Questions for M9 Human Factors

1. Fatigue Management
The things that can cause fatigue are sleep, food, noise, lighting, temperature at
work, break during work, change of activity, type of shift, type of work, peer
pressure.
2. Factors relevant to stress for the aircraft engineer in the workplace

Stress for aircraft engineer divide to 2 things

1. From job that they are doing

2. From organization environment

From job: because it is a difficult job and the stress will increase if that person
don’t get guidance or advise for doing that job or have limit duration of time but
this kind of stress can be reduce by good management and good training etc.

From organization environment: That is social and how organization management

work, peer pressure from colleagues, culture of organization, shift patterns for
work, over workload

The aircraft maintenance engineer can expect to work in a variety of different

environments, from ‘line’ (generally outside the hangar) to ‘base’ (usually inside a
hangar or workshop), in all types of weather and climatic conditions, day and
night. This depends largely on the company he works for, and the function he
fulfils in the company. Both physical environments have their own specific
features or factors that may impinge (อาจกระทบ) on human performance.

Noise in the workplace can have both short-term and long-term negative effects:
it can be annoying, can interfere with verbal communication and mask warnings,
and it can damage workers’ hearing (either temporarily or permanently).
Exposure in excess of 115 dB without ear protection even for a short duration is
not recommended. This equates to standing within a few hundred meters of a
moving jet aircraft.

Fumes can cause problem with inhalation of engineers and other problems such
as eye irritation. If the fumes can’t dissipate easily it may be appropriate to use
breathing apparatus.

Poor ambient illumination of work is significant deficiency during investigation of

certain engineering incidents.

Environmental conditions can affect physical performance. For example, cold

conditions make numb fingers (นิ้วชา), reducing the engineer’s ability to carry out
repairs, and working in strong winds can be distracting, especially if having to
work at height Extreme environmental conditions may also be fatiguing, both
physically and mentally.

Pneumatic tools can produce troublesome vibrations in this range and frequent
use can lead to reduced local blood flow and pain associated with VWF (Vibration
white finger). Vibration can be annoying, possibly disrupting an engineer’s
concentration.

Working Environment

● Workplace layout and the cleanliness and general tidiness (ความเป็นระเบียบ

เรียบร้อย) of the workplace
● The proper provision and use of safety equipment and signage (such as
non-slip surfaces, safety harnesses, etc.);
● The storage and use of toxic chemical and fluids (clear labelling or storage
in different locations)
 Some or all of the factors associated with the engineer’s workplace may affect
his ability to work safely and efficiently

Aircraft maintenance engineering requires all three components of the working

environment to be managed carefully in order to achieve a safe and efficient
system

1) Engineers are trained to perform various tasks;

2) Successful task execution requires a suitable physical environment;
3) An unsuitable or unpleasant physical environment is likely to be
de-motivating
3. How to do stress management
2 ways to management stress are defense (การป้องกัน) and coping (การเผชิ ญกับ
ปัญหา)
1. Defense (การป้องกัน): can do by decrease the symptoms such as use
medication or reducing the anxiety (ความวิตกกังวล) such as blaming someone
else
2. Coping (การเผชิ ญกับปัญหา): It is you dealing with the source of the stress
rather than just dealing with the symptoms such as prioritizing tasks,
delegating (มอบหมาย) workload)

But you can’t always deal with all problem such as emergency job so sometimes
you need to use these techniques to cope with the stress include relaxation, good
sleep, diet, exercise, counselling with friends, colleague, professional advice

4. How to do hand-over prepared? What material are need to use?

The important thing to do hand-over is communication between shifts. That
includes these information below
1) Tasks have been completed
 2) Tasks in progress (งานที่กำลังทำอยู)่ , status of that tasks, any problems
3) Tasks to be carried out (งานที่ต้องทำ)
4) General technical information

How to communication > you can use written reports from shift supervisor to
another shift supervisor and it still should to back up by spoken too or by
individual engineers

Written reports such as maintenance cards, work orders, logs, warning flags.

5. How to organize the shift change-over?

Rolling Shift Patterns

When an engineer works change from one shift to another, the body’s internal clock
isn’t immediately reset. It continues on its old wake-sleep cycle for several days, and
it is only gradually resynchronized. However, by this time, the engineer may have
moved onto the next shift.

So generally shift should be later shift such as early shift > late shift > night shift or
day shift > night shift instead of rotation towards earlier shifts such as night shift >
late shift > early shift

Continuity of Tasks and Shift Handovers

When you have to handover the tasks to next shift and engineers who works for a
long time feel very tired this is an area where human errors can occur. So it can
reduce error by use fewer shift changeovers such as use 3 handovers with 3 eight
hour instead 2 handovers with 12 hours

6. Stressors that can cause stress to the engineer.

Engineer may found these stress
 1) Domestic stress: It is stress about his/her normal life (major life change)
such as marriage, divorce. That can cause engineer can’t fully concentrate
with task and safety.
2) Work related stress: divide 2 kind
i. Because of the job or task that they are doing at the moment
ii. Because of the organization environment
3) Time pressure: Because all commercial industry have to do the job on time
or dead line because they want to utilization aircraft the most and achieve
customer satisfaction. Even no definitive deadline have been set, engineer
may be self-imposed to complete work such as because they want to
complete tasks before end of a shift or before a break. And engineer have
to responsibility to carry out a safe job too.
7. Maintenance error reporting schemes (แผนการ) such as MEDA.

Incidents are errors that don’t cause accidents but still cause a problem. However all
incidents are significant to the aircraft maintenance industry, as they may warn of a
potential future accident. So all maintenance incidents have to report to the CAAT.
These data are used to disclose trends, necessary, implement action to reduce the
criticality of further errors.

MEDA Process: help to identifying factors that contribute to existing errors and
avoiding future errors. There are 5 step for MEDA

1) Event: when any events occur then maintenance organization have to select
the error-caused events that will be investigated
2) Decision: after fixing the problem and returning the airplane to service,
operator has to make a decision by asking Was the event maintenance-related
about that errors? If yes, the operator has to do MEDA investigation
 3) Investigation: The operator use MEDA results form for doing an investigation.
The trained investigator uses the form to record general information about the
airplane, when the maintenance and the event occurred, the error, the factors
that contributing to the error, list of possible prevention strategies.
4) Prevention strategies: The operator reviews, prioritizes, implements, and
tracks prevention strategies (process improvement) in order to avoid or reduce
the likelihood of similar errors in the future.
5) Feedback: Operator provides feedback to the maintenance workforce for
letting technicians know the changes in the maintenance system as a result of
the MEDA process. The operator has to ensure that employees has
contribution to the MEDA process by sharing investigation results with them.
8. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a man over a machine.

Machine help people to do repetitive tasks such as calculations and record

information for better than humans and for lower value. That’s why machines have
replaced many human jobs. Machine is much more effective than human but human
still has own distinct benefits over machines such as skill, creation etc. whereas
machines lacks in reasoning.

9. Main type of errors and how can they be eliminated?

There are slips, lapses, mistakes

1) Slips (เผลอทำ): This is actions not intended or planned to do such as

mis-ordering steps in a procedure. (เรียงลำดับการทำงานผิด) Slips occur when
doing the tasks
2) Lapses (ลืม): This is missed actions and omissions (การละเว้น) such as
forgetting to replace an engine cowling. Lapses occurs storage memory stage.
3) Mistakes: They do the wrong things but they don’t have intention to do it.
(Believing it is correct but it isn’t correct) such as mis-selection of bolts when
fitting on aircraft windscreen. Mistakes occur at the planning stage.

Violations sometimes appear to be human errors, but it different from slips,

lapses, mistakes because they are illegal actions such as somebody did
something knowing it to be against the rules.

The behavior of aircraft maintenance engineers can be divide to 3 categories:

1) Skill-based: It is rely on stored routines or motor programs that they have

been learned with practice and may be executed without conscious thought.
2) Rule-based: It is routine or procedures has been learned.
3) Knowledge-based: These require the aircraft maintenance engineer to
evaluate information and use his knowledge and experience to formulate a
plan for dealing with the situation.
 Human Errors can defenses (ป้องกัน) by organization such as duplicate
inspections, pilot pre-flight functional checks etc. or that is as several slices of
Swiss Cheese Model.

Error management seeks to (พยายามที่จะ)

1) Prevent errors from occurring by predict where they are most likely to occur
and then to put in place preventive measures. Do incident reporting schemes
(แผนการ). All data on errors, incidents and accidents should be captured with
a Safety Management System (SMS), which should provide mechanisms for
identifying potential weak spots and error-prone activities or situations.
(กิจกรรมหรือสถานการณ์ที่เกิด error ได้งา
่ ย). Use this output for guiding local
training, company procedures, introduction of new defenses, and modification
of existing defenses.
2) Eliminate or mitigate (บรรเทา) the bad effect of errors
10. Describe an engine run on an aircraft using the SHELL module as a guide

SHEL Model is help to understanding of human factors or framework around which

human factors issues can be structured.

1) Software: such as maintenance procedures, maintenance manuals, checklist

layout
2) Hardware: such as tools, test equipment, physical structure of aircraft
3) Environment: such as physical environment (conditions in the hangar or line,
work patterns)
4) Liveware: including maintenance engineers, supervisors, planners, managers
(It is centre of the model)
11. State the hazards in the workplace and the precautions (ข้อควรระวัง) the
engineer should take to avoid them.

There are many potential (สามารถเป็นได้) hazards in the aircraft maintenance

industry and it is impossible to list them all here. And we can list Physical hazards
may include:

1) Very bright lights

2) Very loud sounds
3) Confined (จำกัด) or enclosed areas
4) Working at significant heights
5) Noxious (เป็นพิษ) substances (liquids, fumes, etc.)
6) Excessive temperatures (too cold or too hot)
7) Moving equipment, moving vehicles and vibration

Then aircraft maintenance organization need to

1) Assessments of work including inspections to determine Health and Safety

Risks
2) Provide safe working practices (การกระทำ, การซ้ อม) and procedures for plant,
machinery, work equipment, materials and substances
3) Inform person who related of any risk
 4) Provide suitable training and/or instruction to meet any Health and Safety
Risks
5) Develop and introduce practice and procedures to reduce risks to Health and
Safety including the provision of special protective devices and personal
protective equipment
6) Provide welfare (สวัสดิการ) for employees
7) Discuss and consult employee representative (ตัวแทน) on Health and Safety
matters

If hazards can’t be removed from the workplace, employees should be aware that
they exist and how to avoid them. This can be effected through training and warning
signs.

12. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages when working as a team member to
working as a individual

Individual

Advantage: An engineer understands clearly about tasks that he was assigned to do

and this is his job to do them complete and make him has strong incentive (แรง
จูงใจ) to do these tasks correctly because he knows it is his responsibility.

Disadvantage: Maybe overlook the importance of working together as a cohesive

team or group to achieve goals.

Team

Advantage: Each member of the group feel responsible for the output of that group,
work to ensuring that the whole product is safe. This may involve cross-checking
others work, politely challenging others if you think that something is not quite right.
Disadvantage: Maybe they act against safety, no one feels personally responsible
for safety because it has diffusion of responsibility (กระจายความรับผิดชอบ)

13. You have assembled a team of engineers to carry out a complex modification on
all the aircraft of that type in the fleet. What individual and team factors would
you consider?

Within aircraft maintenance, responsibility should be spread across all those who
are part in the activity. This range from the accountable manager, supervisors,
teams of engineers, flight crew (preflight checks and walkarounds and highlighting
aircraft faults to maintenance personnel.

Individual

Advantage: An engineer understands clearly about tasks that he was assigned to do

and this is his job to do them complete and make him has strong incentive (แรง
จูงใจ) to do these tasks correctly because he knows it is his responsibility.

Disadvantage: Maybe overlook the importance of working together as a cohesive

team or group to achieve goals.

Individual Responsibility: All aircraft maintenance engineers have to training. Should

work in a responsible manner and be responsible for ensuring that work is
performed and recorded in a satisfactory manner for traceability to those who were
involved in the job. The LAE is then responsible for any adjustment or functional test
and the requirement maintenance records are satisfied before making the legal
certification.

Team
Advantage: Each member of the group feel responsible for the output of that group,
work to ensuring that the whole product is safe. This may involve cross-checking
others work, politely challenging others if you think that something is not quite right.

Disadvantage: Maybe they act against safety, no one feels personally responsible
for safety because it has diffusion of responsibility (กระจายความรับผิดชอบ)

In practice, aircraft maintenance engineers are often assigned to groups or teams in

the workplace. It may be shift teams or small group within a shift. A team may be
made up of various engineering trades (ความเชี่ ยวชาญเฉพาะแบบ), or aircraft types
or place of work. The responsibility for overall goals would fall on the entire team.

14. Describe the important of currency in relation to an engineer. What divisions in a

145 company are responsible for this?

Because aviation industry is dynamic: operators change their aircraft, new aircraft
types and variants (ตัวแปร) are introduced, new aircraft maintenance practice are
introduced. Then engineer needs to keep his knowledge and skills up-to-date

Responsibility for maintaining currency is individual engineer and the maintenance

organization.

The engineer should keep up-to-date with changes in his profession (อาชี พ) because
assumptions can be dangerous for work.

And the organization should provide the appropriate training and allow staff to train
before working on a new aircraft type or new variant. Make written information
easily accessible to engineers and encourage them to read it. And easily to
understand.

Record all changes and engineer will consult the updates.

15. Describe the effect of over-load and under-load on an aircraft engineer and
what effect it might have on the team.

Overload occurs at very high levels of workload (when the engineer becomes over
aroused). performance deteriorates when arousal becomes too high. Error rates may
also increase.

Organization should have a production man hours plan showing that it has sufficient
man hours for the work that is intended to be carried out and organization must
employ sufficient personnel to plan, perform, supervise and inspect the work in
accordance with the approval

Underload occurs at low levels of workload (when the engineer becomes under
aroused). Causes a deterioration in performance and an increase in errors, such as
missed information.

Underload can result from a task an engineer finds boring, very easy, or indeed a
lack (ไม่ม)ี of tasks.

The nature of the aircraft maintenance industry means that available work
fluctuates (ขึ้นๆ ลงๆ) , depending on time of day, maintenance schedules, and so
forth (เป็นต้น). Hence, unless stimulating ‘housekeeping’ tasks can be found,
underload can be difficult to avoid at times.

16. Describe Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL). What regulation relates to this and
what are the requirements imposed on an employer to comply with the
regulation?

Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) is the result from noise. It can be temporary from
a few seconds to a few days or permanent.
Temporary hearing loss may be caused by exposure from short to very loud sound
because the hair-like cells on the basilar membrane take time to recover.

Regular exposure to high levels of noise over a long period may permanently
damage the hairlike cells leading to permanent of hearing.

Three levels of noise at which an employers must act

1) 85 decibels (It is normal speech cannot be heard clearly at 2 m) employers

must
● access the risk to employees hearing
● tell the risks and precautions to the employees
● provide personal ear protectors to the employees
2) 90 decibels (it is normal speech can’t be heard clearly at 1 m) employers must
● Do all possible to reduce exposure to the noise
● Mark zones where noise reaches the second level and provide
recognized sings to restrict entry
3) 140 decibels (noise causes pain)

The combination of duration and intensity of noise can be described as noise dose.

Permanent hearing loss may occur if the TWA (Time Weighted Average Sound Level)
is above the recommended maximum that is 90 decibels.

But it is a good practice to reduce noise levels at source, or move noise away from
workers. Or always use hearing protection

17. Symptoms of fatigue, factors that might induce fatigue in your colleagues at work

Fatigues can be either physiological or subjective (ทางจิต).

Physiological fatigue can cause from recent physical activity, current health, drink
alcohol, circadian rhythms. It can be restoration by sleep.
Subjective fatigue can cause from last slept, how good sleep, degree of motivation.

Fatigue is typically caused by delayed sleep, sleep loss, desynchronization of normal

circadian rhythms and concentrated periods of physical or mental stress or exertion
(ความพยายาม). In the workplace, working long hours, working during normal sleep
hours and working on rotating shift schedules all produce fatigue to some extent
(ขอบเขต).

Symptoms of fatigue

1) Diminished perception (การรับรู ้ลดน้อยลง) such as vision, hearing, and general

lack of awareness
2) Diminished motor skills and slow reactions
3) Problem with short-term memory
4) Being easily distracted by unimportant matters
5) Poor judgement and decision making leading to increased mistakes
6) Abnormal moods
7) Diminished standards of own work

Factor that might induce fatigue such as shift work (cause desynchroisation and
disturbance of the body’s various rhythms), working at night

18. An aircraft has a series flaw and after a few years it becomes unserviceable.
What are the failure types and describe the error model that best related to this
situation.

Error associated with visual inspection

Divide to 2 types of errors

 1) Type 1 occurs when a good item is incorrectly identified as faulty. This type of
error isn’t safety concern, except it means that resource is not being used the
most effectively.
2) Type 2 occurs when a faulty item is missed. This type of error is most concern
such as crack remain undetected. It can have serious consequences
19. What are the factors to be considered when carrying out a visual on an aircraft
component?

Visual inspection is one of the primary methods to ensure the aircraft remain in an
airworthy condition.

Visual inspection is the process of using the eye alone or in conjunction with various
aids to examine and evaluate the condition of systems or components of an aircraft.

Aircraft maintenance engineers may use magnifiers and borescopes to enhance

their visual capabilities. And use his other senses such as touch, hearing, smell to
examining (ตรวจสอบ) the element.

So aircraft maintenance engineers have to has a good eyesight and training,

experience and common sense. Thus reliable visual inspection that engineer when
see the defect and recognizes that it is a defect.

Information such as technical bulletins are important as they prime the inspector of
known and potential defects and he should keep follow of these. For example, blue
staining on an aircraft fuselage may be considered insignificant at first sight, but
information from a Technical Bulletin of ‘blue ice’ and external toilet leaks may make
the engineer suspicious of a more serious problem.

There are various step to help engineer carry out a reliable visual inspection
 1) Ensure that he understands the area, component or system he has to
inspect.
2) Locate corresponding area (พืน
้ ที่ที่สอดคล้องกัน), component or system on
the aircraft by itself
3) Make sure the environment is good such as light
4) Moving his eyes carefully in a set pattern so that all parts are inspected
5) Examine thoroughly any potential degradation or defect that is seen and
decide whether it makes a problem
6) Record any problem that found and continue search a few steps prior to
where he left off

Visual inspection requires a lot of concentration. So an engineer’s low arousal or

lack of motivation can fail to spot a potential problem or found defect during visual
inspection. The effects are potentially worse when an inspector has a very low
expectation of finding a defect such as defect on a new aircraft.

Engineer can take short breaks between discrete visual inspection such as at a
particular system component, frame. This is much better than pausing midway
through an inspection.

NDI : Non-destructive inspection includes an element of visual inspection, but

usually permits detection of defects below visual thresholds. Various specialist tools
are used for this purpose, such as eddy current.

20. For an engineer to carry out fault finding he/she needs to reference
information for his/her decision making. What are the sources of this information
and what precautions would need to be considered when using them?

Decision Making

After receive information to our sense then you will have to make decision.
Decision making is the action based on available information, knowledge, prior
experience, goals, context etc. We can use tools for assisting the process of making
a decision such as documents (maintenance manuals, fault diagnosis (การวินิจฉัย)
manuals), procedures are available to supplement (เสริม) the basic decision.

It can be dangerous to believe that existing knowledge and prior experience will
always be sufficient in every situation. And we all have limitations about information
processing such as you can’t receive information even you don’t have any problem
about hearing but you have attention in another thing.

21. Describe the effects and causes of circadian dysrhythmia?

Circadian Rhythms

It is internal cycles such as body temperature and hunger/eating and they are
related to the length of the day.

Circadian rhythms are physiological and behavioural functions and processes in the
body that have a regular cycle of approximately a day (about 25 hours). It is
controlled by the brain and environmental such as light has influenced and
synchronized to it.

Even if the normal pattern of wakefulness and sleep is disrupted (by shift work for
example), the temperature cycle remains unchanged. Hence, it can be seen that if
you are awake at 4-6 o’clock in the morning, your body temperature is in a trough
and it is at this time that is hardest to stay awake. Research has shown that this
drop in body temperature appears to be linked to a drop in alertness and
performance in man.

Although there are many contributory factors, it is noteworthy that a number of

major incidents and accidents involving human error have either occurred or were
initiated in the pre-dawn hours, when body temperature and performance capability
are both at their lowest.

The engineer’s performance at this ‘low point’ will be improved if he is well rested,
feeling well, highly motivated and well practised in the skills being used at that point.

Circadian rhythm disorders, also known as sleep-wake cycle disorders, are problems
that occur when your body’s internal clock, which tells you when it’s time to sleep or
wake, is out of sync with your environment.

Disruptions in your sleep patterns can be temporary and caused by your sleep
habits, job, or travel. Or a circadian rhythm disorder can be long-term
and caused by aging, your genes, or a medical condition. You may
have symptoms such as extreme daytime sleepiness, decreased alertness, and
problems with memory and decision-making.

You can take steps to prevent circadian rhythm disorders by making healthy lifestyle
changes to improve your sleep habits. If left untreated, circadian rhythm disorders
may increase the risk of certain health problems or lead to workplace and road
accidents.

22. Describe Peer Pressure and how it affects the aircraft engineer in the
workplace.

Peer Pressure

When aircraft engineer receive pressure at work from those that work with him. Peer
Pressure will affect to believes of engineer which he feels that his peers or
colleagues expect to let him has such as individual engineer may feel that there is
pressure to cut corners in order to get an aircraft out by a certain time because he
believes that if his colleagues found this situation he will do the same thing with him.
Other’s opinions, attitudes, actions and even perceptions that higher or prevailing
effect to another’s opinions, attitudes, actions and perceptions

23. Describe what is a complex system on an aircraft and how this influences an
engineer’s responsibility.

Complex Systems

All large modern aircraft can be described as complex systems. And there are
separate system that may be considered complex such as flying control, landing
gear etc.

Any complex system can be thought of as having a wide variety of inputs. But with a
complex system, it should still be clear to an aircraft maintenance engineer what the
system’s purpose is.

To maintain complex system, the engineer will need to have some form of
system-specific training that help him to understanding of how it works and how it
can fail, what is made up of (ประกอบด้วยอะไรบ้าง). It is important that the engineer
understands enough about the overall functioning of a large complex aircraft. Thus,
system-specific training must achieve the correct balance between detailed system
knowledge and analytical troubleshooting skills.

With complex system within aircraft, written procedures and reference material
become an even more important source of guidance than with simple systems. They
may describe comprehensively the method of performing maintenance tasks, such
as inspections, adjustment and tests, relationship of one system to other systems,
provide cautions or bring attention to specific areas of components.

A single modern aircraft is complex enough, but many engineers are qualified on
several types and variants of aircraft. This will usually mean that he has less
opportunity to become familiar with one type, making it even more important that
he sticks to the prescribed procedures and refers to the reference manual wherever
necessary.

24. What is the perception of the role of the licensed aircraft maintenance
engineer and what responsibilities must be recognized in the process of carrying
out his/her duties?

All aircraft maintenance engineers have to training. Should work in a responsible

manner and be responsible for ensuring that work is performed and recorded in a
satisfactory manner for traceability to those who were involved in the job. The LAE
is then responsible for any adjustment or functional test and the requirement
maintenance records are satisfied before making the legal certification.

25. What are the Human Factors differences between Line maintenance and
Hangar maintenance?
Human Factors can be simple definitions such as “Fitting the man to the job and the
job to the man” and a good definition in the context of aviation maintenance would
be “Human Factors refers to the study of human capabilities and limitations in the
workplace” Human Factors is researches system performance. They study the
interaction of maintenance personnel, equipment they use, written and verbal
procedures, rules they follow, environmental conditions of any system. The aim of
Human Factors is to optimize the relationship between maintenance personnel and
systems with a view to improving safety, efficiency and well-being (ประสิ ทธิภาพและ
ความเป็นอยูท
่ ี่ดี).

Human Factors include

1) Human Physiology (สรีรวิทยา)

2) Psychology (perception, cognition, memory, social interaction, error, etc.)
3) Work place design
4) Environmental conditions
5) Human-machine interface
6) Study of measurements of the human body
26. What CAA publications relate to drug and alcohol abuse in the workplace and
what are their recommendations? What effect does the consumption of alcohol
have on an engineer in the performance of his/her duties?

The holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s license shall not exercise the
privileges of such a license when got influence of drink or drug until impair his
capacity to exercise his privileges.

There is limitation of blood/alcohol for anyone performing a safety critical role in

aviation is 20 milligrams of alcohol per 100 milliliters of blood.

Alcohol
It will depressant (กดประสาท) on the central nervous system, dulling (ทำให้ลดลง) the
senses and increasing mental and physical reaction times. Even small amount of
alcohol leads to a decline in an individual’s performance and may cause his
adjustment to be interrupt.

Alcohol is removed from the blood at a fixed rate and this can’t be speed up in any
way.

Person may not be fit to go on duty even 8 hours after drinking large amounts of
alcohol. As a general rule, aircraft maintenance engineers should not work for at
least eight hours after drinking even small quantities of alcohol and increase this
time if more has been drunk.

The effects of alcohol can be made considerably worse if the individual is fatigued,
ill or using medication.

For men, this is no more than 3-4 units a day or 28 per week. (1 unit= half a pint of
beer)

27. Describe the four recognized types of attention that affects and engineer’s
decision-making?

Attention is the concentration of mental effort on sensory (ทางประสาทสั มผัส) or

mental (ทางจิตใจ) events. Attention can move very quickly from one item to another,
in can only deal with one item at a time.

Attention is influenced by arousal level and stress. This can improve or damage
attention depending on the circumstances.

The form of attention is

1) Selective attention: when person is monitoring several sources of input, and

give greater attention to one or more sources which appear more important. A
 person can give attending to one source while still sampling other sources in
the background. Such ac “cocktail party effect”
2) Divided attention: is common in work situations, where people are required to
do more than one thing at the same time.
3) Focused attention: is the skill of focusing one’s attention to a single source and
avoiding distraction.
4) Sustained attention: is the ability to maintain attention and remain alert over
long periods of time, often on one task.
28. Describe human error in aircraft maintenance and the inspection environment,
and describe how it can be minimized.

Human Error is general term of all those occasions in which a planned sequence of
mental or physical activities fails to achieve its intended outcome, and when these
failures cannot be attributed to the intervention of some chance agency”.

These attempt to capture the nature of the error and its characteristics. To illustrate
this, the following models and theories will be briefly highlighted:

● design- versus operator-induced errors;

● variable versus constant errors;
● reversible versus irreversible errors;
● slips, lapses and mistakes;
● skill-, rule- and knowledge-based behaviours and associated errors;
● Swiss Cheese Model

Swiss Cheese Model

It is the concept of defences (การป้องกัน) against human error within an

organization such as duplicate inspections, pilot pre-flight functional check, etc.
which help prevent to trap human error, reducing the likelihood of negative
consequences.

It will never be possible to eradicate error totally. Therefore all maintenance

organization should aim to manage errors. Error management seeks to:

1) Prevent errors from occurring: It is necessary to predict where the errors are
most likely to occur and then to put in place preventive measures. Do incident
reporting schemes (แผนการ). Within a maintenance organization, data on
errors, incidents and accidents should be captured with a SMS (Safety
Management System) which should provide mechanisms for identifying
potential weak spots and error-prone activities or situation.
2) Eliminate or reduce the bad effects of errors:

One of the things likely to be most effective in preventing error is to make sure that
engineers follow procedures. And ensuring the procedures are correct and usable,
presentation of the information is user friendly and appropriate to the task and
context, engineers are encouraged to follow procedures and not to cut corners.
It is important that organization balance profit and costs and try to ensure that the
defenses which are put in place are the most cost effective that is it can trapping
error and prevent catastrophic (เหตุร้าย) outcomes.

It is responsibility of each and every aircraft maintenance engineer to take every

aircraft maintenance engineer to take every possible care in his work and be careful
for error. Aircraft engineer take effort to prevent injuries, prevent damage and to
keep the aircraft they work on safe.

29. How is the body affected after a long flight over several time zone?

An example of disrupting circadian rhythms would be taking a flight that crosses

time zones. This will interfere with the normal synchronisation with the light and
dark (day/ night). This throws out the natural link between daylight and the body’s
internal clock, causing jet lag, resulting in sleepiness during the day, etc. Eventually
however, the circadian rhythm readjusts to the revised environmental cues.

30. What is meant by “post lunch low”?

Post lunch dip is when after lunch you feel sleepy. Our body has circadian rhythm
and for most people this dip occurs between 2-4 p.m. during this time your body
temperature decrease and alertness also declines. This make many people yawing
after lunch and reaching for extra cup of coffee.
31. What is meant by “acrophase”?

The rhythmicity can be described by three parameters

1) The amplitude refers to half the distance between the peak and the trough
of the fitted wave - in effect describing the amount of movement produced
during periods of activity.
2) The acrophase describes the point in the cycle at which activity is maximal.
3) The mesor describes the rhythm-adjusted mean of the wave, or the value
around which the fitted wave oscillates or the average amount of activity
produced across the recording period.
 ซึ่ งแท้จริงแล้ว Murphy’s Law เชื่ อว่า “หากสิ่ งใดมีโอกาส
ที่จะเกิดความผิดพลาด มันมักจะเกิดขึ้น” แนวคิดนี้จะ
ช่ วยทำให้เราเข้าใจความเสี่ ยง และประเมินสถานการณ์
ได้มากขึ้นด้วย

จอตาหรือจอประสาทตา (Retina) เป็นเนื้อเยือ

่ บาง ๆ
ที่บอ
ุ ยูภ
่ ายในลูกตาส่ วนหลัง ประกอบด้วยเซลล์รับ
แสงและเซลล์ประสาทอื่น ๆ จำนวนหลายล้านเซลล์
ซึ่ งทำหน้าที่รับแสงและส่ งสั ญญาณไปยังสมอง ทำให้
เรามองเห็นภาพต่าง ๆ ได้ ถ้าเปรียบเทียบลูกตากับ
กล้องถ่ายรู ป จอตาเปรียบได้กับฟิล์มถ่ายรู ป หาก
ฟิล์มเสื่ อมสภาพย่อมทำให้รูปภาพไม่คมชั ด เช่ นเดียว
กับจอตาหากมีความผิดปกติเกิดขึ้นจะส่ งผลให้ความ
คมชั ดในการมองเห็นภาพลดลง

กระจกตา (Cornea) หรือตาดำ เป็นส่ วนที่อยูห

่ น้าสุด
ของลูกตา มีลักษณะโค้งคล้ายจาน เรียบใส ไม่มส
ี ี ทำหน้าที่โฟกัสหักเหแสงจากวัตถุให้เข้าใน
ลูกตา
ความจำอาศั ยเหตุการณ์[1] (อังกฤษ: episodic memory) เป็นความจำเกี่ยวกับเหตุการณ์ต่าง
ๆ ในชี วประวัติของตนเอง (รวมทั้งข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับวันเวลา สถานที่ อารมณ์ความรู ้สึกที่มี และ
เรื่องที่เกี่ยวข้องกันอื่น ๆ) ที่สามารถระลึกได้ภายใต้อำนาจจิตใจและนำมากล่าวได้อย่างชั ด
แจ้ง เป็นความจำรวมประสบการณ์ต่าง ๆ ของตนในอดีต แต่ละเหตุการณ์เกิดขึ้นที่วันเวลา
หนึ่ง ๆ และในสถานที่หนึ่ง ๆ ยกตัวอย่างเช่ น ถ้าเราระลึกถึงงานเลี้ยง (หรือการทำบุญ) วันเกิด
เมือ
่ อายุ 6 ขวบได้ นี่เป็นความจำอาศั ยเหตุการณ์ เป็นความจำที่ยง
ั ให้เราสามารถเดินทางกลับ
่ ระลึกถึงเหตุการณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นที่วันเวลานั้น ๆ และสถานที่น้ัน ๆ
ไปในกาลเวลา (ในใจ) เพือ

สายตายาวตามอายุ (Presbyopia) คนที่มป

ี ญ ่ ถึงวัย 40 ปีข้น
ั หาสายตายาวเมือ ึ ไปหรือเรียกว่า
สายตาผูส
้ ูงอายุ เกิดจากการที่เลนส์ แก้วตาแข็งขึ้น ่ น้อยลงตามอายุที่มากขึ้น
ความยืดหยุน
ประกอบกับกล้ามเนื้อตาเสื่ อมสภาพตามวัย อ่อนล้าลง ทำให้เลนส์ แก้วตาไม่สามารถปรับตัวให้
พองขึ้นหรือแบนลงเพือ
่ ช่ วยในการโฟกัสภาพได้เหมือนเดิมจึงไม่สามารถมองเห็นภาพในระยะ
ใกล้ได้ชัดเจน มีความยากลำบากในการมองระยะใกล้ อาทิ การอ่านหนังสื อ เมนูอาหาร ป้าย
ราคาสิ นค้า การทานอาหาร เขีย
่ ก้างปลา การเขียนคิ้ว (Eyeliner) การใช้ โทรศั พท์มอ
ื ถือหรือ
คอมพิวเตอร์ การขับรถ การเย็บผ้า เป็นต้น ทำให้ไม่สามารถเพ่งมองใกล้ได้เหมือนตอนอายุยง
ั
น้อย

Working Memory (ความจำเพือ

่ ใช้ งาน) คือ กระบวนการทำงานของสมองส่ วนหน้า ทำหน้าที่
จดจำข้อมูล จัดระบบแล้วเก็บรักษาข้อมูลไว้ในคลังสมอง เมือ
่ ถึงเวลาที่เราต้องการใช้ งาน
สามารถนำข้อมูลในสมองออกมาใช้ งานได้อัตโนมัติ เป็นความจำที่เรียกข้อมูลกลับมาเพือ
่ ใช้
อย่างถูกที่ถูกเวลา ซึ่ งแตกต่างจากการจำแบบท่องจำ เพราะการท่องจำเป็นการจดจำข้อมูลที่
ไม่เคลื่อนไหวแล้ว เช่ น การจดจำชื่ อบุคคลในประวัติศาสตร์ ท่องจำชื่ อเมือง ท่องจำเหตุการณ์
สำคัญ เพือ ่ บันทึกหลักฐานข้อมูลที่เป็นเนื้อหาวิชาการ ซึ่ งข้อมูลเหล่านี้ไม่
่ ทำข้อสอบ หรือเพือ
ได้ถูกนำมาใช้ จริง หรือนำมาใช้ ในชี วิตประจำวัน ทำให้ขอ
้ มูลเหล่านี้เมือ
่ ไม่ท่องจำ ก็จะค่อย ๆ
เลือนหายไป แต่ Working Memory เป็นการจดจำข้อมูลที่เคลื่อนไหว และนำมาเชื่ อมโยงเพือ
่ ใช้
ให้เป็นประโยชน์ในชี วิตประจำวัน เช่ น การอ่าน การเขียนคำศั พท์ หรือการแก้โจทย์
คณิตศาสตร์ ถ้ากระบวนการทำงาน Working Memory ไม่ดี ก็จะไม่สามารถวางแผน จัดระบบ
ข้อมูล เรียบเรียงเรื่องราวออกมาเป็นเรื่องราว หรือคิดประมวลผลคำตอบที่ถูกต้องได้

The Cocktail Party Effect: นักวิทยาศาสตร์พบ สมองเลือกเสี ยงที่จะฟังได้ แม้จะพูดอยูใ่ นที่

เสี ยงดัง

Visual Acuity คือ ความสามารถในการมองเห็น มีไว้เพือ

่ ช่ วยในการเปรียบเทียบความ
สามารถในการมองเห็นของแต่ละคน

ตัวอย่างเช่ น VA 20/20

ความหมายของตัวเศษ 20 (ตัวหน้า) หมายถึง ระยะที่ ผูถ

้ ูกวัด สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรขนาด
มาตรฐาน (ตัวอักษร D E F P O T E C) ได้ถูกต้องทั้งหมดที่ระยะ 20 ฟุต
ความหมายของตัวส่ วน 20 (ตัวหลัง) หมายถึง ระยะที่ คนสายตาปกติ สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรได้
ถูกต้องทั้งหมดที่ระยะเดียวกัน

หากคุณมีระดับการมองเห็นที่ VA20/20 คือสายตาเทียบเท่ากับสายตาของคนปกติ บันทึกเป็น

หน่วยฟุต แต่ในประเทศไทยส่ วนใหญ่จักษุแพทย์บน
ั ทึกเป็นหน่วยเมตรเช่ นสายตาVA6/6 (6
เมตรเท่ากับ20ฟุต)

ตัวอย่างเช่ น VA 20/200

ความหมายของตัวเศษ 20 (ตัวหน้า) หมายถึงระยะที่ ผูถ

้ ูกวัด สามารถอ่านตัวอักษรขนาด
มาตรฐาน (ตัวอักษร E) ได้ถูกต้องที่ระยะ 20 ฟุต

ความหมายของตัวส่ วน 200 (ตัวหลัง) หมายถึงระยะที่ คนสายตาปกติ สามารถอ่านตัวอักษร

ชุ ดเดียวกันได้ถูกต้องที่ระยะ 200 ฟุต

หากคุณมีระดับการมองเห็นที่ VA20/200 นั่นหมายถึงคุณมีสายตาแย่กว่าคนปกติถึง 10 เท่า

ความจำอาศั ยความรู้สึกมี 3 ประเภท คือ

● Iconic memory เป็นตัวเก็บข้อมูลทางตาที่เสื่ อมอย่างรวดเร็ว เป็นความจำอาศั ยความ

รู ้สึกอย่างหนึ่งที่เก็บภาพที่เกิดการรับรู ้ไว้เป็นระยะเวลาสั้ น ๆ
● Echoic memory เป็นตัวเก็บข้อมูลทางหูที่เสื่ อมอย่างรวดเร็ว เป็นความจำอาศั ยความ
รู ้สึกอีกอย่างหนึ่งที่เก็บเสี ยงที่เกิดการรับรู ้ไว้เป็นระยะเวลาสั้ น ๆ
● Haptic memory เป็นความจำอาศั ยความรู ้สึกที่เป็นฐานข้อมูลของสิ่ งเร้าทางสั มผัส
ความจำระยะสั้ น

ความจำระยะยาว (Long-Term Memory) เป็นหน่วยความจำที่เปรียบเสมือนคลังข้อมูล

สามารถเก็บข้อมูลได้ไม่จำกัด เป็นระยะเวลานาน ความจำชนิดนี้สามารถแบ่งแยกย่อยได้อีก
คือ ความจำที่สามารถเรียกคืนกลับโดยอัตโนมัติ (Non-Declarative / Implicit Memory) ซึ่ งได้
มาจากการฝึกทำซ้ำๆ เช่ น การปั่นจักรยาน, การขับรถ เป็นต้น
CAP 562 Civil Aircraft Airworthiness Information and Procedures (CAAIP)

Description: Gives general information on a variety of matters concerned with civil

aircraft during manufacture, overhaul, repair, maintenance, operation and procedures.
CAP 562 is published to support Issue 8, amendment 1 of BCAR A.

CAP 562 should be read in conjunction with associated Supplementary Amendments

(SAs).

G- Ground Operations,

H Maintenance Personal Licensing

● H-10 Aircraft Maintenance Engineers Licensing –General Licensing Information
● H-30 Aircraft Maintenance Engineers License
● H-60 License Aircraft Maintenance Engineers- Personal Responsibility when
Medically unfit or under the influence of Drink or drug