Chapter 4-Moments
Chapter 4-Moments
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Texas Tech University Statics
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Chapter 4: Moments
4.1 | Moment of a Force About a Point
4.2 | Moment of a Force about a Point in Three
Dimensions
4.3 | Moment of a Force about a Line (or Axis)
4.4 | Moment of a Couple
4.5 | Moving a Force on a Rigid Body
4.6. | Distributed Loadings Part 1
1 | Download Chapter 4 PDF
4 | Equations
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Texas Tech University Statics
Norville
4.1 Moment of a Force About a Point
The moment of a force is a measure of the force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about the
point. Mathematically, we express the moment of force F about point O, i, as:
M,=7*F
in which # denotes the force and denotes a position vector with its tail on the point about
which we are taking moments and its tip on any point along the line of action of the force.
In the equation above, we see that we compute the moment of a force about a point using the
cross product. This is a vector multiplication method which we discuss in detail later.
Moments are vector quantities.
Their direction is perpendicular to the plane containing the force # and the position vector 7. In
the case where we are discussing co-planar force and position vectors, moment vectors are
perpendicular to the plane. Figure 4-1 shows force /*, position vector 7, and the moment vector
M,. Figure 4-1 depicts ‘7, in blue with its line of action directed perpendicular to the plane.
Typically when the forces and position vectors lie in the xy-plane, we do not represent moment
vectors graphically with straight arrows. Instead, we use curved arrows, like the one that Figure
4-1 shows in black. We note in passing that we have talked about the moment about point O.
We stress that a force can have a moment about any point in space that does not lie on the
force's line of action.
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=|2 2. Olvem= ( 240 100 Wom} = (200-s801 mie ~ (280k)w
240 100 0
2
buen (45-27)
Fe (2407 + 100)
i k 4-2
4-2 O|N-m= ( 240 100 jm tao + 480)N- mJk = (ss0k)w m
240 100 0
4.1.4 More on the Moment of a Force about a Point
H,
Figure 4-8. The Moment of Force F about point 0, if,
| Rule:
Whhan datarminina the mamant af a farce chant a naint nlace the TAM af the
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position vector,
the TIP of the position vector, 7, on any convenient point on the line of action
of the force. A convenient point is one for which we know the coordinates.
mind cfn/staticsadminPagalpriipagetD 1201828
MAG LUARE QUU UL puny, pious Le sana un se
wectetauany Uae
on the point about which you are taking the moment and
Helpful Hint for Two Dimensions:
When determining the moment of a force about a point in two dimensions,
you might find it helpful to sketch the rectangular components of and /*.
You can use these in either the scalar approach or the determinant approach
to evaluate the moment.
Given: Force F acting in the xy plane.
Find: The moment of force # about point B in Figure Ex 4-4a. We also wish to
determine the shortest distance from point B to the line of action of force ?’.
&
200:
ipa EI sms
“B(L50.150)@
é x
Figure Ex 4-4a. Simple Example 4-4
The force F as a Cartesian vector:
(2.25-0)7+ (1.95-3)7
F = (20016) (1751-97. Wj)
(225-0)? (175-3
We have two possible convenient points on the line of action of force F. So, to make a
point, we will calculate the moment about point C twice, once with each position
vector.
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Simple Example 4-5:
Given: The force shown acts at point A.
Find: (a) The moment of the force about point O and the shortest distance from 0 to
the line of action of the force and (b) the moment of the force about point P and the
shortest distance from P to the line of action of the force.
z F-(107 +107 5k)
Figure Ex 4-5a. Simple Example 4-5
Solution:
ars > (343k \m
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M, = \1S? + 30? + 307kN = 45.0 kN - m
F = f10? + 10? + 5?kN = 15.0kN
4SkNm
TSN
be gp= {0- CDI + 3-H + — 29k }m = (F4 6+ Bm
i oj k
1 6 1 Jan - m= (207 ~ 157 + 70k)
-10 10 5
M, = \[20? + 15? + 707KN = 74.3 kN» m
F = 10? + 10? + 5°kN = 15.0kN
__ T43KkN-m
TSR
= 496m
Moments are vectors! They have magnitudes and directions
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4.2.1 Varignon’s Theorem
Varignon's Theorem is simply a statement of the distributive law. If several forces act at a point
A, Figure 4-9, the resultant of the moments of the several forces about point 0 equals the
moment of the resultant force, R =
Given: In Figure Ex 4-6a, forces P and @ act at point 0.
Find: The resultant moment ¥ iif, of the forces about point 0. Report the magnitude
and direction of the moment.
Figure Ex 4-6a. Simple Example 4-6
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ij k
2-3. 5 |kip ft
300 4
ij &k
Lito =74* (P+ 8) = 2-3 S|kip-fe
3-12 4
TMo= (48.03 + 7.00) - 15.0% )kip “ft
Magnitude: YM, = 1/48? + 7? + 15?kip « ft = SO.Rkip ft
Direction:
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Texas Tech University Statics
Norville
43 Moment of a Force about a Line (or Axis)
In this section we continue discussing the tendency of a force to cause rotation. In this
discussion, though, we are concerned with the moment of a force about a line (or axis) which is
a measure of the tendency of a force to cause a rigid body to rotate about that line (or axis).
4.3.1 Moment of a Force about a Line (or Axis)
Consider a force F with convenient point B on its line of action and line a-a with convenient
point A. Recall that by “convenient point" we mean a point for which we know the coordinates.
‘We would like to find the moment of force F about line a-a. The moment of # about line a-a
measures the force's tendency to cause rotation of a rigid body about line a-a, Figure 4-10
shows line a-a, points A and B, position vector 7 = Fg, , force F, and a unit vector along line a-a,
tga
Figure 4-10. The Quantities Required to Compute the Moment of Force /* about Line a-a, M,,.
The mathematical definition of the moment of a force about an axis is:
This expression goes by the names of “mixed triple product” or “mixed scalar product.”
Whatever we call it, the expression produces a scalar value.
To determine the moment of a force about an axis we use the following procedure:
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Figure Ex 4-10a. Simple Example 4-10
Solution:
The location of the point about which we sum moments does not change the moment
of the couple. Therefore, if we sum moments about either point A or point C, we
eliminate the force acting through that point from the summation. This concept is
very important to reduce future computations.
Let's sum moments about point A for convenience. This eliminates the 100 /h force
that points down and to the left from the moment summation.
Mex 27M,
c= 7 [1s#(10005)cos60”] ' [(4c1000sins0?] = 196 t+ 1b?
Notice the brackets. We placed those in the summation to emphasize the fact that we
assign signs to the terms in the brackets based upon the sense of rotation rather than
on any signs we might associate with individual quantities.
We determine the shortest distance between the lines of action of the forces, the
distance measured perpendicular to the lines of action, by computing the quotient of
the magnitude of the moment of the couple divided by the magnitude of the force:
Me 196ft-Ib
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1502
Figure Ex 4-12a. Simple Example 4-12, Case 1
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ol
|<. 48 —_+
Figure Ex 4-12b. Simple Example 4-12, Case 2
Solution:
The couples in Case 1 and Case 2 are Equivalent.
Jearer ~ (He) aed
ay (is)
=7y
(4f9(1501b) = BAF
F = 2001b
We should now see that when we compute the moment of a couple we must compute
its magnitude and direction because it is a vector. To compute the magnitude, we
multiply the magnitude of the forces by the perpendicular distance between their lines
of action. We use the right hand rule to determine the direction and sense of the
moment of the couple.
4.4.3 Resultant Couple Moment
If two or more couples act on a rigid body the sum of the individual couple moments comprise
the resultant couple moment that acts on the rigid body,
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Simple Example 4-13: Given: Figure Ex 4-13a shows a plate to which we have
applied three couples.
Find: The resultant couple moment that acts on the plate
Lege
500%
Figure Ex 4-13a. Simple Example 4-13
Solution:
We will designate the counterclockwise direction as being positive for our moment
summations. We should observe that we are using iM, to denote the "moment of the
couple". We could use the same term to denote the moments about point C. Also, we
will use Mp, to denote the resultant couple moment.
2g = Site
Mp = [(1f)(50016)] + [(3/(40016)] — [(4/2)(60016)]
= TO0ft + Ib = 00ft 1b?
What could be simpler than that?
If we learn and understand the concept of the couple, we will find that our
understanding will often simplify our equilibrium analyses of rigid bodies.
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4.4.4 A Word on Types of Vectors
We will close this section by discussing different types of vectors. We will encounter some
further discussion of this topic shortly. We present this brief discussion to provide us with a
framework for some of our future discussions. To begin with we will classify vectors into one of
three types: fixed, sliding, or free. we define the types as follows:
1, Fixed Vectors - Fixed vectors are tied to a point. Examples of fixed vectors include: (1)
The velocity of a particle, (2) the acceleration of a particle, (3) the momentum of a particle,
and (4) a force acting on a particle. The last example is the one most germane to us in
Statics.
2. Sliding Vectors - We may move sliding vectors along their lines of action without changing
their effects on rigid bodies. We will discuss this under the topic of the principle of
transmissibility. We use the term “sliding” as a synonym for “transmissible.” A force that
acts on a rigid body is transmissible along its line of action. We will represent forces that
act on rigid bodies as sliding vectors.
3. Free Vectors - We may move free vectors anywhere on a rigid body without changing their
effect on that rigid body so long as we maintain their magnitude, direction , and sense. For
‘example, we can apply a moment to any point on a rigid body to produce the same effect.
‘A moment vector is a free vector.
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Texas Tech University Statics
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4.5 Moving a Force on a Rigid Body ~
In this lecture we discuss the effects of moving a force on a rigid body. This will amplify some
of the concepts that we discussed at the close of the last lecture. We will make extensive use
of couples in determining the effects of moving a force off of its line of action.
4.5.1 Moving a Force on a Rigid Body
(1) Moving a Force along Its Line of Action
Figure 4-12 shows a rigid body with force acting at point A. We wish to move force from
point A to point B which lies on the line of action of the force. To accomplish this we will apply
F and —F to point B, as indicated in Figure 4-13.
Figure 4-12. Rigid Body with Force /* Acting At Point 4
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Soe eee
Figure 4-13. Rigid Body with Force /* Acting At Point 4 and Forces /*and
‘Acting at Point &
To clean this up, we observe that force Facting at A and force - Facting at B cancel each other
out. We are left with force Facting at B as shown in Figure 4-14,
Figure 4-14, Rigid Body with Force /* Acting at Point B.
We conclude that we can transmit a force anywhere along its line of action on a rigid body
without changing its effect on the rigid body. This defines the principle of “transmissibility.”
(2) Moving a Force in Some Direction Other Than along its Line of Action.
Figure 4-15 shows a rigid body with force # acting at point A. We wish to move force F to point
B which clearly does not lie on the line of action of force F.
Figure 4-15. Rigid Body with Force Acting At Point 4
We will again add force #* and subtract force —F' at point B as shown in Figure 4-16.
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‘Added at Point B
Figure 4-16. Rigid Body with Force /* Acting At Point 4 and Forces /and
In this case, force # and force -F have parallel lines of action. They form a couple. The couple
produces a couple moment if; = 7 F. Figure 4-17 shows the couple moment i/,. replacing
force F that had acted at point A and force ~F that we had placed at B. The force F acting at
point B and the couple moment if, comprise the equivalent force-couple system acting at B.
Figure 4-17. Rigid Body with Force j* Acting at Point B and the Couple Moment iif
So when we move a force in a direction that is not along the force's line of action, we produce a
couple moment i/;. The force at point B and the couple moment if; have the same effect on
the rigid body as did force F in its original location at point A.
4.5.2 Reduction of Several Forces and Couples
Figure 4-18 on the left shows several forces and couples acting on a rigid body. We wish to
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Figure Ex 4-15a. Rigid Rectangular Plate with Four Forces Acting upon it
Solution:
The simplest means to accomplish this consists of picking a point, any point, and
evaluating the resultant couple associated with putting the resultant force at this.
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point. Then we will move the force perpendicular to its line of action until we eliminate
the resultant couple, as we did in part (c) of the previous example.
We compute the resultant force as:
Pp- LF
F,
[G00 — 400): + (200 + S007 }e
Fp [C100 + 700)7 Jb
Fp [email protected]° S
We evaluate the resultant couple as:
Mp,> IMg
Mg, ~ 0+ (37 * 3007 + 23 x 2007 +47 x 500) ya tb
Mg, = (1.5k)f- kips = 1.5ft- kips
Figure Ex 4-15b depicts the equivalent force-couple system at point 0. To eliminate
the couple we move the force perpendicular to its line of action a distance
Mc 1.5 ft-kips
= Te _ Sit Ket _ 4 12/1 from point 0 as shown in Figure Ex 4-15c.
Fa 7071b J
’
01 1 Simkipd)
z|
819°
y ©
eo
Figure Ex 4-15b. Force-Couple System at 0 Equivalent to Four Given Forces
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o
\_ are :
jure Ex 4-15c. Single Resultant Force that has the Same Effect on the Rigid Rectangular Plate
as do the Given Forces
That wasn't that bad was it? The bad news is that the force can act at infinity of points
to cause the same effect on the plate as the given loads. It can act anywhere along its
line of action on the plate!
Simple Example 4-16
Given: Figure Ex 4-16a shows a rectangular plate in the xy plane with four forces in
the z-direction acting upon it. Therefore the forces act perpendicular to plane of plate
and their lines of action are parallel
Find: The single resultant force that acts on the plate and the location at which it acts
80 that it has the same effect on the plate as the forces given
300%
500%
40015
sa 5R
eo
TR
LO “Sg
x
Figure Ex 4-16a. Rigid Rectangular Plate with Four Forces Acting Perpendicular to it
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Solution:
We begin by finding the resultant force.
IF
(300 Ib + 400 1b + 500 1b + 600 1b)k
(1800 /b)k
Let's hypothesize that the resultant force acts at point Q with coordinates (xo,y79).
The moment of the resultant force about point 0 in Figure Ex 4-16b must be the same
as the resultant moment of the given forces about point O in Figure Ex 4-16a.
Figure Ex 4-16b. Rigid Rectangular Plate with Resultant Force Acting at Point Q
The position vector for point Q is:
To determine the coordinates of point Q we will equate the moments of the given
forces about point 0 to the moment of the resultant force about point 0.
Eilo=
[7 x 400k + (s+77) x 600K + Tj x 500K fi «Ib
- FV. stone nat
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~ Kol Yo! J > Uowiosn
[77007 - so00j + Ib = (1800 Ib)y gf - (1800 1b)x gf
To solve we begin by equating coefficients of i on both sides of the equation above:
(1800 fb). = 7700ft «Ib
T7o0/ tb
2o~ “e007
= 4.288
We then equate coefficients of j on both sides of the equation to obtain
(1800 /5)xg = ~ S000ft Ib
S000 ft Ib
*o~ “T800%
= 2.78ft
This is a lot like finding the center of mass for a collection of point masses.
4.5.2.1 A Last Comment on Reduction of Force Systems
In general, except for the special cases of parallel force systems or concurrent force systems,
we can reduce a three dimensional force system to a single resultant force and a couple parallel
to the force. In mechanics, we call the system consisting of a force and a parallel moment a
"wrench." Figure 4-19 shows a wrench.
jure 4-19. A Wrench
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Texas Tech University Statics
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4.6 Distributed Loadings Part 1
Until this point we have modeled forces a concentrated forces. A concentrated force is a very
useful concept that those of us who deal with equilibrium problems will use throughout our
engineering careers. In reality, a concentrated force is nothing more than an idealization.
Instead, forces are spread over lengths or areas. In this discussion, we will introduce the
concept of a distributed loading. We will use the information from our previous discussion to
reduce distributed loadings to equivalent concentrated resultant force acting at a specified
locations.
4.6.1 An Initial Word on Distributed Loadings
We can think of a distributed loading as an infinite collection of infinitesimal loads. We will
generalize what we have learned above to find a single resultant force and the location of its line
of action on a rigid body so that the single resultant force has the same effect on the rigid body
as does the distributed loading
If we consider a “line load” acting normal to a beam or bar as shown below in which w(x) has
force
Units Of Trtength
action by integration as indicated in Figure 4-20. We will begin our next discussion with this
‘then we find the equivalent concentrated load and the location of its line of
topic.
A= fiulx}ee
: fa(ajac Erae(x)ae
foe
olin
Figure 4-20. Reduction of a Line Loadina to a Sinale Fauivalent Force
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4.6.2 Distributed Loadings on Straight Rigid Beams
Figure 4-21(a) on the left of the equal sign depicts schematically a distributed loading on a rigid
beam. The distributed loading has a line above the rigid beam and arrows indicating the
direction and sense of the loading. The distance between the line at the top of the distributed
loading and the straight line that represents the rigid beam axis is proportional to the magnitude
of the distributed loading. Sometime, sketches of distributed loadings do not use arrows to
denote the sense and direction of the load. Usually, in these cases, the loading acts from the
line at the top of the distributed loading towards the axis of the rigid beam. We note that some
distributed loadings can act upwards on a horizontal rigid beam, for example. Our preferred
method will be to use arrows to show the direction and sense of the loading. We will measure
distance from the left end of the rigid beam using the parameter x which has units of length (ft,
m, or multiples thereof). We will use w(x) to denote the magnitude of the loading. In the general
case, w(x) will vary with the parameter x. For a line loading, as in Figure 4-21(a) on the left of the
equal sign, the loading has dimensions of force per unit length. We will discuss dimensionality
in a bit more detail at a later point.
=f (hee
COUNT -
no
© a, = w(2)de
F
w(x)
{la
(@)
Figure 4-21. Reduction of a Line Loading to a Single Equivalent Force
Our object in this discussion consists of using the information from our last lecture to find a
single concentrated force, F', and the location, z, where it must act so that it has the same
effect on the rigid beam as does the distributed loading. Figure 4-21 (a) on the right of the equal
sign indicates the concentrated force and its location.
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lo Tina tne magnituge or tne equivalent concentrate loaaing we begin py considering a small
portion of the loading at a distance x from the left end of the rigid beam. Figure 4-21(a) to the
left of the equality indicates this small portion of the loading in green. Figure 4-21(b) enlarges
the drawing of the portion and gives dimensions associated with it. The height of this small
portion of the loading is w(x) and the width is dx. Since dx is smaller than any number that
you can imagine (itis infinitesimal), it is reasonable to model the small portion of the loading as
a rectangle. The area of the rectangle [base: dx; height: w(x) is w()de. This area has
dimensions of force. We use F, to denote the magnitude of the equivalent concentrated load.
We wall denote magnitude of the small portion of loading, the area of the rectangle, as:
Ro wOndd
To find the total equivalent concentrated acting on the rigid beam, we simply add up all of the
small components of load. Thus:
Fr = Sowodx
In which L denotes the length of the rigid beam. If we think about this for a moment, we have
added up all the small areas along the rigid beam and what we have ended up with is the area
under the loading diagram. Stated simply, the magnitude of the resultant concentrated force
equivalent to a distributed loading is the area under the loading diagram.
Next, we want to find the location at which the resultant concentrated force must act so that it
produces the same effect on the rigid beam as does the original distributed loading. To
accomplish that, we observe that the magnitude of the moment of our infinitesimal loading
dF y= w(x)dx about the left end of the rigid beam is the loading times its moment arm, or
xdF p= xw(ddx. This expression clearly has units of length time force. Again we just add them
up. We will let the term 3 (read "x-bar” and not a vector) denote the location at which the
resultant concentrated force acts. Then the moment of the resultant force about the left end of
the rigid beam is -2#’, and the moment of the distributed loading about the left end of the rigid
beam is —[/xw(x)dv. The negative signs arise from our convention that counterclockwise
moments are positive. Equating these two expressions gives:
= Sinead
The neaative sians cancel out. We describe the exoression Z/"» as the first moment of the
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loading diagram about the left end of the rigid beam. Moments come up all the time in
mathematics. For example, the mean of a probability distribution, for example, is the first
moment of the probability distribution about the origin of coordinates. We will see this
expression again because ¥ denotes the x coordinate of the centroid of the loading diagram. To
conclude this discussion of location of the resultant concentrated force, to have the same effect
on the rigid beam as does the distributed loading, the resultant concentrated force must act at
the location defined by:
ie, Show oxyde
Fe Theooar
To summarize, we find that the magnitude of the resultant concentrated force that is equivalent
toa distributed loading must equal the area under the loading diagram. Furthermore, its line of
action must pass through the centroid of the loading diagram.
We should all be familiar with centroids from previous work in mathematics and physics, if not,
a table exists at the back of your textbook. The real question is: "Who needs a table when we
can integrate?”
So, let us follow this discussion with a plethora of simple examples.
Given: The triangular loading shown in Figure Ex 4-17a acts
on the grey rigid beam,
Find: The magnitude of the equivalent concentrated resultant force and the location
at which it acts to produce the same effect on the rigid beam as does the original
triangular loading given.
U7
w(x)
=a
Figure Ex 4-17a. Rigid Beam with Triangular Loading
720%
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Figure Ex 4-17b. Rigid beam with a Concentrated Resultant Force Equivalent to the Triangular
Loading Given
Solution 1
Integration
The loading diagram increases linearly with x beginning from 0 at the left end of the
rigid beam and ending with a maximum value of 2402 at the right end of the rigid
beam. We compute the slope of the loading diagram as the change in its value
divided by the distance over which that change occurs:
»
ao’
“Of
With the slope, we can represent the height of the loading diagram w(x) at a distance x
from the left end of the rigid beam as:
ws) = (»: }
Then the magnitude of the equivalent concentrated resultant force becomes the area
under the loading diagram:
‘6
Fr w (ej [207] = 7201
We observe that this is equal to 0.5(base)(height) = 0.5(6f2) (5 ) The magnitude of
the first moment of the loading about the left end of the rigid beam is:
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on
sr, ~ {40% \2ae = [22] =
afy= Mt of a I = 2880 1b fi
We use this expression to determine the location at which the equivalent concentrated
resultant force acts as:
iy 288067
TROT
= 4.00ft
Solution 2:
Direct Computation
The area under the loading diagram is:
1 bY)
Fp = 3(6f)( 240; | = 2015
The centroid of a triangle is located 2/3 of the way from its vertex towards its base:
2
56M =4fi
Whichever solution path you chose, what could be simpler than that?
Simple Example 4-18: Given: Figure Ex 4-18a shows a rigid beam with a uniformly
ributed loading over the portion indicated.
Find: The equivalent concentrated resultant force and the location at which it acts so
that
it has the same effect on the rigid beam as does the uniformly distributed loading.
Please note that a uniformly distributed loading has a constant magnitude
Ww
250
™
—
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pean an-
Figure Ex 4-18a. Rigid Beam with Uniform Loading over a Central Portion
F,=354
230mm
Figure Ex 4-18b. Rigid Beam with a Concentrated Resultant Force Equivalent to Uniformly
Distributed Loading Given
Solution 1
Integration
The magnitude of the equivalent concentrated resultant force is:
m (sy m
Fa=Nao0m (08 Ja = [250x]}2g0m = 35 KN
Note that the integral over the entire length goes to zero in sections where no loading
acts on the beam. The magnitude of the first moment of the equivalent concentrated
resultant force about point A is:
Av 230m
BF y= Maou (0S eax = [1252 Joos0m = 5.6kN =m
Finally, this leads us to the distance from A at which the equivalent concentrated
resultant force must act as:
iF S6kN-m
Fe asex = 0160m = 160mm
Solution 2:
Direct Computation
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I
The distance from the left end of the rigid beam to the point at which it acts is:
= 18701b + fi
Fy 1870p
F730
= 233
Solution 2:
Direct Computation
The area under the loading diagram is:
1 » bY)
Fy = 3(4M( 1005 + 3005 ) = soo
The location of the centroid of a trapezoid is not immediately obvious. But we do not
need to know it. We can divide the trapezoid into two triangles. We can then find the
magnitude of the first moment of the loading about the left end of the rigid beam as:
ify = LiFe
BFR ; [ism (i005 Jr +4207 JF] = 1870 ft Ib
Fy 18701b-t
“won = 2334
What could be simpler than that?
Simple Example 4-20: Given: Figure Ex 4-20a shows a rigid beam with piecewise
varying linear loading,
Find: The concentrated resultant force and location where it acts so that it has the
same effect on the rigid beam as does the given loading.
WwW
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m
— oe
Figure Ex 4-20a. Rigid Beam with Piecewise Linear Loadings
Figure Ex 4-20b. Rigid Beam with Loading Divided into Parts
Fy=205N
Figure Ex 4-20c. Rigid Beam with Concentrated Resultant Force Equivalent to Loading Given in
Figure Ex 4-20b
Solution:
We can either integrate as we did in precious examples or we can used the method we
called direct computation. Let's try direct computation first. Begin by dividing the
loading into parts. Te sketch below shows one possible division along with the
equivalent concentrated resultant forces and the locations at which they act to
in
represent each part. Part 1: Upper left triangle with 3—~ height. Part 2: Rectangle on
Aw
left with 4— height. Part 3: Triangle on right
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‘The magnitude of the equivalent concentrated resultant force is the sum of the
equivalent concentrated resultant forces that represent each part.
Fao ZFr,
Pa Fp, + Pa, + Pp, 7 4SKN + 12KN
410.5 = 27KN
We find the location at which the equivalent concentrated resultant force acts by
computing the magnitudes of moments about the left end of the beam:
iF, ~ LiFe,
EF g = (2m)(4.5kN) + (1.Sm)(12. KN)
+(4m)(10.5 KN) = 69kN > m
#
Fa
69kN-m
DN
= 2.56m
We will use this approach wherein we divide loadings (or areas) into parts quite often.
If we wish to use integration methods to determine the equivalent concentrated
resultant force we would proceed as follows:
We find the magnitude of the equivalent concentrated resultant force as:
av k v am
Fr wf + (:S} feos (3) [ar +05], + [i i
The magnitude of the moment of the given loading about the left end of the bar is:
Pras fa Beowas
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