Chapter 3 - Machine Tool Drives
Chapter 3 - Machine Tool Drives
Chapter 3 - Machine Tool Drives
Where :
• Nm= power rating of the electric motor (kW)
• Nc = total power required for removing metal (kW)
• η = coefficient of efficiency of the drive
• Coefficient of efficiency lies between 0.8-0.85 for
machine tool with rotary primary motion and 0.6-0.7 for
machine tool with reciprocating primary cutting motion.
Mechanical Transmission & its Elements
• Mechanical transmission employed for transmitting rotary
as well as translatory motion to the operative elements in
stepped & step-less regulation of speed & feed rates.
Classification of Mechanical Transmission Elements
1. Elementary transmissions that transfer rotation,
Gear, Belt, Chain.
2. Elementary transmissions that transform rotary motion into translatory,
Slider crank, crank & rocker, cam, nut & screw, rack & pinion,
mechanism
3. Devices for intermittent motion,
Pawl & ratchet, Geneva
4. Reverse & differential mechanisms,
Reversing, differential
5. Special mechanisms & device,
Gear cone with sliding key, Norton gear, Meander’s mechanism.
6. Coupling & clutches,
Coupling, clutches.
Elementary transmissions that transfer rotation
1. Gear transmission :
Rotary motion from one shaft to another, the RPM of the
driven is determine as: n1z1 = n2z2
Disadvantage
• One wheel of such gear is designed to work with its
complimentary wheel and no other.
• Must be precisely mounted.
• The shaft bearing must be capable of supporting
significant force.
4. Worm Wheel - Advantage
• Worm gear drives operates silently and smoothly.
• They are self locking
• They occupy less space
• Good meshing effectiveness
• Can be used for reduction and incremental of torque
• High velocity ratio of the order of 100 can be obtained in
a single steps
Disadvantage
• Are expensive
• Worm drive have high power loss
• Due to sliding action they may have low efficiency
• Produce lot of heat
4. Rack and pinion
Advantage
• Cheap, compact, robust.
• Easiest way to convert rotational motion in to linear
motion.
• Rack and pinion give easier and more compact control
over the vehicle
Disadvantage
• Can only work with certain levels of friction.
Gear ratio and gear trains
• The gear ratio R also known as speed ratio of a gear is
defined as the ratio of angular velocity of the input
gear(driver gear)relative to that of the out put
gear(driven gear).
• Consider a pinion 2 driving a gear 3, the speed of the gear
is:
Reading Assignment
1. Read about special mechanism and devices employed in
machine tool feed box:
I. Gear cone with sliding key
II. Norton gear mechanism
III. Meanders mechanism
Coupling and clutch
• Coupling and clutch are device used for connecting one
rotating shaft to another.
2. Hydraulic cylinders
• Are used in hydraulic drives where translatory motion of
the operative element is required.
• A simple cylinder with the piston rod only on one side
provides different piston velocities in two direction.
• Double end rod cylinder provides identical piston velocity
in both direction.
• The piston speed and flow rate of the oil to the cylinder
are of oil to the cylinder are related as follows:
Q= A.v
3. Direction control valves:
• The function of these valves is to change the direction of
fluid flow.
• Available as a rotary, spool and with the sliding piston.
1. The valve is divided in to two halves by a partition.
2. The valves has four ports 1,2,3,4 of which ports 1 and 2
are connected to the two chambers of the hydraulic
cylinder, while ports 3 and 4 are connected to the pump
line and reservoir respectively.
3. The direction of oil flow is reversed by rotation of the
partition inside the valve body.
4. When the partition occupies the position shown by firm
lines, port 1 is connected to the pump and oil s delivered
to the left hand chamber of the cylinder.
5. At the same time the oil in the right hand chamber of the
cylinder is discharged into the reservoir through ports 2
and 4.
5. When the partition occupies the piston, depicted in figure
by dotted lines, the port connections get reversed,
6. i.e. the pump gets connected to the right hand chamber
of the cylinder through port 2, while the oil in the left
hand chamber is discharged into the reservoir through
ports 1 and 4.
7. The direction of the piston is thus reversed by shifting
the partition from one position to the other.
4. Pressure valve
• The function of pressure valve is to limit the pressure in a
particular line of the hydraulic circuit.
• Pressure valves are used as safety valve to protect the
system against excessive pressure and as pass valves to
drain off the excessive amount of oil.
• The simplest type of pressure valve is the ball or poppet
valve.
• When the pressure of oil coming through port 1 exceeds
the spring pressure, the ball is raised and the oil is drained
back into the reservoir through port 2 and 3.
• The ball or poppet valve is generally used only as a safety
valve.
• Ports 1 and 2 of the valve are connected to the pressure
line the former directly and latter through a constricted
passage.
• Port 3 is connected to the reservoir.
• In the condition of equilibrium:
• When due to increase in the pressure, force P + F exceeds
Ps + W, the spool gets displaced upward and port 1 gets
directly connected to port 3, thus allowing excessive oil to
be drained back to the reservoir and resulting in fall of
pressure.
5. Throttle
• Flow control valve with a fixed orifice are used in
machine tool to minimize vibration and smooth out
transient flow .
• Flow control valves or throttles which have provision for
changing the area of the constricted passage are used to
regulate the oil flow in machine tool hydraulic system.
• The area of constricted passage is varied by displacing a
movable member like disc and needle valve.
• If the pressure or temperature of the oil changes, the flow
through the valve can change even at a fixed setting of the
constricted passage.
End of Chapter Three