμ 0 0 1/2 0 0 +1 0 0 stabiluria
neitrino
tau-
leptoni τ− τ+ -1 3487 1/2 0 0 0 +1 0 4 ⋅ 10−13
taonuri ~
neitrino
vτ vτ 0 0 1/2 0 0 0 +1 0 stabiluria

pi-nul-
mezoni π0 0 264.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,8 ⋅ 10 −16
pi-plus-
π+ π− +1 273.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,6 ⋅ 10 −8
mezonebi

mezoni
ka-plus-
mezoni k+ k− +1 966.2 0 0 0 0 0 +1 1,2 ⋅ 10 −2
ka-nul- ~
k0 k0 0 974 0 0 0 0 0 +1 10 −10 − 10 −8
mezoni
eta-mezoni η0 0 1074 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,4 ⋅ 10 −19
~
protoni p p +1 1836.2 ½1/2 1 0 0 0 0 stabiluria

0,9 ⋅ 10 3
~
neitroni n 0 1838.7 ½1/2 1 0 0 0 0
adronebi

n
lambda-
2,5 ⋅ 10 −10
~
giperoni ∧0 ∧0 0 2183 ½1/2 1 0 0 0 -1
sigma-plus-
0,8 ⋅ 10 −10
~
giperoni Σ+ Σ+ +1 2328 ½1/2 1 0 0 0 -1
barionebi

sigma- nul ~
-giperoni Σ0 Σ0 0 2334 1/2 1 0 0 0 -1 < 10 −14
sigma-
1,5 ⋅ 10 −10
~
minus - Σ− Σ− -1 2343 1/2 1 0 0 0 -1
giperoni
ksi-nul- ~
giperoni ξ0 ξ0 0 2573 1/2 1 0 0 0 -2 3 ⋅ 10 −10
ksi-minus- ~
giperoni ξ− ξ − -1 2586 1/2 1 0 0 0 -2 1,7 ⋅ 10 −10
omega-
1,3 ⋅ 10 −10
~
minus- Ω− Ω− -1 3273 3/2 1 0 0 0 -3

445
 §126. cneba kvarkebis Sesaxeb

rogorc viciT, TiTqmis yvela cnobili elementaruli nawilaki

miekuTvneba nawilakTa or jgufs _ leptonebs an adronebs. ZiriTadi gan-
sxvaveba maT Soris aris is, rom adronebi monawileoben Zlier urTierTqme-
debaSi, leptonebi ki _ ara. sxva mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba mdgomareobda
imaSi, rom 60-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis cnobili iyo mxolod oTxi
leptoni (e, μ , ve , v μ ), adronebis ricxvi ki ass aRemateboda.

aRniSnuli periodisaTvis cnobili iyo agreTve, rom leptonebi WeSma-

ritad elementaruli nawilakebia _ maT ar gaaCniaT Sinagani struqtura.
rac Seexeba adronebs, protonebsa da neitronebze maRali energiebis eleq-
tronebis gabnevis Seswavlam aCvena, rom am nawilakebs gaaCnia Sinagani
struqtura. es cdiseuli faqti da didi simravle adronebisa saeWvos xdi-
da am ukanasknelTa elementarulobas. am daeWvebis Sedegi iyo gel-manisa
da cveigis mier 1964 wels gamoqveynebuli hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom Zlier
urTierTqmedebaSi monawile nawilakebi, anu adronebi Sedgebian ufro fun-
damenturi (WeSmaritad elementaruli) nawilakebisagan _ kvarkebisagan.

cxrili

WeSmariteba
(antikvarki)

barionuli

ucnauroba

mojadoeba

eleqtruli
silamaze
kvarki

muxti
spini

muxti
( e _erTeulebiT)

⎛~⎞
u⎜ u ⎟ +2/3(-2/3) 1/2 1/3(-1/3) 0 0 0 0
⎝ ⎠

⎛~⎞
d⎜ d ⎟ -1/3(+1/3) 1/2 1/3(-1/3) 0 0 0 0
⎝ ⎠

⎛~⎞
s⎜ s ⎟ -1/3(+1/3) 1/2 1/3(-1/3) -1(+1) 0 0 0
⎝ ⎠

⎛~⎞
c⎜ c ⎟ +2/3(-2/3) 1/2 1/3(-1/3) 0 +1(-1) 0 0
⎝ ⎠

⎛~⎞
b⎜ b ⎟ -1/3(+1/3) 1/2 1/3(-1/3) 0 0 +1(-1) 0
⎝ ⎠

⎛~⎞
t⎜ t ⎟ +2/3(-2/3) 1/2 1/3(-1/3) 0 0 0 +1(-1)
⎝ ⎠

446
 Tavdapirvelad hipoTeza iTvaliswinebda sami tipis (u, d , s ) kvarkisa

⎛~ ~ ~⎞
da Sesabamisi antikvarkebis ⎜ u, d , s ⎟ arsebobas∗. TiToeuli tipis kvarks
⎝ ⎠
ewodeba aromati . hipoTezis Tanaxmad, Tu am nawilakebs mivawerdiT
cxrilSi moyvanil Tvisebebs, maTgan SeiZleboda im droisaTvis cnobili
yvela adronis `konstruireba~. am Tvisebebidan yvelaze saocari, TiTqmis
daujerebeli iyo nawilakebis eleqtruli muxtebis wiladuri
mniSvnelobebi, radgan manamde sayovelTaod iyo aRiarebuli e eleqtronis
1
muxtis minimaluroba. TiToeuli kvarkis spini unda iyos -is toli,
2
vinaidan mxolod am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba maTgan rogorc mTelricxvuli,
ise naxevarricxvuli spinis mqone adronebis ageba.
adronebis ageba kvarkebisagan xdeba Semdegnairad:
yoveli mezoni Sedgeba erTi kvarkisa da erTi antikvarkisagan. magali-
~
⎛ ~
⎞
Tad π + -mezoni Seicavs u kvarks da d -antikvarks ⎜ π + = u d ⎟ , π − -mezoni Sei-
⎝ ⎠
~
⎛ ~
⎞ ~
cavs _ d -kvarks da u -antikvarks ⎜ π − = d u ⎟ , k + -mezoni _ u kvarks da s -anti-
⎝ ⎠

⎛ ~
⎞ ~
⎛ ~
⎞
kvarks ⎜ k + = u s ⎟ , k 0 -mezoni _ d -kvarkisa da s -antikvarks ⎜ k 0 = d s ⎟ da a.S.
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
amis Sedegad TiToeuli mezonis muxti da spini iRebs cxrilSi mocemul
mniSvnelobebs.
yoveli barioni Sedgeba sami kvarkisagan, magaliTad, protonis Semad-
genlobaSi Sedis ori u -kvarki da erTi d -kvarki (p = u u d ), neitroni ki Sei-

cavs or d -kvarks da erT u -kvarks (n = u d d ) . Ω − -giperoni (romelic aRmoaC-

ines imave 1964 wels) Sedgeba sami s -kvarkisagan (Ω − = s s s ) da a.S. antibari-

onebi Sedgebian antikvarkebisagan. antikvarkebis eleqtruli da barionuli
muxtebi, agreTve ucnauroba, mojadoeba, silamaze da WeSmariteba kvarkebis
Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebisagan gansxvavdeba mxolod niSniT.
aRniSnuli hipoTezis gamoTqmidan sul male mTelma rigma mecnierebma
ivaraudes meoTxe, c -kvarkis arseboba. es varaudi dafuZnebuli iyo bunebis
Rrma simetriaze, romelic am konkretul SemTxvevaSi imiT unda gamoxatu-
liyo, rom vinaidan arsebobs oTxi leptoni (rogorc egonaT 60-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi), romlebic WeSmaritad elementaruli nawilakebi arian, kvarke-

∗
s -kvarks, rogorc kvanturi ricxvis S ucnaurobis matarebels, ucnaur kvarks uwodeben.
447
bis raodenobac, romlebsac agreTve ar gaaCniaT Sinagani struqtura, oTxi
unda iyos. mecnierTa varaudi gamarTlda 1974 wels, roca aRmoaCines
pirveli `mojadoebuli~ nawilaki _ j ψ -mezoni. am nawilakis Tvisebebis
axsna SesaZlo iyo mxolod meoTxe, c -kvarkis arsebobiT. c -kvarks uwodes
mojadoebuli kvarki, xolo Sinagani Tvisebis damaxasiaTebel c -kvantur
ricxvs _ mojadoeba.
1975 wels aRmoaCines τ -leptoni da masTan dakavSirebuli τ -neitrono,
riTac leptonebis ricxvi gaizarda eqvsamde. aman warmoSva mosazreba
axali kvarkebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. marTlac, 1977 wels amerikelma
mecnierebma aRmoaCines axali, Υ -mezoni, romlis Tvisebebi ar Tavsdeboda
oTxkvarkiani modelis sqemaSi. es faqti gaxda eqsperimentuli dadastureba
mexuTe, b -kvarkis arsebobisa. am kvarks ewoda l am az i an mSve nier i
kvar ki , misi Sinagani Tvisebis damaxasiaTebel b kvantur ricxvs _
silamaze an mSveniereba, xolo am kvarkis Semcvel adronebs _ lamazi
an mSvenieri nawilakebi. silamaze, iseve rogorc ucnauroba da mojadoeba,
inaxeba Zlier da eleqtromagnitur urTierTqmedebaSi da ar inaxeba sust
urTierTqmedebaSi. b kvarkis Semdeg aRmoaCines t -kvarki, romelsac
WeSm arit i uwodes. misi Sinagani Tvisebis damaxasiaTebel t kvantur
ricxvs W e S m ar i t e ba ewoda.
amrigad, kvar k-leptonuri simetria, romelic `dairRva~ τ -leptonis
aRmoCenis Semdeg aRdgenilia: bunebaSi arsebobs eqvsi leptoni da kvarkebis
raodenobac, romelTaganc agebulia yvela adroni, agreTve eqvsia. aris Tu
ara eqvsleptoniani da eqvskvarkiani sqema saboloo, amas momavali
gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs.
bunebrivia, rom kvarkebis Sesaxeb hipoTezis gamoqveynebisTanave, mecni-
erebma daiwyes maTi intensiuri Zieba Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi. eZebdnen
yvelgan _ maRali energiis amaCqareblebze, xmeleTsa da wyalSi, kosmossa
da mTvaris gruntSic ki, magram uSedegod. SesaZloa, es imiT aixsneba, rom
kvarkebis masa Zalian didia, kvarkebis bmis energia adronebSi ki _ uzar-
mazari, ris gamoc nawilakebis mier Tanamedrove amaCqareblebSi miRebuli
energia ar aris sakmarisi adronebis kvarkebad gasaxleCad. magram ufro
sarwmuno Cans azri, rom kvarkTaSorisi Zalebi, bunebis sxva Zalebisagan
gansxvavebiT, manZilis gadidebiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar mcirdeba _ rCeba
mudmivi an, SesaZloa, izrdeba kidevac. Tu es asea, maSin principuladaa
SeuZlebeli adronidan kvarkis amogleja.

448
 adronebis kvarkuli modeli dasawyisidanve waawyda rig siZneleebs.
kerZod, gaugebari iyo, ratom erTiandeba kvarkebi maincdamainc kvarki-
antikvarkis wyvilebad (mezonebi) an kvarkebis sameulebad (barionebi). ratom
ar arsebobs ori an oTxkvarkiani nawilakebi? garda amisa, modeli srul
winaaRmdegobaSi aRmoCnda kvanturi meqanikis fundamentur principTan _
paulis principTan. rogorc cnobilia, es pricipi samarTliania naxevar-
ricxvuli spinis mqone nawilakebisaTvis (rogorsac warmoadgens kvarkebi
da maTgan Sedgenili barionebi) da mdgomareobs imaSi, rom SeuZlebelia
mocemul sistemaSi imyofebodes Tundac ori nawilaki, romelTac yvela
kvanturi ricxvi erTnairi eqnebaT. meores mxriv, CvenTvis cnobili nawilaki
( )
Ω − -giperoni Sedgeba sami s -kvarkisagan Ω − = s s s , romelTac yvela kvantu-

ri ricxvi, maT Soris spinic (spinis orientacia), erTnairi aqvT∗.

am siZneleebis dasaZlevad sabWoTa da amerikelma fizikosebma, ro-
melTa Sorisaa qarTveli mecnieri akademikosi a. TavxeliZe, gamoTqves hipo-
Teza, romlis Tanaxmadac TiToeuli tipis kvarki (aromati) SeiZleba imyo-
febodes sam sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi. es mdgomareobebi savsebiT identu-
ria yvela TvisebebiT, garda erTi axali Tvisebisa, romelsac feri
ewodeba. aromats SeiZleba hqondes wiTeli, mwvane an lurji feri. ferebi
isea SerCeuli, rom maTma narevma mogvces `nulovani~, TeTri feri. anti-
kvarkebi iReben ferebs, romlebic damatebiTia (Semvsebia) kvarkebis fe-
rebisa (lurj-mwvane, mewamuli da yviTeli). amrigad, kvarkebi erTmane-
Tisagan gansxvavdebian ferisa da aromatis mixedviT.
feris SemoRebam kvarkebis ricxvi samjer gazarda, rasac unda
gamoewvia maTgan Sedgenili adronebis ricxvis sagrZnobi zrda. amas, cxa-
dia, sinamdvileSi ar hqonda adgili _ feris SemoReba ver gazrdida adro-
nebis ricxvs. axali kvarkuli modelis sinamdvilesTan SesaTanxmeblad
SemoRebuli iqna uferobis principi, romlis Tanaxmadac yoveli adroni
unda iyos ufero anu TeTri. es ki niSnavs, rom yoveli adroni unda Sedge-
bodes an kvarkisa da antikvarkisagan (mezonebi) an sami sxvadasxva feris
kvarkisagan (barionebi). advili misaxvedria, rom feris SemoReba da ufe-
robis principi avtomaturad uzrunvelyofs paulis principis Sesrulebas
barionis agebisas da aseve avtomaturad gamoricxavs ori an oTxi kvar-
kisagan Sedgenili adronis arsebobas.

∗
aRniSnul nawilakSi samive kvarkis spini rom erTnairadaa mimarTuli Cans iqidan, rom
misi spini 3/2-is tolia.
449
 Zalian male warmodgena feris Sesaxeb iqca Teoriis ZiriTad momen-
tad, vinaidan masTan (ferTan) daakavSires urTierTqmedeba, romelic akavebs
kvarkebs adronebSi. TiToeul kvarks miaweres f e r i T i m u x t i (eleqtruli
muxtis analogiurad) da kvarkebs Soris Zlier urTierTqmedebas uwodes
feriTi urTierTqmede ba . amis Sesabamisad, Zlieri urTierTqmedebis ax-
al Teorias ewoda kvanturi qromodinamika (berZnulad `qromos~ niS-
navs fers). Teoriis Tanaxmad, adronebs Soris Zlieri urTierTqmedeba, ro-
melzedac adre iyo laparaki, daiyvaneba pirvelad kvarkTaSoris urTierT-
qmedebamde. amasTan, ufero adronebis Zlieri urTierTqmedeba aris mxolod
susti kvali feradi kvarkebis bevrad ufro Zlieri urTierTqmedebisa (ise-
ve, rogorc neitralur molekulebs Soris urTierTqmedeba aris susti kva-
li eleqtronebsa da birTvebs Soris arsebuli eleqtromagnituri urTi-
erTqmedebisa).
kvarkebs Soris urTierTqmedeba xorcieldeba gansakuTrebuli nawila-
kebis g lu one bi s ∗ gacvliT. am gacvlis dros icvleba kvarkebis feri, aro-
mati ki _ ara. amasTan, feris cvlileba xdeba ise, rom adroni yovel momen-
tSi iyos ufero. Tanamedrove warmodgenebiT kvarkebs Soris ferebis gada-
tanas uzrunvelyofs rva gluoni, romelTagan eqvsi feriTi muxtis matare-
belia, maSasadame, am ukanasknelebs Soris adgili aqvs feriT urTierT-
qmedebas∗∗. rogorc vxedavT, gluonebma Secvales iukavas mezonebi im nawi-
lakebis rolSi, romelTac gadaaqvT Zlieri urTierTqmedeba. gluonebi
mkveTrad gansxvavdebian mezonebisagan Tundac imiT, rom mezonebs gaaCnia
uZraobis masa, maT Soris damuxtulebsac ki _ eleqtruli muxti. gluonebs
ki (fotonebis msgavsad) ar gaaCnia arc uZraobis masa da arc eleqtruli
muxti. garda amisa, gluonebi, kvarkebis msgavsad, Tavisufal mdgomareobaSi
ar arsebobs.
elementaruli nawilakebis fizika ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmav-
lobaSi uaRresad swrafi tempebiT viTardeboda. aRmoCenil iqna mravali
axali nawilaki, dadginda adronebis struqtura (romelic Tavisi mniSvne-
lobiT ar Camouvardeba rezerfordis mier atomis struqturis dadgenas),
Seiqmna eleqtromagnituri da susti urTierTqmedebis erTiani Teoria _
eleqtrosusti Teoria. am ukanasknelis warmatebebma stimuli misca mecnie-
rebs efiqraT ufro zogadi, e.w. d iad i e r T ia no bi s T e o r ii s Seqmnaze. es

∗
warmosdgeba inglisuri sityvisagan `glu~ - webo.
∗∗
aris mosazreba, rom am urTierTqmedebis Sedegad, SesaZloa, gluonebi SekavSirdnen da
warmoqmnan axali nawilakebi glubolebi.
450
Teoria, romelic aerTianebs eleqtromagnitur, sust da Zlier urTierTqme-
debebs, ganviTarebis stadiaSia. mas safuZvlad udevs eleqtrosusti urTi-
erTqmedebis Teoria da kvark-leptonuri simetria. swored am axalma Teo-
riam iwinaswarmetyvela protonis arastabiluroba da gansazRvra misi saSu-
alo sicocxlis xangrZlivoba ≈ 1032 wliT. kidev ufro grandiozulia mcde-
loba ganzogadebisa, romelsac `super-simetria~ ewodeba _ masSi gaerTiane-
bulia gravitaciuli urTierTqmedebac. marTalia, jerjerobiT Teoriis
Sedegebi Sorsaa sinamdvilidan, magram imedi unda viqonioT, rom sxvadasxva
qveynis mecnierTa ZalisxmeviT Teoria TandaTan daixveweba da arc ise
Soreul momavalSi miiRebs srulyofil saxes.
dabolos, aRvniSnoT, rom miRebulia elementaruli nawilakebis fi-
zikis ganviTarebaSi gamoiyos sami etapi.
pirveli etapi moicavs periods eleqtronis aRmoCenidan pozitro-
namde (1997-1932 ww).
m e o r e e t a p i moicavs periods pozitronis aRmoCenidan kvarkebamde
(1932-1964 ww).
m e s a m e e t a p i moicavs periods kvarkebis Sesaxeb hipoTezis gamoTqmi-
dan (1964 w) dRevandelobamde.

451
 s a r C e v i

pirveli nawili
eleqtromagnetizmi
$1. magnetizmis bunebis Sesaxeb warmodgenis ganviTareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
$2. magnituri velis damaxasiaTebeli sidideebi da maTi sazomi erTeulebi . . . . . . . 7
Tavi I
magnituri movlenebi vakuumSi
$3. magnituri induqciis veqtori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
$4. magnituri induqciis wirebi. magnituri induqciis nakadi.
magnituri velis grigaluri xasiaTi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
$5. bio-savar-laplasis kanoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
$6. bio-savar-laplasis kanonis gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
$7. moZravi muxtis magnituri veli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
$8. magnituri velis induqciis veqtoris cirkulacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
$9. cirkulaciis formulis gamoyeneba solenoidisa
da toroidis magnituri velis gamosaTvlelad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
$10. magnituri velis moqmedeba denian gamtarze. amperis formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
$11. denebis urTierTqmedeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
$12. magnituri velis moqmedeba Caketil denian konturze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
$13. magnituri velis moqmedeba moZrav muxtze. lorencis Zala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
$14. holis efeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
$15. eleqtronis kuTri muxtis gansazRvra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
$16. ionebis kuTri muxtis gansazRvra. masspeqtrografi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Tavi II
eleqtromagnituri induqcia
$17. eleqtromagnituri induqciis movlena. faradeis cdebi. lencis wesi . . . . . . . . . 54
$18. induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zala. faradeis kanoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
$19. induqciis eleqtromamoZravebeli Zalis aRZvris meqanizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
$20. urTierTinduqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
$21. TviTinduqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
$22. denis Zalis cvlileba wredis CarTvisa da amorTvis dros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
$23. denis magnituri velis energia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Tavi III
magnituri veli nivTierebaSi
$24. magnetikebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
$25 damagnitebis veqtori. nivTierebis magnituri SeRwevadoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
§26. eleqtronebisa da atomebis magnituri momenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
§27. diamagnetizmisa da paramagnetizmis buneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
§28. atomi magnitur velSi. larmoris Teorema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
§29. diamagnetikebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
§30. paramagnetikebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
§31. magnituri velis cirkulacia nivTierebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
§32. feromagnetikebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
§33 feromagnetizmis axsna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
§34. feromagnetizmis damagnitebis meqanizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

452
 Tavi IV
cvladi deni
$35. cvladi denis miReba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
$36. cv ladi da mudmivi denis generatorebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
$37. cvladi denis sruli wredi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
$38. ZabvaTa rezonansi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
$39. simZlavre cvladi denis wredSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
$40. samfaziani deni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
§41. eleqtruli energiis gadacema. transformatori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Tavi V
eleqtromagnituri rxevebi da talRebi. maqsvelis gantolebebi
§42. rxeviTi konturi. tomsonis formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
§43. milevadi eleqtromagnituri rxevebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
§44. iZulebiTi eleqtromagnituri rxevebi. TviTrxevebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
§45. wanacvlebis deni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
§46. maqsvelis gantolebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
§47. maqsvelis diferencialuri gantolebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
§48. eleqtromagnituri veli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
§49. eleqtromagnituri talRa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
§50. eleqtromagnituri talRebis gamosxiveba da miReba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
meore nawili
optikis safuZvlebi
$51. optikis ganviTarebis mokle istoria. sinaTlis dualizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Tavi VI
geometriuli optikis elementebi
$52. geometriuli optikis ZiriTadi kanonebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
$53. sinaTlis sruli Sinagani arekvla da misi gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
$54. sxivTa svla brtyel paralelur firfitaSi da samwaxnaga prizmaSi . . . . . . . . . 177
$55. linza. linzis fokusi. optikuri Zala. wertilis gamosaxulebis
ageba linzaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
$56. linzis formula. gamosaxulebis ageba linzaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
$57. linzis (optikuri sistemebis) defeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
$58. Tvali. mxedveloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
$59. Tvalis SemaiaraRebeli optikuri xelsawyoebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
$60 fermas principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Tavi VII
sinaTlis interferencia
$61. interferenciis movlena. iungis cda. sinaTlis talRis sigrZis Sefaseba . . . . . . 206
$62. koherentul talRaTa miRebis meTodebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
$63. gamWvirvale firfitidan arekvlili sxivebis interferencia
Tanabari daxrisa da Tanabari sisqis interferenciuli zolebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
$64. interferenciis praqtikuli gamoyeneba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Tavi VIII
sinaTlis difraqcia
$65. difraqciis movlena. hiugens-frenelis principi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
$66. frenelis zonebis meTodi. sinaTlis wrfivi gavrceleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
$67. frenelis difraqcia mcire wriul xvrelze da diskoze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
$68. fraunhoferis difraqcia marTkuTxa xvrelze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
$69. difraqcia or xvrelze. difraqciuli meseri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
$70. rentgenis sxivebis difraqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

453
 Tavi IX
sinaTlis dispersia, STanTqma da gabneva
$71. dispersiis movlena. niutonis cdebi. normaluri da anomaluri dispersia . . . . . 247
$72. sinaTlis dispersiis eleqtronuli Teoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
$73. sinaTlis STanTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
§74. sinaTlis gabneva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
$75. fazuri da jgufuri siCqare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Tavi X
sinaTlis polarizacia
$76. bunebrivi da polarizebuli sinaTle. malusis da briusteris kanonebi . . . . . . . 267
§77. ormagi sxivTtexa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
§78. Cveulebrivi da araCveulebrivi talRis zedapiris ageba hiugensis meTodiT . . . . 275
§79. polarizaciuli xelsawyoebi (polarizatorebi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
§80. xelovnuri ormagi sxivTtexa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
$81. polarizaciis sibrtyis brunva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Tavi XI
fardobiTobis Teoriis elementebi
§82. klasikuri fizikis ZiriTadi debulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
§83. moZrav sxeulTa optika da eTeris problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
§84. fardobiTobis Teoriis postulatebi. lorencis gardaqmnis formulebi . . . . . . 294
§85. lorencis gardaqmnebis Sedegebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
§86. relavisturi dinamikis elementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Tavi XII
kvanturi optikis safuZvlebi
§87. siTburi gamosxiveba. kirhofis kanoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
§88. absoluturad Savi sxeulis gamosxivebis kanonebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
§89. hipoTeza kvantebis Sesaxeb. plankis formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
§90. fotoefeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
§91. fotoefeqtis gamoyeneba. fotoelementebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
§92. fotonis masa da impulsi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
§93. luminescencia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
§94. komptonis efeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
mesame nawili
atomisa da atombirTvis fizikis safuZvlebi
Tavi XIII
atomis agebuleba. boris Teoria
§95. rezrfordis cda. atomis agebulebis birTvuli modeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
§96. atomis birTvuli modelis siZneleebi. boris postulatebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
§97. wyalbadis atomis boris Teoria. seriuli formulebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
§98. boris Teoriis eqsperimentuli dadastureba. frankisa da hercis cda . . . . . . . . 340
Tavi XIV
kvanturi meqanikis elementebi
§99. nivTierebis korpuskuluri-talRuri dualizmi. de-broilis formula . . . . . . . . 343
§100. haizenbergis ganusazRvrelobaTa Tanafardoba (principi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
§101. Sredingeris gantoleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
§102. Sredingeris gantolebis gamoyenebis magaliTebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
§103. wyalbadis atomi kvanturi meqanikis TvalsazrisiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
§104. eleqtronis spini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
§105. paulis principi. eleqtronTa ganawileba atomSi mdgomareobaTa mixedviT . . . . 363
§106. elementTa mendeleevis perioduli sistema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

454
 Tavi XV
atombirTvis fizika
§107. atombirTvis Sedgeniloba da Tvisebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
§108. izotopebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
$109. atombirTvuli Zalebi. atombirTvis modelebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
$110. radioaqtiuroba. α , β , γ sxivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

§111. α da β _ daSla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

§112. radioaqtiuri gadanacvlebis wesebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
§113. γ -gamosxiveba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
§114. radioaqtiuri daSlis ZiriTadi kanoni. aqtivoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
§115. atombirTvis bmis energia da masis defeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
§116. birTvuli reaqciebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
§117. birTvebis gayofa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
§118. gayofis jaWvuri reaqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
§119. birTvuli reaqtori . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
§120. atombirTvebis sinTezis reaqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
§121. marTvadi TermobirTvuli reaqciebis problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Tavi XVI
elementaruli nawilakebi
§122. elementaruli nawilakebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis ganviTareba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
§123. fundamentur urTierTqmedebaTa oTxi tipi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
§124. nawilakebis urTierTqmedeba da Senaxvis kanonebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
§125. nawilakebis klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
§126. cneba kvarkebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

455
 ibeWdeba avtorTa mier warmodgenili saxiT

gadaeca warmoebas 28.05.2009. xelmowerilia dasabeWdad 15.06.2009. qaRaldis

zoma 60X84 1/8. pirobiTi nabeWdi Tabaxi 28. tiraJi 100 egz.

sagamomcemlo saxli `teqnikuri universiteti~, Tbilisi, kostavas 77