POWER RESOURCES

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

 A renewable resource is one that can be used repeatedly and does not
run out because it is naturally replaced.

 It has an endless supply such as solar energy, wind energy, and

geothermal pressure.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

 Non-renewable Resources are resources that will deplete over a

lifetime.

 They are consumed at a rate faster than they can naturally reproduce,
many of these resources take millions of years to replenish.

 Examples are coal, oil, and materials used for nuclear energy.

COAL

 Coal is a rock formed from the decomposition of plant life. It is

primarily composed of carbon, with many other trace elements.

 Coal's high energy density and extensive reserves found in nature

make it useful as a fuel for electricity generation in coal-fired power
plants, and in some places, heating.

TYPES OF COAL

ANTHRACITE:

 Best quality coal.

 Hardest with the highest hydrocarbon content.

 Burns quietly with great heat.

 It is the blackest coal of all .

 It is formed in thin layers very deep underground.

BITUMINOUS COAL:

i) Steam coal:
 A superior black coal found in highly compressed seams.

 Burns readily with great heat.

 Its hydrocarbon content is less than that of Anthracite.

ii) Coking Coal:

 Coking coal is burnt to produce coke, a hard , grey , porous , material.

 It is used in blast furnaces for the extraction of iron from iron ore.

LIGNITE:

 It is a lower quality coal with a high moisture and ash content.

 It has a low heating value.

 It is found near the surface and it is easier to mine.

PEAT

 Exclusively vegetative matter.

 Represents the initial stages of coal formation.

 Its carbon content is low.

Transportation of coal from the coal mine to the end user

 After the extraction of coal from the mine , it is loaded onto trolleys,
which run on track, that leads it out the mine.

 In some small coal mines donkeys are used as underground transport.

 Once the coal is out of the mine , the qualities of coal are separated
and sol to the middle man.

 He then further loads it into the trucks and supplies it to the brick Kiln
and cement factories etc.

 When the coal is supplied to thermal power station, rail transport is

also used if its economically feasible.
 TRANSPORTATION METHODS

 Trains are faster than steered vehicles and one operator can transport
bigger loads and trucks can operate over the widest areas where roads
are available.

 Cargo ships deliver the coal to the power plants that are located
overseas accounting for approximately 20 percent of cargo.

USES OF COAL

Generating electricity:

 Steam coal is used in power stations to generate electricity.

 The hot gases and heat energy produced converts water into steam.
The high pressure steam is passed into a turbine and pushes these
blades causing the turbine shaft to rotate at high speed.

Production of Steel:

 In the steel industry coal is used indirectly to make steel as coking

coal is baked in furnaces to form coke.

 Once this is formed, manufacturers use coke to smelt iron ore into
iron and make steel.

Industries:

 Some of the popular industries which make use of coal are the cement
industry, paper and aluminum industry, chemical and pharmaceutical
industry amongst others.

Gasification and Liquefaction:

 Coal can be turned into synthetic gas which a mixture of carbon

monoxide and hydrogen. It can also be turned into liquid known as
synthetic fuels.

ENVIRONMENTAL LOSSES

 The environmental challenges from coal mining include coal mine

accidents, land subsidence, damage to the water environment, mining
waste disposal and air pollution.
 Runoff from waste coal sites can pollute local water supplies.

ECONOMIC GAINS

 Coal mining has a long legacy of providing jobs especially suffering

from high poverty.

 Reduction in demand for imported fuel which drains the foreign

exchange resources of Pakistan

REASONS TO IMPORT COAL

 Pakistan prefers to buy higher-quality South African coal in order to

maximise the energy value of each tonne imported.

 Pakistan also doesn’t have high quality coal available like other
countries.

Mineral Oil

• Mineral oil is also known a s “black gold”. As it is black in colour when

it is in its crude form and its quite valuable in todays world.

• It occurs in porous spaces of sedimentary rocks.

• Its derived mainly from the decomposition of marine animals and

plants over several million years

Location

• Ghotana

• Mazari

• Dhabi

• Laghari

• Dhumal

• Adhi

• Joya Meir

• Khashkali
• Tut

• Dhullan

• Meyal

Balkassar

Anticline

• Anticline is the arch of layers of rock in the earth’s crust.

• Mineral oil mainly occurs in dome shaped anticlines between two

layers of non – porous rocks.

• The oil is trapped in the anticline with gas above and water below.

Oil prospecting and Drilling

• Once the drilling site has been selected , a derrick or drilling rig is set
up.

• The derrick helps in drilling the area.

• The derrick is dismantled after oil has been found and is replaced by
pipes and valves which controls the flow of the oi

Oil Refineries

• Crude oil is refined into useful products such as petrol for cars,
aeroplanes, kerosene, diesel oil for trucks and buses.

Oil Refineries are located :

• In or near the oil fields: Attock oil refinery located on the Potwar
Plateau.

• At the port of import : Pakistan Refinery and National Refinery are

located in Karachi.

By-products

• Something produced in a usually industrial process in addition to the

principal product.
• The by-products of oil refining have many domestic and industrial
uses. Like

• Petroleum Jelly, Paraffin, Wax, Plastic, synthetic rubber, Detergent,

Insecticides, Pharmaceutical products, chemical products, furnace oil
etc.

Uses of Oil

• Source of Power: thermal electricity and for heating.

• As a lubricant for machines.

• As an indispensable motor fuel: petrol for cars and jets, Diesel for
buses ,trucks and rail engine

Transportation

• TRANSPORT AT SEA

KSA/UAE/KUWAIT

BY OIL TANKERS

KEMARI PORT PORT QASIM

TANKERS STOP AND UNLOAD AT OIL PIER

OIL PRODUCTS PUMPED FROM OIL TANKERS

PUMPED THROUGH PIPELINES OR TANKERS

OIL REFINERIES

• TRANSPORT ON LAND

• On land oil is transported in 3 ways

 • By pipelines, by road tanker, by rail tanker

BY PIPELINES:

1. Bulk transfer/in large quantity.

2. Environment friendly.

3. Cost effective/cheap

By ROAD TANKER AND RAIL TANKER:

1. Expensive.

2. Chance of accidents.

3. Degradation of roads.

4. Time consuming.

5. Transport in small quantities.

Reasons for import of oil

• Oil production is low in Pakistan

• Pakistan cannot fulfil its own requirement of oil.

• Oil resources are not yet exploited.

• Growing demand due to increase population.

• Increase in the number of Industries.

Environmental Losses

• Oil spillage from cargo ships pollutes waters and kills marine life.

• Harmful gases and smoke emitting from factories used to convert

crude oil into other oils pollute the air and weaken the ozone layer.

• Mining oil from ground can cause soil erosion and loss of beautiful
sceneries.
 Economic Gains

• Pakistan can export this oil and improve its economy

• Less import can be the result of more export of oil and Pakistan will no
longer take foreign loans.

• Increased energy independence can be gained from the oil industry.

• Generating more electricity means more industries.

NATURAL GAS

 Important fuel found in oil bearing rocks.

 Trapped in nonporous rocks.

 Found in combination of many gases such as Methane, ethane,

propane, butane

Location

 Lower Sindh

 Potwar Plateau

 East Central Baluchistan

Largest is at Sui

LPG

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

 Natural gas cooled down at a very low temperature, turns into liquid

 It can be moved from place to place in special cylinders.

In mountainous areas like Murree , Gilgilt , Abbottabad, where there are no

gas pipelines, many people use LPG for heating and coo
 CNG

Compressed Natural Gas

 CNG is made by compressing natural gas, which is mainly composed of

methane.

Transportation of Gas

Gas is transported through:

 Pipelines

 Cylinders

Pipelines

 Gas pipelines are spread to the major cities in two zones; SSGC and
SNGC

 SSGC covers the southern region of Pakistan which include Sind and
Baluchistan

SNGC supplies to Punjab and Lower KPK

Transportation through cylinders

 Mostly at higher altitude

 No gas fields nearby

 Difficult to install pipes in mountains

 Expensive to maintain

Advantages

 Gas is available for heating and cooking purposes.

 Controls deforestation

 Raw material for cottage industries.

 Sole method of transportation.

Disadvantages

 Expensive method

 Make limited supply

 Slow and time consuming

 Non continuous supply

 Chance of explosion

Uses of Gas

Domestic Uses:

 Cooking

 Heating

Industrial Uses:

 Raw material for cement and fertilizer Industry.

 To heat furnaces

Source of Energy:

 Used in thermal power stations to boil water for making steam and
electricity.

Fuel:

 Used as fuel both as CNG and LPG

Why do we need to import GAS?

 Limited reserves which are not sufficient to meet the demands.

 Lower rate of exploration than consumption

 Most gas fields are located in rural areas which are inaccessible due to
topography.

 Neighboring countries have huge reserves which makes the import

easier.
 Natural Gas – Environmental Friendly

 Produces less air pollution

 Burn cleanly in boiler and does not give out harmful gases.

 Causes less environmental degradation during excavation as compared

to oil and coal

Nuclear Energy

Release of energy from the atoms through two processes:

Fission: atoms split to release energy

Fusion: atoms join to release energy

Nuclear Power Plants

There are two Nuclear Power Plants in Pakistan.

 KANUPP- Karachi Atomic Nuclear Power Plant.

Made in 1971, near Karachi. It was supported by Canada

 Chashma Nuclear Power Plant

Made in 1999 near Chashma (Punjab). Supported by China.

A contract was signed between ‘Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission’

and ‘China National Nuclear Corporation’.

Advantages of Nuclear Power

 Release huge amount of energy

 Can electrify vast area

 No air pollution

 Supports industrialization

 No deforestation

 Save foreign exchange by reducing import of oil

 Less possibility of accidents

 Disadvantages of Nuclear Power

 Expensive to install

 Ultraviolet rays may cause cancer

 Maintenance cost is high

 Skilled labour and technical experts needed

 Disposal of atomic waste is very difficult and inadequate measures

may cause damage to plants, animals and humans.

Thermal Electricity

Electricity generated by utilizing ‘nonrenewable resources’ such as coal, oil,

gas and nuclear fuels.

These resources turn water into steam to spin the turbine.

Hydro-electric power (HEP)

 Fast flowing river spins the turbine.

 A shaft goes in the generator which also rotates very fast and creates
an electromagnetic field.

 This rapid spinning produces electricity.

 This electricity is regulated by transformers through power lines.

Major Dams

There are 3 major dams in Pakistan.

 Mangla Dam on River Jhelum

 Tarbela Dam on River Indus

 Warsak Dam on River Kabul

Physical Requirements of the Construction of Dams

 Heavy precipitation on mountains.

 Snow and glaciers

 Impervious rocks

 Large drainage basin

 Steep sided valleys

 Flat land for huge reservoirs.

Are small dams suitable for Pakistan?

 More sites are available.

 Comparatively cheaper.

 More dams means less electricity loss during transmission.

 Takes less time in construction and start producing electricity in few

years.

 May electrify more remote areas.

Advantages of HEP

 Water is a renewable and constant source.

 No greenhouse gases.

 No radioactive waste.

 Reservoirs can be tourist attraction and used for irrigation and fishing.

 Can produce as much energy as a thermal power station.

Disadvantages

 Very limited suitable locations.

 Can only be made in mountainous regions.

 Expensive

 Large land is drowned to store water, this can be cultivable land.

 Large scale evacuation .

 Effect of HEP

Environment

 Overflowing of reservoir may destroy the nearby area.

 Flooding may occur which may destroy the crops.

 Deforestation takes place to construct the dam

Consumers

 Not a reliable resource.

 Electricity may fluctuate.

 Expensive setup.

 More pylons and wires needed to supply electricity

Dams – an Environmental Threat

 Dams may cause siltation which is one of the major causes of flooding.

 Deforestation during the construction may lead to soil erosion and

desertification.

 Waterlogging and salinity may occur in the surrounding area.

 Agricultural land is occupied to construct dams.

Thermal Power Plant Hydroelectric Plant

Water is a renewable resource

Fossil fuels are used which will deplete
which won’t exhaust.
Causes pollution – environmental Produces power without being burn
unfriendly thus no pollution

Can be constructed anywhere and Have certain climatic and physical

fossil fuels can be supplied requirement.

Comparatively cheaper to construct Expensive to construct with low

with high running cost running cost

SOLAR POWER

• Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and
make it useable.

• Many are familiar with so-called photovoltaic cells, or solar panels,

found on things like spacecraft, rooftops, and handheld calculators

How to harness solar power

Solar furnaces use Giant mirrors to focus the sun’s rays to a boiler.
Steam from the boiler is used to make electricity. Solar panels collect heat
energy from the sun.

In Pakistan, there is great potential for solar energy, as there are 250-300
sunny days a year in many parts of the country.

ADVANTAGES/USES OF Solar Power

• It is an inexhaustible fuel source.

• It is pollution- and often noise free.

• With 250 to 300 sunny days in many parts of the country Pakistan has
great potential for solar energy.

• It can be used for rural electrification.

• It is safe

Disadvantages of Solar power

• Solar energy doesn't work at night without a storage device such as a

battery,

• Cloudy weather can make the technology unreliable during the day.

• Solar technologies are also very expensive and require a lot of land
area to collect the sun's energy at rates useful to lots of people.

WIND POWER

Wind power or wind energy describes the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert
the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical
power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping
water), or can be converted into electricity by a generator.

How is Wind power generated

A wind turbine usually has three propellers-like blades called rotors. The
rotor is attached to a tall tower, which spins a generator to create
electricity. On average, wind towers in residential settings are about 20m
high. The reason why the tower is so tall is that winds are stronger higher
from the ground and there’s less of a buffeting effect.

Advantages of wind power

• Wind is an unlimited, free, renewable resource. Wind is a natural

occurrence and harvesting the kinetic energy of wind doesn't affect
currents or wind cycles in any way.

• It emits no air pollutants or greenhouse gases.

• Offshore winds tend to blow harder and more uniformly than on land,
providing the potential for increased electricity generation and
smoother, steadier operation than land-based wind power systems
 Disadvantages of wind power

• The two major disadvantages of wind power include initial cost and
technology immaturity.

• Wind turbines may be dangerous to flying animals. Many birds and

bats have been killed by flying into the rotors.

• It will not produce electricity on calm days with no wind. They

automatically stop working during a storm.

• 7500 turbines are needed to produce the same amount of electricity as

one nuclear power station.

• They are expensive to build.

Geothermal Power

 Uses heat from the earth’s core.

 Heat is absorbed in underground water such as hot springs.

 Holes are drilled in the ground to pump out hot water.

 This hot water or steam spins the turbine to generate electricity.

Advantages

 Renewable source of energy.

 Constant supply.

 Pollution free procedure.

 If developed properly, can be a sustainable source of energy.

Disadvantages

 Expensive to construct and maintain.

 Very few sites (can be made near volcanic areas).

 Earthquake and volcanic eruption are threats to the plants.

Potential in Pakistan

 Government is working in collaboration with UN and Italy.

  Ideal locations are Chaghai in Baluchistan and Himalayas in North.

 Important aspects to be considered:

 Identification of area

 Size of resource and cost

 Determination of heat content

Wave Energy

 Wave energy is obtained from the coastal region.

 Waves have exceptionally high energy levels.

 This movement compresses the air to spin the turbine to generate

electricity.

Potentials of Wave Energy in Pakistan

 1000 km long coastline.

 Makran Coastal Areas have strong wave energy.

 Wave energy from Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara and Gadani can be

harnessed to generate electricity

Tidal Energy

 Tidal power or tidal energy is the form of hydropower.

 It converts the energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power,
mainly electricity.

 Although not yet widely used, tidal energy has the potential for
future electricity generation

Potential of Tidal Energy in Pakistan

 Indus Deltaic Creek is ideal for Tidal Power.

 The National Institute of Oceanography is making initial survey.

Indus Creek System is extended over 170 km where tidal water flow is with
high velocity increasing the potential Tidal Power Plant.
 Advantages

 Renewable resource

 Constant and non – pollutant.

Disadvantages

 Expensive to construct and maintain.

 May effect the aquatic wildlife and shipping activities.

 Need technical experts.

 Limited sites.

Biomass

 Uses organic matter such as plants and vegetables.

 May also use agricultural waste, corn, sugar beets, wheat straws,
wood waste, gases from landfills and compost.

 This involves gasification and fermentation to make gas to be used as

source of energy.

Advantages

 Cheap source of energy.

 May produce enough heat for cooking and heating.

 Reduce deforestation.

 Suitable for limited requirement.

 Can be used anywhere.

 Very low capital required.

Disadvantages

 Methane gas is released

 Causes air pollution, increasing the percentage of Greenhouse gases.

 May cause lung and chest diseases.

 National Grid System
A network of high voltage power lines connecting major power stations and
load centers.

Purpose:

 Grid ensures the supply of electricity from Power station to the

consumer.

 It may also store the electricity.

 Supplies electricity as per the required voltage.

 Supplies electricity to those areas also which might produce their own
electricity but not sufficient.

Problems faced by National Grid

 Waste of electricity

 Poor and old power lines

 Long distances

 Electricity theft

 Rusted transformers

Electricity & Standards of Living

It has positive effect on the consumer’s life.

 Work has become easier due to electrical appliances.

 Easy communication with distant people

 More recreational activities.

 Distant learning

 Has made life comfortable.

 WAPDA

Water and Power Development Authority

A government organization set up in 1958 to regulate the power

development in thermal and hydel power plants.

They also maintain the operation of power stations.

Role of WAPDA

The Charter of Duties of WAPDA is to investigate, plan and execute schemes

for the following fields:

 Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Power.

 Irrigation, Water Supply and Drainage.

 Prevention of Water logging and Reclamation of Waterlogged and

Saline Lands.

 Flood Management.

 Inland Navigation.

Problems faced by WAPDA

 Financial constraints.

 Reduce flow of water in rivers and siltation in reservoirs.

 Electricity theft

 Loss of electricity during distribution and dispersed population.

 Closure of thermal power plants.

 Lack of dams and reservoirs.

 High demand due to more consumption and population

 Expensive electricity.
 Rural Electrification

Rural electrification is the process of bringing electrical

power to rural and remote areas especially the ones away from National
Grids.

65% of population in Pakistan lives in rural areas.

Advantages

 Installation of tube wells

 More small scale industries can be made

 Improved standard of living.

 More employment opportunities

Problems

 Far from main cities

 Infrastructural cost

 Limitations and reservations

Importance of power resources for economic development

 Nearly all industries use power , power shortages can reduce industrial
production increasing the cost resulting in lowering GDP

 Modernization of agriculture is also heavily dependent on Power.

 Power resources are used in extraction and exploration of minerals.

 If power resources are produced locally the dependence on imported

power resources is reduced, which helps save foreign exchange
resources and improves the Balance of Payment.

 Power resources play a key role in the modernization of the society.

 POTENTIAL OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION In Pakistan

 Current energy mix for power generation in Pakistan is heavily

dependent on thermal power generation (approximately 70% of
generation mix) and the focus is to encourage investments in
indigenous resources to generate cheap electricity such as coal,
nuclear, hydropower, solar and wind energy generation.

 The potential of hydro power in Pakistan is huge nearly 40,000 MW in

possible capacity whereas only 16.25% is being utilized so far. The
remaining untapped potential, if properly exploited, can effectively
meet Pakistan’s ever-increasing demand for electricity in a cost-
effective way

 Pakistan is producing only 3% of total electricity from three nuclear

power plants which has total capacity 787MWe.

 Currently 5 wind power projects with installed capacity of 255.4 MW

are in operation. Wind power contribution to Pakistan’s total power
production is less than 1%.

 Quaid e Azam Solar Park with 400,000 solar panels has 100 MW of
nominal power which is less than 1 % of total installed capacity of
Pakistan. This capacity will be increased to 1500 MW in two year.

Sustainable development of power resources

Sustainable energy is the practice of using energy in a way that "meets

the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs." ... In general, renewable energy
sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric energy are widely considered
to be sustainable

1. Conservation

2. Advanced technology

3. Wastage of Power

4. Awareness programme

5. Environment protection
6. Marketing

7. Losses in electricity.