Week 2 - Energy Conversion
Week 2 - Energy Conversion
Week 2 - Energy Conversion
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This week’s topics…
○ Geothermal Energy
○ Hydropower
○ Marine Energy
○ Storage
○ Renewable Energy Issues and Aspects
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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy
○ Hot springs and thermal pools used since pre-historic times, for
bathing, healing
○ Space heating in Roman times
○ Geothermal energy now also used for electricity production
○ Available in limited locations
○ Small portion is being exploited, majority of geothermal resources
deep in Earth’s crust, where it’s difficult and expensive to reach
and use
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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy
Figure 2-7: Installed capacity for geothermal energy, for the top 10
countries, in 2019.
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Geothermal Energy
Hydrothermal Convection
Geothermal Resources
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Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Resources
○ Hot igneous resources: include hot dry rock and geologic magma
systems
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Geothermal Energy
Conduction-dominated
Geothermal Resources
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Geothermal Energy
Hot igneous
Geothermal Resources
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Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Resources
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Geothermal Energy
Enhanced Geothermal Systems
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Geothermal Energy
Enhanced Geothermal Systems
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Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Heat Pumps
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Geothermal Energy
Geothermal Heat Pumps
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Geothermal Energy
Direct Use
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Geothermal Energy
Direct Use
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Geothermal Energy
Electricity Generation
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Geothermal Energy Dry Steam
Electricity Generation
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Geothermal Energy Flash Steam
Electricity Generation
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Geothermal Energy Binary Cycle
Electricity Generation
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Geothermal Energy
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Geothermal Energy
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Hydropower
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Hydropower
○ Water has potential energy due to height difference
F force due to gravity, d distance, m mass of water,
g acceleration of gravity, H height. Since m=ρV and ρ=1000kg/m3 for water
Energy/time gives the power, while V/time gives the water flow and as ε is the
efficiency of the turbine, the power is calculated
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Hydropower
Hydropower Resources
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Hydropower
Types of Hydropower
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Hydropower
Types of Hydropower
○ Small hydropower, up to 10
MW (25-30 MW in USA,
Canada)
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Hydropower
Types of Hydropower
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Hydropower
Hydroelectric Stations
Ø Impoundment (dam)
Ø Diversion (run-of-the-river)
Ø Pumped storage
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Hydropower
Impoundment (dam)
Hydroelectric Stations
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Hydropower
Impoundment (dam)
Hydroelectric Stations
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Hydropower
Pumped Storage
Hydroelectric Stations
generating electricity
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Hydropower
Pumped Storage
Hydroelectric Stations
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Hydropower
Diversion (run-of-the-river)
Hydroelectric Stations
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Hydropower
Diversion (run-of-the-river)
Hydroelectric Stations
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Hydropower
Water Turbines
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Hydropower
Impulse turbines
Water Turbines
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Hydropower
Impulse turbines
Water Turbines
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Hydropower
Reaction turbines
Water Turbines
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Hydropower
Reaction turbines
Water Turbines
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Hydropower
Advantages and disadvantages
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Marine Energy
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Marine Energy
Current Power
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Marine Energy
Current Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Power
o In stormy weather, large waves can have height around 15m and a period of
15sec, there is 1.7 MW of wave power across each meter of wavefront
o Wave power device captures most of that power and behind it, waves will have
lower heights
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Marine Energy
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
○ Wave energy systems can be situated on the shoreline, near the shore or offshore
○ Shoreline devices are easier to install and maintain, don’t need moorings for deep
waters or long cables underwater
○ Shoreline devices receive less energy as wave energy decreases as it reaches the
shore
○ Near-shore devices are a few hundred meters away from shore, in depths 20-25m
○ Wave energy resource higher for near-shore and have some advantages like
shoreline devices
○ Offshore devices exploit higher energy resources, depths >25m
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Wave Energy Converters
Wave Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal stream generator
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal stream generator
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal barrage
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal barrage
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Tidal lagoon
Tidal Power
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Marine Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
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Marine Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
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Marine Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
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Marine Energy
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
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Marine Energy
Salinity Gradient Power
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Storage
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Storage
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Storage
Pumped storage hydroelectricity
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Storage
Pumped storage hydroelectricity
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Storage
Compressed air energy storage
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Storage
Flywheel energy storage
experimentally
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Storage
Batteries
○ Batteries convert stored chemical energy into electrical
and opposite in charge cycle
○ Consists of one or more electrochemical cells, each with
two electrodes immersed in an electrolyte, which allows
transport of ions
○ Storage capacity depends on battery age, temperature,
rate of discharge
○ Lead-acid stores chemical energy in the potential Figure 2-48: Lead-acid battery chemistry.
difference of the negative lead side and positive PbO2
side, plus the aqueous sulfuric acid
o E.g. 10MW, 4-h system in Chino,
○ Lead-acid batteries have low energy-to-weight and California and 20MW, 40-min
energy-to-volume ratios but high power-to-weight ratio, system in San Juan, Puerto Rico
low cost, used for remote village power and stand-alone
systems
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Storage
Batteries
○ Lithium-ion batteries have high energy density, efficiency~100%, long cycle life, higher
cost.
○ Anode is carbon graphite and cathode consists of lithiated metallic oxide, while storage
medium contains mix of lithium salts and organic carbonates.
○ Sodium-sulfur batteries are constructed from liquid sodium and sulfur. High energy
density and efficiency, long cycle life, inexpensive.
○ Operate at temperatures 300-350°C, suitable for stationary applications.
○ Support stand-alone systems or electric grid. Good option for wind farms, solar power
stations.
○ E.g. 34 MW, 245 MWh unit in a wind farm in northern Japan
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Storage
Batteries
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Storage
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
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Storage
Capacitors
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Storage
Phase change materials
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Storage
Hydrogen storage
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Issues and Aspects
Environmental concerns
○ Solar and concentrated solar power applications need large land areas
○ Wind power applications create noise and visual concerns, effects on wildlife,
birds, bats
○ Biomass production needs large land areas, greenhouse gases emissions
○ Geothermal production can cause land subsidence, seismic activity, risk of
depletion
○ Hydropower applications have visual impact, impact on fish, displacement of
population, risk of dam collapse
○ Marine power applications affect sea life and raise concerns for ships
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Issues and Aspects
Politics and Regulations
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Issues and Aspects
Politics and Regulations
○ Europe promoted wind energy with price support for kilowatt hour production and
capacity based method
○ 1990 law in Germany made utilities buy renewable energy from power producers at a
minimum price, defined by government
○ China implemented policies for wind farm installations, mandated the majority of wind
turbine components be manufactured within the country
○ Spain and Germany lead the way in 2009 in PV installed capacity due to feed-in tariff
systems
○ Incentives are the reason for increase in ethanol production
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Issues and Aspects
Economics
○ Factors to consider: installation cost, land cost, value of produced power, cost of
energy from competitive sources
○ Cost depending on size, type and manufacturing company
○ Energy resource and its variations is an important factor
○ Operation, maintenance, insurances, inflation, legal costs, incentives
○ Land consideration, contract to sell generated electricity, access to transmission lines
○ Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is calculated by taking into account the sum of costs
of the project over its lifetime divided by the sum of electricity produced over its
lifetime
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Issues and Aspects
Economics
○ Solar power and wind power technologies show
decrease in LCOE values. No fuel costs, no
variations in operation, maintenance costs: LCOE
proportional to capital costs
○ Technologies with fuel costs have LCOE affected by
capital costs and fuel costs
○ Renewable energy becomes cheaper due to
technological progress, increased competition and
incentives
○ Solar and wind power expected to produce 50% of
world’s energy by 2050
○ Most economic option for new grid-connected
capacity in sites with good resources
Figure 2-51: Average levelized cost of energy (LCOE) (2019 USD/kWh)
trend for renewable technologies.
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○ In this chapter, geothermal
energy, hydropower and
marine energy were
introduced, with their
characteristics, operation
and worldwide status. The
basic storage devices were
described and renewable
energy aspects and issues
were discussed. Summary
Introduction and Overview of Renewable Energy
Resources (RESs) (2/2)
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