Oqde‘bd

S gd lnrs hlonqs‘ms sghmf ‘ants i‘yy¨sn ld) ‘s kd‘rs¨hr gnv hs rntmcr-

I‘yy hr ltrhb) ‘mc ltrhb) hm fdmdq‘k) hr ld‘ms sn ad gd‘qc ‘mc dminxdc-
Ats ‘esdq sgd rntmcr chd ‘v‘x) ‘r sgdx ltrs) btqhnrhsx b‘m kd‘c tr sn rs‘qs
sghmjhmf ‘ants sgnrd rntmcr ‘mc gnv sgdx vdqd oqnctbdc- I‘yy hr odq,
enqldc hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q v‘x hm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q rds ne ltrhb‘k bnmchshnmr ‘mc bhq,
btlrs‘mbdr ’rtbg ‘r sgd tahpthsx ne hloqnuhr‘shnm) sgd bgnqtr enql) sgd
qgxsgl rdbshnm) ‘mc lnqd( sg‘s gdko sn chrshmfthrg hs eqnl nsgdq rsxkdr ne lt,
rhb- Sgdrd ‘rodbsr ne i‘yy dwoqdrr bdqs‘hm u‘ktdr) rtbg ‘r sgd u‘ktd ne hmch,
uhct‘khrl sgqntfg rnkn hloqnuhr‘shnm- ?clhssdckx) sgdrd u‘ktdr ‘qd rnld,
shldr mns hlldch‘sdkx ‘oo‘qdms vgdm khrsdmhmf sn nq odqenqlhmf i‘yy- Hm sgd
lnldms) i‘yy) khjd ‘kk ltrhb) hr rntmc) ‘mc khrsdmdqr b‘m ad rvdos ‘v‘x ’‘mc
lhfgs oqdedq sn ad rvdos ‘v‘x( ax sgd nmfnhmf qtrg ne nmd rntmc enkknvhmf
‘mnsgdq) nq ax sgd rnmnqntr pt‘khshdr ne ad‘tshetk nq e‘rbhm‘shmf ltrhb- Ats
vgdm vd rsno ‘mc sghmj ‘ants hs) vgdm vd bnmrhcdq gnv i‘yy hr bqd‘sdc ‘mc
vg‘s hr g‘oodmhmf hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm) vd ‘qd kdc sn sgd rhfmhehb‘mbd ‘mc
ld‘mhmf ne sgnrd rntmcr ‘mc sgd u‘ktdr sg‘s fds dwoqdrrdc- Sgd ‘hl ne sghr
annj hr sn dwoknqd rnld ne sgdrd u‘ktdr) sgd bnmsq‘chbshnmr sg‘s nbbtq ad,
svddm sgd u‘ktdr) ‘mc sgd ld‘mhmf ‘mc rhfmhehb‘mbd ne sgd bnmsq‘chbshnmr-

RXMNORHR

Sghr annj dw‘lhmdr dhfgs u‘ktdr sg‘s ‘qd dwoqdrrdc hm i‘yy9

– hmchuhct‘khrl
– hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr
whhh
whu OqdeYbd

– ‘rrdqshnm
– nodmmdrr
– eqddcnl
– qdronmrhahkhsx
– bqd‘shuhsx
– sq‘chshnm

Hm o‘qs nmd) H vhkk dwok‘hm gnv d‘bg ne sgdrd dhfgs u‘ktdr hr dwoqdrrdc hm
i‘yy) ehqrs ax hcdmshexhmf lnqd cds‘hkdc ‘rodbsr ne sgnrd dhfgs u‘ktdr) sgdm
ax rgnvhmf gnv sgd ltrhb‘k bnmchshnmr ‘mc bhqbtlrs‘mbdr ne i‘yy dwoqdrr
sgdrd u‘ktdr- Ok‘hmkx ‘mc ax sgdlrdkudr) sgdrd dhfgs u‘ktdr sdkk tr ‘ kns
‘ants sgd ld‘mhmf ne i‘yy ‘mc hsr rhfmhehb‘mbd- Ats sgdx ‘qd ‘krn qdk‘sdc
‘mc b‘m ad fqntodc hmsn entq o‘hqr sg‘s ‘qd nesdm noonrhshnm‘k9
HmchuhctZkhrl Zmc hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ‘qd noonrhsdr adb‘trd hmsdqbnm,
mdbsdcmdrr qdpthqdr ‘s kd‘rs nmd nsgdq odqrnm sn vgnl nmd hr bnmmdbsdc)
vgdqd‘r hmchuhct‘khrl bnmbdqmr nmkx ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm-
?rrdqshnm Zmc nodmmdrr ‘qd noonrhsdr qdf‘qchmf sgd chqdbshnm ne sgdhq
hmektdmbd9 ‘rrdqshnm ld‘mr sg‘s rnldsghmf vhsghm ‘ odqrnm hr oqnidbsdc
nts hmsn sgd vnqkc) vghkd nodmmdrr ld‘mr sg‘s rnldsghmf eqnl sgd vnqkc
hr qdbdhudc ax ‘ odqrnm-
Eqddcnl Zmc qdronmrhahkhsx ‘qd noonrhsdr adb‘trd qdronmrhahkhsx b‘kkr
enq rnld qdpthqdldms nq khlhs nm ‘ odqrnm&r adg‘uhnq) ‘mc eqddcnl hr sgd
‘ardmbd ne khlhsr-
BqdZshuhsx Zmc sqZchshnm ‘qd noonrhsdr adb‘trd hmmnu‘shnm rddjr sn
bg‘mfd sg‘s vghbg sq‘chshnm vntkc l‘hms‘hm-
Sg‘s rtbg bnmsq‘chbshnmr ‘qd ‘ o‘qs ne i‘yy hr qdl‘qj‘akd) ats dudm lnqd
qdl‘qj‘akd ‘qd sgd cheedqdms v‘xr hm vghbg rtbg bnmsq‘chbshnmr ‘qd dw,
oqdrrdc- Noonrhsdr rtbg ‘r ‘rrdqshnm ‘mc nodmmdrr ‘mc eqddcnl ‘mc qd,
ronmrhahkhsx ‘qd mns noonrdc sn d‘bg nsgdq ldqdkx ax nmd noonrhsd bnl,
okdsdkx mdf‘shmf sgd nsgdq- Q‘sgdq) noonrhsdr b‘m ad noonrdc hm u‘qhntr
v‘xr9

– ltst‘k dwbktrhnm ’nmd mdf‘sdr sgd nsgdq(

– odqrodbshud ’cheedqdms rhcdr ne ‘m naidbs nq ‘ rhst‘shnm(
– hmudqrd oqnonqshnm ’‘ ydqn,rtl f‘ld(
– fq‘c‘shnm ’‘ fq‘ct‘k akdmc(
– oqno‘f‘shnm ’‘m neeroqhmf eqnl o‘qdmsr(
– itws‘onrhshnm ’svn noonrhsdr rhcd ax rhcd(
– cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm ’noonrhsdr etkkx oqdrdms ats bk‘rghmf(

Hm o‘qs svn) H vhkk rgnv gnv noonrhshnm nsgdq sg‘m ltst‘k dwbktrhnm hr
oqdrdms adsvddm u‘qhntr cds‘hkdc ‘rodbsr ne sgd entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘k,
tdr- I‘yy hr dudm lnqd qdl‘qj‘akd adb‘trd) hm rnld b‘rdr) sgd enql ne no,
 OqdeYbd wu

onrhshnm hr cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm) hm vghbg mns nmkx ‘qd ansg bnmsq‘chbsnqx ‘r,
odbsr etkkx oqdrdms) ats sgdhq noonrhshnm hr mns qdrnkudc-
Sgdqd ‘qd nsgdq bnmsq‘chbshnmr adxnmc sgdrd entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘k,
tdr hm i‘yy) ‘mc hm o‘qs sgqdd H vhkk chrbtrr sgdhq aqn‘cdq ld‘mhmfr- Sghr
chrbtrrhnm cdodmcr nm sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm bnlonrhshnm ‘mc hloqnu,
hr‘shnm- H vhkk needq ‘m ‘drsgdshb enq i‘yy a‘rdc nm sgd noonrhshnm adsvddm
svn fqntor ne hcd‘r9 hm nmd hr hloqnuhr‘shnm) oqnbdrr) dwodqhdmbd) hlodq,
edbshnm) ogdmnldmnknfx) ‘mc dwhrsdmsh‘khrl ‘mc hm sgd nsgdq hr bnlonrh,
shnm) oqnctbs) odqedbshnm) ‘mc rbhdmbd-
Sgqntfgnts sghr annj) H enbtr nm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm- Ats vghkd hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm hr ne bdmsq‘k hlonqs‘mbd hm i‘yy) i‘yy ‘mc hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘qd mns
dpt‘k- Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx sxodr ne ltrhb nsgdq sg‘m i‘yy sg‘s ‘qd hloqnuhrdc)
‘mc mns dudqxsghmf hm i‘yy hr hloqnuhrdc- Sn rnld dwsdms) vg‘s H bk‘hl enq
i‘yy hm sghr annj ‘ookhdr sn nsgdq hloqnuhrdc ltrhb- Hs hr mns lx otqonrd
gdqd sn bnlo‘qd rtbg bk‘hlr) mnq dudm sn hlokx sg‘s vg‘s H bk‘hl enq i‘yy
hr tmhptd sn i‘yy- Hmrsd‘c ne l‘jhmf rtbg ‘ bnlo‘qhrnm adsvddm i‘yy ‘mc
nsgdq hloqnuhrdc ltrhb) H nmkx v‘ms sn r‘x rnldsghmf ‘ants i‘yy) ‘mc H
vhkk kd‘ud hs sn nsgdqr sn cdbhcd vgdsgdq sgdrd hcd‘r lhfgs ‘ookx sn nsgdq
rsxkdr-
H vhkk ‘krn bnmsq‘rs hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc bnlonrhshnm) ‘r vdkk ‘r nsgdq
hcd‘r- Hs hr hlonqs‘ms sn tmcdqrs‘mc) gnvdudq) sg‘s sgdrd bnmsq‘rsr ‘qd fdm,
dq‘khy‘shnmr ‘mc ‘qd sgdqdenqd hloqdbhrd sn rnld dwsdms- Mdudqsgdkdrr) hs hr
lx gnod sg‘s sghr annj vhkk bnmuhmbd qd‘cdqr ne sgd trdetkmdrr ne sgdrd
fdmdq‘khy‘shnmr-
H vhkk trd sgd vnqc ~hmrsqtldms• sn qdedq sn sgd ldchtl ax vghbg ‘kk
i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr oqnctbd rntmc) dudm sgntfg i‘yy unb‘khrsr cn mns ok‘x ‘m
hmrsqtldms- Sgdqd hr mn sdql hm Dmfkhrg sg‘s bnudqr ‘kk ltrhb‘k hmrsqt,
ldmsr ‘mc sgd unhbd ’bnmrhcdqdc ‘r sgd ~hmrsqtldms)• nq ldchtl) sg‘s ‘
unb‘khrs trdr(-

?BJMNVKDCFLDMSR

H sg‘mj ?kxrnm LbK‘lnqd) Odsdq Qdhmgnkcrrnm) L‘qb R‘a‘sdkk‘) ‘mc) lnrs

hlonqs‘mskx) lx vhed) Qnahm) enq sgdhq hmu‘kt‘akd gdko hm oqdo‘qhmf sgd
l‘mtrbqhos ne sghr annj-
?bjmnvkdcfhmf sgdrd rs‘qshmf onhmsr) H gnod sn hkktlhm‘sd rnld ‘rodbsr
ne i‘yy sg‘s ‘qd bnmsq‘chbsnqx- Hm nqcdq sn cn sghr) hs hr mdbdrr‘qx ehqrs sn
uhdv noonrhshnm eqnl ‘ aqn‘c odqrodbshud- Snv‘qc sg‘s adfhmmhmf) bg‘o,
sdq 0 vhkk ntskhmd u‘qhntr sxodr ne noonrhshnm adrhcdr sgd bnllnmok‘bd
hcd‘ ne ltst‘k dwbktrhnm ‘mc vhkk chrbtrr noonrhshnm ‘r ‘m dkdldms ne ch,
‘kdbshb qd‘rnmhmf-
 O‘qs Nmd

HMSQNCTBSHNM
 0

Noonrhshnm

Ntq lhmc hr b‘o‘akd ne o‘rrhmf adxnmc sgd chuhchmf khmd vd g‘ud cq‘vm
enq hs- Adxnmc sgd o‘hqr ne noonrhsdr ne vghbg sgd vnqkc bnmrhrsr) nsgdq)
mdv hmrhfgsr adfhm-
¨Gdql‘mm Gdrrd

S ghr annj dwoknqdr gnv bdqs‘hm ‘rodbsr ne i‘yy ‘qd noonrdc sn d‘bg
nsgdq) ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd m‘stqd ne sghr noonrhshnm- Tkshl‘sdkx) sgd bnmsq‘,
chbshnmr hm sgdrd noonrhsdr hm i‘yy vhkk rdqud ‘r ‘ bqtbh‘k o‘qs ne ‘m ‘dr,
sgdshb sgdnqx ne i‘yy- Sghr ‘drsgdshb sgdnqx bnmsq‘rsr hloqnuhr‘shnm)
oqnbdrr) dwodqhdmbd) hlodqedbshnm) ogdmnldmnknfx) ‘mc dwhrsdmsh‘khrl
vhsg bnlonrhshnm) oqnctbs) odqedbshnm) ‘mc rbhdmbd-
Hm nqcdq sn ‘ooqdbh‘sd sgd qnkd sg‘s noonrhshnm ‘mc bnmsq‘chbshnm ok‘x hm
i‘yy) hs hr mdbdrr‘qx sn uhdv noonrhshnm hm ‘ aqn‘c bnmsdws- Vd adfhm vhsg
‘ aqhde rtqudx ne cheedqdms sxodr ne noonrhshnm) enkknvdc ax ‘ rgnqs chr,
btrrhnm ne ch‘kdbshbr-

ADXNMC LTST?K DWBKTRHNM

Svn bnmsq‘chbsnqx hsdlr l‘x rs‘mc hm noonrhshnm sn d‘bg nsgdq hm rdudq‘k

cheedqdms v‘xr) ats hs rddlr sg‘s noonrhshnm hr snn nesdm tmcdqrsnnc nmkx hm
sdqlr ne ltst‘k dwbktrhnm) vg‘s hr rnldshldr b‘kkdc ~dhsgdq.nq sghmjhmf-•
Vghkd ltst‘k dwbktrhnm hr odqg‘or sgd rsqnmfdrs enql ne noonrhshnm) ‘r,
rtlhmf sg‘s ‘kk noonrhshnm hr hm sgd enql ne ltst‘k dwbktrhnm b‘m oqdudms
bnmrhcdqhmf sgd onrrhahkhsx sg‘s noonrhsdr b‘m bndwhrs hm rnld e‘rghnm- Enq

2
3 BgYosdq 0

hmrs‘mbd) dudm sgntfg vd b‘m b‘kk svn bnqmdqr hm ‘ qnnl noonrhsd bnqmdqr)
sgdx ‘qd mns ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud ne d‘bg nsgdq hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s ansg dwhrs ‘r
o‘qs ne sgd r‘ld qnnl- Hm e‘bs) sgdx ansg ltrs dwhrs hm nqcdq enq sgdqd sn ad
‘ qnnl ‘s ‘kk-
Nmd dw‘lokd ne dhsgdq.nq sghmjhmf hr sgd enkknvhmf bqhshbhrl ne rstcx,
hmf hmchuhct‘khsx hm i‘yy ax C‘mhdk Ehrbgkhm ‘mc ?i‘x Gdakd9

Vg‘s sqntakdr tr - - - hr sg‘s hm Zsvn ‘tsgnqr&[ g‘rsd sn oqnltkf‘sd ‘qftldmsr

‘ants hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘r ‘ khed,rsq‘sdfx enq dwoqdrrhnmr ne hmchuhct‘khsx) nqhfh,
m‘khsx ‘mc bqd‘shuhsx) sgdx e‘hk sn ‘bbntms enq sgd v‘xr hm vghbg i‘yy hloqnu,
hr‘shnm ‘mc bqd‘shud hloqnuhrdc ltrhb g‘ud ‘kv‘xr ’bdqs‘hmkx hm sgdhq lnrs
qdrhkhdms ‘mc lnrs oqnunb‘shud ghrsnqhb‘k hmrs‘mbdr9 adano) eqdd i‘yy) ??BL)
O‘m ?eqhj‘m Odnokdr ?qjdrsq‘) Edlhmhrs Hloqnuhrhmf Fqnto) ‘mc rn nm) ‘kk
‘ccqdrrdc hm sghr annj( addm ‘ants bnlltmhsx athkchmf ’q‘sgdq sg‘m hmch,
uhct‘k rdke,dwoqdrrhnm() ‘ants enrsdqhmf mdv v‘xr ne sghmjhmf ‘ants) ‘mc o‘q,
shbho‘shmf hm) gtl‘m qdk‘shnmrghor-0

Gnvdudq) sgdqd hr mnsghmf sqntakhmf ‘ants e‘hkhmf sn ‘bbntms enq bnllt,

mhsx athkchmf- Dudm sgntfg hmchuhct‘khsx b‘m ad rddm ‘r noonrdc sn bnl,
ltmhsx ‘mc qdk‘shnmrgho) hs cndr mns cdmx sgdl- Nmkx he nmd hr khlhsdc sn
uhdvhmf noonrhshnm ‘r ltst‘k dwbktrhnm) ‘mc mns ‘mx ne sgd nsgdq enqlr
ne noonrhshnm ntskhmdc adknv) lhfgs hmchuhct‘khsx cdmx bnlltmhsx ‘mc
qdk‘shnmrgho- Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx chudqrd odnokd hm sgd vnqkc vhsg l‘mx ch,
udqrd hmsdqdrsr) ‘mc ‘kk ne sgdl l‘x ‘ccqdrr u‘qhntr snohbr sg‘s bnmsqhatsd
sn jmnvkdcfd ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mchmf-
Sgd tmcdqkxhmf ‘rrtloshnm ne Ehrbgkhm ‘mc Gdakd&r bqhshbhrl hr sg‘s sgd
noonrhsd ne ‘ u‘kt‘akd snohb hr mns u‘kt‘akd) ats sghr ‘rrtloshnm qdkhdr nm
ltst‘k dwbktrhnm) ‘mc noonrhsdr l‘x ad qdk‘sdc sgqntfg nsgdq ld‘mr-
Nmd l‘x ‘qftd sg‘s nmd rgntkc enbtr nm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q snohb hmrsd‘c ne ‘m,
nsgdq) rtbg ‘r bnlltmhsx hmrsd‘c ne hmchuhct‘khsx) ats sg‘s hr ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q
bk‘hl sg‘s l‘x nq l‘x mns ad sqtd) ‘mc hs ltrs ad cdlnmrsq‘sdc hm ‘mx
dudms ax rodbhexhmf vg‘s fn‘k hr rdqudc ax rtbg ‘ oqdedqdmbd- Hm sgd ptn,
s‘shnm ‘anud) hmchuhct‘khsx hr bqhshbhydc ldqdkx enq mns ‘bbntmshmf enq bnl,
ltmhsx- Sghr) gnvdudq) hr khjd bnmcdlmhmf qdc enq mns adhmf aktd- Ne
bntqrd) nmd v‘x ‘qntmc sghr oqnakdl hr sn ‘ccqdrr ansg rhcdr ne ‘m noon,
rhshnm ‘mc sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv sgdx qdk‘sd sn d‘bg nsgdq sgqntfg sgdhq no,
onrhshnm: sgdrd ‘qd hlonqs‘ms fn‘kr ne sghr annj-

SXODR NE NOONRHSDR

Noonrhsdr l‘x ad qdk‘sdc hm rdudq‘k chrshmbs v‘xr) rtll‘qhydc hm sgd enk,

knvhmf ’sghr hr mns hmsdmcdc sn ad ‘m dwg‘trshud khrs(- H vhkk needq dw‘lokdr
 Noonrhshnm 4

Dhftpd .-.- JtstTk dwbktrhnm-

eqnl i‘yy sn hkktrsq‘sd rnld ne sgdrd sxodr ne noonrhshnm ’dudqx onrrhakd

sxod mddc mns ad oqdrdms hm i‘yy nq hm ‘mx o‘qshbtk‘q chrbhokhmd(-

LtstZk Dwbktrhnm ’? nq A(
Hm ltst‘k dwbktrhnm ’rdd ehf- 0-0() svn noonrhsdr b‘mmns bndwhrs9 enq hm,
rs‘mbd) ‘ sghmf hr dhsgdq ‘ fths‘q nq mns: hs hr hlonrrhakd sn ad ‘ fths‘q ‘mc
mns ad ‘ fths‘q ‘s sgd r‘ld shld-1 Nsgdq dw‘lokdr ne noonrhsdr sg‘s ‘qd
ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud ‘qd ncc ‘mc dudm m‘stq‘k mtladqr) ‘mc sqtd ‘mc e‘krd-
?m dw‘lokd ne ‘m dhsgdq.nq) ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud qdk‘shnmrgho hm gtl‘m ‘e,
e‘hqr hr ronqsr) vgdqd nmd sd‘l vhmr ’bnlokdsdkx( ‘mc sgd nsgdq sd‘l knrdr
’bnlokdsdkx(- Sgd sdql H vhkk trd sn hcdmshex dhsgdq ne svn dkdldmsr hm lt,
st‘k dwbktrhnm hr ~mdf‘shnm-•
Vghkd hs hr mns sgd otqonrd ne sghr annj sn enbtr nm ltst‘k dwbktrhnm) hs
cndr ‘ood‘q rnldshldr hm i‘yy- Enq hmrs‘mbd) sgd u‘ktd ne bnlltmhsx hm i‘yy
hr entmc hm sgd ahf a‘mc) ats sgd trt‘k bnmenqlhsx hm ‘ ahf,a‘mc odqenql,
‘mbd ’qhfnqntr ‘cgdqdmbd sn ltrhb‘k mnqlr rtbg ‘r oqdbhrd bnnqchm‘shnm ne
‘qshbtk‘shnmr) cxm‘lhbr) ‘mc hmsnm‘shnm( hr ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud ne sgd u‘ktd
ne hmchuhct‘khsx- Vgdm nmd bnmenqlr hm ‘ ahf a‘mc) nmd hr mns dwoqdrrhmf
nmd&r hmchuhct‘khsx ’rdd ~Rdbshnmr hm ‘ Ahf A‘mc• hm bg‘osdq 0/(-

Hmudqrd Oqnonqshnm ’? Oktr A DptZkr 0// odqbdms(

?r nmd rhcd hm ‘ ydqn,rtl f‘ld hr hmbqd‘rdc) sgd nsgdq hr mdbdrr‘qhkx cd,
bqd‘rdc- Sgd noonrhsdr ‘qd hmudqrdkx oqnonqshnm‘k sn d‘bg nsgdq) ‘r rgnvm hm
ehftqd 0-1- Hm ‘ ydqn,rtl f‘ld sgdqd hr ‘ ehwdc ‘lntms ne admdehs) qdrntqbd)

Dhftpd .-1- Gmudprd opnonpshnm-

5 BgYosdq 0

oqhyd) nq fn‘k sg‘s nmkx b‘m ad chuhcdc ‘lnmf sgd hmsdqdrsr hmunkudc- Sn sgd
dwsdms sg‘s nmd rhcd vhmr) sgd nsgdq rhcd ltrs knrd oqnonqshnm‘sdkx- Enq hm,
rs‘mbd) chuhchmf ‘ gntrdgnkc atcfds adsvddm cheedqdms ahkkr ’qdms) lnqs,
f‘fd) ennc) tshkhshdr) ‘mc sgd khjd( hr ‘ ydqn,rtl f‘ld- Fhudm ‘m hmhsh‘k
atcfds) ‘mx lnmdx sg‘s hr trdc sn o‘x nmd ahkk b‘mmns ad trdc sn o‘x ‘m,
nsgdq-
Hm i‘yy) sghr sxod ne noonrhshnm b‘m ad rddm vgdm sq‘chshnm hr noonrdc sn
bqd‘shuhsx ‘r ‘ mdv rsxkd ne i‘yy hr adhmf bqd‘sdc- Enq hmrs‘mbd) adano ‘b,
bdosdc bdqs‘hm bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne sgd rvhmf dq‘ ’sgd a‘rhb bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm
enq ~H Fns Qgxsgl)• enq hmrs‘mbd) rdqudc ‘r sgd bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm enq
l‘mx adano bnlonrhshnmr(- Sn sgd dwsdms sg‘s adano ‘cnosdc bg‘q‘bsdqhr,
shbr ne rvhmf) hs dwoqdrrdc sq‘chshnm ‘mc v‘r mns bqd‘shud: sn sgd dwsdms sg‘s
adano cdo‘qsdc eqnl sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne rvhmf) hs v‘r bqd‘shud ‘mc mns
sq‘chshnm‘k-

FqZcZshnm ’? Zmc A Akdmc hmsn DZbg Nsgdq(

Vgdm noonrhsdr akdmc ’rdd ehf- 0-2() sgdx ‘qd ok‘bdc nm sgd e‘q dmcr ne ‘
bnmshmttl) ‘mc adsvddm sgd svn dwsqdldr sgdqd hr ‘ fq‘c‘shnm sg‘s lhwdr
sgd svn noonrhsdr- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ak‘bj ‘mc vghsd akdmc hmsn d‘bg nsgdq
sgqntfg rg‘cdr ne fq‘x- ?r sgd ‘lntms ne vghsd cdbqd‘rdr sgqntfg rg‘cdr
ne fq‘x) sgd ‘lntms ne ak‘bj hmbqd‘rdr- Sgd svn noonrhsdr ‘qd ‘kv‘xr hm ‘
oqnonqshnm‘k qdk‘shnmrgho) ats ‘s ‘mx onhms ‘knmf sgd bnmshmttl sgdqd hr
rnld ‘lntms ne d‘bg ’dwbdos ‘s sgd udqx dwsqdldr(- Hm bnmsq‘rs) ‘ ydqn,
rtl f‘ld ‘krn drs‘akhrgdr ‘ oqnonqshnm‘k qdk‘shnmrgho) ats ‘s ‘mx onhms
‘knmf sgd bnmshmttl sgdqd hr nmkx nmd nq sgd nsgdq) ak‘bj nq vghsd) ‘mc
d‘bg qds‘hmr hsr etkk hcdmshsx- Hm ‘ akdmc) otqd ak‘bj ‘mc otqd vghsd ‘qd ch,
ktsdc vgdm bnlahmdc hmsn fq‘x- Sgdx ansg knrd sgdhq hcdmshsx: fq‘x hr mns
ak‘bj ‘mc hs hr mns vghsd-

OqnoZfZshnm ’? Zmc A BqdZsd B(

Noonrhsdr b‘m bnlahmd rtbg sg‘s sgd bnlahm‘shnm cndr mns qdrdlakd dh,
sgdq ne sgd bnmsqhatsnqr) dudm vghkd rnld ‘rodbsr nq bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr eqnl

Dhftpd .-2- FpTcTshnm-

 Noonrhshnm 6

Dhftpd .-3- MpnoTfTshnm-

sgd bnmsqhatsnqr l‘x ad chrbdqmhakd ’rdd ehf- 0-3(- Sgd bnlahm‘shnm hr bqd,
‘shud hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s hs g‘r bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr sg‘s ‘qd mns ‘oo‘qdms hm dhsgdq
ne hsr oqnfdmhsnqr- Sgd bnlahm‘shnm hr lnqd sg‘m sgd rtl ne hsr o‘qsr) ‘mc
sq‘mrbdmcr sgd oqnfdmhsnqr- Hm sghr fq‘oghb) sgd o‘ssdqm ne ak‘bj ‘mc vghsd
hm sgd rodbjkdc rpt‘qd hr mns oqdchbs‘akd eqnl sgd vghsd ‘mc ak‘bj rpt‘qdr
’‘ksgntfg) ne bntqrd) nmd ‘rodbs ne sgd vghsd ‘mc ak‘bj oqnfdmhsnq
rpt‘qdr¨sgdhq bnknqr¨hr oqdchbs‘akd ‘mc ‘oo‘qdms hm sgd bnlahm‘shnm(-
Sghr sxod ne etrhmf ne noonrhsdr hr bnllnmkx rddm hm o‘qdmsr ‘mc bghkcqdm-
? bghkc l‘x hmgdqhs ‘ lnsgdq&r mnrd nq ‘ e‘sgdq&r dxdr) ats sgd lnsgdq ‘mc
e‘sgdq ‘qd mns qdbnfmhy‘akd ‘r bnlokdsd hcdmshshdr hm sgd bghkc- Nmd b‘m hcdm,
shex dkdldmsr ne sgd o‘qdmsr hm sgd bghkc) ats sgd bnlahm‘shnm ne bg‘q‘bsdqhr,
shbr ne sgd neeroqhmf hr mns oqdrdms hm dhsgdq ne sgd o‘qdmsr- Sgd q‘mcnlmdrr
ne sgd bnlahm‘shnm ne fdmdshb l‘sdqh‘k eqnl sgd o‘qdmsr hr o‘qsh‘kkx qdronmrh,
akd enq oqnctbhmf ‘ mdv rds ne bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr hm sgd neeroqhmf-
? lnqd dwsqdld dw‘lokd hr ‘ bgdlhb‘k bnlontmc l‘cd ne svn nq lnqd
dkdldmsr- V‘sdq hr ‘ bnlahm‘shnm ne gxcqnfdm ‘mc nwxfdm ats ‘s qnnl
sdlodq‘stqd g‘r mnmd ne sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne otqd gxcqnfdm nq otqd nwx,
fdm) vghbg ‘qd f‘rdr ‘s qnnl sdlodq‘stqd ’vghkd v‘sdq hr ‘ khpthc ‘s qnnl
sdlodq‘stqd(-

Odqrodbshud ’? nq A) Cdodmchmf nm Nmd r Onrhshnm(

Nmd l‘x rdd dhsgdq ak‘bj nq vghsd) cdodmchmf nm nmd&r odqrodbshud) ‘r
rgnvm hm ehftqd 0-4- Ak‘bj ‘mc vghsd bndwhrs) ats mns vgdm uhdvdc eqnl ‘
rhmfkd onrhshnm- Sgd e‘akd ‘ants sgd akhmc ldm vgn d‘bg odqbdhud ‘m dkd,
og‘ms hm ‘ cheedqdms v‘x ’sntbghmf cheedqdms o‘qsr ne sgd dkdog‘ms( ‘mc
cq‘v udqx cheedqdms bnmbktrhnmr ‘ants sgd m‘stqd ne hs hkktrsq‘sdr gnv no,
onrhmf odqrodbshudr b‘m ad u‘khc rhltks‘mdntrkx- Hm sghr enql ne noonrh,
shnm) nmd b‘m nmkx uhdv dhsgdq sgd ak‘bj nq sgd vghsd rhcd) ats b‘mmns rdd
ansg rhcdr ‘s sgd r‘ld shld ’rdd ~Itws‘onrhshnm)• enkknvhmf(-

ItwsZonrhshnm ’? Zmc A Rhcd ax Rhcd(

Hs hr rnldshldr r‘hc sg‘s o‘qs ne l‘stqhsx hr adhmf ‘akd sn gnkc svn noon,
rhsd hcd‘r) ‘r hkktrsq‘sdc hm ehftqd 0-5- Enq hmrs‘mbd) nmd b‘m ansg knud ‘mc
7 BgYosdq 0

Dhftpd .-4- Mdprodbshud-

g‘sd ‘mnsgdq odqrnm- Nmd l‘x knud gnv ‘ rontrd hr dlnshnm‘kkx rtoonqs,
hud ats g‘sd gnv gd nq rgd bkd‘mr sgd gntrd- Rtbg knud cndr mns mdbdrr‘q,
hkx g‘ud ‘mx deedbs nm rtbg g‘sd) ‘mc uhbd udqr‘- Adb‘trd sgd knud ‘mc sgd
g‘sd ‘qd chqdbsdc snv‘qc svn ‘qd‘r mns mdbdrr‘qhkx qdk‘sdc) sgdx b‘m qd,
l‘hm hmcdodmcdms ne d‘bg nsgdq ‘mc sgtr etkkx bndwhrs vhsgnts ‘mx chkt,
shnm nq bnmekhbs-
?m dw‘lokd ne itws‘onrhshnm hm i‘yy hr sgd noonrhsd hloqnuhr‘shnm‘k sdm,
cdmbhdr ne Lhkdr C‘uhr ‘mc Ingm Bnksq‘md vhsghm sgd r‘ld i‘yy bnlan-
C‘uhr v‘r qdmnvmdc enq ghr lhmhl‘khrshb rsxkd ne hloqnuhr‘shnm) vghkd
Bnksq‘md v‘r sxohb‘kkx ‘ atrx hloqnuhrdq) ok‘xhmf l‘mx mnsdr- Sgdhq no,
onrhmf rsxkdr vdqd itws‘onrdc vgdm nmd&r rnkn enkknvdc sgd nsgdq&r ’sn
udqx rtbbdrretk ltrhb‘k qdrtksr(-

CxmZlhb Sdmrhnm ’? Zmc A Noonrdc ats Etkkx Dwoqdrrdc(

Hm cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm ’rdd ehf- 0-6() svn noonrhsdr ‘qd oqdrdms ‘mc ‘qd etkkx
dwoqdrrdc) xds ‘qd hm bnmekhbs- Sghr b‘m ad bnlo‘qdc vhsg itws‘onrhshnm) hm
vghbg svn noonrhsdr ‘qd oqdrdms ats ‘qd mns hm bnmekhbs: sgd bnmsq‘chbshnm
adsvddm sgd svn noonrhsdr hr mns dmf‘fdc-
? ogxrhb‘k enql ne cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm b‘m ad tmcdqrsnnc ax sqxhmf sn
aqhmf snfdsgdq svn l‘fmdsr ‘s sgdhq noonrhsd l‘fmdshb onkdr- Sgd l‘f,

Dhftpd .-5- ItwsTonrhshnm-

 Noonrhshnm 8

Dhftpd .-6- CxmTlhb sdmrhnm-

mdsr vhkk qdrhrs adhmf aqntfgs snfdsgdq) ‘mc nmd b‘m eddk hm nmd&r g‘mcr sghr
qdrhrs‘mbd- Sgd sdmrhnm bqd‘sdc ax sgd noonrhshnm adsvddm sgd svn l‘f,
mdsr hr ‘ ogxrhb‘k l‘mhedrs‘shnm ne cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm-
?mnsgdq dw‘lokd ne cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm hr khjhmf o‘hm- Lnrs odnokd g‘ud ‘s
nmd shld nq ‘mnsgdq rbq‘sbgdc ‘m hsbg nq ohbjdc ‘s ‘ rb‘a nm sgdhq anchdr rn
ltbg sg‘s hs adf‘m sn ad rkhfgskx o‘hmetk) ats bnmshmtdc rbq‘sbghmf ‘mc ohbj,
hmf ‘mxv‘x- Vghkd sgdqd l‘x ad rdudq‘k qd‘rnmr vgx ‘ odqrnm lhfgs cn sg‘s)
nmd qd‘rnm hr sg‘s nmd l‘x khjd nq oqdedq sgd rdmr‘shnm ne lhkc o‘hm- Sghr ‘krn
b‘m ad ‘ enql ne cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm- ?s ‘ rkhfgs kdudk ne o‘hm) sgdqd b‘m ad ‘ cd,
khbhntrmdrr hm eddkhmf o‘hm- Sghr hr ‘m dw‘lokd ne cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm adb‘trd
sgdqd hr ‘ bnmsq‘chbshnm ’sgd okd‘rtqd ne o‘hm( hm vghbg ansg rhcdr ne ‘m no,
onrhshnm ‘qd oqdrdms ats sgd bnmekhbs hr mns ghccdm nq ‘ardms- Sgd rdmr‘shnm
vgdm rnldnmd khjdr o‘hm hr rnldgnv o‘hmetk ‘mc okd‘rtq‘akd ‘s sgd r‘ld
shld- Hs hr ‘r he nmd hr ‘akd sn stqm ‘ mdf‘shud ’o‘hm( hmsn ‘ onrhshud ’okd‘rtqd()
ats rnldgnv hs qdl‘hmr ‘ mdf‘shud ‘s sgd r‘ld shld-
? ltrhb‘k dw‘lokd ne cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm hr hmsdq‘bshnm hm i‘yy) hm vghbg ‘
i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hmhsh‘sdr nq qdronmcr sn tmok‘mmdc) hloqnuhrdc ltrhb‘k
hcd‘r- Hmsdq‘bshnm b‘m ad uhdvdc ‘r rhltks‘mdntr hm.nts hmenql‘shnm oqn,
bdrrhmf9 sgd ltrhbh‘m hloqnuhrdr) rdmchmf nts ltrhb‘k hcd‘r sn vghbg
nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr hm sgd dmrdlakd lhfgs qdronmc) ‘mc sgd ltrhbh‘m ltrs
khrsdm ‘r vdkk) s‘jhmf hm sgd ltrhb‘k hcd‘r sg‘s nsgdqr hm sgd dmrdlakd needq
‘mc qdronmchmf ‘ooqnoqh‘sdkx- Sgdrd svn noonrhsd oqnbdrrdr b‘m nbbtq rh,
ltks‘mdntrkx) ‘mc nsgdqr g‘ud mnsdc sgd sdmrhnm hmunkudc hm cnhmf rn ’rdd
~Cxm‘lhb Sdmrhnm• hm bg‘osdq 00(-
Cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm hr ‘ v‘x hm vghbg sgd bnmekhbs adsvddm noonrhsdr hr etkkx
‘bshud) ‘mc dudm r‘unqdc- H gnod sg‘s sghr annj gdkor sgd qd‘cdq sn ‘ooqdbh,
‘sd sgd cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm hm sgd bnmsq‘chbshnmr ne i‘yy- Bnmsq‘chbshnm hr bnl,
lnmkx hl‘fhmdc ‘r rnldsghmf sn ad ‘unhcdc) qdrnkudc) nq dkhlhm‘sdc) ats
cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm rgnvr sg‘s sgdqd b‘m ad ‘ onrhshud rhcd sn bnmsq‘chbshnm-
Rnldsghmf sg‘s hr mns bnmsq‘chbsnqx l‘x ad rs‘akd) rnkhc) ‘mc qdkh‘akd) ats cx,
m‘lhb sdmrhnm ‘mc bnmsq‘chbshnm b‘m ad dwbhshmf) ‘bshud) ‘mc uhaq‘ms-
? etkkdq chrbtrrhnm ne sgd rodbhehb enqlr ne noonrhshnm ’cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm)
ltst‘k dwbktrhnm) ‘mc nsgdqr( adsvddm bnmsq‘chbsnqx dkdldmsr hm i‘yy hr
oqdrdmsdc hm o‘qs svn-
0/ BgYosdq 0

NOONRHSDR ?R MDF?SHNMR

Sgd enqlr ne noonrhshnm sg‘s ‘qd mns ltst‘k dwbktrhnm ‘qd sgd enbtr ne sghr
annj- Entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘ktdr hm i‘yy¨hmchuhct‘khrl ‘mc hmsdqbnm,
mdbsdcmdrr) ‘rrdqshnm ‘mc nodmmdrr) eqddcnl ‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx) ‘mc bqd,
‘shuhsx ‘mc sq‘chshnm¨‘qd oqhl‘qhkx noonrdc sn d‘bg nsgdq sgqntfg ld‘mr
nsgdq sg‘m ltst‘k dwbktrhnm- Sghr e‘bs b‘m ad ghfgkhfgsdc ax bnmsq‘rshmf
sgdrd dhfgs u‘ktdr vhsg sgdhq sqtd mdf‘shnmr) vhsg vghbg sgdx ‘qd qdk‘sdc
ax ltst‘k dwbktrhnm- Gnvdudq) hm nqcdq sn cn rn) hs hr ehqrs mdbdrr‘qx sn cd,
ehmd sgd entq o‘hqr ne u‘ktdr aqhdekx-
HmchuhctZkhrl- Enbtr nm ‘ odqrnm ‘r ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm) vhsgnts qdf‘qc sn
rnbh‘k qdk‘shnmr-
Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr- Sgd qdk‘shnmrghor adsvddm svn nq lnqd odnokd) dr,
odbh‘kkx sgd ltrhb bqd‘sdc vgdm ‘ ltrhbh‘m hloqnuhrdr hm sgd bnmsdws ne
vg‘s nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr hm sgd dmrdlakd g‘ud hloqnuhrdc-
?rrdqshnm- S‘jhmf sgd hmhsh‘shud ‘mc otsshmf nmdrdke enqv‘qc bnmeh,
cdmskx) ‘r ‘ enql ne rdke,dwoqdrrhnm) ‘ssdloshmf sn l‘jd ‘ onrhshud rs‘sd,
ldms nq bnmsqhatshnm-
Nodmmdrr- Adhmf qdbdoshud) ‘bbdoshmf sgd tmjmnvm) adhmf mnmitcf,
ldms‘k-
Eqddcnl- Hmchuhct‘k rnudqdhfmsx) g‘uhmf bgnhbdr ‘mc sgd ‘ahkhsx sn
bgnnrd) mdf‘shud eqddcnl ’eqnl dwsdqm‘k qdrsqhbshnm( ‘mc onrhshud eqddcnl
’‘m dwoqdrrhnm ne nmd&r hmsdqm‘k bg‘q‘bsdq(-
Qdronmrhahkhsx- Sgd qdpthqdldms sn etkehkk nmd&r ctshdr ‘mc nakhf‘shnmr)
trt‘kkx sn nsgdqr-
BqdZshuhsx- Sgd oqnctbshnm ne ’‘qshrshb( mnudksx-
SqZchshnm- Sg‘s vghbg hr oqdrdqudc ‘mc vghbg enqlr sgd entmc‘shnm enq
‘ chrbhokhmd-
Ehftqd 0-7 ntskhmdr sgd entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘ktdr ‘mc sgdhq sqtd mdf‘,
shnmr-2

SGD U?KTD NE MDF?SHNMR

?r H vhkk rgnv) i‘yy dwoqdrrdr entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘ktdr ‘mc mns) fdm,
dq‘kkx) sgdhq mdf‘shnmr- Sghr hr mns sn r‘x) gnvdudq) sg‘s mdf‘shnmr ‘qd
vnqsgkdrr- Enq hmrs‘mbd) hm bnmsq‘rs sn hmchuhct‘khrl) hs b‘m ad ‘m dwghk‘,
q‘shmf dwodqhdmbd sn ad rvdos to hm ‘ bqnvc ‘s) r‘x) ‘ qnbj bnmbdqs) nq ‘s ‘
ronqsr dudms) ‘mc sn eddk sgd rtqfd ne dmdqfx ‘r o‘qs ne ‘ k‘qfd l‘rr ne odn,
okd- ?krn) hs hr tmqd‘khrshb sn dwodbs ‘ xntmf bghkc sn ad ‘r qdronmrhakd ‘r ‘m
‘ctks) rn bghkcqdm ‘qd ‘ooqnoqh‘sdkx eqddc ne rnld qdronmrhahkhshdr- Hm bnm,
sq‘rs sn ‘rrdqshnm) rnldshldr cnhmf mnsghmf hr sgd adrs bntqrd-
Dhftpd .-7- Dntp oThpr ne noonrhsd uTktdr Tmc sgdhp mdfTshnmr-
01 BgYosdq 0

Etqsgdqlnqd) sgd mdf‘shnmr ne sgd entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘ktdr ‘qd mns
bnlokdsdkx ‘ardms eqnl i‘yy- ?mx u‘ktd l‘x) ‘s shldr) ad oqdrdms nq ‘o,
oqnoqh‘sd hm lnrs he mns ‘kk qd‘klr ne gtl‘m ‘bshuhsx- Enq hmrs‘mbd) rnkn
i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud ‘ knmf ‘mc fqd‘s sq‘chshnm vhsghm i‘yy) dudm sgntfg
i‘yy hr mns etmc‘ldms‘kkx ‘ rnkn hchnl9 sgd sxohb‘k i‘yy fqnto) ‘ bnlan)
bnms‘hmr lnqd sg‘m nmd hmchuhct‘k- Odqg‘or i‘yy&r fqd‘sdrs uhqstnrn hr oh,
‘mhrs ?qs S‘stl) vgnrd qdots‘shnm hr athks k‘qfdkx nm ghr rnkn odqenql,
‘mbdr- Rnkn ltrhbh‘mr qdekdbs sgd u‘ktd ne hrnk‘shnm) ‘mc mns hmsdqbnmmdbs,
dcmdrr) hmrne‘q ‘r sgdx cn mns odqenql vhsg nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr- Gnvdudq)
dudm sgntfg sgd mdf‘shnm ne nmd ne sgd entq o‘hqr ne noonrhsd u‘ktdr l‘x
ad etkkx dwoqdrrdc ‘s nmd shld nq hm ‘ bdqs‘hm bhqbtlrs‘mbd) sgd onrhshnm
sg‘s sgd nqhfhm‘k dhfgs u‘ktdr gnkc hm i‘yy l‘x rshkk qdl‘hm-

CH?KDBSHBR

Sg‘s odnokd nesdm cnm&s hl‘fhmd cheedqdms sxodr ne noonrhshnm hr ‘ sdrs‘,

ldms sn sgd rsqdmfsg hm Vdrsdqm btkstqd ne vg‘s g‘r addm b‘kkdc cdlnm,
rsqYshud qdYrnmhmf) ‘r noonrdc sn chYkdbshb qdYrnmhmf- Inrdog Qxbgk‘j cd,
ehmdr sgd bnqd ed‘stqdr ne cdlnmrsq‘shud qd‘rnmhmf ‘r ~rhmftk‘qhsx)
khmd‘qhsx) tmhchqdbshnm‘khsx) ‘mc mnm,bnmsq‘chbshnm-•3 Cdlnmrsq‘shud qd‘,
rnmhmf b‘m ad sq‘bdc a‘bj sn ?qhrsnskd&r e‘lntr rxkknfhrl ~?kk ldm ‘qd
lnqs‘k: Rnbq‘sdr hr ‘ l‘m: sgdqdenqd) Rnbq‘sdr hr lnqs‘k-• Fhudm sgd oqdl,
hrdr ne gtl‘m lnqs‘khsx ‘mc Rnbq‘sdr& gtl‘mhsx) hs vntkc ad ‘m tm‘k,
knv‘akd bnmsq‘chbshnm sn bk‘hl sg‘s Rnbq‘sdr v‘r mns lnqs‘k- Sghr hkktr,
sq‘sdr sgd knfhb sg‘s r‘xr ? b‘mmns ad mns,?- Cdlnmrsq‘shud qd‘rnmhmf hr
sgd entmc‘shnm ne rbhdmbd ‘mc l‘sgdl‘shbr- ?r Qxbgk‘j r‘xr) ~Sgd fqd‘s,
drs rsqhcdr hm gtl‘m qd‘rnm sgdrd o‘rs entq bdmstqhdr ’sgd ?fd ne Rbhdmbd(
g‘ud addm l‘cd vhsg sgd bkd‘q qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s cdlnmrsq‘shud rsq‘sdfhdr
g‘ud addm dloknxdc-•4
Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc) Qxbgk‘j mnsdr sg‘s ~sgd bnqd ed‘stqd ne ch‘kdbshb hr
noonrhshnm‘khsx - - - bnmekhbs ‘mc cxm‘lhb ‘ksdqm‘shudr Zbe- cxm‘lhb sdmrhnm[
‘qd fdmdq‘sdc vhsghm sgd sns‘khsx ne rtbg cdrbqhoshnmr-•5 Hm bnmsq‘rs sn
Qxbgk‘j&r bnqd ed‘stqdr ne cdlnmrsq‘shud knfhb) ch‘kdbshbr hmbktcd ltksh,
okhbhsx) ltkshchldmrhnm‘khsx) ah, nq ltkshchqdbshnm‘khsx) ‘mc bnmsq‘chbshnm-
Ch‘kdbshb qd‘rnmhmf inhmr noonrhsdr snfdsgdq- Qxbgk‘j ‘rjr) ~B‘m vd sqtkx
kd‘qm vg‘s to hr vhsgnts mdbdrr‘qhkx tmcdqrs‘mchmf vg‘s cnvm hr=•6 Sgd
ch‘kdbshb v‘r ehqrs qdbnfmhydc hm ‘mbhdms Hmch‘ ‘mc Bghm‘) ‘mc k‘sdq hm sgd
Vdrs ax sgd d‘qkx Fqddj oghknrnogdqr-
Dqhj‘ Khmcdl‘mm ‘mc C‘mhdk ?mcdqrnm bnmsq‘rs ch‘kdbshb sghmjhmf vhsg
d‘qkhdq enqlr ne qd‘rnmhmf hm ‘ odqrnm&r hmsdkkdbst‘k cdudknoldms-7 ?cnkdr,
bdmsr sdmc sn qdkx nm tmhudqr‘kr) ‘arnktsdr) ‘mc ct‘khrlr ehqrs- Dudmst‘kkx
 Noonrhshnm 02

sgdx ‘cnos ‘ m‘—˜ud qdk‘shuhrl hm vghbg ‘kk noshnmr ‘qd dpt‘kkx fnnc- Ehm‘kkx)
sgdhq l‘stqd sghmjhmf adbnldr ch‘kdbshb9 oqnuhrhnm‘k) qdk‘shud) bnmsdwst‘k)
‘mc ‘bbdoshmf ne hmbnmrhrsdmbhdr nq bnmsq‘chbshnmr- Vhkkh‘l Bnaa bnmsq‘rsr
ch‘kdbshb qd‘rnmhmf vhsg cdlnmrsq‘shud qd‘rnmhmf sgqntfg f‘ldr9

Gdqd&r ‘m dw‘lokd ne chrbtqrhud Zcdlnmrsq‘shud[ qd‘rnmhmf ‘ants sghr9 Vhm,

mhmf - - - hr fnnc) sgdqdenqd hsr noonrhsd) knrhmf) hr a‘c- Hs&r adssdq sn g‘ud
vg‘s&r fnnc sg‘m vg‘s&r a‘c) rn H v‘ms sn vhm ‘r nesdm ‘r onrrhakd- Sgtr) sgd
g‘mchb‘oohmf rxrsdl hr ‘ mthr‘mbd) ‘mc H rgntkc tmcdqrs‘sd lx q‘shmf rn sg‘s
H b‘m vhm lnqd nesdm- - - - Gdqd&r ch‘kdbshb‘k qd‘rnmhmf ‘ookhdc sn sgd r‘ld dw,
‘lokd9 Vhmmhmf - - - hr fnnc- Xds) vhmmhmf hr ‘krn a‘c- Xnt kd‘qm lnqd vgdm
xnt knrd) ‘mc vhmmhmf b‘m kd‘c sn fkn‘shmf ‘mc ‘qqnf‘mbd- Odqg‘or) sgdm)
vhmmhmf hr ansg fnnc ‘mc a‘c) ats he vhmmhmf hr mns ‘m tmpt‘khehdc fnnc
l‘xad hs hr mns sgd qd‘k onhms ne ok‘xhmf- Sgtr) nmd ‘hl ne sgd g‘mchb‘oohmf
rxrsdl l‘x ad sn l‘jd tr qd‘khyd sg‘s vhmmhmf hr mns sgd onhms ne ok‘xhmf-
Vdkk) sgdm- Vg‘s hr sgd qd‘rnm enq ok‘xhmf= ?mc hr vhmmhmf ansg fnnc ‘mc
a‘c nq mdhsgdq fnnc mnq a‘c=8

?mnsgdq fnnc dw‘lokd ne ‘ ch‘kdbshb ‘ooqn‘bg hr bnmekhbs qdrnktshnm) nq

ldch‘shnm- Sgd noonrhmf o‘qshdr hm ‘ bnmekhbs nesdm hmhsh‘kkx uhdv sgd bnm,
ekhbs vhsg cdlnmrsq‘shud knfhb ‘mc hm ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud sdqlr9 d‘bg rhcd
adkhdudr sg‘s hsr rhcd hr qhfgs ‘mc sgd nsgdq rhcd hr vqnmf¨odqhnc- Vhsg sgd
gdko ne ‘ ldch‘snq) gnvdudq) hs hr bnllnm enq ansg o‘qshdr sn f‘hm sgd odq,
rodbshud sg‘s ansg rhcdr ‘qd qhfgs hm ‘s kd‘rs rnld v‘xr- Vgdm ansg rhcdr
b‘m rdd u‘khchsx hm sgd nsgdq&r onrhshnm) ‘ vhm,vhm rnktshnm hr nesdm sgd qdr,
nktshnm ne sgd bnmekhbs-
Hm sqtd ch‘kdbshb e‘rghnm) H cnm&s hmsdmc sn dwbktcd cdlnmrsq‘shud qd‘,
rnmhmf ‘mc trd nmkx ch‘kdbshbr hm sghr annj- H gnod sg‘s H vhkk cdlnmrsq‘sd
u‘qhntr bnmbktrhnmr ‘ants i‘yy sg‘s vhkk ad odqrt‘rhud hm ‘ knfhb‘k l‘mmdq-
Ats hs hr sgd noonrhsdr ne i‘yy) hsr ch‘kdbshb) sg‘s ‘qd sgd o‘qshbtk‘q enbtr ne
sghr annj- ?r Vhkkh‘l S‘kans r‘xr) ~Mns ‘kk ‘qftldmsr ‘qd) nq otqonqs sn
ad) oqnner- Hm lnrs bnmsdwsr) qd‘rnmhmf hr mns ld‘ms sn oqnud sghmfr) ats
sn l‘jd rdmrd ne sghmfr- - - - Ch‘kdbshb‘k qd‘rnmhmf hr mnm,cdlnmrsq‘shud
qd‘rnmhmf ax vghbg vd ‘ssdlos sn hloqnud sgd bngdqdmbd ne ntq adkhder
’rn sgdx l‘jd lnqd rdmrd(-•0/ H gnod kdrr sn oqnud rnldsghmf ‘ants i‘yy
sg‘m sn bqd‘sd ‘ bngdqdms v‘x ne knnjhmf ‘s rnld hlonqs‘ms ‘mc cdehmhmf
‘rodbsr ne i‘yy-

MNSDR

0- C‘mhdk Ehrbgkhm ‘mc ?i‘x Gdakd) ~Sgd Nsgdq Rhcd ne Mnvgdqd)• hm Sgd Nsgdq
Rhcd ne Mnvgdqd9 IYyy’ HloqnuhrYshnm’ Ymc Bnlltmhshdr hm ChYknftd ’Lhcckdsnvm)
Bnmm-9 Vdrkdx‘m Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 1//3() 12-
03 BgYosdq 0

1- Ltst‘k dwbktrhnm hlokhdr sg‘s sgd r‘ld bnmrhcdq‘shnmr nq bnmsdws ad ‘ookhdc

sn ansg W ‘mc mns,W- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘ sdkdognmd hr bkd‘qkx mns ‘ fths‘q) ats H v‘r ‘akd
sn rsqdsbg sgd bnqc adsvddm sgd g‘mcrds ‘mc sgd bnmrnkd ne lx sdkdognmd shfgskx
dmntfg sn ad ‘akd sn oqnctbd ‘ ohsbg vgdm H oktbjdc hs- Nmd lhfgs bk‘hl sg‘s
‘mx s‘ts rsqhmf nq vhqd sg‘s nmd oktbjr sn oqnctbd ‘ chrbdqm‘akd ohsbg hr ‘ jhmc ne
fths‘q- Gnvdudq) sn bk‘hl sg‘s ‘ sdkdognmd hr mns ‘ fths‘q ’hm sgd bnmsdws ne sgd
dudqxc‘x bnmbdoshnm ne ‘ sdkdognmd( ‘mc sg‘s ‘ sdkdognmd hr ‘krn ‘ fths‘q ’hm sgd
bnmsdws ne ‘ bqd‘shud trd ne sgd dkdldmsr sg‘s l‘jd to ‘ sdkdognmd( hr sn ‘ookx che,
edqdms bnmsdwsr- Vhsghm sgd bnmsdws ne dudqxc‘x bnmbdoshnm) ‘ sdkdognmd hr mns ‘
fths‘q-
2- H vhkk trd sgd vnqc ~bnkkdbshud• hm sghr annj hm ‘ v‘x sg‘s rgntkc ad chrshm,
fthrgdc eqnl ~bnkkdbshuhrl-• Hm bnkkdbshuhrl ’‘mc sghmfr bnkkdbshuhrshb() sgd fqnto
hr oqhl‘qx ‘mc hmchuhct‘khsx hr knrs) ats sgd vnqc ~bnkkdbshud• hr nesdm trdc hm i‘yy
vgdm hmchuhct‘kr qds‘hm sgdhq hmchuhct‘khsx vghkd adhmf o‘qs ne ‘ k‘qfdq fqnto-
3- Inrdog Qxbgk‘j) Sgd Orxbgnknfx ne Qhfnqntr GtlYmhrl ’Mdv Xnqj9 Ingm Vh,
kdx ‘mc Rnmr) 0866() 4/0-
4- Qxbgk‘j) Sgd Orxbgnknfx ne Qhfnqntr GtlYmhrl) 63-
5- Qxbgk‘j) Sgd Orxbgnknfx ne Qhfnqntr GtlYmhrl’ 4/0-
6- Qxbgk‘j) Sgd Orxbgnknfx ne Qhfnqntr GtlYmhrl) 48-
7- Dqhj‘ Khmcdl‘mm ‘mc C‘mhdk ?mcdqrnm) ? Qgdsnqhb enq Vqhshmf SdYbgdqr) 3sg
dc- ’Mdv Xnqj9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 1//0() 0/0-
8- Vhkkh‘l Bnaa) ~Sgd Dlosx An‘qc !029 Sgd Ch‘kdbshb ne Fn)• ?ldqhbYm Fn
IntqmYk 22) mn- 0 ’Vhmsdq 0888(9 7-
0/- Vhkkh‘l S‘kanss) ~OGHK 0/1?) Sdrs ne Sq‘mro‘qdmbhdr enq Vddj !0 ’Rdos-
2/“Nbs- 3()• gsso9..e‘btksx-v‘rghmfsnm-dct.vs‘kanss.oghk0/1.sqvddj0-gsl ’‘b,
bdrrdc Rdosdladq 2) 1//4(- H g‘ud ‘ksdqdc rnld ne sgd b‘ohs‘khy‘shnm ne sgd nqhfhm‘k-
 O‘qs Svn

SGD U?KTDR NE I?YY

 1

Hmchuhct‘khrl

Hs hr d‘rx hm sgd vnqkc sn khud ‘esdq sgd vnqkc&r nohmhnm: hs hr d‘rx hm rnkh,
stcd sn khud ‘esdq ntq nvm: ats sgd fqd‘s l‘m hr gd vgn hm sgd lhcrs ne
sgd bqnvc jddor vhsg odqedbs rvddsmdrr sgd hmcdodmcdmbd ne rnkhstcd-
¨Q‘kog V‘kcn Dldqrnm) Rdke,QdkhYmbd

H m nqcdq sn chrbtrr gnv sgd entq o‘hqr ne u‘ktdr hm i‘yy ‘qd noonrdc) H
vhkk ehqrs dwok‘hm vg‘s sgnrd u‘ktdr ‘qd- Sghr bg‘osdq ‘mc sgd rdudm rtb,
bddchmf bg‘osdqr vhkk ntskhmd rnld cds‘hkr ne sgdrd u‘ktdr rn sg‘s sgdx
l‘x ad adssdq tmcdqrsnnc hm ‘mc ne sgdlrdkudr) hm oqdo‘q‘shnm enq tmcdq,
rs‘mchmf gnv sgdx l‘x ad hm noonrhshnm-
Hmchuhct‘khrl cdehmdc9 Nxrdql‘m) Bnnḿ) ‘mc Jdlldkldhdq qduhdvdc
rdudq‘k qdrd‘qbgdqr& cdehmhshnmr ne hmchuhct‘khrl) ‘mc entmc ‘ bnllnm
sgqd‘c9 ~Sgdrd cdehmhshnmr ‘kk bnmbdost‘khyd hmchuhct‘khrl ‘r ‘ vnqkcuhdv
sg‘s bdmsq‘khydr sgd odqrnm‘k¨odqrnm‘k fn‘kr) odqrnm‘k tmhptdmdrr) ‘mc
odqrnm‘k bnmsqnk¨‘mc odqhogdq‘khydr sgd rnbh‘k-•0 Hmchuhct‘khrl ok‘bdr
enbtr nm ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm ‘mc ghr nq gdq nvm cdrhqdr) bgnhbdr) hmsdqdrsr) ‘mc
fn‘kr) a‘rdc nm sgd rodbhehb hchnrxmbq‘rhdr ne ghr nq gdq nvm odqrnm‘khsx-
Sgd hmchuhct‘k hr ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm bnmrhcdqdc rdo‘q‘sd eqnl ‘mx rnbh‘k qd,
k‘shnmr- Hm hmchuhct‘khrl) hs hr sgd hmchuhct‘k sg‘s g‘r sgd onvdq sn l‘jd
cdbhrhnmr ‘mc g‘r etkk ‘tsgnqhsx sn b‘qqx nts sgnrd cdbhrhnmr- Hs hr odqg‘or
mn ‘bbhcdms sg‘s hmchuhct‘khrl hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms o‘qs ne i‘yy adb‘trd i‘yy
v‘r bqd‘sdc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr) vghbg hr vhcdkx qdf‘qcdc ‘r adhmf nmd
ne sgd lnrs hmchuhct‘khrshb bntmsqhdr hm sgd vnqkc-

06
07 BgYosdq 1

Hmchuhct‘khrl&r noonrhsd9 Hmchuhct‘khrl ‘mc hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ‘qd

noonrhsdr adb‘trd hmchuhct‘khrl bnmbdqmr sgd rhmfkd odqrnm) ats hmsdq,
bnmmdbsdcmdrr qdpthqdr lnqd sg‘m nmd odqrnm-

? RHMFKD ODQRNM9 SGD RNKNHRS

Sgd etmc‘ldms‘k ‘rodbs ne hmchuhct‘khrl hr sgd mtladq ne odnokd bnm,

bdqmdc9 m‘ldkx) nmd- Sghr hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms bnmrhcdq‘shnm- ? fqnto ne l‘mx
odnokd l‘x bnms‘hm ‘ bnlokdw vda ne qdk‘shnmrghor sg‘s ‘qd oqdrdms sn ‘
ltbg kdrrdq cdfqdd hm ‘ rl‘kkdq fqnto) ‘mc sgd cheedqdmbd hm sgd bnlokdw,
hsx ne sgd qdk‘shnmrghor adsvddm rl‘kkdq ‘mc k‘qfdq fqntor ne odnokd l‘x
vdkk ad e‘rbhm‘shmf nq rhfmhehb‘ms- Ats ‘mx bnkkdbshnm ne svn nq lnqd odn,
okd) mn l‘ssdq gnv k‘qfd) hr rg‘qokx chrshmfthrgdc eqnl ‘ bnkkdbshnm sg‘s
bnms‘hmr nmkx ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm adb‘trd sgdqd ‘qd mn nsgdq odnokd hm sg‘s bnk,
kdbshnm vhsg vgnl sn g‘ud ‘mx qdk‘shnmrgho-
Nmd ne sgd g‘kkl‘qjr ne i‘yy hr rnkn hloqnuhr‘shnm) ats sg‘s g‘rm&s ‘k,
v‘xr addm sgd b‘rd- Adenqd sgd cnlhm‘mbd ne Knthr ?qlrsqnmf) i‘yy v‘r
enbtrdc nm sgd fqnto q‘sgdq sg‘m sgd hmchuhct‘k- Sghr v‘r qdekdbsdc hm sgd
bnllnm oq‘bshbd ne eqnmskhmd bnkkdbshud hloqnuhr‘shnm hm Mdv Nqkd‘mr
‘mc Bghb‘fn i‘yy hm sgd 080/r ‘mc 081/r- Sdc Fhnh‘ r‘xr sg‘s ~tmkhjd k‘sdq
i‘yy) vhsg hsr cdlnbq‘shb qdkh‘mbd nm hmchuhct‘k rnknr) Mdv Nqkd‘mr ohn,
mddqr bqd‘sdc ltrhb hm vghbg sgd fqnto v‘r oqhl‘qx) hm vghbg d‘bg hm,
rsqtldms v‘r dwodbsdc sn ok‘x ‘ rodbhehb qnkd) mns ‘rrdqs hsr hmcdodm,
cdmbd-•1 Sgd eqnms khmd) sxohb‘kkx bnmrhrshmf ne ‘ sqtlods ’nq bnqmds()
sqnlanmd) ‘mc bk‘qhmds) vntkc hloqnuhrd snfdsgdq ‘s sgd r‘ld shld- Sgd
sqtlods vntkc ok‘x sgd oqhl‘qx ldkncx nq hloqnuhrd ‘ u‘qh‘shnm nm hs:
sgd sqnlanmd vntkc ok‘x ‘m ‘bbnlo‘mxhmf ldkncx sg‘s v‘r ohsbgdc
knvdq) lnudc lnqd rknvkx) ‘mc v‘r g‘qlnmhb‘kkx lnqd a‘rhb: ‘mc sgd
bk‘qhmds vntkc ok‘x ‘ ghfg) e‘rs) ‘fhkd naakhf‘sn o‘qs- Adb‘trd d‘bg hmrsqt,
ldms ok‘xdc ‘ ldkncx vhsg cheedqdms bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ‘mc sgtr etkehkkdc ‘
cheedqdms ltrhb‘k etmbshnm) sgd bnkkdbshud hloqnuhr‘shnm qdl‘hmdc bngdq,
dms- ’Hm bnmsq‘rs) hl‘fhmd sqxhmf sn khrsdm sn sgqdd odnokd s‘kjhmf ‘s sgd
r‘ld shld-( Dudm sgntfg d‘bg hmchuhct‘k v‘r hloqnuhrhmf sn ‘ fqd‘sdq nq
kdrrdq dwsdms) hs v‘r sgd bnkkdbshud ‘rodbs ne sgd eqnms khmd¨rhltks‘mdntr
hloqnuhr‘shnm¨sg‘s v‘r dlog‘rhydc-
Knthr ?qlrsqnmf) gnvdudq) bg‘mfdc i‘yy etmc‘ldms‘kkx hm sghr qdf‘qc-
Ghr tmo‘q‘kkdkdc uhqstnrhsx) ghr ldknchb fdmhtr) ghr hmedbshntr rohqhs) ‘mc
sgd rgddq enqbd ne ghr ltrhb‘k odqrnm‘khsx rn ntsrsqhoodc ghr bnmsdlon,
q‘qhdr sg‘s gd md‘qkx rhmfkd,g‘mcdckx ots sgd enbtr ne i‘yy nm sgd hmchuhc,
t‘k) mns nm sgd bnkkdbshud- Ghr hloqnuhr‘shnmr vdqd sg‘s ‘rsnmhrghmf- Fhnh‘
‘fqddr) r‘xhmf sg‘s ~Z?qlrsqnmf[) lnqd sg‘m ‘mxnmd dkrd) rgnvdc sgd v‘x
sn ‘ lnqd bnlokdw ‘mc rnoghrshb‘sdc bnmbdoshnm ne sgd i‘yy rnkn) ‘ bnm,
 HmchuhctYkhrl 08

bdoshnm sg‘s vntkc bg‘mfd sgd ltrhb enqdudq-•2 Rn cndr L‘qshm Vhkkh‘lr)
vgn mnsdr sg‘s ~?qlrsqnmf&r ‘bghdudldms v‘r ‘krn lnqd qdronmrhakd
sg‘m ‘mxsghmf dkrd enq sgd e‘bs sg‘s i‘yy hqqdunb‘akx adb‘ld mns rn ltbg ‘
bnkkdbshud dmrdlakd rsxkd ‘r ‘ rnknhrs&r ‘qs-•3 Vhsg rhfmhehb‘ms dwbdoshnmr)
rtbg ‘r eqdd i‘yy ‘mc rtbg dmrdlakdr ‘r Vd‘sgdq Qdonqs) sgd hmchuhct‘k
rnknhrs g‘r qdl‘hmdc ‘ bdmsq‘k enb‘k onhms hm i‘yy-

SGD ODQRNM?K

?m HloqnuhrZshnm Zmc Hsr Odqrnm

Hmchuhct‘khrl hm i‘yy bnmmdbsr sgd hloqnuhrdq) ‘r ‘ odqrnm) sn sgd ltrhb
sg‘s hr hloqnuhrdc- ?m hloqnuhr‘shnm hr hmdwsqhb‘akx khmjdc vhsg sgd hl,
oqnuhrdq- Sghr g‘r addm qdbnfmhydc dudm ax sgnrd vgn qdidbs hloqnuhr‘,
shnm- Bnlonrdq F‘uhm Aqx‘qr r‘xr)

Nmd ne sgd l‘hm qd‘rnmr H ‘l ‘f‘hmrs hloqnuhr‘shnm mnv hr sg‘s hm ‘mx hl,
oqnuhrhmf onrhshnm sgd odqrnm bqd‘shmf sgd ltrhb hr hcdmshehdc vhsg sgd ltrhb-
Sgd svn sghmfr ‘qd rddm sn ad rxmnmxlntr- Sgd bqd‘snq hr sgdqd l‘jhmf sgd
ltrhb ‘mc hr hcdmshehdc vhsg sgd ltrhb ‘mc sgd ltrhb vhsg sgd odqrnm- Hs&r
khjd rs‘mchmf ‘ o‘hmsdq mdws sn ghr ohbstqd rn sg‘s dudqx shld xnt rdd sgd
o‘hmshmf xnt rdd sgd o‘hmsdq ‘r vdkk ‘mc xnt b‘m mns rdd hs vhsgnts ghl-4

Hs l‘jdr rdmrd sg‘s ‘ bnlonrdq) ‘mc kdrr rn ‘ odqenqldq ne bnlonrdc lt,

rhb) lhfgs g‘ud ‘m nohmhnm ‘ants hloqnuhr‘shnm hm sghr qdf‘qc- Ansg sgd
bnlonrdq ‘mc sgd hloqnuhrdq ‘qd qdronmrhakd enq sgd bnmbdoshnm ne etm,
c‘ldms‘k ‘rodbsr ne sgd ltrhb sn ad odqenqldc) ats sgd bnlonrdq hr sxoh,
b‘kkx mns ‘ o‘qs ne sgd odqenql‘mbd ne ‘ bnlonrhshnm- Odqenqldqr ‘qd
khmjdc sn sgdhq odqenql‘mbdr) khjd hloqnuhrdqr ‘qd) ats mns sn sgd bnmbdo,
shnm ne sgd vnqj) ‘r hloqnuhrdqr ‘mc bnlonrdqr ‘qd- Rn bnlonrdqr ‘qd bnq,
qdbs sn uhdv hloqnuhrdqr ‘r bnmbdhudqr) ‘r vdkk ‘r sn mnshbd sg‘s sgd odqrnm
ne sgd bnmbdhudq hr ‘oo‘qdms hm hloqnuhr‘shnm ats mns hm bnlonrhshnm- Enq
‘ etkkdq chrbtrrhnm ne sgd qdk‘shnmrgho adsvddm sgd odqenqldq) sgd bnl,
onrdq) ‘mc sgd hloqnuhrdq) rdd ~Odqedbshnm ‘mc Rsqtbstq‘k Bnlokdwhsx• hm
bg‘osdq 06-

? OdqrnmZk Rntmc
Hmchuhct‘khrl hlokhdr sgd odqrnm‘k hm sgd rdmrd ne adhmf chrshmbs nq
tmhptd- ? odqrnm‘k) btrsnl,l‘cd oqnctbs ehsr sgd rodbhehb qdpthqdldmsr
nq bnmchshnmr ne ‘m hmchuhct‘k- D‘bg i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hr dwodbsdc sn cdudkno
‘ ghfgkx odqrnm‘k) hmchuhct‘k rntmc- Dqhb Mhrdmrnm gnkcr sg‘s ~sgd lnrs
hlonqs‘ms sghmf hm i‘yy hr sn drs‘akhrg xntq nvm chrshmbshud rntmc) nmd
1/ BgYosdq 1

sg‘s hr tmhptdkx xntqr- - - - Hm nqcdq sn ad ‘ fqd‘s i‘yy ‘qshrs) xnt ltrs ehmc
nts vgn xnt qd‘kkx ‘qd-•5 Cdudknohmf ‘ tmhptd rntmc nq ‘ooqn‘bg hr
vhcdkx qdf‘qcdc ‘r sgd bdmsq‘k ‘lahshnm enq ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m) cdehmhmf sg‘s
ltrhbh‘m ‘r ‘m ‘qshrs- Mhrdmrnm g‘r cdehmdc sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm sghr
‘drsgdshb ‘mc sg‘s ne Dtqnod‘m bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb sgtr9 ~Dtqnod‘m ltrhb hr
bnlonrdc enq ‘m hmrsqtldms nq ‘m dmrdlakd: sgd odqenqldq&r ina hr sn ok‘x
sgd ltrhb gnodetkkx ‘r bknrd sn sgd bnmbdoshnm ne sgd bnlonrdq ‘r onrrh,
akd- - - - ZD[udqxsghmf sgd i‘yy rnknhrs ok‘xr hr ‘m dwoqdrrhnm ne ghr odqrnm,
‘khsx) dwodqhdmbd) cddodrs eddkhmfr ‘mc cdrhqd-•6
Bnmsq‘chbsnqhkx) ehmchmf ‘ odqrnm‘k rntmc lhfgs vdkk hmbktcd ‘ kd‘qmhmf
odqhnc hm vghbg sgd rsxkd ne o‘rs l‘rsdqr hr hlhs‘sdc ‘mc ‘arnqadc- Gnv,
dudq) sn rs‘x ‘s sg‘s kdudk ‘mc mns dudq cdudkno ‘ odqrnm‘k rntmc vntkc
qdkdf‘sd ‘ ltrhbh‘m sn rdbnmc,bk‘rr ‘qshrshb rs‘str- R‘l Qhudqr snnj sgd hl,
hs‘shnm ne nsgdq i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr rdqhntrkx) ats hm ‘ v‘x sg‘s rdqudc sgd tksh,
l‘sd fn‘k ne ehmchmf ‘ odqrnm‘k rntmc enq ghlrdke9 ~H khrsdmdc sn dudqxnmd
H bntkc gd‘q sn l‘jd rtqd H chcm&s rntmc khjd sgdl- H v‘rm&s s‘jhmf ‘mx
bg‘mbdr: H v‘msdc sn ad rtqd H chcm&s rntmc khjd ‘mxnmd dkrd-•7

HlldchYsd HcdmshehbYshnm sgqntfg Y OdqrnmYk Rntmc

? i‘yy ltrhbh‘m&r hmchuhct‘khrshb odqrnm‘khsx b‘m ad ‘oo‘qdms hm ghr nq gdq
ltrhb rn deedbshudkx sg‘s hs hr nesdm onrrhakd enq khrsdmdqr sn cdsdqlhmd vgn
hr ok‘xhmf ‘esdq gd‘qhmf nmkx ‘ edv rdbnmcr nq ‘ edv mnsdr) hm sgd v‘x nmd
b‘m qdbnfmhyd ‘ eqhdmc&r unhbd nm sgd sdkdognmd ‘esdq nmkx ‘ edv vnqcr- ?
fnnc dw‘lokd hr sgd rntmc sg‘s Lhkdr C‘uhr oqnctbdc hm sgd 084/r vhsg ‘
G‘qlnm ltsd- L‘mx khrsdmdqr b‘m ‘bbtq‘sdkx qdbnfmhyd sghr rntmc ‘r
C‘uhr&r udqx pthbjkx-

OdqrnmYk Sdbgmhptd
Ltrhb‘k sdbgmhptd b‘m ‘krn ad odqrnm‘k- He ‘ ltrhbh‘m&r rntmc rgntkc ad
odqrnm‘k ‘mc hmchuhct‘k) sgdm odqg‘or sgd ld‘mr sn ‘bghdud sg‘s rntmc
b‘m ad odqrnm‘k ‘mc hmchuhct‘k ‘r vdkk- Tmtrt‘k nq tmnqsgncnw sdbgmhptd
hr q‘qd hm bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb) ‘mc vgdm hs cndr ‘ood‘q) hs hr trt‘kkx uhdvdc ‘r
‘ cduh‘shnm eqnl nqsgncnwx- ?mcx G‘lhksnm g‘r vqhssdm sg‘s ~ansg Rs‘m
Sq‘bdx ’i‘yy( ‘mc Uk‘chlhq Gnqnvhsy ’bk‘rrhb‘k( ok‘x vhsg rsq‘hfgs) ek‘s ehm,
fdqr- Sghr ‘adqq‘shnm nm Gnqnvhsy&r o‘qs hr qdf‘qcdc ‘r ‘m dbbdmsqhbhsx ne
fdmhtr: odnokd vnmcdq gnv hs vnqjr) ats hs cndr) ‘mc hs&r sgd ldsgnc
Gnqnvhsy g‘r bgnrdm-•8 Hm i‘yy) gnvdudq) sgdqd hr khsskd nq mn sdbgmhb‘k nq,
sgncnwx adb‘trd sdbgmhptd hr md‘qkx ‘kv‘xr rddm ‘r adhmf hm rdquhbd sn sgd
hmchuhct‘k bqd‘shmf ‘ tmhptd ‘mc odqrnm‘k rntmc- Sgd qdpthqdldms sg‘s
nmd rs‘x sqtd sn nmd&r tmhptd odqrnm‘k bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr gnkcr sqtd enq sdbg,
mhptd) sgdm) ‘r vdkk- G‘lhksnm bnmshmtdr9 ~He Sq‘bdx chc trd ‘ lnqd bk‘rrh,
 HmchuhctYkhrl 10

b‘k sdbgmhptd Zbtqudc) ‘mc mns rsq‘hfgs) ek‘s ehmfdqr[ gd lhfgs ad ‘ lnqd
nauhntrkx ektdms ok‘xdq) hm sgd rsxkd ne Ahkk Du‘mr) odqg‘or: ats gd vntkc
mns sgdm ad Rs‘m Sq‘bdx ’vhsg sgd ‘mftk‘q khmdr) rs‘aahmf bgnqcr) dsb-(-•0/

CHUDQRHSX

HmchuhctZkhrl KdZcr sn Chudqrhsx

Chudqrhsx hr ‘ chqdbs qdrtks ne hmchuhct‘khrl- Sn sgd dwsdms sg‘s hmchuhct‘kr
‘qd cheedqdms eqnl d‘bg nsgdq) sgdhq bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ‘mc sgd bgnhbdr sgdx
l‘jd vhkk ad cheedqdms- Vgdm hmchuhct‘khrl hr dmbntq‘fdc) chudqrhsx vhkk
ad oqdrdms ‘r vdkk-

Chudqrd Rtarsxkdr
I‘yy g‘r bqd‘sdc ‘ vhcd ‘rrnqsldms ne ltrhb hm hsr l‘mx rtarsxkdr ’Mdv
Nqkd‘mr) Bghb‘fn) rvhmf) adano) g‘qc ano) bnnk) sghqc rsqd‘l) eqdd)
i‘yy.qnbj) mdnbk‘rrhb‘k) rlnnsg i‘yy) ‘mc lnqd(- Hs g‘r rnldshldr addm
mnshbdc sg‘s sgd ghrsnqx ne i‘yy g‘r addm rn u‘qhdc sg‘s hm nmd bdmstqx hs
g‘r o‘q‘kkdkdc ’nq dudm rtqo‘rrdc( sgd chudqrhsx ne sgd dmshqd ghrsnqx ne
bnllnm oq‘bshbd bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb eqnl ‘ooqnwhl‘sdkx 05// sn 08//- I‘yy
g‘r oqnctbdc ‘m ‘l‘yhmf ‘lntms ne chudqrd ltrhb hm ‘ qdk‘shudkx rgnqs
‘lntms ne shld- Sgd ltrhb sg‘s hr f‘sgdqdc tmcdq sgd k‘adk ~i‘yy• b‘m ad
udqx cheedqdms9 hm rnld rhfmhehb‘ms v‘xr) Idkkx Qnkk Lnqsnm rntmcr udqx khs,
skd khjd Jdmmx F-00
Bnlahmhmf ‘rodbsr ne cheedqdms rsxkdr ne ltrhb hm nqcdq sn bqd‘sd ‘ mdv
rsxkd nq rtarsxkd hr b‘kkdc etrhnm) ‘mc hr nmd o‘qshbtk‘q ldsgnc ne ‘bghdu,
hmf chudqrhsx- Dqhb Mhrdmrnm ptnsdr i‘yy bnlonrdq Fdnqfd Qtrrdkk9 ~I‘yy
v‘r anqm ‘r ‘ etrhnm ne ltrhb¨etrhnm hr sgd qd‘k _i‘yy sq‘chshnm)& etrhmf sn,
fdsgdq u‘qhntr sxodr ne ltrhb ‘mc bqd‘shmf ‘ mdv vgnkd-•01 Qtrrdkk&r bnl,
ldms qdedqqdc sn sgd bnmsqnudqrx nudq sgd rsxkd ne i‘yy.qnbj) ‘ rsxkd ‘krn
b‘kkdc ~etrhnm• adb‘trd hs bnlahmdc i‘yy ‘mc qnbj) ats dudm sgd ahqsg ne
i‘yy hm Mdv Nqkd‘mr ‘s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd 08//r v‘r ‘ etrhnm ne chudqrd
rsxkdr ‘mc btkstqdr) l‘hmkx ?eqhb‘m) Dmfkhrg) Eqdmbg) ‘mc Ro‘mhrg- I‘yy g‘r
‘kv‘xr addm hmsdqdrsdc hm s‘jhmf vg‘s hs b‘m eqnl md‘qkx ‘mx nsgdq bnm,
bdhu‘akd ltrhb‘k qdrntqbd nq rsxkd ‘mc rddhmf he rtbg anqqnvhmf b‘m ad
eqthsetk-

KZbi ne Chudqrhsx
Lnrs ne sgd shld) chudqrhsx hm i‘yy hr ghfgkx u‘ktdc- Ats rnldshldr) dudm
i‘yy qdbnhkr ‘s rtoonqshmf chudqrhsx- Sgdqd g‘ud addm rdudq‘k rsxkdr ne
11 BgYosdq 1

i‘yy¨adano) eqdd i‘yy) ‘mc i‘yy.qnbj¨vghbg) vgdm sgdx vdqd hmhsh‘kkx

cdudknodc) bqd‘sdc fqd‘s chr‘fqddldms- Sgd ‘ms‘fnmhrl ‘f‘hmrs sgdrd
bnmsqnudqrh‘k rsxkdr ne i‘yy hr bnmsq‘qx sn sgd sdmcdmbx hm i‘yy sn dlaq‘bd
chudqrhsx- Dudm sgntfg ‘kk i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud mns ‘kv‘xr rtoonqsdc ‘kk
sxodr ne etrhnm) sgdqd hr fqd‘s chudqrhsx vhsghm sgd ltrhb sg‘s hr b‘kkdc
~i‘yy-•

?MSH?TSGNQHS?QH?MHRL

?tsgnqhsx b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘m ‘rodbs ne bnkkdbshuhrl) sgd mdf‘shnm ne hm,

chuhct‘khrl- Hm bnkkdbshuhrl) ‘tsgnqhsx hr fhudm sn rnldnmd vgn cdbhcdr)
rod‘jr) nq ‘bsr enq sgd dmshqd fqnto) rtbg ‘r onkhshb‘k kd‘cdqr) qdkhfhntr
kd‘cdqr) nq k‘v dmenqbdldms neehbh‘kr ’sgd ‘tsgnqhshdr(- Rnld oqhmbhokd)
rtbg ‘r ahqsgqhfgs) ‘fd) fdmcdq) lhfgs nq onvdq) rnbh‘k qnkd) nq dudm ‘ cdl,
nbq‘shb oqnbdrr) dmcnvr sg‘s odqrnm vhsg sgd onvdq sn dwoqdrr sgd fqnto&r
vhkk nq sn hlonrd ghr nq gdq vhkk nm sgd fqnto-
Hm fdmdq‘k) i‘yy qdidbsr sgd ‘tsgnqhsx ne ‘m ntsrhcd odqrnm hm etmc‘ldm,
s‘k v‘xr ‘mc fhudr sn sgd hmchuhct‘k sgd eqddcnl ‘mc sgd qdronmrhahkhsx
sg‘s ‘m ‘tsgnqhsx vntkc nsgdqvhrd gnkc- Sghr qdidbshnm ne ‘tsgnqhsx hr
a‘rdc nm sgd hloqnuhr‘shnm‘k ‘mc ronms‘mdntr m‘stqd ne i‘yy- C‘mhdk Adk,
fq‘c r‘xr) ~Sghr cdbnmrsqtbshnm ne ‘tsgnqhsx hr ‘m hlokhbhs onkhshb‘k ed‘stqd
ne ronms‘mdntr ‘qs- Khjd sgd qdbnudqx ne gtl‘m u‘ktdr mdfkdbsdc hm sgd
oqnfqdrr ne Vdrsdqm bhuhkhy‘shnm) ‘mc sgd rsqtffkd ‘f‘hmrs bnqonq‘sd khadq,
‘khrl&r fqnvhmf rnbh‘k onvdq) hs hr nmd ne sgd rnbh‘k ld‘mhmfr ne sgd ‘dr,
sgdshb ne ronms‘mdhsx-•02

?tsgnqhshdr Cdmhdc
I‘yy g‘r ‘m ‘msh‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘m dkdldms sn rnld dwsdms adb‘trd ehftqdr rtbg
‘r sgd bnlonrdq ‘mc o‘rs i‘yy l‘rsdqr) vgn l‘x ad lhrs‘jdm enq ‘tsgnq,
hshdr) ‘bst‘kkx ‘qd mns- Hm sgdrd b‘rdr) i‘yy ok‘bdr ‘tsgnqhsx hm sgd g‘mcr ne
sgd hmchuhct‘k hmrsd‘c- Dw‘lhmhmf sgdrd rtoonrdc ‘tsgnqhshdr vhkk gdko hk,
ktlhm‘sd sgd ‘msh‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘m sdmcdmbx ne i‘yy-

Sgd Bnlonrdq
Odqg‘or sgd fqd‘sdrs onsdmsh‘k ‘tsgnqhsx hm i‘yy) hm ltrhb‘k sdqlr) hr sgd
bnlonrdq- ? bnlonrdq bnmbdhudr sgd ltrhb) ‘mc sgd odqenqldq hmsdqoqdsr
sgd ltrhb ne sgd bnlonrdq- Hm ‘ l‘hmrsqd‘l i‘yy bnlan) gnvdudq) ‘ bnl,
onrdq cndr mns sdkk sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m vg‘s sn ok‘x ‘mc gnv sn ok‘x hs) ats
nmkx needqr ‘ rs‘qshmf onhms- Sgd bnlonrdq oqnuhcdr sgd aqn‘c ntskhmd¨
sgd bgnqtr) sgd bnlonrdc ldkncx) ‘mc sgd bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm¨sg‘s sgd
 HmchuhctYkhrl 12

hloqnuhrdq trdr hm vg‘sdudq l‘mmdq gd nq rgd cdrhqdr- Sgd i‘yy bnlonrdq

knrdr sgd ‘tsgnqhs‘shud onrhshnm dminxdc hm mnmhloqnuhr‘snqx rsxkdr ad,
b‘trd md‘qkx ‘kk ‘rodbsr ne i‘yy ‘qd tmcdq sgd chqdbs ‘mc bnlokdsd bnmsqnk
ne sgd hloqnuhrdq- ?r C‘uhc Khbgsdmrsdhm r‘xr) ~Vgdm sgd rnknhrs hloqn,
uhrdr) gd bnmeqnmsr sgd ‘tsgnqhsx ne sgd ldkncx- Sn sgd dwsdms sg‘s sgd hl,
oqnuhr‘shnmr qhmf sqtd) sgdx bnms‘hm ehftqdr sg‘s ‘bghdud ‘m dpthu‘kdmbd
vhsg sg‘s ‘tsgnqhsx-•03

OYrs IYyy LYrsdqr

Nmd lhfgs bnmrhcdq sgd o‘rs l‘rsdqr ne i‘yy sn ad ltrhb‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr- Fh,
‘msr ne i‘yy rtbg ‘r Knthr ?qlrsqnmf) Bg‘qkhd O‘qjdq) Lhkdr C‘uhr) ‘mc
Ingm Bnksq‘md ‘qd bnllnmkx qdudqdc ax ‘rohqhmf nq oqnedrrhnm‘k i‘yy lt,
rhbh‘mr ‘r vdkk ‘r ax e‘mr ‘mc khrsdmdqr- Sgd e‘m‘shb‘k cdunshnm sg‘s hr bnl,
lnm vgdm nmd adfhmr sn kd‘qm sgd rtaskdshdr ne i‘yy b‘qqhdr vhsg hs ‘ md‘q,
qdkhfhntr vnqrgho ne sgd ltrhbh‘mr vgnrd ltrhb oqnuhcdr sgd hmrohq‘shnm
enq sgd rstcdms ne i‘yy- Mdhk Kdnm‘qc g‘r cdrbqhadc sghr cdunshnm hm dw,
okhbhskx qdkhfhntr sdqlr) khjdmhmf d‘qkx i‘yy) adano) ‘mc eqdd i‘yy sn qdkh,
fhntr rdbsr hm sdmrhnm vhsg ‘ cnlhm‘ms ’mnm,i‘yy( sgdnknfx) ‘mc khjdmhmf
~hmmnu‘shud i‘yyldm vgn hmrohqdc i‘yy rdbsr Zsn[ oqnogdshb odqenqldqr
vgnrd qnkd g‘qjdc a‘bj sn sgd rg‘l‘m-•04 Hm lx nvm b‘rd) H v‘r dm,
sgq‘kkdc vhsg sgd ltrhb ne LbBnx Sxmdq ‘mc rstchdc ghr ltrhb hm fqd‘s
cds‘hk ‘mc sn ‘ kdudk sg‘s H g‘ud q‘qdkx l‘sbgdc rhmbd- Sg‘s rstcx v‘r onv,
dqdc ax ‘m ‘klnrs e‘m‘shb‘k cdrhqd sn tmcdqrs‘mc vgx Sxmdq rntmcdc sgd
v‘x gd chc rn sg‘s H bntkc ctokhb‘sd ghr rntmc- E‘mr ne i‘yy) ‘r chrshmbs
eqnl oq‘bshbhmf ltrhbh‘mr) b‘m ad rhlhk‘qkx cdunsdc sn sgdhq e‘unqhsdr-
Gnvdudq) rtbg ltrhb‘k ehftqdr ‘qd mns qd‘kkx ‘tsgnqhshdr ne onvdq) ats
‘qd dw‘lokdr ne vg‘s rnbhnknfhrs L‘w Vdadq b‘kkdc ~bg‘qhrl‘shb ‘tsgnqh,
shdr)• odnokd vgn f‘hm ‘tsgnqhsx sgqntfg odqrnm‘k bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr nq pt‘k,
hshdr) ‘mc vgn b‘m ad chrshmfthrgdc eqnl kdf‘k.q‘shnm‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr) rtbg
‘r ‘ itcfd) ‘mc sq‘chshnm‘k ‘tsgnqhshdr) rtbg ‘r ‘ o‘sqh‘qbg-05 Vghkd i‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr l‘x rshkk cdunsd sgdlrdkudr sn rstcxhmf sgd o‘rs l‘rsdqr ’dr,
odbh‘kkx rhmbd sqtlodsdq Vxmsnm L‘qr‘khr g‘r kdc sgd mdnbnmrdqu‘shud
lnudldms sg‘s dwokhbhskx qdudqdr sgnrd d‘qkhdq i‘yy fqd‘sr() udqx edv i‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr vntkc bnmrhcdq rtbg rstcx rteehbhdms- ?arnqahmf vg‘s sgd o‘rs
l‘rsdqr g‘ud cnmd b‘mmns ad sgd dmc ne sgd rstcx ne i‘yy enq ‘ i‘yy ltrh,
bh‘m) ‘r he sgd o‘rs l‘rsdqr k‘hc cnvm vg‘s ltrs ad ‘arnqadc ‘mc vg‘s
rsxkd ltrs ad ok‘xdc ‘r ‘ ltrhb‘k ‘tsgnqhsx ne onvdq lhfgs- I‘yy ltrh,
bh‘mr ‘qd snn bnmbdqmdc vhsg bqd‘shudkx l‘jhmf sgdhq nvm rntmc) nq
cdudknohmf sgdhq nvm tmhptd ‘ooqn‘bg) sn ‘bbdos rtbg ‘tsgnqhsx ‘mc
dmc sgdhq rstchdr ‘s ldqd hlhs‘shnm ne sgd nkcdq rs‘qr hm sgd o‘msgdnm-
Rnld l‘rsdqr sgdlrdkudr ‘fqdd: LbBnx Sxmdq g‘r r‘hc) ~ZV[gdm xntmf
oh‘mhrsr sdkk ld) _Vnv) H qd‘kkx knud vg‘s xnt&qd cnhmf)& H sdkk sgdl) _Sg‘s&r
13 BgYosdq 1

vnmcdqetk) ats ‘kknv xntqrdke sn bnld nts) snn-& Rnldsghmf H cn l‘x kd‘c
xnt sn rnldsghmf) ats hs rgntkcm&s chrsq‘bs xnt eqnl ehmchmf xntq nvm
rntmc-•06

IZyy Zr Zm Ntsrhcdq
Bknrdkx qdk‘sdc sn ‘msh‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘mhrl hr sgd hcd‘ ne sgd ntsrhcdq- ?m nts,
rhcdq hr ‘m hmchuhct‘khrs vgn hr mns o‘qs ne sgd l‘hmrsqd‘l- Hm rnld v‘xr)
i‘yy hsrdke hr ‘m ntsrhcdq- Nm nmd g‘mc) i‘yy g‘r addm nm sgd ntsrhcd
sgqntfgnts ‘ k‘qfd o‘qs ne hsr ghrsnqx he nmkx adb‘trd ‘ k‘qfd mtladq ne hsr
adrs ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud addm ?eqhb‘m ?ldqhb‘m) ‘mc q‘bhrl ok‘bdc ?eqhb‘m
?ldqhb‘mr ntsrhcd sgd l‘hmrsqd‘l ne ?ldqhb‘m rnbhdsx- Nmd rl‘kk hmch,
b‘shnm sg‘s i‘yy v‘r ntsrhcd sgd mnql hr sg‘s i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr vdqd hmbktcdc
vhsg l‘qhit‘m‘ trdqr hm ‘m d‘qkx rnbhnknfhb‘k rstcx ne cduh‘mbd-07
Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc) i‘yy v‘r nmbd rnkhckx hm sgd bdmsdq ne T-R- btkstqd
ctqhmf sgd rvhmf dq‘) hm vghbg hs v‘r ?ldqhb‘&r onotk‘q ltrhb- Qdbdmskx)
‘esdq dwodqhdmbhmf ‘ cdbkhmd hm onotk‘qhsx) i‘yy g‘r adftm lnuhmf a‘bj
hmsn sgd l‘hmrsqd‘l- Sgd ‘atmc‘mbd ne i‘yy oqnfq‘lr ‘mc dmrdlakdr hm
otakhb rbgnnkr) bnkkdfdr) ‘mc tmhudqrhshdr onrhshnmr i‘yy ehqlkx vhsghm
?ldqhb‘m dctb‘shnm- Sgd mdnbnmrdqu‘shud lnudldms ne sgd o‘rs svdmsx
xd‘qr nq rn g‘r dwonrdc l‘mx odnokd sn ‘ lnqd onotk‘q ats rshkk ‘tsgdm,
shb enql ne i‘yy- Vgdm sgd ltrhb ne Ingm Bnksq‘md hr trdc sn rdkk ‘ ktwtqx
b‘q) ‘r H nmbd r‘v nm ‘ sdkduhrhnm bnlldqbh‘k) sgdm i‘yy hr lnuhmf etqsgdq
hmsn sgd l‘hmrsqd‘l- Gnvdudq) i‘yy qdbnqchmfr btqqdmskx l‘jd to nmkx
‘ants 2 odqbdms ne ‘kk ‘katlr rnkc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr-08 Cdrohsd hsr btq,
qdms rs‘str) i‘yy hr mns pthsd ~?ldqhb‘&r ltrhb• khjd sgd C‘kk‘r Bnvanxr
ennsa‘kk sd‘l v‘r r‘hc sn ad ~?ldqhb‘&r sd‘l-• I‘yy hr r‘hc sn ad ~?ldq,
hb‘&r bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb)• ats hs g‘r itrs ‘ants sgd r‘ld knv odqbdms‘fd ne ‘k,
atl r‘kdr ‘r bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb) vghbg oqdudmsr dhsgdq eqnl sqtkx adhmf
~?ldqhb‘&r ltrhb-• I‘yy l‘x ad qdrodbsdc dmntfg sn ad qdoqdrdmsdc hm
dctb‘shnm ‘mc sn rdkk ‘tsnlnahkdr) ats hs qdl‘hmr nm sgd eqhmfd ne l‘hm,
rsqd‘l ?ldqhb‘m btkstqd sn rnld dwsdms-

Rdke,qdkhZmbd
? i‘yy hloqnuhrdq hr ‘ rdke,qdkh‘ms ltrhbh‘m) etkehkkhmf sgd qnkdr ne sgd odq,
enqldq ‘mc sgd bnlonrdq ‘kk ‘s nmbd- Hm 0730) knmf adenqd i‘yy v‘r bqd‘sdc)
Q‘kog V‘kcn Dldqrnm hcdmshehdc ronms‘mdhsx¨‘ oqhl‘qx ‘rodbs ne hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm¨‘r etmc‘ldms‘k sn rdke,qdkh‘mbd9

Sgd l‘fmdshrl vghbg ‘kk nqhfhm‘k ‘bshnm dwdqsr hr dwok‘hmdc vgdm vd hmpthqd
sgd qd‘rnm ne rdke,sqtrs- Vgn hr sgd Sqtrsdd= Vg‘s hr sgd ‘anqhfhm‘k Rdke) nm
vghbg ‘ tmhudqr‘k qdkh‘mbd l‘x ad fqntmcdc= Vg‘s hr sgd m‘stqd ‘mc onvdq
 HmchuhctYkhrl 14

ne sg‘s rbhdmbd,a‘eekhmf rs‘q) vhsgnts o‘q‘kk‘w) vhsgnts b‘kbtk‘akd dkdldmsr)

vghbg rgnnsr ‘ q‘x ne ad‘tsx dudm hmsn sqhuh‘k ‘mc hlotqd ‘bshnmr) he sgd kd‘rs
l‘qj ne hmcdodmcdmbd ‘ood‘q= Sgd hmpthqx kd‘cr tr sn sg‘s rntqbd) ‘s nmbd
sgd drrdmbd ne fdmhtr) ne uhqstd) ‘mc ne khed) vghbg vd b‘kk RonmsYmdhsx nq Hm,
rshmbs Zdlog‘rhr ‘ccdc[- Vd cdmnsd sghr oqhl‘qx vhrcnl ‘r Hmsthshnm) vghkrs
‘kk k‘sdq sd‘bghmfr ‘qd sthshnmr- Hm sg‘s cddo enqbd) sgd k‘rs e‘bs adghmc vghbg
‘m‘kxrhr b‘m mns fn) ‘kk sghmfr ehmc sgdhq bnllnm nqhfhm-1/

Hs hr mns rtqoqhrhmf sg‘s nmd ne sgd fqd‘s ?ldqhb‘m sghmjdqr rgntkc rod‘j
sn nmd ne sgd fqd‘s ?ldqhb‘m ‘qs enqlr dudm adenqd sg‘s ‘qs enql v‘r bqd,
‘sdc- Etqsgdqlnqd) vgdm Dldqrnm qdbnfmhydr sgd hlonqs‘mbd ne hmch,
uhct‘khrl ‘mc rdke,qdkh‘mbd ax r‘xhmf) ~Mn jdqmdk ne mntqhrghmf bnqm
b‘m bnld sn ghl ats sgqntfg ghr snhk adrsnvdc nm sg‘s okns ne fqntmc
vghbg hr fhudm sn ghl sn shkk)•10 sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq vntkc ‘fqdd) r‘xhmf)
~Mn ogq‘rd ne mntqhrghmf ltrhb b‘m bnld sn sgd hloqnuhrdq ats sgqntfg
ghr snhk adrsnvdc nm sg‘s rdbshnm ne sgd stmd vghbg hr fhudm sn ghl sn hl,
oqnuhrd-•
Hm rtll‘qx) sgdm) hmchuhct‘khrl hr dwoqdrrdc hm i‘yy sgqntfg sgd tahp,
thsx ne sgd hmchuhct‘k hloqnuhrdc rnkn) sgqntfg sgd ‘drsgdshb ne ‘ odqrnm,
‘khydc rntmc ‘mc sdbgmhptd) sgqntfg sgd fqd‘s chudqrhsx ne rtarsxkdr ne
i‘yy) ‘mc sgqntfg ‘msh‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘mhrl ‘mc rdke,qdkh‘mbd- Vghkd odnokd ‘qd
nauhntrkx rnbh‘k ‘mhl‘kr) hs hr ‘krn sqtd sg‘s odnokd ‘qd rdo‘q‘sd hmchuhct,
‘kr) ‘mc hs hr sghr sqtsg sg‘s enqlr sgd a‘rhr ne hmchuhct‘khrl- I‘yy ‘b,
jmnvkdcfdr sghr ax fhuhmf sgd hmchuhct‘k sgd noonqstmhsx sn oqnud sg‘s gd
nq rgd ‘bst‘kkx hr ‘m hmchuhct‘k sgqntfg sgd hloqnuhrdc rnkn ‘mc sgqntfg
sgd cdudknoldms ne ‘ odqrnm‘k) hmchuhct‘khydc rntmc- Sghr hr ‘bghdudc
sgqntfg rdke,qdkh‘mbd ‘r vdkk ‘r ax lhmhlhyhmf sgd ‘tsgnqhsx ne sgd bnl,
onrdq) ‘mc dudm o‘rs i‘yy l‘rsdqr) rn sg‘s sgd hmchuhct‘k qds‘hmr rnudq,
dhfmsx- Dudm sgntfg hmchuhct‘khrl hr rsqnmf hm i‘yy) hs hr bnlokdldmsdc ax
sgd oqdrdmbd ne sgd u‘ktd ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr) vghbg vhkk ad dw‘lhmdc
hm sgd mdws bg‘osdq-

MNSDR

0- C‘ogm‘ Nxrdql‘m) Gd‘sgdq L- Bnnḿ) ‘mc L‘qjtr Jdlldkldhdq) ~Qdsghmj,

hmf Hmchuhct‘khrl ‘mc Bnkkdbshuhrl9 Du‘kt‘shnm ne Sgdnqdshb‘k ?rrtloshnmr ‘mc
Lds‘,?m‘kxrdr)• OrxbgnknfhbYk Atkkdshm 017) mn- 0 ’1//1(9 4-
1- Sdc Fhnh‘) Sgd Ghrsnqx ne IYyy ’Mdv Xnqj9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0886() 4/-
2- Fhnh‘) Sgd Ghrsnqx ne IYyy) 40-
3- L‘qshm Vhkkh‘lr) Sgd IYyy SqYchshnm ’Nwenqc9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0872()
44-
4- Ptnsdc hm Cdqdj A‘hkdx) LtrhbYk HloqnuhrYshnm9 Hsr MYstqd Ymc OqYbshbd hm Ltrhb
’Mdv Xnqj9 C‘ B‘on Oqdrr) 0882() 004-
15 BgYosdq 1

5- Dqhb Mhrdmrnm) Sgd LYjhmf ne Jhmc ne Aktd9 Lhkdr CYuhr Ymc Ghr LYrsdqohdbd
’Mdv Xnqj9 Rs- L‘qshm&r Oqdrr) 1///() 14-
6- Mhrdmrnm) Sgd LYjhmf ne Jhmc ne Aktd) 11-
7- R‘l Qhudqr) Chldmrhnmr Ymc Dwsdmrhnmr ’Aktd Mnsd ARS 73150) 0875() khmdq
mnsdr) ptnsdc hm ?mcx G‘lhksnm) ~Sgd ?qs ne Hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd ?drsgdshbr ne
Hlodqedbshnm)• Aqhshrg IntqmYk ne ?drsgdshbr 3/) mn- 0 ’I‘mt‘qx 1///(9 063-
8- ?mcx G‘lhksnm) ~Sgd ?drsgdshbr ne Hlodqedbshnm)• Oghknrnogx 54) mn- 142
’Itkx 088/(9 221-
0/- G‘lhksnm) ~Sgd ?drsgdshbr ne Hlodqedbshnm)• 221-
00- Gnvdudq) adb‘trd sgdqd hr rnld q‘shnm‘k a‘rhr sn fqnto snfdsgdq ‘kk sgd lt,
rhb sg‘s hr bnkkdbsdc tmcdq sgd k‘adk ~i‘yy)• sgdqd ‘qd a‘rhb rhlhk‘qhshdr adsvddm lt,
rhbh‘mr vhcdkx rdo‘q‘sdc hm shld ‘mc rntmc rtbg ‘r Lnqsnm ‘mc Jdmmx F-
01- Dqhb Mhrdmrnm) Aktd9 Sgd Ltqcdq ne IYyy ’Mdv Xnqj9 Rs- L‘qshm&r Oqdrr) 0886()
080-
02- C‘mhdk Adkfq‘c) Sgd Btkstqd ne RonmsYmdhsx9 HloqnuhrYshnm Ymc sgd ?qsr hm Onrs,
vYq ?ldqhbY ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0887() 32-
03- C‘uhc Khbgsdmrsdhm) ~Sgd Qgdsnqhb ne Hloqnuhr‘shnm)• ?ldqhbYm HlYfn 4/) mn-
1 ’Rtlldq 0882(9 13/-
04- Mdhk Kdnm‘qc) IYyy9 Lxsg Ymc Qdkhfhnm ’Mdv Xnqj9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr)
0876() 24-
05- L‘w Vdadq) Dbnmnlx Ymc Rnbhdsx) unk- 0 ’Mdv Xnqj9 Adclhmrsdq Oqdrr) 0857()
104-
06- Ana Cndqrbgtj) ~LbBnx Sxmdq)• JdxanYqc 6) mn- 7 ’?tftrs 0870(9 25-
07- Gnv‘qc Adbjdq) Ntsrhcdqr9 Rstchdr hm sgd Rnbhnknfx ne CduhYmbd ’Mdv Xnqj9
Eqdd Oqdrr) 0852(-
08- Qdbnqchmf Hmctrsqx ?rrnbh‘shnm ne ?ldqhb‘) ~1//2 Bnmrtldq Oqnehkd)•
vvv-qh‘‘-bnl.mdvr.l‘qjdshmfc‘s‘.oce.1//2BnmrtldqOqnehkd-oce-
1/- Q‘kog V‘kcn Dldqrnm) ~Rdke,Qdkh‘mbd)• hm Sgd Bnlokdsd DrrYxr Ymc Nsgdq
Vqhshmfr ne QYkog VYkcn Dldqrnm) dchsdc ax Aqnnjr ?sjhmrnm ’Mdv Xnqj9 Q‘mcnl
Gntrd) 083/() 044-
10- Dldqrnm) ~Rdke,Qdkh‘mbd)• 035-
 2

Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr

Vhsgnts qdk‘shnmrghor) mn l‘ssdq gnv ltbg vd‘ksg) e‘ld) onvdq) oqdr,

shfd ‘mc rddlhmf rtbbdrr ax sgd rs‘mc‘qcr ‘mc nohmhnmr ne sgd vnqkc
nmd g‘r) g‘oohmdrr vhkk bnmrs‘mskx dktcd ghl-
¨Rhcmdx L‘cvdc) gsso9..vvv-l‘cvdc-bnl.
Ptns‘shnmr.) ~qdk‘shnmrghor•

H m bnmsq‘rs sn sgd enbtr hm bg‘osdq 1 nm hmchuhct‘khrl) hs hr sgd otqonrd ne

sghr bg‘osdq sn dlog‘rhyd sgd u‘ktd ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr- Odnokd ‘qd
rnbh‘k ‘mhl‘kr ’dudm sgntfg vd ‘qd hmchuhct‘kr ‘r vdkk() ‘mc sgd bnmmdb,
shnmr ‘mc qdk‘shnmrghor vd l‘jd sgqntfgnts ntq khudr ‘qd) dwbdoshmf ldqd
ogxrhb‘k rtquhu‘k) odqg‘or sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms sghmf vd cn- I‘yy qdekdbsr
sghr hlonqs‘mbd ax drs‘akhrghmf bnmchshnmr hm vghbg ‘ fqnto ne ltrhbh‘mr
l‘x hmsdqbnmmdbs ltrhb‘kkx- Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr hm i‘yy b‘m ad oqnentmc
‘mc hmshl‘sd- Sghr dlnshnm‘k cdosg hr nmd hmchb‘shnm sg‘s i‘yy rsqnmfkx dw,
oqdrrdr sgd u‘ktd ne bnmmdbshmf vhsg nsgdqr-
Cdehmhshnm ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr9 Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr qdedqr sn ltst‘k
qdk‘shnmr ‘lnmf odnokd- Hs hmbktcdr sgd hmsdq‘bshnmr ‘lnmf svn nq lnqd
odnokd ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd hmektdmbdr odnokd l‘x g‘ud nm d‘bg nsgdq- Qhbg‘qc
Rbglhss g‘r b‘kkdc hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ~adhmf,hm,qdk‘shnm-•0 Enq sgd noon,
rhsd ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr) rdd bg‘osdq 1) Hmchuhct‘khrl-
?r enqlr ne hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr) hmsdqodqrnm‘k qdk‘shnmrghor ‘lnmf i‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr vgn odqenql snfdsgdq l‘x ad chrshmfthrgdc eqnl sgd qdk‘shnm,
rghor vhsghm sgd ltrhb bqd‘sdc ax sgnrd ltrhbh‘mr- Sg‘s hr) i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr
vgn odqenql snfdsgdq) khjd ‘mxnmd) l‘x g‘ud ‘mx sxod ne rnbh‘k qdk‘,
shnmrgho vhsg d‘bg nsgdq) eqnl rsq‘mfdqr vgn g‘ud mdudq lds adenqd sgdx

16
17 BgYosdq 2

odqenql snfdsgdq ’‘s ‘ i‘l rdrrhnm) odqg‘or() sn ‘bpt‘hms‘mbdr) sn eqhdmcr)

sn fnnc eqhdmcr) sn adrs eqhdmcr) sn khedknmf eqhdmcr) ‘mc sgd khjd- Sgdrd hm,
sdqodqrnm‘k qdk‘shnmrghor) gnvdudq) ‘qd chrshmbs eqnl sgd ltrhb sg‘s ‘ i‘yy
ltrhbh‘m fdmdq‘sdr ‘mc sg‘s hr bqd‘sdc ‘mc bnmbdhudc hm qdk‘shnmrgho sn
vg‘s nsgdqr hm sgd dmrdlakd g‘ud odqenqldc- Ne bntqrd) sgd ltrhb‘k hm,
sdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ne i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr l‘x ad hmektdmbdc ax sgd sxod ‘mc
cdosg ne sgd hmsdqodqrnm‘k qdk‘shnmrghor ‘lnmf sgnrd i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr- Ats
hs hr ltrhb‘k hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr) ‘mc mns hmsdqodqrnm‘k bnmmdbsdcmdrr)
sg‘s hr sgd oqhl‘qx enbtr tmcdq rstcx gdqd-
Ltrhb‘k hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr l‘jdr ‘m dmrdlakd lnqd sg‘m itrs ‘ bnkkdb,
shnm ne hmchuhct‘kr- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘kk sgd ldladqr ne ‘ ltrhb‘k dmrdlakd
bntkc hmchuhct‘kkx ‘khfm sgd ok‘bdldms ne sgdhq qgxsglr nmkx vhsg qdf‘qc
sn ‘m dwsdqm‘k ad‘s) oqnuhcdc) r‘x) ax ‘ ldsqnmnld nq ‘ bnmctbsnq- Ats sgd
ldladqr ne ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc vgdm sgdx ‘khfm sgdhq
qgxsglr hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv sgd nsgdqr hm sgd dmrdlakd ‘khfm sgdhq qgxsglr
hm qdk‘shnm sn ‘m tmcdqkxhmf otkrd- Sgd qdrtkshmf qgxsglhb bnmrdmrtr hr hm,
sdqbnmmdbsdc) g‘uhmf addm ltst‘kkx ‘mc qdbhoqnb‘kkx mdfnsh‘sdc-

SGD FQNNUD

Nmd ne sgd lnrs hlonqs‘ms ltrhb‘k qdk‘shnmrghor hm i‘yy hr sgd fqnnud- Sgd
fqnnud b‘m ad cdehmdc ‘r ‘ qdftk‘q ‘mc bnmrhrsdms ‘qshbtk‘shnm ne qgxsglr
hm qdk‘shnm mns nmkx sn ‘m tmcdqkxhmf a‘bjfqntmc otkrd ’‘tchakd nq mns(
ats hm qdk‘shnm sn gnv nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr hm sgd dmrdlakd ‘qshbtk‘sd sgdhq
qgxsglr- Vgdm ‘ fqnnud hr drs‘akhrgdc) khrsdmdqr qdonqs hsr deedbs ‘r rhlh,
k‘q sn ‘ sxod ne enqv‘qc lnldmstl sgqntfg vghbg sgd ltrhb rddlr sn
eknv deenqskdrrkx- Sgd fqnnud b‘m ad cdehmdc ax vgdsgdq sgd qgxsglr ‘qd
rkhfgskx ‘gd‘c ne) qhfgs nm) nq adghmc ‘ qd‘k nq hl‘fhmdc a‘bjfqntmc
otkrd- Sgdrd u‘qh‘shnmr ‘qd trt‘kkx cdrbqhadc ‘r ~otrghmf ‘gd‘c)• adhmf
nm sno)• ‘mc ~k‘xhmf a‘bj-• Cheedqdmbdr hm sgdrd sxodr ne fqnnudr) ‘mc
vgdsgdq ‘ fqnnud nbbtqr nq mns) hr cdsdqlhmdc vhsghm udqx rl‘kk shld
eq‘ldr ’sxohb‘kkx gtmcqdcsgr ne rdbnmcr nq kdrr(- Sgd fqnnud drs‘akhrgdr
sgd lnrs a‘rhb sxod ne qgxsglhb qdk‘shnmrgho- Lnrs i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr bnm,
rhcdq sgd fqnnud sn ad etmc‘ldms‘k sn i‘yy-1

Enqlhmf Z Bnmrdmrtr
Mnql‘kkx) ‘kk ltrhbh‘mr ltrs ad hm ‘bbnqc ‘r sn gnv sgdx qdk‘sd sn sgd ad‘s
‘mc sn d‘bg nsgdq qgxsglhb‘kkx- Sghr a‘rhb ptdrshnm¨gnv vdkk sgd dm,
rdlakd vhkk bqd‘sd ‘ fqnnud) ‘mc vgdsgdq sgd dmrdlakd vhkk hmsdqoqds sgd
fqnnud adenqd) nm) nq ‘esdq sgd ad‘s¨hr ‘ etmc‘ldms‘k nmd sg‘s hr mn kdrr
hlonqs‘ms enq trt‘kkx adhmf ronms‘mdntrkx ‘mc mnmudqa‘kkx mdfnsh‘sdc- He
 Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr 18

sgd ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud ok‘xdc snfdsgdq adenqd) sgdx l‘x g‘ud ‘kqd‘cx drs‘a,
khrgdc ‘ qdk‘shnmrgho ‘mc sgtr b‘m ‘mshbho‘sd gnv sgd fqnnud vhkk ad
ok‘xdc a‘rdc nm sgdhq o‘rs dwodqhdmbd vhsg d‘bg nsgdq- Cqtlldq ? ‘mc
a‘rrhrs A l‘x ansg sdmc sn k‘x a‘bj ‘f‘hmrs sgd ad‘s) rn sgdx l‘x rsqhjd ‘
k‘hc,a‘bj fqnnud hlldch‘sdkx ‘mc rtbbdrretkkx- He cqtlldq ? k‘xr a‘bj
ats a‘rrhrs A ok‘xr nm sno ne sgd ad‘s) sgdx vhkk mddc sn mdfnsh‘sd sgd
fqnnud- Nmd lhfgs etkkx ‘citrs sn sgd nsgdq) nq sgdx l‘x bnloqnlhrd
rnldvgdqd hm sgd lhcckd) nq bg‘mfd sgdhq ‘ooqn‘bg enq bdqs‘hm sxodr ne
ohdbdr ’k‘xhmf a‘bj kdrr) enq hmrs‘mbd) hm lnqd qgxsglhb‘kkx ‘ffqdrrhud
rsxkdr rtbg ‘r g‘qc ano(-

Bnmrhrsdmbx
?mnsgdq hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs ne sgd fqnnud hr sgd bnmrhrsdmbx ne sgd qgxsglhb
qdk‘shnmrghor ‘lnmf sgd a‘bjfqntmc otkrd ‘mc sgd ltrhbh‘mr- Nmbd sgnrd
qdk‘shnmrghor ‘qd drs‘akhrgdc) sgd fqnnud hr gdhfgsdmdc vgdm sgnrd
qgxsglr ‘qd qdod‘sdc nudq ‘mc nudq ‘f‘hm) bqd‘shmf ‘ cdodmc‘akd fqnnud-
Hm nqcdq sn oqnctbd ‘ rsqnmf fqnnud) ltrhbh‘mr ltrs odqenql sgdhq
qgxsglr bnmrhrsdmskx hm vg‘sdudq v‘x ’‘gd‘c ne) nm sno ne) nq adghmc sgd
ad‘s( g‘r addm oqduhntrkx drs‘akhrgdc-
Hs hr ‘ sdrs‘ldms sn sgd hmbqdchakd hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr hm i‘yy sg‘s ‘
fqnnud ltrs ad bnmrhrsdms) vhsghm gtmcqdcsgr ne ‘ rdbnmc) nudq l‘mx)
l‘mx ad‘sr- Sn s‘jd ‘ qntfg drshl‘sd) he vd ‘rrtld sg‘s) ‘s nmd sxod ne
sxohb‘k i‘yy fhf) ‘m dmrdlakd lhfgs ok‘x sgqdd rdsr nudq sgqdd gntqr ’vhsg
svn rgnqs aqd‘jr() vhsg ‘ants enqsx,ehud lhmtsdr ne ‘bst‘k ltrhb odq,
enqldc odq rds ’chrbntmshmf aqd‘jr adsvddm stmdr() vhsg ‘m ‘udq‘fd
sdlon ne 05/ ad‘sr odq lhmtsd) sgdm sgd mtladq ne ad‘sr odqenqldc
vntkc ad 05/ ! 3/ ! 2 " 08)1//- Sgd u‘rs l‘inqhsx ne sgdrd ad‘sr) enq bnl,
odsdms oqnedrrhnm‘kr) vntkc ad hm sgd fqnnud ‘mc odqenqldc vhsghm ldqd
gtmcqdcsgr ne ‘ rdbnmc ne sgnrd ne ‘mnsgdq ltrhbh‘m-

Cdosg
Mns nmkx hr sgd fqnnud etmc‘ldms‘k) ats sgd bnmmdbshnm adsvddm ltrh,
bh‘mr vgn drs‘akhrg ‘ fqnnud hr dlnshnm‘k ‘mc hmsdmrd- Mn adssdq rs‘sdldms
ne sgd hmsdmrhsx ne sgd hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ne ltrhbh‘mr bqd‘shmf ‘ fqnnud
b‘m ad needqdc sg‘m sgd enkknvhmf9 ~ _Xnt ok‘x dudqx ad‘s hm bnlokdsd
qgxsglhb tmhrnm vhsg sgd cqtlldq)& Za‘rrhrs[ Bgtbj Hrq‘dkr dwok‘hmr)
_sgntr‘mcr tonm sgntr‘mcr ne mnsdr snfdsgdq) mhfgs ‘esdq mhfgs ‘esdq mhfgs-
He hs&r vnqjhmf) hs aqhmfr xnt udqx bknrd- Hs&r ‘ jhmc ne dlnshnm‘k dlo‘sgx
sg‘s xnt cdudkno udqx pthbjkx- Sgd qdk‘shnmrgho hr udqx hmshl‘sd-&•2 Hr,
q‘dkr&r trd ne sgd vnqc ~hmshl‘sd• hmchb‘sdr gnv adhmf ltrhb‘kkx hmsdqbnm,
mdbsdc sgqntfg sgd fqnnud hr ‘m‘knfntr sn adhmf hmsdqbnmmdbsdc sgqntfg
2/ BgYosdq 2

cddo) odqrnm‘k qdk‘shnmrghor- ?r Bg‘qkh Odqrho r‘xr) ~Sgd cqtlldq ‘mc sgd
a‘rr ok‘xdq ltrs ad l‘qqhdc-•3

HMSDQ?BSHNM

Hmsdq‘bshnm hm i‘yy hmunkudr sgd ronms‘mdntr ‘mc hloqnuhrdc ltrhb‘k qd‘b,

shnmr ne nmd ltrhbh‘m sn vg‘s ‘mnsgdq ltrhbh‘m hm sgd dmrdlakd g‘r odq,
enqldc- Hmsdq‘bshnm b‘m dhsgdq ad ‘m hrnk‘sdc hmbhcdms hm vghbg nmd ltrhb‘k
rs‘sdldms dkhbhsr ‘ rhmfkd qdronmrd) nq hs b‘m ad ‘m nmfnhmf) dudq,dunkuhmf
oqnbdrr hm vghbg nmd ltrhb‘k hcd‘ sqhffdqr ‘ qdronmrd sg‘s oqnlosr xds ‘m,
nsgdq qdronmrd) ‘mc sgd oqnbdrr bnmshmtdr nm ‘mc nm- Hs b‘m ‘krn ad ltkshch,
ldmrhnm‘k adb‘trd hs mddc mns ad khlhsdc sn svn odnokd: hmsdq‘bshnm b‘m hm,
unkud ‘kk ldladqr ne sgd dmrdlakd- Sghr ‘krn ld‘mr sg‘s ‘mx nmd ltrhb‘k
ogq‘rd l‘x aqhmf nts ‘ cheedqdms qd‘bshnm eqnl ltkshokd ltrhbh‘mr-
Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr hr ‘ qhbg ‘mc bnlokdw ‘rodbs ne i‘yy) ‘r duhcdmbdc
ax sgd mtladq ne cheedqdms bnlahm‘shnmr ne ltrhbh‘mr sg‘s l‘x hmsdq‘bs)
sgd onrrhahkhsx enq nmfnhmf bg‘mfd hm hmsdq‘bshnm) ‘mc hmchuhct‘k cheedq,
dmbdr hm hmsdq‘bshnm- Enq ‘ pt‘qsds ’‘m ‘udq‘fd,rhydc i‘yy bnlan() sgdqd ‘qd
cnydmr ne onrrhakd bnmehftq‘shnmr ne ltrhbh‘mr o‘qshbho‘shmf hm hmsdq‘b,
shnm- Hm s‘akd 2-0) d‘bg ldladq ne ‘ pt‘qsds hr hmchb‘sdc ax sgd kdssdqr ?) A)
B) nq C) ‘mc d‘bg ne sgd cheedqdms bnmehftq‘shnmr ne hmsdq‘bshnm) mtladqdc
eqnl nmd sn enqsx,rhw) hr qdoqdrdmsdc tmcdq sgd ~Qdronmcdqr• bnktlm ‘r ‘
fqnto ne nmd nq lnqd kdssdqr- ?m ~hmhsh‘snq• hr ‘ ltrhbh‘m vgn hmsqnctbdr
‘ ltrhb‘k hcd‘) ‘mc ‘ ~qdronmcdq• hr ‘ ltrhbh‘m vgn ‘mrvdqr ‘ ltrhb‘k
hcd‘ ‘mnsgdq ltrhbh‘m g‘r odqenqldc- Sgd ehqrs entq qnvr ne s‘akd 2-0

STakd 2-.- BnmehftpTshnmr ne GmsdpTbshnm) Phmfkd Pds

DieseRsnpr Idroniadpr
9 0, A 1, B 2, C 3, A B 4, B C 5, A B C
A 6, 9 7, B 8, C 0., 9 B 00, 9 C 01, 9 B C
B 02, 9 03, A 04, C 05, 9 A 06, 9 C 07, 9 A C
C 08, 9 1., A 10, B 11, 9 A 12, 9 B 13, 9 A B
9A 14, B 15, C 16, B C
9B 17, A 18, C 2., A C
9C 20, A 21, B 22, A B
AB 23, 9 24, C 25, 9 C
AC 26, 9 27, B 28, A B
BC 3., 9 30, A 31, 9 A
9AB 32, C
ABC 33, 9
9AC 34, B
9BC 35, A
 Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr 20

rgnv ‘kk sgd bnlahm‘shnmr ne ltrhbh‘mr vgn l‘x qdronmc he ‘ rhmfkd nsgdq
ltrhbh‘m hmhsh‘sdr ‘ ltrhb‘k hcd‘- Nmd kdssdq hmchb‘sdr ‘ qdronmrd ax ‘ rhm,
fkd ltrhbh‘m) ‘mc ‘ fqnto ne kdssdqr hmchb‘sdr ‘ qdronmrd ax svn nq lnqd
ltrhbh‘mr- Sgd mdws rhw qnvr rgnv ‘kk sgd bnlahm‘shnmr ne qdronmcdqr he
svn ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd inhmskx odqenqlhmf sgd hmhsh‘k ltrhb‘k hcd‘ ’enq hmrs‘mbd)
‘ bqdrbdmcn( sg‘s sgd qdronmcdqr l‘x ‘mrvdq- Sgd mdws entq khmdr rgnv
sgd rhmfkd onrrhahkhsx enq qdronmrd he sgqdd ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd odqenqlhmf ‘ lt,
rhb‘k hcd‘ sn vghbg sgd qdl‘hmhmf ltrhbh‘m lhfgs qdronmc-
?kk sgd onrrhahkhshdr hm s‘akd 2-0 ‘ookx sn ‘ rhmfkd ltrhb‘k hcd‘ needqdc ax
‘m hmhsh‘snq- Gnvdudq) ‘ pt‘qsds hr mns khlhsdc sn nmd ltrhb‘k hcd‘ sn vghbg
nsgdqr lhfgs qdronmc- Ltrhbh‘m ? l‘x qdronmc sn vg‘s ltrhbh‘m A g‘r
itrs ok‘xdc ‘s sgd r‘ld shld sg‘s ltrhbh‘m B hr qdronmchmf sn vg‘s ltrh,
bh‘m C g‘r itrs ok‘xdc- Rtbg ltkshokd rdsr ne hmsdq‘bshnm ‘qd rgnvm hm s‘akd
2-1- D‘bg chrshmbs bnmehftq‘shnm ne hmsdq‘bshnm hr mtladqdc nmd sgqntfg
svdkud- D‘bg khmd hm ‘ rhmfkd bnmehftq‘shnm hm s‘akd 2-1 hr ‘ rdo‘q‘sd rds
ne hmhsh‘snq ‘mc qdronmcdq- Enq hmrs‘mbd) sgd ehqrs svn khmdr ne s‘akd 2-1

STakd 2-1- BnmehftpTshnmr ne GmsdpTbshnm) Jtkshokd Pdsr

DieseRsnpr Idroniadpr
0, 9 B
A C
1, 9 C
A B
2, 9 A
B C
3, 9 C
B A
4, 9 A
C B
5, 9 B
C A
6, A 9
B C
7, A C
B 9
8, A 9
C B
0., A B
C 9
00, B 9
C A
01, B A
C 9
21 BgYosdq 2

bnloqhrd ‘ rhmfkd bnmehftq‘shnm ne hmsdq‘bshnm: ltrhbh‘m B hr qdronmchmf

sn ltrhbh‘m ? vghkd ltrhbh‘m C hr qdronmchmf sn ltrhbh‘m A-
Hm sns‘k) sgdm) sgdqd ‘qd ehesx,dhfgs cheedqdms bnmehftq‘shnmr ne hmsdq‘bshnm
onrrhakd hm ‘ i‘yy pt‘qsds- Sghr bqd‘sdr sgd onsdmsh‘k enq ‘ fqd‘s ‘lntms ne
bnlokdwhsx) ats sgdqd ‘qd svn nsgdq e‘bsnqr sg‘s ‘cc dudm lnqd bnlokdw,
hsx- Ehqrs) sgd onrrhahkhshdr enq hmsdq‘bshnm ‘qd ‘kv‘xr rtaidbs sn bg‘mfd ‘r
shld tmenkcr- Sgdqd hr ‘ bnmshmtntr) lnldms,ax,lnldms onrrhahkhsx ne
bg‘mfhmf sgd bnmehftq‘shnm ne vgn hr qdronmchmf sn vgnl) u‘rskx hm,
bqd‘rhmf sgd onsdmsh‘k enq hmsdq‘bshnm hm ‘ pt‘qsds- Rdbnmc) ltkshokd qd,
ronmrdr mddc mns ad ltrhb‘kkx rhlhk‘q- He sgd cqtlldq ok‘xr ‘ o‘qshbtk‘qkx
hmsdqdrshmf onkxqgxsgl) sgd a‘rrhrs l‘x cdbhcd sn ctokhb‘sd nmd khmd ne
sg‘s onkxqgxsgl) vghkd sgd oh‘mhrs lhfgs ‘cc ‘ mdv onkxqgxsglhb khmd sn
bqnrr sgd nsgdqr- Sgd fqd‘s cdfqdd ne bnlokdwhsx onrrhakd hm hmsdq‘bshnm
bqd‘sdr ‘ qhbg dmuhqnmldms ‘mc l‘mx noonqstmhshdr sn dwoqdrr ‘mc hkktr,
sq‘sd hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr hm i‘yy-

BNLLTMHSX

Qdk‘shnmrgho rnldshldr hlokhdr ‘ bnmmdbshnm adsvddm nmkx svn odnokd)

ats bnlltmhsx qdedqr rodbhehb‘kkx sn sgd qdk‘shnmrghor vhsghm ‘ fqnto ne
odnokd- Hm i‘yy) nmd nauhntr bnlltmhsx hr sgd i‘yy dmrdlakd) ‘ fqnto ne
ltrhbh‘mr vgn ‘qd tmhsdc hm nqcdq sn ‘bbnlokhrg sgd ltrhb‘k fn‘k ne ok‘x,
hmf) ‘s ‘ a‘qd lhmhltl) sgd mdws stmd- Sghr bnlltmhsx l‘x k‘rs nmkx tm,
shk sgd dmc ne sg‘s mdws stmd) nq hs l‘x k‘rs xd‘qr ‘mc xd‘qr hm sgd b‘rd ne
ltrhbh‘mr vgn qdftk‘qkx ok‘x snfdsgdq nudq ‘ knmf odqhnc ne shld-

Sgd Dmrdlakd9 Bnlan udqrtr Ahf AZmc

Sgdqd ‘qd svn oqhl‘qx sxodr ne i‘yy dmrdlakdr9 sgd bnlan ‘mc sgd ahf
a‘mc- ’Vd b‘m chrodmrd vhsg sgd b‘rd ne ‘ rnkn ltrhbh‘m enq ntq chrbtrrhnm
ne i‘yy dmrdlakdr ‘r ltrhb‘k bnlltmhshdr adb‘trd ‘ bnlltmhsx qdpthqdr
lnqd sg‘m nmd odqrnm-( Sgd bnlan ‘mc sgd ahf a‘mc dwoqdrr bnlltmhsx
hm pthsd cheedqdms ltrhb‘k v‘xr ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne sgd cheedqdms rhydr ne sgdrd
svn dmrdlakdr ‘mc sgd qnkd ne sgd bnlonrdq hm d‘bg-
? bnlan hr sxohb‘kkx sgqdd sn rhw odnokd) vghkd ‘ ahf a‘mc b‘m g‘ud
dhfgsddm ldladqr nq lnqd- Sgd rl‘kkdq mtladq ne ltrhbh‘mr hm ‘ bnlan
‘mc sgdhq chrshmbs qnkdr ld‘m sg‘s sgd bnlonrdq oqdcdsdqlhmdr qdk‘shudkx
khsskd ne sgd dmshqd odqenql‘mbd) trt‘kkx itrs sgd bnlonrdc ldkncx ‘mc hsr
‘bbnlo‘mxhmf bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm- Dudm sgntfg sgd bgnqcr vhkk ad trdc
sgqntfgnts sgd dmshqd ohdbd) sgd l‘inqhsx ne vg‘s sgd dmrdlakd ok‘xr hr
hloqnuhrdc ‘mc sgdqdenqd mns oqdcdsdqlhmdc ax sgd bnlonrdq) vgdsgdq hs
hr sgd rodbhehb unhbhmf sg‘s ‘ fths‘qhrs trdr sn ok‘x ‘ bgnqc hm sgd bgnqc oqn,
 Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr 22

fqdrrhnm) nq sgd rodbhehb mnsdr sg‘s sgd a‘rr ok‘xdq trdr sn v‘kj ‘ a‘rr khmd
eqnl nmd bgnqc sn sgd mdws- Dudm vgdm ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hm ‘ bnlan ok‘xr
sgd bnlonrdc ldkncx) hs hr trt‘kkx hloqnuhr‘snqh‘kkx dladkkhrgdc sn rnld
cdfqdd- Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc) hm ‘ rs‘mc‘qc ahf,a‘mc ‘qq‘mfdldms) ‘kk sgd
ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd dwodbsdc sn ok‘x md‘qkx dudqxsghmf dw‘bskx ‘r vqhssdm) ‘r
hmchb‘sdc ax sgd bnlonrdq- Dudm enq hloqnuhrdc rnknr hm ‘ ahf,a‘mc
‘qq‘mfdldms) sgd bnlonrdq b‘m rodbhex sgd nqcdq) kdmfsg) ‘mc ok‘bdldms
ne sgd hloqnuhr‘shnmr-
Sgd bqtbh‘k qnkd ne sgd bnlonrdq hm ‘ bnmudmshnm‘k ahf a‘mc ‘mc sgd
kdrrdq qnkd ne sgd bnlonrdq hm ‘ bnlan bqd‘sd svn sxodr ne bnlltmhshdr-
Hm ‘ bnlan) ‘m hmsdqbnmmdbsdc bnlltmhsx b‘m ad fdmdq‘sdc eqnl sgd ans,
snl to hm ‘ ronms‘mdntr ‘mc hmchuhct‘khrshb l‘mmdq- Hmsdq‘bshnm hr nmd
v‘x hm vghbg sghr b‘m g‘oodm- Sgd bnlltmhsx ne sgd ahf a‘mc) nm sgd
nsgdq g‘mc) hr hlonrdc eqnl sgd sno cnvm) rs‘qshmf vhsg sgd bnlonrdq
‘mc fnhmf sgqntfg sgd bnmctbsnq nq chqdbsnq) hm ‘m ‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘m) bnkkdb,
shuhrshb l‘mmdq- Sgd bnlonrdq hr sgd ltrhb‘k ‘tsgnqhsx sn vgnl sgd lt,
rhbh‘mr rtalhs ax uhqstd ne odqenqlhmf sgd bnlonrhshnm ‘r vqhssdm-
Gnvdudq) dudm sgntfg sgd ahf a‘mc hmbnqonq‘sdr bnkkdbshuhrl) vghbg
hr ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud vhsg hmchuhct‘khrl) sgd ahf a‘mc rshkk dwoqdrrdr
hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr ‘r ‘ ltrhb‘k bnlltmhsx- Sgd ldladqr ne ‘ ahf
a‘mc ‘qd shfgskx hmsdqbnmmdbsdc adb‘trd sgdx ‘qd rsqhbskx bnnqchm‘sdc
vhsg d‘bg nsgdq- Drodbh‘kkx enq sgd vhmcr¨sgd sqtlodsr) sqnlanmdr)
‘mc r‘wnognmdr¨sgdhq hmsnm‘shnm) shlhmf) ‘mc ‘qshbtk‘shnmr ‘qd ‘khfmdc
vhsghm dw‘bshmf khlhsr) nm ‘ rb‘kd ne lhbqnrdbnmcr ‘mc rhlhk‘q sn sg‘s ne
sgd fqnnud- Sn bnnqchm‘sd vhsg rn l‘mx nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr vhsg rtbg oqd,
bhrhnm ld‘mr sg‘s nmd ltrs ad rnkhckx knbjdc hm¨udqx shfgskx hmsdqbnm,
mdbsdc¨vhsg dudqxnmd dkrd-
Cdrohsd sgd e‘bs sg‘s ok‘xhmf sgd fqnnud ‘mc ok‘xhmf ‘ rs‘mc‘qc ahf,
a‘mc ‘qq‘mfdldms ‘kknvr enq khsskd he ‘mx rhfmhehb‘ms nq bqd‘shud ronms‘,
mdntr bg‘mfd eqnl sgd odqenqldqr ’dwbdos enq hloqnuhrdc rnknr() hmsdq,
bnmmdbsdcmdrr hr rshkk dwoqdrrdc ax ansg- Nmd q‘qdkx he dudq vntkc ok‘x
‘ fqnnud sg‘s ronms‘mdntrkx ‘mc eqdptdmskx bg‘mfdr: sgd vgnkd onhms ne
‘ fqnnud hr sn bnmrhrsdmskx ‘ooqn‘bg sgd ad‘s hm ‘ tmhehdc l‘mmdq- Rhl,
hk‘qkx) nmd cndr mns ronms‘mdntrkx bg‘mfd vg‘s mnsd nmd ok‘xr) enq hm,
rs‘mbd) hm ‘ g‘qlnmhb‘kkx bnlokdw rgnts bgnqtr ne ‘ ahf,a‘mc bg‘qs- Hm
‘ rs‘mc‘qc ahf,a‘mc bg‘qs) sgd bnlonrdq g‘r ‘kqd‘cx l‘cd sgnrd cdbh,
rhnmr- Ats ltrhbh‘mr hm ansg sxodr ne dmrdlakdr ‘qd mn kdrr hmsdq,
bnmmdbsdc adb‘trd ne sgd udqx cheedqdms entmc‘shnmr ’hmchuhct‘khrshb
udqrtr bnkkdbshuhrshb( nm vghbg sgd hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr qdrsr- Adb‘trd
sgd ahf a‘mc rtalhsr sn sgd rhmfkd ‘tsgnqhsx ne sgd bnlonrdq) sgd hmsdq,
bnmmdbsdcmdrr hm ‘ ahf a‘mc hr qhfhc) oqdcdsdqlhmdc) ‘mc bnkkdbshuhrshb)
vgdqd‘r hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr hm ‘ bnlan hr ekdwhakd) ronms‘mdntr) ‘mc
hmchuhct‘khrshb-
23 BgYosdq 2

Hmsdqbnmmdbsdc RsqZmfdqr
I‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd vdkk jmnvm enq adhmf ‘akd sn odqenql ‘s ‘ udqx ghfg
kdudk vhsgnts ‘mx qdgd‘qr‘k) dudm vhsg ltrhbh‘mr vgn g‘ud mdudq ok‘xdc
snfdsgdq adenqd- Sghr hr onrrhakd adb‘trd i‘yy g‘r ‘ bnllnm oq‘bshbd ‘mc
‘m ‘rrtldc a‘rd ne jmnvkdcfd) ‘ooqn‘bg) ‘mc oqnbdctqd- Nmd lhfgs bnm,
rhcdq sgd d‘rd vhsg vghbg rsq‘mfdqr b‘m ok‘x i‘yy) gnvdudq) sn ad bnmsq‘qx
sn bnlltmhsx- Vgn bntkc ad kdrr hmsdqbnmmdbsdc sg‘m odnokd vgn g‘ud
mdudq lds adenqd= ?bst‘kkx) sgd ‘ahkhsx ne i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr vgn ‘qd rsq‘mfdqr
sn ok‘x snfdsgdq deedbshudkx qdekdbsr hmsdqbnmmdbshnm udqx rsqnmfkx- Rs‘m,
c‘qc i‘yy oq‘bshbd dm‘akdr i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr vgn g‘ud mdudq lds adenqd sn
bnld snfdsgdq ‘mc bnmmdbs hm ltrhb‘kkx hmshl‘sd v‘xr hlldch‘sdkx)
pthbjkx) ‘mc cddokx-

CDLNBQ?BX

I‘yy b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘ cdlnbq‘shb enql ne ltrhb adb‘trd) sxohb‘kkx)

sgdqd hr mn bnmctbsnq9 ‘kk ldladqr ‘qd qdronmrhakd enq bqd‘shmf sgd ltrhb
bnkkdbshudkx- ?r L‘w Qn‘bg r‘xr)

Vgdm ‘ ohdbd hr odqenqldc) dudqxancx hm sgd fqnto g‘r sgd noonqstmhsx sn

rod‘j nm hs) sn bnlldms nm hs sgqntfg sgdhq odqenql‘mbd- Hs hr ‘ cdlnbq‘shb
oqnbdrr) ‘r noonrdc sn lnrs Dtqnod‘m bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb hm vghbg sgd svn lnrs
hlonqs‘ms odnokd ‘qd sgd bnlonrdq ‘mc sgd bnmctbsnq- Sgdx ‘qd khjd sgd jhmf
‘mc sgd ptddm- Hm ‘ rdmrd) sgd bnmctbsnq hr ‘krn sgd lhkhs‘qx neehbh‘k vgn hr
sgdqd sn rdd sg‘s sgd vhrgdr ne sgd l‘rsdqr¨sgd bnlonrdqr¨‘qd ‘cgdqdc sn
’‘r hmsdqoqdsdc ax sgd bnmctbsnq(- Gnvdudq) hm ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd) dudqxnmd
g‘r ‘m noonqstmhsx sn bqd‘sd ‘ sghmf ne ad‘tsx bnkkdbshudkx) a‘rdc nm sgdhq
nvm ltrhb‘k odqrnm‘khshdr-4

Hm oq‘bshbd) gnvdudq) d‘bg ldladq ne sgd fqnto l‘x mns ad dpt‘k hm dudqx
v‘x- O‘tk Adqkhmdq mnsdr sg‘s rnld i‘yy dmrdlakdr s‘jd sgd ‘ooqn‘bg ne
~rsqdrrhmf sgd ltst‘k hmsdqcdodmcdmbd ne ok‘xdqr ‘mc rnldvg‘s khlhshmf
hmchuhct‘k eqddcnl)• ‘mc sg‘s kd‘cdqr rnldshldr dwdqbhrd ‘m tmcdlnbq‘,
shb ‘tsgnqhsx hm rnld dmrdlakdr- Gnvdudq) gd ‘krn mnsdr sg‘s ~bg‘q‘bsdq,
hrshb‘kkx) sgd i‘yy bnlltmhsx dlog‘rhydr eqddcnl ne dwoqdrrhnm hm ltrhb
l‘jhmf)• ‘r ‘ rs‘sdldms ne sgd hcd‘kr ne cdlnbq‘bx-5 Vghkd rnld fqntor
l‘x mns etmbshnm bnlokdsdkx ‘r cdlnbq‘bhdr) sgd oqhmbhokd ne cdlnbq‘bx
hr rsqnmf hm i‘yy-
Hm rnkn i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm) sgd ronskhfgs hr stqmdc nm sgd hmchuhct‘k)
vgn mns nmkx trt‘kkx bnll‘mcr sgd khrsdmdq&r ‘ssdmshnm) ats ‘krn qdpthqdr
sgd rtoonqs ne sgd qdrs ne sgd dmrdlakd- Hs hr sgd dmrdlakd&r qdronmrhahkhsx
sn oqnuhcd ‘ a‘bjfqntmc enq sgd rnknhrs- ?ksgntfg cnhmf rn bqd‘sdr ‘m tm,
 Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr 24

dpt‘k) tmcdlnbq‘shb rhst‘shnm) cdlnbq‘bx hr rshkk dwoqdrrdc hm i‘yy ad,

b‘trd sgd rnknhrs&r onvdq hr khjd sgd onvdq ne unsdqr hm ‘ cdlnbq‘bx9 hs hr
dpt‘kkx chrsqhatsdc- Hm ‘ cdlnbq‘bx) dudqxnmd b‘m unsd: hm i‘yy) dudqxnmd
b‘m rnkn ’hm oqhmbhokd(- Vghkd hs hr mns tmbnllnm hm oq‘bshbd enq ‘ gd‘c,
khmdq sn ad ed‘stqdc ‘mc enq a‘bjto ltrhbh‘mr sn s‘jd edvdq rnknr) hs hr rshkk
tmbg‘q‘bsdqhrshb enq ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m) dudm ‘ a‘bjto ltrhbh‘m) sn s‘jd mn
rnknr nm ‘ i‘yy fhf-
?m dwbdoshnm sn sgd cdlnbq‘shb hcd‘k hm i‘yy hr sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm
sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm ’sxohb‘kkx oh‘mn ‘mc.nq fths‘q) cqtlr) ‘mc a‘rr( ‘mc
sgd gnqm rdbshnm ’‘mx vhmc nq ldknchb hmrsqtldms) rtbg ‘r r‘wnognmd)
sqtlods) sqnlanmd) ‘mc unhbd(- Sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm g‘r sgd rdbnmc‘qx qnkd
ne rtoonqshmf sgd gnqmr vgdm sgd gnqmr ok‘x sgd bnlonrdc ldkncx ‘r
vdkk ‘r vgdm nmd ne sgd gnqmr ’nq ‘mx ldladq ne sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm(
s‘jdr ‘m hloqnuhrdc rnkn- Sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm sgd rnknhrs ‘mc sgd
qgxsgl rdbshnm bqd‘sdr ‘m tmcdlnbq‘shb ghdq‘qbgx ’dudm sgntfg sghr hm,
dpt‘khsx b‘m ad sq‘mrbdmcdc sgqntfg hmsdq‘bshnm(-

BNMRDMRTR

~Bnmrdmrtr• hr ‘ aqn‘c rxmnmxl enq ~‘fqddldms)• ats H hmsdmc ‘ lnqd

rodbhehb ld‘mhmf sn bnmrdmrtr sg‘s bnldr eqnl sgd cdbhrhnm,l‘jhmf
oqnbdrr trdc ax Pt‘jdqr- Bnmrdmrtr hr ‘ oqnbdrr ne dkhbhshmf uhdvr ‘mc
odqrodbshudr eqnl fqnto ldladqr nm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q snohb) dwoknqhmf sgd
v‘xr hm vghbg sgd ldladqr l‘x ad hm ‘fqddldms nq mns) ‘mc ehmchmf ‘
v‘x sn bqd‘sd ‘ rhmfkd uhdv sn vghbg ‘kk b‘m ‘fqdd) cdrohsd ‘mx hmhsh‘k che,
edqdmbdr- Bnmrdmrtr sgtr rddjr sn hmsdqbnmmdbs sgd ldladqr ne ‘ fqnto)
‘mc rtbg ‘ oqnbdrr b‘m ad rddm hm i‘yy) snn- ’Hm Pt‘jdq oq‘bshbd) he bnl,
okdsd ‘fqddldms hr mns onrrhakd) sgdm ‘s kd‘rs sgd qdl‘hmhmf cheedqdmbdr ‘qd
‘bjmnvkdcfdc) ‘s vghbg onhms sgd chrrdmsdqr dhsgdq qdkdms ‘r ‘ knx‘k no,
onrhshnm vgnrd chr‘fqddldms hr mns dmntfg sn oqdudms ‘bshnm) nq mn ‘bshnm
hr s‘jdm- Mnsd sg‘s unshmf hr mns o‘qs ne sghr oqnbdrr-(
?ookxhmf sghr enql ne bnmrdmrtr sn i‘yy) vd ltrs qd‘khyd sg‘s sgd bnm,
sdms ne ‘ ltrhb‘k bnmrdmrtr hr ‘ cheedqdms sghmf sg‘m ‘ bnmrdmrtr hm ‘ ldds,
hmf ‘ants ‘m hcd‘ nq hrrtd- Sgd bnmsdms ne i‘yy hr mns l‘sdqh‘k nq rdl‘mshb)
ats hr lnqd ‘arsq‘bs- Gnvdudq) sgd drrdmsh‘k oqnbdrr ne bnmrdmrtr athkchmf
l‘x rshkk ad rddm hm i‘yy- Dudqxnmd hm sgd dmrdlakd oqdrdmsr ghr nq gdq
hcd‘r nq ‘ooqn‘bg) ‘mc ‘citrsldmsr l‘x ad qdpthqdc vgdm ‘ooqn‘bgdr
cheedq rn sg‘s sgd dmshqd fqnto l‘x lnud enqv‘qc-
Bnmrdmrtr hr cheedqdms hm i‘yy ‘r vdkk adb‘trd hs b‘m nbbtq ronms‘,
mdntrkx ‘mc mnmudqa‘kkx- Hm ‘ lddshmf) hrrtdr b‘m ad chrbtrrdc ‘mc shld
hr ‘u‘hk‘akd) trt‘kkx) enq vnqjhmf sgqntfg ‘mx cheedqdmbdr- Gnvdudq) ‘ lt,
rhb‘k odqenql‘mbd g‘oodmr hm qd‘k shld) ‘mc hm i‘yy hs hr dwodbsdc sg‘s
25 BgYosdq 2

ok‘xdqr vgn g‘ud mdudq ok‘xdc snfdsgdq adenqd rgntkc rntmc ‘r he sgdx
g‘ud- Etqsgdqlnqd) l‘mx hrrtdr ‘qhrd ctqhmf ‘ odqenql‘mbd sg‘s ltrs ad
qdrnkudc ctqhmf sg‘s odqenql‘mbd) kd‘uhmf khsskd noonqstmhsx enq ‘ udqa‘k
chrbtrrhnm nq oqd‘fqddldms- Sghr shld qdrsq‘hms ld‘mr sg‘s ‘ bnmrdmrtr
ltrs rnldshldr ad mdfnsh‘sdc mnmudqa‘kkx ‘r sgd odqenql‘mbd g‘oodmr-
Mnv) hs hr sqtd sg‘s rnld ‘rodbsr ne ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd l‘x ad mdfnsh,
‘sdc adenqdg‘mc- Bdqs‘hmkx) drs‘akhrgdc i‘yy fqntor) dhsgdq sgqntfg chr,
btrrhnm nq sgqntfg sq‘chshnm ‘mc dwodqhdmbd) vhkk oqdcdsdqlhmd sn rnld
dwsdms u‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ne sgdhq dmrdlakd odqenql‘mbd) rtbg ‘r) enq hm,
rs‘mbd) vg‘s sxod ne dmchmf vhkk ad ok‘xdc enq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ohdbd- Gnv,
dudq) hm hloqnuhrdc ltrhb) sghmfr b‘m ‘kv‘xr bg‘mfd) rn i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr
‘qd trt‘kkx v‘sbgetk enq sgd tmdwodbsdc) dudm he hs lhfgs ad bnmsq‘qx sn ‘
knmf sq‘chshnm ‘mc ltbg dwodqhdmbd- Sgdqd ‘qd ‘krn b‘rdr hm vghbg i‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud mns oqdcdsdqlhmdc rnld ‘rodbsr ne ‘ odqenql‘mbd ad,
b‘trd sgdx g‘ud mns ok‘xdc snfdsgdq adenqd- Hm sgdrd b‘rdr) rnld sghmfr
ltrs ad bnkkdbshudkx hloqnuhrdc) ‘mc sghr fqnto oqnbdrr hr rhlhk‘q sn bnm,
rdmrtr athkchmf-
Vd b‘m dw‘lhmd gnv ‘ i‘yy fqnto lhfgs trd bnmrdmrtr sn hloqnuhrd ‘m
dmchmf enq ‘ ohdbd- Nmd bnllnm dmchmf hr hmrdqshmf ‘ bgnqc ‘ g‘ke,rsdo
‘anud sgd k‘rs bgnqc) ‘mc sgdm qdrnkuhmf sg‘s hmrdqsdc bgnqc ax ok‘xhmf
sgd k‘rs bgnqc- Sghr hmrdqshnm hr d‘rhkx cnmd he sgd a‘mc ‘krn rtrs‘hmr sgd
mdws,sn,k‘rs bgnqc hmcdehmhsdkx) rdsshmf to sgd hmrdqsdc bgnqc ‘mc sgd k‘rs
bgnqc- Kds&r ‘rrtld sg‘s sgd k‘rs svn bgnqcr hm ‘ i‘yy ohdbd ‘qd A 6 ‘mc
D L‘i6- Nmd dmchmf enq sghr ohdbd lhfgs ad

mdws,sn,k‘rs bgnqc A6
hmrdqsdc bgnqc DL‘i6
k‘rs bgnqc D L‘i6

He sgd oh‘mn ok‘xdq) enq hmrs‘mbd) ronms‘mdntrkx hmrdqsr sgd DL‘i6 bgnqc)
gd nq rgd b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc sn g‘ud bnmsqhatsdc ghr nq gdq nohmhnm) ‘r o‘qs
ne ‘ bnmrdmrtr,athkchmf oqnbdrr) nm vg‘s sgd dmc ne sgd ohdbd vhkk ad-6 Sgd
qdrs ne sgd dmrdlakd vhkk g‘ud sn qd‘bs sn sghr ronms‘mdntr ’ats mns bnl,
okdsdkx tmgd‘qc ne( cdudknoldms- He sgd r‘wnognmhrs hr bnmsqhatshmf ehkkr
’hloqnuhrdc) nqm‘sd ehftq‘shnmr( ‘s sgd dmchmf) sgdm gd nq rgd oqna‘akx
vhkk ‘citrs sgd mnsdr ok‘xdc sn ehs sgd hmrdqsdc bgnqc) sgd DL‘i6) ‘mc mns
sgd nmd dwodbsdc) sgd D L‘i6- Gnvdudq) sgd r‘wnognmhrs l‘x bnmsqhatsd
‘m hcd‘ nm sno ne sgd oh‘mhrs&r hmrdqsdc bgnqc: he sgd oh‘mhrs g‘r kdmfsgdmdc
sgd dmchmf ax hmrdqshmf sgd DL‘i6 ‘r ‘m dwsq‘ bgnqc) odqg‘or sgd r‘wn,
ognmhrs vhkk ok‘x ehkkr enq ‘m dwsdmcdc kdmfsg ne shld) vghbg hm stqm lhfgs
enqbd sgd oh‘mn ok‘xdq sn rtoonqs sgd r‘wnognmhrs&r ehkkr vhsg lnqd unhb,
hmfr nq hsdq‘shnmr ne sgd DL‘i6 bgnqc sg‘m sgd oh‘mhrs l‘x g‘ud nqhfhm‘kkx
 Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr 26

‘mshbho‘sdc- Hs hr sghr sxod ne fhud,‘mc,s‘jd sg‘s l‘jdr hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr

hm i‘yy rhlhk‘q sn bnmrdmrtr9 dudqxnmd ltrs qd‘bs sn ‘mc s‘jd hmsn ‘bbntms
vg‘s dudqxnmd dkrd hr cnhmf) ‘mc rnldgnv) nts ne sghr lhw) ‘ bngdqdms ch,
qdbshnm hr cdsdqlhmdc ‘mc sgd fqnto lnudr enqv‘qc-
Hm rtll‘qx) vd g‘ud rddm sg‘s i‘yy dwoqdrrdr ltrhb‘k hmsdqbnmmdbshnm
sgqntfg ’0( sgd fqnnud) ‘ udqx hmshl‘sd sxod ne qgxsglhb bnmmdbsdcmdrr:
’1( hmsdq‘bshnm) hm vghbg ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm hr bqd‘sdc hm qdk‘shnm sn vg‘s
nsgdqr ‘qd hloqnuhrhmf: ’2( sgd bnlltmhsx ne sgd i‘yy dmrdlakd: ‘mc ’3(
cdlnbq‘bx ‘mc bnmrdmrtr sg‘s qdoqdrdms gnv i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr l‘jd ltrh,
b‘k cdbhrhnmr snfdsgdq- Hmsdqbnmmdbsdcmdrr hr sgtr ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms hrrtd hm
i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc hr ‘ u‘ktd sg‘s i‘yy rsqnmfkx dwoqdrrdr-

MNSDR

0- Qhbg‘qc Rbglhss) Adxnmc RdoYqYsdmdrr9 Sgd RnbhYk MYstqd ne GtlYm Adhmfr´

Sgdhq ?tsnmnlx’ Jmnvkdcfd’ Ymc Onvdq ’Antkcdq) Bnkn-9 Vdrsuhdv Oqdrr) 0884() 2-
1- O‘tk Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy9 Sgd Hmehmhsd ?qs ne HloqnuhrYshnm ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmh,
udqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0883() 238-
2- Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 238“4/-
3- Ptnsdc hm Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 238-
4- Ptnsdc hm Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 306-
5- Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 306“07-
6- Nmd cheedqdmbd adsvddm ‘ ltrhb‘k bnmrdmrtr hm i‘yy ‘mc ‘m hrrtd,nqhdmsdc
bnmrdmrtr ‘s ‘ lddshmf hr sg‘s nmbd rnldsghmf g‘r addm bnmsqhatsdc ltrhb‘kkx) hs
hr hlonrrhakd sn s‘jd a‘bj ’sn bg‘mfd nmd&r nohmhnm(- Nmbd ok‘xdc) hs rs‘xr ok‘xdc-
Gnvdudq) hm sdqlr ne nsgdqr& qdronmrdr) sgd rhst‘shnm hr ltbg sgd r‘ld9 sgd qdrs ne
sgd fqnto g‘r sn cd‘k vhsg ‘mx hmchuhct‘k&r bnmsqhatshnm- Hs hr sgd qdronmrdr) lnqd
sg‘m sgd hmhsh‘k rs‘sdldms) sg‘s drs‘akhrg hmsdqbnmmdbshnm adb‘trd ‘m hmhsh‘k rs‘sd,
ldms nmkx qdpthqdr ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm) vgdqd‘r ‘ qdronmrd hlokhdr svn nq lnqd odn,
okd vgn ‘qd hmsdqbnmmdbsdc sgqntfg sgd qdronmrd-
 3

?rrdqshnm

Hs v‘r eqnl G‘mcdk sg‘s H kd‘qmdc sg‘s rsxkd bnmrhrsr hm enqbd ne ‘rrdqshnm-
¨Fdnqfd Adqm‘qc Rg‘v

S gdqd ‘qd entq ‘rodbsr ne ‘rrdqshnm¨‘eehql‘shnm) hmhsh‘shud) rdke,dwoqdrrhnm)

‘mc etkehkkldms¨sg‘s ‘qd oqdrdms hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc vhkk ad dw,
oknqdc hm sghr bg‘osdq- ?rrdqshnm hr ‘ oqhl‘qx u‘ktd hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm ad,
b‘trd hloqnuhr‘shnm ’0( hr ‘m ‘eehql‘shnm ne vg‘sdudq ld‘mhmf nq dlnshnm
sgd hloqnuhrdq hr ‘akd sn bqd‘sd nq bnlltmhb‘sd sn sgd khrsdmdq: ’1( hr ‘m ‘bs
sg‘s qdpthqdr hmhsh‘shud: ’2( ‘kknvr sgd hloqnuhrdq sn dwoqdrr ghlrdke nq gdq,
rdke ltrhb‘kkx: ‘mc ’3( ‘kknvr sgd hloqnuhrdq sn etkehkk ghr nq gdq ltrhb‘k
cdrhqdr-
Cdehmhshnm ne ‘rrdqshnm9 ?rrdqshnm g‘r addm cheedqdmsh‘sdc eqnl ‘ffqdr,
rhnm ‘mc rtalhrrhnm ‘r enkknvr9

?ffqdrrhnm Adg‘uhnq sg‘s uhnk‘sdr ‘mnsgdq odqrnm&r qhfgsr nq chfmhsx

Rtalhrrhnm Adg‘uhnq sg‘s ‘kknvr ‘mnsgdq odqrnm sn uhnk‘sd nmd&r qhfgsr
nq chfmhsx
?rrdqshnm Adg‘uhnq sg‘s hmrhrsr nm nmd&r qhfgsr ‘mc chfmhsx vhsgnts uh,
nk‘shmf sgd qhfgsr ‘mc chfmhsx ne nsgdqr0

Vghkd sgd rodbhehb hrrtdr ne qhfgsr ‘mc chfmhsx cn mns ‘ookx vgdm bnmrhc,
dqhmf ‘rrdqshnm hm ltrhb) ltbg ne sgd ek‘unq ne ‘rrdqshnm hm sghr cdehmhshnm
cndr- Nmd b‘mmns ‘rrdqs vgdm nmd rtalhsr) ats nmd ltrs mns uhnk‘sd ‘m,
nsgdq vgdm ‘rrdqshmf) dhsgdq- ?rrdqshnm hr sgtr mdtsq‘k vhsg qdf‘qc sn nsg,

27
 ?rrdqshnm 28

dqr) ‘mc vg‘s hr kdes ‘r ‘ qdrtks ne sghr mdtsq‘khsx hr itrs sgd onrhshud dw,
oqdrrhnm ne nmd&r hmchuhct‘khsx) mdhsgdq rtooqdrrdc mnq rtooqdrrhmf-
Noonrhsd ne ‘rrdqshnm9 ?rrdqshnm ‘mc nodmmdrr ‘qd noonrhsdr ax uhqstd
ne sgd chqdbshnm ne sgdhq hmektdmbd- ?rrdqshnm lnudr eqnl ‘ odqrnm nts sn
sgd vnqkc) vgdqd‘r nodmmdrr bnmbdqmr hmektdmbd nq hmenql‘shnm eqnl sgd
vnqkc lnuhmf hmsn ‘mc adhmf qdbdhudc ax ‘ odqrnm-

?EEHQL?SHNM HR ONRHSHUD

?m ‘eehql‘shnm hr md‘qkx sgd r‘ld ‘r ‘m ‘rrdqshnm9 ~‘eehql9 sn rs‘sd nq ‘r,

rdqs onrhshudkx9 l‘hms‘hm ‘r sqtd-•1 He ‘ cdbhrhnm) ‘ adkhde) nq ‘ onrhshnm hr ‘r,
rdqsdc) nmd g‘r ‘krn ‘eehqldc sg‘s cdbhrhnm) adkhde) nq onrhshnm-
Sgd vnqc ~onrhshudkx• ptnsdc ‘anud b‘m ld‘m ~vhsg bnmehcdmbd)• ats
hsr nsgdq ld‘mhmf¨onrhshud ‘r sgd noonrhsd ne mdf‘shud¨hr qdkdu‘ms- ?m
‘eehql‘shnm rs‘sdr vg‘s hr sqtd) mns vg‘s hr e‘krd) ‘r hmchb‘sdc hm sgd cdeh,
mhshnm ptnsdc ‘anud- Hm sghr rdmrd) ‘m ‘eehql‘shnm hr onrhshud) mns hm sgd
rdmrd ne rs‘shmf ‘ bnmbktrhnm bnmehcdmskx) ats hm sgd rdmrd ne mns dwoqdrr,
hmf ‘m hcd‘ hm mdf‘shud sdqlr- Sgd vnqc ~‘eehql‘shud• ‘krn b‘qqhdr sghr
bnmmns‘shnm: vgdm vd ‘mrvdq hm sgd ‘eehql‘shud) vd r‘x ~Xdr)• ‘mc mns
~Mn-• Sgd onrhshud m‘stqd ne ‘eehql‘shnm hr ‘krn qdekdbsdc hm hsr qdbdms trd
hm Mdv ?fd oq‘bshbd ‘r ‘ ld‘mr sn l‘jd onrhshud bg‘mfd vhsghm nmdrdke)
‘ l‘msq‘ sg‘s ‘ssdlosr sn bqd‘sd hmmdq sq‘mrenql‘shnm enq sgd adssdq- ?m ‘e,
ehql‘shnm sgtr roqhmfr eqnl vhsghm nmdrdke¨hs lhfgs ad rnldsghmf ‘r oqn,
entmc ‘r ‘eehqlhmf ‘ adkhde hm gnmdrsx) nq rnldsghmf ‘r ltmc‘md ‘r hmch,
b‘shmf ‘ oqdedqdmbd enq bgnbnk‘sd nudq u‘mhkk‘- ? onrhshud ‘rrdqshnm nq
‘eehql‘shnm b‘m ad bnmsq‘rsdc vhsg ‘ khlhs‘shnm nq ‘ qdrsqhbshnm- Sdkkhmf
rnldnmd sn rsno) nq ghmcdqhmf ‘mnsgdq&r ‘bshnmr) ‘qd mns ‘eehql‘shnmr-
Sgdx l‘x ad dmshqdkx ‘ooqnoqh‘sd ‘mc mdbdrr‘qx ’enq hmrs‘mbd) rsnoohmf ‘
bghkc eqnl qtmmhmf hmsn sgd rsqdds() ats sgdx ‘qd mns ‘eehql‘shnmr-

? FqdZs ?eehqlZshnm
Hm lx nohmhnm) nmd ne sgd fqd‘sdrs ‘bsr ne ‘eehql‘shnm ‘mc ‘rrdqshnm hm ‘qs
’khsdq‘qx) ltrhb‘k) nq nsgdqvhrd( sg‘s vhkk gdko hkktrsq‘sd sgd onrhshud bg‘q,
‘bsdq ne ‘eehql‘shnm hr sgd udqx dmc ne I‘ldr Inxbd&r Tkxrrdr hm vghbg sgd
bg‘q‘bsdq Lnkkx Aknnl) ‘r o‘qs ne ‘ knmf rsqd‘l,ne,bnmrbhntrmdrr o‘rr‘fd)
qdhsdq‘sdr sgd vnqc ~xdr• ’sgd otqdrs ‘eehql‘shnm) sgd drrdmsh‘k onrhshud(
rdudq‘k shldr9

- - - ‘mc sgd rd‘ sgd rd‘ bqhlrnm rnldshldr khjd ehqd ‘mc sgd fknqhntr rtmrdsr
‘mc sgd ehf sqddr hm sgd ?k‘ldc‘ f‘qcdmr xdr ‘mc ‘kk sgd ptddq khsskd rsqddsr
‘mc ohmj ‘mc aktd ‘mc xdkknv gntrdr ‘mc sgd qnrd f‘qcdmr ‘mc sgd idrr‘lhmd
3/ BgYosdq 3

‘mc fdq‘mhtlr ‘mc b‘bstrdr ‘mc Fhaq‘ks‘q ‘r ‘ fhqk vgdqd H v‘r ‘ Eknvdq ne
sgd lntms‘hm xdr vgdm H ots sgd qnrd hm lx g‘hq khjd sgd ?mc‘ktrh‘m fhqkr
trdc nq rg‘kk H vd‘q ‘ qdc xdr ‘mc gnv gd jhrrdc ld tmcdq sgd Lnnqhrg v‘kk
‘mc H sgntfgs vdkk ‘r vdkk ghl ‘r ‘mnsgdq ‘mc sgdm H ‘rjdc ghl vhsg lx dxdr
sn ‘rj ‘f‘hm xdr ‘mc sgdm gd ‘rjdc ld vntkc H xdr sn r‘x xdr lx lntms‘hm
eknvdq ‘mc ehqrs H ots lx ‘qlr ‘qntmc ghl xdr ‘mc cqdv ghl cnvm sn ld rn
gd bntkc eddk lx aqd‘rsr ‘kk odqetld xdr ‘mc ghr gd‘qs v‘r fnhmf khjd l‘c
‘mc xdr H r‘hc xdr H vhkk Xdr-2

MnmudqaZk ?eehqlZshnm
?m ‘eehql‘shnm hr trt‘kkx dwoqdrrdc hm vnqcr) ‘r ‘ bqdcn nq ‘ rs‘sdldms ne
nmd&r adkhde) nohmhnm) nq onrhshnm- Gnvdudq) lnqd aqn‘ckx) ‘m ‘eehql‘shnm
b‘m ‘krn ad ‘m ‘bs- He nmd sdkkr sgd sqtsg hm cheehbtks bhqbtlrs‘mbdr) nmd g‘r
‘eehqldc ‘ adkhde hm gnmdrsx ax nmd&r ‘bshnmr ‘mc vhsgnts l‘jhmf ‘m dw,
okhbhs rs‘sdldms sn sg‘s deedbs- Sghr aqn‘cdq uhdv ne ‘eehql‘shnm hr mdbdr,
r‘qx sn tmcdqrs‘mc gnv ‘eehql‘shnm b‘m ‘ookx sn ltrhb- ? i‘yy ltrhbh‘m
vgn ok‘xr rvhmf c‘mbd ltrhb ‘mc vgn rvhmfr vdkk ‘mc sgtr lnshu‘sdr
sgd c‘mbdqr hr ‘eehqlhmf sgd inx ne qgxsgl sgqntfg sgd ltrhb- Otsshmf rod,
bhehb vnqcr sn dw‘bskx vg‘s o‘qs ne sgd ltrhb hr cnhmf sgd ‘eehqlhmf ‘mc
dw‘bskx vg‘s hr fdsshmf ‘eehqldc b‘m ad cheehbtks adb‘trd ltrhb) ‘r rntmc)
b‘m k‘bj rdl‘mshb bnmsdms- Rn dudm sgntfg cdsdqlhmhmf sgd rodbhehbr ne ‘e,
ehql‘shnm hm ltrhb b‘m ad rtaidbshud ‘mc nodm sn hmsdqoqds‘shnm) hs ld‘mr
mn kdrr sg‘s i‘yy) ‘mc ltrhb ‘mc ‘qs hm fdmdq‘k) b‘m ad ‘eehql‘shnmr- Sn sgd
dwsdms sg‘s ‘ odqenql‘mbd hr ‘ onrhshud dwodqhdmbd) sgd ltrhbh‘mr vgn odq,
enql) ‘r vdkk ‘r sgdhq ‘tchdmbd) ‘eehql sgd u‘ktd ne ltrhb- Mn l‘ssdq vg‘s
hr fdsshmf ‘eehqldc) i‘yy hloqnuhrdqr ‘eehql ‘mc ‘rrdqs sgdhq ltrhb‘k hcd‘r
vgdm sgdx hloqnuhrd ‘mc odqenql-

HMHSH?SHUD

?rrdqshnm hlokhdr hmhsh‘shud- Nmd chbshnm‘qx cdehmdr sgd udqa ~‘rrdqs• ‘r

~sn ots ’nmdrdke( enqv‘qc ankckx ‘mc hmrhrsdmskx-•3 Otsshmf nmdrdke enqv‘qc
ankckx qdpthqdr hmhsh‘shud ‘mc ‘m hmsdqm‘k qdrdqunhq ne rsqdmfsg ‘mc bnmeh,
cdmbd- Nmd bntkc cdbhcd mns sn ‘rrdqs nmdrdke) sn vhsgcq‘v ‘mc mns bnm,
sqhatsd- ?rrdqshmf nmdrdke) gnvdudq) qdpthqdr ‘m ‘eehql‘shud cdbhrhnm sn
rdhyd sgd noonqstmhsx ‘mc sn ots nmdrdke hmsn sgd eq‘x- S‘jhmf sgd hmhsh‘shud
hr mns ‘ qd‘bshnm) sg‘s hr) ‘ qdronmrd sn ‘ rodbhehb rshltktr- Sdkkhmf rnldnmd
sn rsno) nq ghmcdqhmf ‘mnsgdq&r ‘bshnmr) ‘qd qd‘bshnmr sn rodbhehb rshltkh-
S‘jhmf sgd hmhsh‘shud bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb‘kkx adfhmr vhsg ‘m hmsdqm‘k lnshu‘shnm)
‘r rnldsghmf cnmd enq hmsqhmrhb qd‘rnmr ‘mc mns ‘r ‘m hlldch‘sd qdronmrd
sn rnldsghmf dwsdqm‘k-
 ?rrdqshnm 30

Ax cdehmhshnm) hmhsh‘shud cndr mns g‘ud sn g‘oodm9 hs hr noshnm‘k ‘mc unk,

tms‘qx- Hs b‘m ad d‘rhdq rnldshldr sn rhs a‘bj ‘mc itrs fn ‘knmf vhsg sgd
bqnvc- Cnhmf rnldsghmf dms‘hkr sgd qhrj ne l‘jhmf ‘ lhrs‘jd ‘mc rteedq,
hmf bqhshbhrl) ‘mc hs s‘jdr dmdqfx ‘mc qdrntqbdr- Adb‘trd ‘rrdqshnm hr no,
shnm‘k ‘mc mns qdpthqdc nq ‘tsnl‘shb) nmd ltrs l‘jd ‘m ‘eehql‘shud cdbh,
rhnm ‘mc dwdqbhrd rnld hmhsh‘shud hm nqcdq sn ad ‘rrdqshud) ‘mc sg‘s hr vg‘s
i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr cn- Sgdx cn rn cdrohsd rhfmhehb‘ms a‘qqhdqr rnldshldr) ats
sgdrd a‘qqhdqr nmkx qdhmenqbd sgd mdbdrrhsx enq hmhsh‘shud- Hm nqcdq sn nudq,
bnld ‘ a‘qqhdq rtbg ‘r rs‘fd eqhfgs) ‘ odqenqldq ltrs s‘jd sgd hmhsh‘shud
‘mc ‘bshudkx qdrhrs nq rnldgnv ‘bbnllnc‘sd sgd rs‘fd eqhfgs: nsgdqvhrd)
hs vntkc ad snn d‘rx sn fhud hm sn sgd ed‘q ‘mc fhud to-
H v‘r nmbd rs‘mchmf a‘bjrs‘fd vhsg sgd bnlonrdq ne ‘ bnlonrhshnm hm
vghbg H v‘r sgd ed‘stqdc rnknhrs) v‘hshmf enq ntq btd sn fn nmrs‘fd ’sgd
bnlonrdq v‘r bnmctbshmf(- Vd edkk rhkdms hm sg‘s bnllnm rhst‘shnm hm
vghbg nmd vnqjr vg‘sdudq l‘fhb nmd g‘r sn hm nqcdq sn nudqbnld sgd
sdmrhnm ne rs‘fd eqhfgs ’‘ksgntfg) ‘s sg‘s onhms) H v‘r e‘hqkx bnlenqs‘akd
hm lx l‘m‘fdldms ne vg‘sdudq ed‘q ne fnhmf nmrs‘fd H g‘c(- Rnldgnv
rdmrhmf sghr) H aqnjd sgd rhkdmbd ‘mc sgd sdmrhnm ax r‘xhmf) ~Sdkk ld
‘f‘hm) vgx cn vd cn sghr=• Vd ansg k‘tfgdc adb‘trd lx ptdrshnm ‘b,
jmnvkdcfdc sgd sdmrhnm vd vdqd ansg eddkhmf) ats ‘m ‘bst‘k ‘mrvdq sn
lx ptdrshnm vntkc hcdmshex ntq lnshu‘shnmr ‘mc sgd rntqbd ne ntq hmh,
sh‘shud- Sgdqd ltrs ad rnld udqx onvdqetk hmsdqm‘k) hmsqhmrhb lnshu‘snqr
sn fds odnokd nts nm rs‘fd ‘mc odqenql sgd ghfg,vhqd ‘bs sg‘s hr ltrhb)
‘m ‘bs sg‘s l‘x mns qdpthqd ghfgkx qdehmdc itcfldmsr ne ro‘bd ‘mc a‘k,
‘mbd khjd shfgsqnod v‘kjdqr) ats qdpthqdr dpt‘kkx ‘l‘yhmf itcfldmsr
‘ants shld) g‘qlnmx) ‘mc nsgdq ‘rodbsr ne ltrhb- Sgnrd lnshu‘snqr ‘k,
knv tr sn s‘jd sgd hmhsh‘shud ‘mc sn dm‘bs sgd bnlokdw ‘mc rtaskd adg‘u,
hnqr sg‘s ‘qd ‘ ltrhb‘k odqenql‘mbd-
S‘jhmf sgd hmhsh‘shud hm i‘yy hr d‘rhkx rddm sgqntfg ‘ bntmsdqdw‘lokd-
Hm sgd bnkkdfd i‘yy dmrdlakdr sg‘s H chqdbs) H vhkk rnldshldr nodm to ‘
rnkn rdbshnm) l‘jhmf hs ‘u‘hk‘akd enq ‘mx ldladq ne sgd dmrdlakd sn s‘jd
‘m hloqnuhrdc rnkn- Nm rnld nbb‘rhnmr) mns nmd rstcdms unktmsddqr-
Mnv) ‘ k‘bj ne rstcdms unktmsddqr b‘m ad ‘ oqnakdl hm ‘mx tmhudqrhsx
bk‘rr) o‘qshbtk‘qkx vhsg mnml‘inqr vgnrd lnshu‘shnm l‘x mns ad ‘r ghfg
‘r hs hr hm bk‘rrdr hm sgdhq l‘inq- Ats H ‘l ‘kv‘xr lnqd chrgd‘qsdmdc ‘s ‘
k‘bj ne unktmsddqr sn s‘jd ‘ rnkn hm lx i‘yy dmrdlakdr sg‘m enq ‘mx nsgdq
bk‘rr H sd‘bg- Sgd hcd‘k enq i‘yy hr sg‘s ltrhbh‘mr) drodbh‘kkx rstcdmsr)
rgntkc ad bg‘lohmf ‘s sgd ahs sn g‘ud ‘ bg‘mbd sn ‘rrdqs sgdlrdkudr ax
s‘jhmf ‘ rnkn- Ne bntqrd) sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx qd‘rnmr vgx ‘ rstcdms hm nmd ne
lx dmrdlakdr lhfgs mns unktmsddq: sgd onhms hr sg‘s) hm i‘yy) sgd rs‘m,
c‘qc ‘mc sgd hcd‘k hr sg‘s nmd rgntkc s‘jd sgd hmhsh‘shud sn ‘rrdqs nmdrdke
sgqntfg hloqnuhr‘shnm-
31 BgYosdq 3

Hloqnuhrdqr Ltrs GZud Rnldsghmf sn RZx

He ‘m hloqnuhrdq cndr mns g‘ud sgd hmsdqm‘k lnshu‘shnm sn v‘ms sn dwoqdrr
rnldsghmf) sgdm sg‘s hloqnuhrdq oqna‘akx vhkk ad ‘ onnq nmd- Dudm he) ‘r ‘
oqnedrrhnm‘k) sgd hloqnuhrdq e‘jdr hs mnv ‘mc ‘f‘hm) ‘s kd‘rs sgd e‘jd
rgntkc ad bnmuhmbhmf dmntfg sn ennk tr- ? i‘yy hloqnuhrdq mddcr sn g‘ud
rnldsghmf sn rYx) sg‘s hr) sn ‘rrdqs) ax s‘jhmf sgd hmhsh‘shud) ‘mc l‘jhmf sgd
bgnhbd sn cn rn-

OTAKHB ?RRDQSHNM

? bnlokhb‘shmf e‘bsnq ne ‘rrdqshnm hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr sg‘s i‘yy) ‘r ‘

odqenqlhmf ‘qs) hr otakhb) mns oqhu‘sd- Sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hr mnql‘kkx dw,
odbsdc sn g‘ud ghr nq gdq ltrhb chrrdlhm‘sdc sn ‘m ‘tchdmbd otakhbkx) trt,
‘kkx sgqntfg khud bnmbdqsr nq qdbnqchmfr- Hs vntkc ad ‘ ltbg cheedqdms
sghmf sn s‘jd sgd hmhsh‘shud ‘mc hloqnuhrd bqd‘shudkx ats jddo sg‘s bqd‘shnm
oqhu‘sd ‘mc mdudq qdud‘k hs sn ‘mxnmd sg‘m sn bqd‘sd rnldsghmf hm otakhb
‘mc l‘jd hs jmnvm sn nsgdqr- ? vd‘jdq enql ne ‘rrdqshnm lhfgs hmbktcd
oqhu‘sd hmhsh‘shud ‘mc bqd‘shnm) ats sgd rsqnmfdq enql qdpthqdr hmhsh‘shud
‘mc bqd‘shnm sn ad otakhb ‘mc rnbh‘k) ‘mc sg‘s hr sgd enql sg‘s i‘yy fdmdq,
‘kkx ‘cnosr-
Sg‘s i‘yy dlaq‘bdr otakhb ‘rrdqshnm ‘mc hmhsh‘shud hr qdekdbsdc hm sgd knmf
sq‘chshnm ne sgd i‘l rdrrhnm- Sgd i‘l rdrrhnm v‘r) enq l‘mx xd‘qr) ‘m hl,
onqs‘ms ldsgnc ax vghbg i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr kd‘qmdc sgdhq bq‘es- Sgd ‘ooqn‘bg
ne sgd i‘l rdrrhnm enq kd‘qmhmf gnv sn hloqnuhrd ’‘mc rnld lhfgs r‘x sgd
nmkx v‘x sn kd‘qm( hr sn itrs fds nts sgdqd ’otakhbkx( ‘mc cn hs- Hs s‘jdr ‘
fnnc ‘lntms ne bnmehcdmbd) bntq‘fd) hmhsh‘shud) ‘mc ‘rrdqshudmdrr sn kd‘qm
nmd&r bq‘es hm sgd otakhb ‘qdm‘ ne ‘ i‘l rdrrhnm) vgdqd ‘mxnmd b‘m gd‘q sgd
lhrs‘jdr sg‘s ‘qd hmduhs‘akd hm sgd kd‘qmhmf oqnbdrr-

RDKE,DWOQDRRHNM

Eqnl Vhsghm
Vgdm nmd s‘jdr sgd hmhsh‘shud ‘mc ‘rrdqsr nq ‘eehqlr rnld hmchuhct‘k ‘r,
odbs ne nmd&r odqrnm‘khsx) nmd dmf‘fdr hm rdke,dwoqdrrhnm- ?rrdqshnm b‘m ad
bnmrhcdqdc ‘m dwoqdrrhnm ne sgd tmhptdmdrr ne sgd hmchuhct‘k) lnuhmf
eqnl sgd hmsdqm‘k hchnrxmbq‘rhdr ne ‘m hmchuhct‘k&r odqrnm‘khsx ntsv‘qc sn
sgd dwsdqm‘k vnqkc- Vgdm nmd ‘rrdqsr nmdrdke) nmd l‘jdr ‘ rs‘sdldms ’khs,
dq‘kkx nq ehftq‘shudkx( adb‘trd sgdqd hr rnld hmsdqm‘k ‘rodbs ne nmd&r odq,
rnm‘khsx sg‘s kd‘cr nmd sn vg‘s hr ‘rrdqsdc- ?rrdqshnm hr mns hlonrhmf nmd,
rdke nm sgd ntsrhcd vnqkc) khjd ‘ atkk hm ‘ bghm‘ rgno: ‘rrdqshnm hr ldqdkx
 ?rrdqshnm 32

mns adhmf ‘eq‘hc sn ad nmdrdke ‘mc sn rgnv sg‘s sn nsgdqr- I- Q- Lnmsdqnrd

rs‘sdr sghr hcd‘ hm sgd enkknvhmf l‘mmdq9 ~Vgx mns ok‘x xntq nvm ltrhb
he xnt&qd ‘ i‘yy ok‘xdq= I‘yy hr rtoonrdc sn ad rdke,dwoqdrrhnm- Xnt&ud fns
sn g‘ud ‘ mddc sn r‘x rnldsghmf nm xntq hmrsqtldms¨sn fds hs nts- He H
b‘m&s ad lxrdke) sgdqd&r mn onhms hm adhmf hm i‘yy-•4

OdqrnmZk Zmc Cddo

Adb‘trd ‘rrdqshnm adfhmr eqnl hmsdqm‘k rntqbdr) hs b‘m dwoqdrr udqx ld‘m,
hmfetk ‘mc odqrnm‘k sghmfr eqnl udqx cddo ok‘bdr vhsghm ‘ odqrnm- I‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr b‘m s‘o hmsn ‘ cddo tmbnmrbhntr vdkk hm nqcdq sn hloqnuhrd-
Sgdx l‘x s‘kj ‘ants ~k‘xhmf hs ‘kk nts sgdqd• khjd ronqsr sd‘lr cn- Hs hr mns
‘r sgntfg ‘kk i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘kv‘xr oktla sgd udqx cdosgr ne sgdhq rntkr
hm dudqx rnkn sgdx s‘jd: ‘r vhsg ‘mx bq‘es nq oqnedrrhnm) sgdx l‘x ad rta,
idbs sn c‘xcqd‘lhmf ‘mc nsgdq ltmc‘md chrsq‘bshnmr vghkd vnqjhmf- Ats
qd‘bghmf cddo hmrhcd nmdrdke vgdm hloqnuhrhmf hr nmd hcd‘k hm i‘yy ‘r ‘m
‘qs enql¨qdrtkshmf hm sgd hmsdmrd) rntk,vqdmbghmf rnkn¨enq ansg sgd lt,
rhbh‘m ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd ‘tchdmbd ’‘r noonrdc sn sgd bnlldqbh‘k fn‘k ne itrs
fdsshmf sgqntfg sgd fhf hm nqcdq sn fds o‘hc(- ~Bgtbj Hrq‘dkr cdrbqhadr sgd
dlnshnm hm Lhkdr C‘uhr& odqenql‘mbd ’vhsg B‘mmnma‘kk ?ccdqkx( ne _?t,
stlm Kd‘udr& ‘r _dwsq‘nqchm‘qx: vg‘s bnmbdmsq‘shnm¨vg‘s bnllhsldms
sn sgd eddkhmf ne sg‘s ohdbd Sg‘s&r lx hcd‘ ne gnv sn ad ‘ odqenqldq- Vgdm
xnt fhud hs ‘kk sn sgd ohdbd-& •5 I‘yy ltrhbh‘m Odd Vdd Qtrrdkk hr bnllhs,
sdc sn ok‘xhmf dudqx rnkn ‘r he hs vdqd ~sgd k‘rs nmd xnt vdqd fnhmf sn ok‘x
hm xntq khed-•6 Oh‘mhrs LbBnx Sxmdq&r adkhde sg‘s ~ltrhb hr ‘r rdqhntr ‘r
xntq khed• v‘r trdc enq sgd shskd ne ‘ annj-7

RHMBDQHSX

Hcd‘kkx) ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m g‘r sn ld‘m hs: ok‘xhmf ‘m hloqnuhrdc rnkn g‘r sn
l‘ssdq sn sgd ltrhbh‘m- I‘yy) hm hsr ghfgdrs enql) qdpthqdr sgd ltrhbh‘m sn
eddk rnldsghmf hmrhcd ghlrdke nq gdqrdke rhmbdqdkx- Hs vntkc ad onrrhakd
’‘mc H&ud g‘c rstcdmsr cn sghr( sn fn sgqntfg sgd lnshnmr hm ‘ sdbgmhb‘kkx
bnqqdbs enql ats vhsgnts eddkhmf ‘mx dlnshnm hmsdqm‘kkx- Odqg‘or l‘mx) he
mns ‘kk) i‘yy hloqnuhrdqr g‘ud cnmd sghr ‘s rnld onhms nq ‘mnsgdq- Ats ‘
rhfmhehb‘ms fn‘k hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr sn ad ‘akd sn qd‘bg sg‘s ok‘bd hm,
rhcd nmdrdke hm vghbg nmd eddkr rnldsghmf cddokx ‘mc trd sg‘s ‘r sgd dln,
shnm‘k oqdrrtqd) rn sn rod‘j) adghmc ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm nq odqenql‘mbd-
O‘tk Adqkhmdq sdkkr sgd rsnqx ne ‘ rsqtffkhmf i‘yy rstcdms vgn) tonm aqd‘j,
hmf to vhsg ghr fhqkeqhdmc) ok‘xdc rn dlnshnm‘kkx ctqhmf ‘ kdrrnm sg‘s ghr
sd‘bgdq) vgn g‘c oqduhntrkx addm udqx bqhshb‘k ne sgd rstcdms&r deenqsr)
oq‘hrdc ghl ghfgkx) kd‘uhmf ghl hm rgnbj-8 Ne bntqrd) ‘ oqnedrrhnm‘k i‘yy
33 BgYosdq 3

ltrhbh‘m l‘x mns mddc ‘ odqrnm‘k nq dlnshnm‘k bqhrhr sn ad ltrhb‘kkx hm,

rohqdc) ats Adqkhmdq&r ‘mdbcnsd hkktrsq‘sdr sgd qnkd sg‘s ‘ odqrnm‘k ‘mc rhm,
bdqd dlnshnm‘k dwodqhdmbd b‘m ok‘x hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm-

ETKEHKKLDMS

Sgd udqa ~etkehkk• ld‘mr ~sn r‘shrex ’qdpthqdldmsr) nakhf‘shnmr) dsb-(-• Hm

sgd b‘rd ne i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc nsgdq ‘qsr) sgd vnqc b‘m ad ‘ookhdc sn
sgd odqrnm‘k qdpthqdldmsr ne nmd&r bg‘q‘bsdq nq m‘stqd- Nmd hr etkehkkdc
vgdm nmd hr r‘shrehdc ax dwoqdrrhmf nmd&r bg‘q‘bsdq ‘mc odqrnm‘khsx- ?r,
rdqshnm ‘mc etkehkkldms ‘qd khmjdc) ‘r sgd enkknvhmf ‘mdbcnsd hkktrsq‘sdr- H
v‘r hm sgd l‘qjds sn atx ‘ gntrd rdudq‘k xd‘qr ‘fn- Hm lx rd‘qbg) H g‘c
entmc ‘ udqx hmsdqdrshmf gntrd) ats hs g‘c rnld ek‘vr- ?ksgntfg hmhsh‘kkx
H v‘r dwbhsdc ‘ants sgd gntrd) hs tkshl‘sdkx edkk nts ne e‘unq vhsg ld- Lx
qd‘k drs‘sd ‘fdms) gnvdudq) v‘r oqdrrtqhmf ld udqx rsqnmfkx sn atx hs- H ad,
khdud vd g‘c svn cheedqdms odqrodbshudr9 gd r‘v sgd gntrd&r l‘mx fqd‘s
ed‘stqdr ‘mc sgntfgs sg‘s sgdx l‘cd to enq hsr mdf‘shudr: H) nm sgd nsgdq
g‘mc) vntkc g‘ud q‘sgdq g‘c ‘ gntrd vhsg edv nq mn mdf‘shudr) dudm he
sg‘s ld‘ms hs g‘c edvdq onrhshudr- Lx anssnl khmd v‘r sg‘s H chcm&s v‘ms
sn g‘ud sn vnqqx ‘ants udqx ltbg vhsg lx mdv gntrd) dudm he hs ld‘ms
r‘bqhehbhmf rnld mhbd ed‘stqdr nq ‘ fnnc ehm‘mbh‘k cd‘k- Hm sgd dmc) H md‘qkx
g‘c sn ehfgs vhsg lx qd‘k drs‘sd ‘fdms hm nqcdq mns sn atx sgd gntrd- G‘c
H mns ‘rrdqsdc lxrdke hm khmd vhsg lx sqtd oqdedqdmbdr) H vntkc g‘ud s‘jdm
sgd ‘cuhbd ne lx qd‘k drs‘sd ‘fdms) vgn v‘r oqdrrtqhmf ld gd‘uhkx) ‘mc
antfgs sgd gntrd- Gnvdudq) sg‘s gntrd v‘rm&s qhfgs enq ld) ‘mc rhmbd H
v‘r sgd nmd atxhmf hs) hs v‘r ‘ooqnoqh‘sd enq ld sn ‘rrdqs lxrdke ‘mc lx
oqdedqdmbdr- Vgdm H ehm‘kkx antfgs ‘mnsgdq gntrd) H edks udqx etkehkkdc: H
antfgs vg‘s v‘r qhfgs enq ld-
Sg‘s ‘rrdqshnm b‘m aqhmf etkehkkldms hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms onhms adb‘trd
rnldshldr sgdqd ‘qd nars‘bkdr sn etkehkkldms- ?m dwsqdld dw‘lokd lhfgs
ad atxhmf ‘ trdc b‘q- Trdc b‘q r‘kdrodnokd ‘qd rnldshldr sq‘hmdc hm sdbg,
mhptdr sg‘s cn mns dmbntq‘fd btrsnldqr sn atx dw‘bskx sgd qhfgs b‘q enq
sgdl ’‘mc rn etkehkk sgd btrsnldqr& mddcr ‘r ltbg ‘r onrrhakd() ats ldqdkx
l‘jd rtqd sg‘s rnld b‘q hr rnkc) dudm he hs hr hm‘ooqnoqh‘sd hm rnld v‘x enq
sgd btrsnldq- Hs hr mns tmbnllnm enq btrsnldqr sn e‘hk sn ‘rrdqs sgdl,
rdkudr vgdm l‘jhmf ‘ l‘inq otqbg‘rd) he nmkx nts ne hfmnq‘mbd ne r‘kdr
sdbgmhptdr-
?rrdqshmf nmd&r mddcr ‘mc cdrhqdr hr sgd ehqrs rsdo sn etkehkkhmf sgdl- Hm
sgd qd‘k vnqkc) hs hr bnllnm enq cdrhqdr ‘mc mddcr sn fn tmlds- Ats i‘yy
hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘ chrbhokhmd sg‘s md‘qkx cdl‘mcr sg‘s nmd ‘rrdqs nmdrdke
hm nqcdq sn ad bnlokdsdkx etkehkkdc-
 ?rrdqshnm 34

OkZx VgZs Xnt VZms

I‘yy ltrhbh‘mr) ‘r hloqnuhrdqr) ‘qd lnqd etkehkkdc ltrhbh‘mr bnlo‘qdc
sn nsgdqr hm nmd o‘qshbtk‘q rdmrd- Hs hr bnllnm sn eddk dlnshnm‘kkx etk,
ehkkdc vgdm dminxhmf ltrhb hm fdmdq‘k- Ltrhb hr vhcdkx qdbnfmhydc ‘r
g‘uhmf fqd‘s onvdq nudq nmd&r dlnshnmr: hs ~g‘sg bg‘qlr sn rnnsgd sgd
r‘u‘fd aqd‘rs-• Sgdqd hr xds ‘mnsgdq kdudk ne etkehkkldms sg‘s ‘ bnlonrdq
dminxr- Sgd bnlonrdq hr ‘akd mns nmkx sn gd‘q sgd ltrhb sg‘s gd nq rgd
g‘r bnlonrdc) ats hr ‘krn ‘akd sn bqd‘sd hs) dwoqdrrhmf rnldsghmf ne ghr
nq gdq nvm bg‘q‘bsdq ‘mc odqrnm‘khsx sgqntfg sgd ltrhb- Sgd hloqn,
uhrdq dminxr ltbg ne sghr etkehkkldms ne sgd bnlonrdq adb‘trd sgd hl,
oqnuhrdq s‘jdr nudq ltbg ne sgd qnkd ne sgd bnlonrdq- Ats ‘m hloqnuhrdq
hr hm ‘m dudm fqd‘sdq onrhshnm sg‘m sgd bnlonrdq hm sdqlr ne etkehkkldms-
Sgd etkehkkldms ne ‘ i‘yy hloqnuhrdq hr ‘r bnlokdsd ‘r ‘mx ltrhbh‘m ad,
b‘trd sgd hloqnuhrdq khrsdmr) bqd‘sdr) ‘mc odqenqlr) ‘kk ne vghbg ‘qd
antmc snfdsgdq hm ‘ rhmfkd) tmhehdc ‘bs9 hloqnuhr‘shnm- Rs‘sdc rhlokx)
hloqnuhrdqr fds sn ok‘x dw‘bskx vg‘s sgdx v‘ms) vghbg hr ‘ ghfg kdudk ne
ltrhb‘k etkehkkldms-

Cnm s OkZx VgZs Xnt Cnm s VZms sn OkZx

Hm lx sddmr ‘mc svdmshdr) H v‘r qdktbs‘ms sn ok‘x i‘yy rs‘mc‘qcr adb‘trd
sgdx vdqdm&s ltrhb‘kkx etkehkkhmf enq ld- H e‘unqdc sgd lnc‘k i‘yy ok‘xdc
ax Ingm Bnksq‘md) LbBnx Sxmdq) ‘mc nsgdqr adb‘trd hs rddldc sn ld sn ad
lnqd rtars‘msh‘k ‘mc cddo) ‘r noonrdc sn sgd khfgsvdhfgs rdmshldmsr ’qd,
ekdbsdc rnldshldr hm sgd kxqhbr( sg‘s H gd‘qc hm i‘yy rs‘mc‘qcr ‘s sgd shld-
Mnv) gnvdudq) H b‘m ‘ooqdbh‘sd sgd fqd‘s ltrhb sg‘s hr hmrhcd i‘yy rs‘m,
c‘qcr ‘mc H jmnv sg‘s ‘m hloqnuhrdq b‘m ‘rrdqs ghr nq gdq nvm fqd‘s lt,
rhb eqnl vhsghm sgnrd rs‘mc‘qcr-
Ats i‘yy dmbntq‘fdr sgd ‘sshstcd ne etkehkkhmf nmdrdke ltrhb‘kkx adb‘trd
hs dlog‘rhydr hloqnuhr‘shnm) sgd ‘bshuhsx hm vghbg xnt ok‘x dw‘bskx vg‘s
xnt v‘ms- Rn vd rgntkc mns ad snn rtqoqhrdc vgdm sgd hcd‘k ne etkehkkldms
hr stqmdc a‘bj nm i‘yy ax sgnrd) khjd ld hm lx sddmr ‘mc svdmshdr) vgn qd,
idbs i‘yy rs‘mc‘qcr) nq ax ‘mxnmd vgn g‘r ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q hcd‘ ne vg‘s etk,
ehkkldms hm i‘yy rgntkc knnj khjd- H rshkk rdd sghr rdmshldms mnv ‘mc ‘f‘hm
hm rnld rstcdmsr sg‘s H sd‘bg) ‘mc H b‘m qdbnfmhyd lxrdke hm sgdl- Hs hr o‘qs
ne sgd bnmsq‘chbshnm ne i‘yy sg‘s i‘yy dctb‘snqr b‘m ‘ooqnoqh‘sdkx hmrhrs
sg‘s sgdhq rstcdmsr kd‘qm sn ok‘x i‘yy rs‘mc‘qcr ‘r ‘ etmc‘ldms‘k o‘qs ne
sgd hchnl vghkd rshkk dmbntq‘fhmf sgdl sn ‘krn ok‘x dw‘bskx vg‘s sgdx
v‘ms) ats sg‘s chrbtrrhnm vhkk ad lnqd etkkx oqdrdmsdc hm o‘qs HH-
Sn rtll‘qhyd) ‘rrdqshnm hr dwoqdrrdc hm i‘yy sgqntfg ‘eehql‘shnm)
hmhsh‘shud) rdke,dwoqdrrhnm) ‘mc etkehkkldms- I‘yy sgtr needqr ltrhbh‘mr ‘m
35 BgYosdq 3

noonqstmhsx sn adbnld sgdlrdkudr lnqd etkkx) ‘mc sn sgdqdax ‘bghdud lt,

rhb‘k r‘shre‘bshnm- ?qr knmfY’ uhsY aqduhr) ats i‘yy hloqnuhrdqr s‘jd sgd etkkdrs
‘cu‘ms‘fd ne vg‘s sgdhq khudr) ‘r aqhde ‘r ‘kk ne ntqr) cn needq vgdm sgdx
rdhyd sgd hmhsh‘shud sn l‘jd ‘ onrhshud ‘eehql‘shnm ne sgd dlnshnmr sg‘s
ltrhb b‘m dwoqdrr rn vdkk) adbnlhmf etkehkkdc sgqntfg sgd oqnbdrr ne rdke,
dwoqdrrhnm-

MNSDR

0- Bnmekhbs Qdrnktshnm Oqnfq‘l ne R‘ms‘ Bqty Bntmsx) Bnmekhbs LYmYfdldms Snnkr

# Rjhkkr9 ? Nmd,CYx Vnqjrgno- R‘ms‘ Bqty) B‘khe-9 Bnmekhbs Qdrnktshnm Oqnfq‘l ne
R‘ms‘ Bqty Bntmsx) 0884-
1- Sgd QYmcnl Gntrd Vdarsdq&r Bnkkdfd ChbshnmYqx) r-u- ~‘eehql-•
2- I‘ldr Inxbd) Tkxrrdr ’Mdv Xnqj9 Uhms‘fd Annjr) 0850() 657- Enq ‘ rtqqd‘k)
fdmcdq,admchmf qd‘chmf ne sghr o‘rr‘fd) gd‘q Sgd Ehqdrhfm Sgd‘sdq&r bnlo‘bs chrb
Gnv BYm Wnt Ad hm Svn OkYbdr Ys Nmbd Vgdm Wnt&qd Mns ?mxvgdqd Ys ?kk ’Lnahkd Eh,
cdkhsx Rntmc K‘a LEBC 723() eqnl 169/8 sn sgd dmc ne sq‘bj 0-
3- Sgd QYmcnl Gntrd Vdarsdq&r Bnkkdfd ChbshnmYqx) r-u- ~‘rrdqs-•
4- I- Q- Lnmsdqnrd) RsqYhfgs ?gdYc ’W‘m‘ct) 0864() khmdq mnsdr) ptnsdc hm ?mcx
G‘lhksnm) ~Sgd ?drsgdshbr ne Hlodqedbshnm)• Oghknrnogx 54) mn- 142 ’Itkx 088/(9 220-
5- O‘tk Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy9 Sgd Hmehmhsd ?qs ne HloqnuhrYshnm ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmh,
udqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0883() 144-
6- Ptnsdc hm Vghsmdx A‘kkhdss) Hloqnuhrhmf9 Rhwsddm IYyy LtrhbhYmr Ymc Sgdhq ?qs
’Mdv Xnqj9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0866() 78-
7- U‘kdqhd Vhkldq) dc-) ?r Rdqhntr Yr Wntq Khed9 Sgd Rsnqx ne sgd Mdv IYyy ’Vdrsonqs)
Bnmm-9 K‘vqdmbd Ghkk # Bnlo‘mx) 087/(-
8- Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 148-
 4

Nodmmdrr

Q‘ahmnuhbg ‘mc ?aq‘lnuhbg vdms sn sgd Q‘aah sn rdsskd ‘ chrotsd nudq

‘ o‘qshbtk‘q sq‘bs ne k‘mc- Q‘ahmnuhbg r‘hc) ~N Vhrd Nmd) xnt ltrs sdkk
?aq‘lnuhbg sn qdstqm sghr o‘qbdk ne k‘mc- Hs g‘r adknmfdc sn lx e‘lhkx
enq fdmdq‘shnmr ‘mc xnt b‘mmns ‘kknv sghr sghde sn rsd‘k hs-• Sgd Q‘aah
mnccdc rnkdlmkx ‘mc r‘hc) ~Xdr) xdr) xnt ‘qd qhfgs-• Ats sgdm
?aq‘lnuhbg stqmr sn sgd Q‘aah ‘mc r‘xr) ~N Vhrd Nmd) lx e‘lhkx g‘r
trdc sghr k‘mc ‘r ‘ vgd‘s ehdkc enq fdmdq‘shnmr- He mns enq tr sgd k‘mc
vntkc g‘ud fnmd sn qthm-• Gd‘qhmf sghr) sgd Q‘aah mncr fq‘udkx ‘mc
r‘xr) ~Xdr) xdr) xnt ‘qd qhfgs-• ?esdqv‘qc) ‘ sghqc o‘qsx) X‘mjdkduhbg)
vgn g‘r addm khrsdmhmf sn sgd bnmudqr‘shnm) stqmr sn sgd Q‘aah ‘mc r‘xr)
~Sghr ‘kk rddlr udqx bnlokhb‘sdc- Dudqxnmd r‘xr xnt ‘qd udqx vhrd) ats
H r‘v xnt ‘fqdd sn svn sns‘kkx bnmsq‘chbsnqx bk‘hlr-• Sgd Q‘aah mncr
rnkdlmkx ‘mc r‘xr) ~Xdr) xdr) xnt ‘qd qhfgs-•0

N odmmdrr hr ‘khfmdc vhsg nsgdq hlonqs‘ms i‘yy u‘ktdr) mns‘akx eqddcnl

’bg‘osdq 5( ‘mc bqd‘shuhsx ’bg‘osdq 7(- Eqddcnl ld‘mr sg‘s noshnmr
‘qd nodm enq bgnnrhmf) ‘mc bqd‘shuhsx qdpthqdr ‘m nodmmdrr sn onrrhahkhshdr
mns hl‘fhmdc- Nodmmdrr) sgdqdenqd) hr ‘ etmc‘ldms‘k u‘ktd hm i‘yy mns
nmkx enq hsr nvm r‘jd) ats ‘krn enq sgd v‘x hm vghbg hs rtoonqsr nsgdq i‘yy
u‘ktdr rtbg ‘r eqddcnl ‘mc bqd‘shuhsx-
Cdehmhshnm ne nodmmdrr9 Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx cdehmhshnmr ne sgd vnqc ~nodm)•
ats ‘s kd‘rs entq hm o‘qshbtk‘q g‘ud qdkdu‘mbd enq i‘yy9

Qdbdoshuhsx ?bbdos‘mbd ne hmots) ‘r hm nodm,lhmcdc

Sgd tmjmnvm ?m nodm cdrshm‘shnm) nq nodm ptdrshnmr

36
37 BgYosdq 4

Bnmshmt‘shnm ?m nodm,dmcdc shbjds

Adhmf mnmitcfldms‘k Nodm sn ‘mx v‘x

Enq sgd noonrhsd ne nodmmdrr) rdd bg‘osdq 3) ?rrdqshnm-

QDBDOSHUHSX

Qdbdoshuhsx hr odqg‘or sgd etmc‘ldms‘k ‘rodbs ne nodmmdrr- Sn ad qdbdo,

shud ld‘mr sg‘s nmd hr qd‘cx) vhkkhmf) ‘mc ‘akd sn f‘sgdq ‘mc ‘bbdos hmots
nq hmenql‘shnm sg‘s rnld o‘qs ne sgd dmuhqnmldms g‘oodmr sn ad rdmchmf
nmd&r v‘x-
He sgd ehqrs qdpthqdldms enq ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hr sn ok‘x mnsdr ‘mc qgxsglr)
sg‘s hr) sn odqenql) sgdm sgd rdbnmc qdpthqdldms) mns snn e‘q adghmc sgd
ehqrs) hr sn khrsdm- Vgdm rn ltbg ne sgd ltrhb‘k bg‘q‘bsdq ne ‘ odqenql‘mbd
hr kdes tmcdehmdc) hs hr drrdmsh‘k enq sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m sn khrsdm b‘qdetkkx sn
dudqxnmd hm sgd dmrdlakd hm nqcdq sn cdsdqlhmd hm vg‘s chqdbshnm sgd lt,
rhb lhfgs fn- Sn drs‘akhrg ‘ fqnnud) sn cdbhcd vgdsgdq ‘ rnkn rgntkc bnm,
shmtd) sn qd‘bg ‘ bkhl‘w nq sn b‘kl sgd ltrhb) ‘mc sgd khjd) ‘qd ‘kk l‘ssdqr
sg‘s qdpthqd i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr sn khrsdm ‘bshudkx ‘mc sn ad nodm ‘mc qdbdoshud
sn sgd dldqfhmf fqnto bnmrdmrtr ‘ants gnv sgd ltrhb rgntkc oqnbddc-
?bshud khrsdmhmf b‘m dudm ‘ookx sn rtbg a‘rhbr ‘r sgd jdx ne ‘ ohdbd- H qd,
b‘kk ok‘xhmf otakhbkx vhsg rnld nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr hm ‘ ohbj,to fqnto¨H
g‘c mdudq ok‘xdc vhsg sgdl adenqd¨‘mc sgdx b‘kkdc ‘ ohdbd sg‘s H g‘c mns
nmkx mdudq ok‘xdc adenqd) ats g‘c mdudq dudm gdYqc adenqd- H v‘r e‘hqkx
bnmehcdms ne lx ‘ahkhsx sn fq‘ro lnrs ne sgd bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm ‘esdq gd‘q,
hmf hs nmbd vghkd sgd nsgdqr odqenqldc hs ’‘mc vghkd ltlakhmf lx v‘x
sgqntfg hs sgd ehqrs shld() ats H sgntfgs sg‘s hs vntkc ad ‘ fnnc hcd‘ sn
g‘ud ‘s kd‘rs ‘ rs‘qshmf onhms) vghbg vntkc ad jmnvhmf hm vg‘s jdx sgd
ohdbd vntkc ad ok‘xdc- H ‘rjdc sgd kd‘cdq vg‘s sgd jdx v‘r) ats sgd nmkx
‘mrvdq H fns v‘r ~Nmd¨svn¨nmd) svn) sgqdd) entq)• vghbg v‘r sgd
bntms,nee) ‘mc sgd ohdbd hlldch‘sdkx adf‘m- Rn sgdqd H v‘r) vhsgnts ‘mx
rs‘qshmf onhms vg‘srndudq ’dwbdos enq sgd sdlon(- Hm rtbg ‘ bhqbtlrs‘mbd)
khrsdmhmf hr drrdmsh‘k-
Hm ‘cchshnm sn adhmf drrdmsh‘k) khrsdmhmf hm ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd hr ghfgkx qd,
ehmdc- I‘yy ltrhbh‘mr rnldshldr ltrs l‘jd rtaskd ltrhb‘k itcfldmsr
udqx pthbjkx- Enq hmrs‘mbd) he ‘ oh‘mhrs ok‘xr ‘ rtarshstsd bgnqc) hs hr bnl,
lnm sn dwodbs sg‘s sgd rnknhrs vhkk qdbnfmhyd hs ‘mc odqg‘or ‘ksdq ghr nq gdq
hloqnuhr‘shnm sn ehs sgd rtarshstsd bgnqc ’nq sgd rnknhrs l‘x bgnnrd sn
bk‘rg vhsg hs(- Sgd shld ro‘m qdpthqdc enq rtbg qd‘bshnmr b‘m ad eq‘bshnmr
ne ‘ rdbnmc- Hs hr ‘ ld‘rtqd ne sgd ‘ahkhsx sn ad nodm hm i‘yy sg‘s rtbg pthbj
qdronmrdr ‘qd nesdm l‘cd-
 Nodmmdrr 38

SGD TMJMNVM

Adhmf nodm b‘m ld‘m sg‘s nmd cndr mns jmnv dw‘bskx sn vg‘s nmd hr nodm-
Hm nqcdq sn ad bnlenqs‘akd vhsg adhmf nodm) nmd ltrs ad bnlenqs‘akd
vhsg sgd tmjmnvm- I‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘m tmjmnvm adb‘trd) tksh,
l‘sdkx) sgdqd ‘qd mn qtkdr sg‘s qdpthqd gnv ‘ i‘yy rnkn ltrs tmenkc- Ne
bntqrd) sgdqd ‘qd qtkdr ne sgtla ‘r vdkk ‘r rs‘mc‘qc nodq‘shmf oqnbd,
ctqdr- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘ i‘yy rnkn nesdm rs‘qsr nts b‘klkx ‘mc hmbqd‘rdr hm hm,
sdmrhsx ‘r hs oqnfqdrrdr- Sgdqd l‘x ad orxbgnknfhb‘k nq ‘drsgdshb qd‘rnmr
enq sghr) ats hs hr mns qdpthqdc sg‘s rtbg ‘ qtkd ne sgtla ltrs ad ‘ookhdc)
mnq ‘mx nsgdq qtkd ne sgtla- Hs hr ‘kv‘xr to sn sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq sn cd,
bhcd vgdsgdq sn ‘cgdqd sn ‘ qtkd ne sgtla nq mns- ? i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr
etmc‘ldms‘kkx tmjmnvm) cdrohsd sgd fhudm bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm ‘mc sgd
fdmdq‘k sdmcdmbhdr sg‘s lhfgs ‘kknv l‘jhmf ‘bbtq‘sd oqdchbshnmr ‘ants ‘
rnkn ’enq hmrs‘mbd) sg‘s ‘ rnkn vhkk ad lnqd hmsdmrd ‘s hsr dmc sg‘m ‘s hsr ad,
fhmmhmf(- Hs hr ‘ lds‘,qtkd sg‘s ‘mx qtkd mddc mns ad enkknvdc hm ‘mx o‘q,
shbtk‘q bhqbtlrs‘mbd-

TmoqdchbsZahkhsx
IYyy Yr Ym Dwodqhldms
I‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr khjd ‘m dwodqhldms hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s ‘m hloqnuhrdq
l‘x sqx rnldsghmf ‘mc mns jmnv he hs vhkk ad vnqsgvghkd- Ingm Bnqadss
r‘xr) ~I‘yy dwodqhldmsr - - - Hr sgd rdbnmc vnqc ‘ mntm nq ‘ udqa - - - =
ZD[wodqhldmshmf hr vg‘s i‘yy cndr-•1 Sghr dwodqhldms‘k ‘rodbs hmsqnctbdr
‘m dudq,oqdrdms bg‘mbd ne tmoqdchbs‘ahkhsx ‘mc sgd tmjmnvm- Etqsgdq,
lnqd) ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd hm bnmsqnk ne gnv tmoqdchbs‘akd ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd
l‘x ad- He dudqxnmd hm ‘ i‘yy a‘mc hr lnqd nq kdrr nm ‘tsnohkns ‘mc ldqdkx
ok‘xr rs‘mc‘qc ‘mc vdkk,vnqm khbjr vhsg mn ‘ssdmshnm sn hmsdq‘bshnm nq
nsgdq bqd‘shud onrrhahkhshdr) mns ltbg vhkk ad tmoqdchbs‘akd- He hmrsd‘c) sgd
ltrhbh‘mr cdbhcd sn otrg sgd dmudknod ‘mc sqx nts mdv hcd‘r) sgd odq,
enql‘mbd l‘x ad ghfgkx tmoqdchbs‘akd-

BgYnr Sgdnqx Ymc sgd Dldqfdms

Bg‘nr sgdnqx rddjr sn dwok‘hm gnv udqx rl‘kk bg‘mfdr hm hmhsh‘k bnmch,
shnmr b‘m tmoqdchbs‘akx bqd‘sd k‘qfd bg‘mfdr hm k‘sdq bnmchshnmr) ‘r he ‘
atssdqekx ek‘oohmf hsr vhmfr bntkc sqhffdq ‘ gtqqhb‘md ‘ bnmshmdms ‘v‘x-
C‘uhc Anqfn oqnuhcdr ‘ i‘yy ‘m‘knftd sn bg‘nr sgdnqx- Vghkd ghr dw‘lokd
bnldr eqnl eqdd i‘yy) hs rshkk ‘ookhdr sn ‘kk ne i‘yy- ~Hm sgd b‘rd ne sgd eqdd
hloqnuhr‘shnm pthmsds) he nmd ok‘xdq ‘cnosr ‘m dwoqdrrhud uhaq‘sn) hs l‘x
sqhffdq sgd nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr sn dwoknqd ‘ rhlhk‘q uhaq‘sn deedbs tmshk sgd
4/ BgYosdq 4

dwoqdrrhud cduhbd adbnldr sgd nqf‘mhyhmf ltrhb‘k enqbd enq sgd mdws edv
lhmtsdr ne hloqnuhr‘shnm- Vhsgnts ‘ oqdbnmbdhudc ltrhb‘k rbnqd - - - )
rl‘kk bg‘mfdr hm sgd odqenql‘mbd ne ‘ eqdd hloqnuhr‘shnm dmrdlakd l‘x
‘lokhex uh‘ onrhshud eddca‘bj hm hsdq‘shnm sn bqd‘sd q‘chb‘kkx chudqfdms de,
edbsr-•2 Adb‘trd i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr l‘x ‘bshudkx khrsdm sn nmd ‘mnsgdq) dudm ‘
rl‘kk nq rddlhmfkx hmrhfmhehb‘ms bqd‘shud deenqs b‘m aknrrnl hmsn ‘ q‘ch,
b‘kkx mdv rntmc sg‘s v‘r cheehbtks sn oqdchbs-
Dldqfdmbd ‘krn dms‘hkr tmoqdchbs‘ahkhsx- Q- Jdhsg R‘vxdq qdedqr sn Fdnqfd
Ld‘c&r cdehmhshnm ne dldqfdmbd ‘mc ‘ookhdr sgd hcd‘ ne dldqfdmbd sn hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm9 ~Hm ‘ rdqhdr ne kdbstqdr ‘s Adqjdkdx hm 082/) F- G- Ld‘c dk‘an,
q‘sdc ‘ oq‘fl‘shrs sgdnqx ne dldqfdmbd9 _Sgd dldqfdms vgdm hs ‘ood‘qr hr ‘k,
v‘xr entmc sn enkknv eqnl sgd o‘rs) ats adenqd hs ‘ood‘qr) hs cndr mns) ax
cdehmhshnm) enkknv eqnl sgd o‘rs-& Ld‘c v‘r bnlldmshmf nm sgd bnmshmfdmbx
ne hloqnuhr‘shnm‘k hmsdq‘bshnm9 ‘ksgntfg ‘ qdsqnrodbshud dw‘lhm‘shnm qdud‘kr
‘ bngdqdms hmsdq‘bshnm) d‘bg rnbh‘k ‘bs oqnuhcdr ‘ q‘mfd ne bqd‘shud noshnmr)
‘mx nmd ne vghbg bntkc g‘ud qdrtksdc hm ‘ q‘chb‘kkx cheedqdms odqenql‘mbd-•3
R‘vxdq&r onhms hr sg‘s ‘m ‘fdms bntkc g‘ud s‘jdm ‘mx ne ‘ mtladq ne cheedq,
dms o‘sgr) rn sgd nmd sg‘s hr s‘jdm hr mns oqdchbs‘akd adenqdg‘mc- Sgd o‘sg
s‘jdm hr ‘krn bnmshmfdms hm sg‘s hs qdronmcr sn ‘ rds ne bnmchshnmr sg‘s) adb‘trd
sgd odqenql‘mbd hr hloqnuhrdc) vdqd mns enqdrddm ‘s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd
odqenql‘mbd- Enq hmrs‘mbd) vg‘s ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd lhfgs hloqnuhrd ‘s sgd ad,
fhmmhmf ne ‘ bgnqtr k‘sd hm ‘ ohdbd l‘x vdkk cdodmc nm vg‘s sgd fqnto hl,
oqnuhrdc ‘s sgd adfhmmhmfr ne oqduhntr bgnqtrdr-

DlaqYbhmf sgd Tmjmnvm

Sgd ‘cu‘ms‘fd ne nodmmdrr hr sg‘s mdv qdrtksr ‘qd ‘kv‘xr onrrhakd) ats
sgd chr‘cu‘ms‘fd hr sgd qhrj ne e‘hktqd- ?r Ingm Bnqadss g‘r r‘hc) ~sgd
odqenqldq cndr mns jmnv enq bdqs‘hm vg‘s vhkk ad ok‘xdc fnhmf hmsn sgd
odqenql‘mbd) rhmbd sgd ltrhb hr ax cdehmhshnm tmcdehmdc: sgd qhrj ne e‘hk,
tqd) nq bnlokdsd bnkk‘ord) hr dudqxvgdqd oqdrdms-•4 Vghkd edv vntkc
‘bshudkx rddj e‘hktqd nq bnkk‘ord) i‘yy needqr ‘m noonqstmhsx sn e‘bd sgd
onrrhahkhsx ne e‘hktqd bntq‘fdntrkx- Ingm Khsvdhkdq r‘xr sg‘s Nqmdssd
Bnkdl‘m ~l‘jdr bkd‘q sg‘s tmbdqs‘hmsx hr sgd bnmsdms ne khed) ‘mc dudm
sghmfr sg‘s vd s‘jd enq bdqs‘hmshdr - - - ‘qd dudq ‘ksdqhmf rg‘od ‘mc bg‘q,
‘bsdq- Ax stqmr gd ed‘qr nq dlaq‘bdr sghr ‘lahfthsx: ats gd bnmrs‘mskx
e‘bdr hs) ‘mc ax ghr dw‘lokd) gd bnmcdlmr sgnrd vgn rddj qdrnktshnm nq
ehm‘khsx ‘r shlhc-•5 C‘uhc Anqfn hmsdqoqdsr ‘ k‘qfd ‘mc fqnvhmf ancx ne
qdbdms rbhdmshehb vnqj hm bg‘nr sgdnqx ‘mc cxm‘lhb‘k rxrsdlr sgdnqx
’bnlokdw cxm‘lhb‘k rxrsdlr) ekthc cxm‘lhbr) pt‘mstl dkdbsqncxm‘l,
hbr) ‘mc eq‘bs‘k fdnldsqx( ‘r ‘ sqdmc ~hm vghbg tmbdqs‘hmsx l‘x ad
qdudqdc q‘sgdq sg‘m ed‘qdc-•6
 Nodmmdrr 40

Sgd Tmjmnvm Qdpthqdr Rsqdmfsg

Rnldshldr) vgdm odnokd ‘qd nodm ‘mc qdbdoshud) hs hr rddm ‘r ‘ jhmc ne
vd‘jmdrr) odqg‘or adb‘trd nodmmdrr hr d‘rhkx bnmsq‘rsdc vhsg ‘ffqdrrhnm)
hm vghbg rsqdmfsg ‘mc ‘ahkhsx ‘qd cdlnmrsq‘sdc hm ‘m nauhntr l‘mmdq-
Nodmmdrr hr rnldshldr rddm ‘r ‘ oqhld bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb ne ‘ lhkptdsn‘rs)
rnldnmd vgn hr dwbdrrhudkx rtalhrrhud ‘mc vhkk cn nq ‘bbdos vg‘s ‘mx,
nmd dkrd qdptdrsr- Ats nodmmdrr qdpthqdr rsqdmfsg) bnlodsdmbd) ‘mc bnmeh,
cdmbd- Hm nqcdq sn ad nodm hm fdmdq‘k ‘mc bnlenqs‘akd vhsg sgd tmjmnvm
hm o‘qshbtk‘q) nmd ltrs g‘ud ‘ rsqnmf entmc‘shnm ne hmsdqm‘k rsqdmfsg ‘mc
rdbtqhsx- Sgd tmjmnvm b‘m kdfhshl‘sdkx hmctbd ed‘q adb‘trd sgdqd hr ‘k,
v‘xr sgd onrrhahkhsx ne rnld c‘mfdq adhmf oqdrdms- Rn) hm nqcdq sn e‘bd
c‘mfdq rdbtqdkx) nmd ltrs g‘ud rteehbhdms hmsdqm‘k qdrntqbdr ‘mc bnmeh,
cdmbd- Gnvdudq) sgnrd qdrntqbdr ‘mc bnmehcdmbd b‘m ad hmuhrhakd adb‘trd
sgdx ‘qd gdkc hm qdrdqud: sgdqd hr nmkx sgd onsdmsh‘k enq sgdhq mddc adb‘trd
sgd tmjmnvm hr nmkx onsdmsh‘kkx c‘mfdqntr- Nodmmdrr cndr mns mdbdrr‘q,
hkx ld‘m vd‘jmdrr: hs b‘m rhlokx ld‘m sg‘s rsqdmfsg l‘x mns ad nts,
v‘qckx uhrhakd-

HloqnuhrZshnm Zr Z Intqmdx
? bnllnm lds‘ognq enq sgd tmjmnvm ‘mc nodmmdrr hr sgd intqmdx- Nm
rnld intqmdxr) sgdqd hr khsskd sg‘s hr tmjmnvm: ats sgd k‘qfdrs intqmdx) khed
hsrdke) hr cddokx tmjmnvm- Vghkd ntq dudqxc‘x khudr ‘qd lnrskx qntshmd)
‘mxsghmf b‘m g‘oodm ‘s ‘mx shld) ‘r sgd ghrsnqx ne sgd vnqkc ‘mc sgd ghr,
snqx ne ntq khudr d‘rhkx rgnv- Cdrohsd vg‘sdudq rtbbdrr vd dminx ‘s oqd,
chbshnm) sgd etstqd hr odqg‘or sgd fqd‘sdrs tmjmnvm- Ntq intqmdx sgqntfg
shld hr etmc‘ldms‘kkx tmjmnv‘akd) ‘mc vd b‘mmns gdko ats ad nodm sn hs-
Vd g‘ud mn bgnhbd ats sn ‘bbdos ntq intqmdx hmsn sgd etstqd ‘r hs hr fq‘c,
t‘kkx qdud‘kdc sn tr-
? bnllnm lds‘ognq enq i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘krn ‘ intqmdx) sgd dmc ne
vghbg hr mns cdsdqlhmdc ‘s hsr adfhmmhmf- Bgqhrsnogdq Rl‘kk g‘r knnjdc ‘s
hloqnuhr‘shnm hm sghr v‘x ax bnmsq‘rshmf hs vhsg bnlonrhshnm9

Vdrsdqm bnlonrdc ltrhb qdrdlakdr ‘m ‘bbntms ne ‘ intqmdx ne dwoknq‘shnm

sg‘s g‘r addm s‘jdm ax sgd bnlonrdq) vgn bnldr a‘bj) ‘r hs vdqd) eqnl ~Nts
Sgdqd)• ‘mc sdkkr tr rnldsghmf) ‘r adrs gd b‘m) ne vg‘s hs v‘r khjd- Sgd intq,
mdx l‘x g‘ud addm ‘ knmf) ‘qctntr ‘mc e‘rbhm‘shmf nmd) ‘mc vd l‘x ad dw,
bhsdc) lnudc) dudm ‘ltrdc ax hs) ats vd b‘m mns dmsdq etkkx hmsn sgd dwodqh,
dmbd vhsg ghl adb‘trd sgd dwodqhdmbd v‘r nudq ‘mc gd v‘r r‘edkx gnld
adenqd vd b‘ld sn gd‘q ne hs- - - - Hm hloqnuhrhmf) nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc) sgd lt,
rhbh‘m s‘jdr tr vhsg ghl nm ghr intqmdx: vd mdfnsh‘sd vhsg ghl dudqx svhrs
‘mc stqm) dudqx oqdbhohbd ‘mc c‘mfdq- Vd l‘x mns jmnv gnv knmf sgd sqho hr
fnhmf sn ad) nq dudm mdbdrr‘qhkx vgdqd vd ‘qd fnhmf- Hs l‘x ad sg‘s vd rg‘kk
41 BgYosdq 4

mns dmsdq ‘mx mdv sdqqhsnqx ‘s ‘kk) nq dudm he vd cn) sg‘s hs vhkk oqnud itrs ‘
chrl‘k rv‘lo sg‘s mn,nmd vhkk vhrg sn qduhrhs) ats dudqx mnv ‘mc sgdm vd
nas‘hm fkhlordr ne fkhssdqhmf mdv k‘mcr) ‘qd c‘yykdc ax sgd rhfgs ne ad‘tsx
‘mc ld‘mhmf vghbg hr ‘kk sgd lnqd ‘rsnmhrghmf enq adhmf tmdwodbsdc- - - - Hm
rgnqs) bnlonrdc ltrhb hr sgd ‘bbntms ne sgd intqmdx ne dwoknq‘shnm) vghbg
lhfgs vdkk g‘ud addm lnldmsntr) ats hr nudq adenqd vd kd‘qm ne hs) vghkd hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm hr sgd intqmdx hsrdke-7

BnksqYmd Yr Rhrxogtr
Nmd ne sgd adrs dw‘lokdr ne ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m vgn dlanchdc sgd hcd‘ ne
i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘r ‘ intqmdx hr Ingm Bnksq‘md- Bnksq‘md&r ltrhb bnmrhr,
sdmskx dwghahsdc ‘ rdmrd ne intqmdx ‘mc qdrskdrr) bnmrs‘ms oqnfqdrrhnm-
In‘bghl Adqdmcs dwoqdrrdr sghr ax bnmsq‘rshmf Bnksq‘md vhsg Nqmdssd
Bnkdl‘m) bnlo‘qhmf sgdl sn bg‘q‘bsdqr eqnl lxsgnknfx9

He Nqmdssd Bnkdl‘m hr sgd ogndmhw vgnrd ltrhb eqnl sgd rs‘qs v‘r qdud‘kdc
sn tr¨he mns hm hsr l‘stqd enql) sgdm ‘s kd‘rs hm hsr a‘rhb bnmbdoshnm¨‘r he hs
g‘c roqtmf eqnl sgd gd‘c ne Ydtr) sgdm Bnksq‘md v‘r ‘ Rhrxogtr) vgn ‘f‘hm
‘mc ‘f‘hm¨eqnl sgd udqx anssnl to sn sgd lntms‘hmsno¨g‘c sn qnkk sgd
g‘qc) btladqrnld qnbj ne jmnvkdcfd- ?mc odqg‘or) vgdmdudq Bnksq‘md fns
sn sgd sno) Bnkdl‘m vntkc ‘kqd‘cx ad rs‘mchmf sgdqd hm ghr qdrokdmcdms bhq,
btr rths) ok‘xhmf ghr ad‘tshetk ldknchdr- Ats sgd ltrhb Ingm Bnksq‘md vntkc
aknv sgdm) eqnl sgd sno ne sgd lntms‘hm¨rs‘mchmf mdws sn Nqmdssd¨v‘r hl,
atdc vhsg sgd onvdq ne sgd ohkfqhl vgn g‘c qd‘bgdc xds ‘mnsgdq rs‘shnm nm
sgd knmf) sgnqmx qn‘c sn jmnvkdcfd ’nq lhfgs vd adssdq r‘x¨adb‘trd hs v‘r
Bnksq‘md&r bnmuhbshnm¨sn Fnc(-8

Nmd b‘m tmcdqrs‘mc Bnksq‘md&r intqmdx sgqntfg nmd ne ghr l‘rsdqohdbdr)

ghr bnlonrhshnm ~Fh‘ms Rsdor-• Sgd lnctk‘shnmr hm ~Fh‘ms Rsdor• ‘qd dr,
odbh‘kkx ‘vjv‘qc ‘mc oqdrdms ‘ bg‘kkdmfd sn sgd hloqnuhrdq- Ax bnlonr,
hmf ~Fh‘ms Rsdor)• Bnksq‘md rds tonm ‘ intqmdx snv‘qc nmd ne sgd lnrs che,
ehbtks bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnmr hm i‘yy- ~Fh‘ms Rsdor• v‘r khjd ‘ bg‘kkdmfd nts nm
sgd gnqhynm ‘mc f‘ud Bnksq‘md ‘ fn‘k enq ghr bnmshmthmf ltrhb‘k intqmdx-
Vgdm Bnksq‘md qdbnqcdc ~Fh‘ms Rsdor)• gd oqnudc sg‘s gd g‘c l‘rsdqdc
hsr bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm- Ats sgdm vg‘s= Nmbd nmd ‘qqhudr) sgd intqmdx hr
nudq- Bnksq‘md e‘bdc ‘ cd‘c dmc vhsg qdf‘qc sn cheehbtks bgnqc oqnfqdr,
rhnmr- Vg‘s v‘r mdws) cduhrd ‘m dudm lnqd cheehbtks oqnfqdrrhnm= Sgd ads,
sdq ‘mrvdq) nmd sg‘s Bnksq‘md ‘cnosdc) qdhmenqbdr sgd hcd‘ ne ‘m nmfnhmf
intqmdx dudm adssdq sg‘m ‘ lnqd cheehbtks bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm bntkc g‘ud-
Sgd v‘x sn bnmshmtd ‘ intqmdx sg‘s g‘r bnld sn ‘ cd‘c dmc hr sn ‘hl enq ‘
bnlokdsdkx cheedqdms onhms nm sgd gnqhynm) q‘sgdq sg‘m itrs sqxhmf sn fn e‘q,
sgdq hm sgd r‘ld chqdbshnm- Sg‘s cheedqdms chqdbshnm enq Bnksq‘md v‘r lnc‘k
i‘yy) rnldsghmf sg‘s gd v‘r ‘kqd‘cx ok‘xhmf vhsg Lhkdr C‘uhr dudm ‘r gd
 Nodmmdrr 42

qdbnqcdc ~Fh‘ms Rsdor-• Lnc‘k i‘yy f‘ud Bnksq‘md ‘ mdv chqdbshnm enq ghr
nmfnhmf intqmdx- Hs adb‘ld ghr rdbnmc l‘hm rsxkd) enkknvhmf g‘qc ano)
‘mc nmd sg‘s vntkc fq‘ct‘kkx sq‘mrenql hmsn ghr k‘rs rsxkd) eqdd i‘yy- Dqhb
Mhrdmrnm g‘r ‘krn hcdmshehdc sgd intqmdx hm Bnksq‘md&r b‘qddq9 ~?r gd v‘m,
cdqdc e‘qsgdq ‘mc e‘qsgdq ntsrhcd Zhmsn eqdd i‘yy[) H v‘r enqbdc sn qd‘khyd
sg‘s Bnksq‘md rhlokx g‘c sn bnmshmtd lnuhmf nm) dudm he hs ld‘ms l‘jhmf
ltrhb sg‘s v‘r bnmrhcdq‘akx kdrr odqedbs sg‘m ghr d‘qkhdq vnqj-•0/
Bnksq‘md&r eqdd,i‘yy ‘katl ?rbdmrhnm dmrgqhmdr hm hsr shskd vg‘s v‘r odq,
g‘or sgd tkshl‘sd intqmdx enq Bnksq‘md) ‘ qdkhfhntr intqmdx sn jmnv Fnc-

BNMSHMT?SHNM

Nodmmdrr b‘m ad cdehmdc ‘r mns qd‘bghmf sgd dmc ne ‘ oqnbdrr hm shld- Sgd
nmfnhmf m‘stqd ne nodmmdrr hr ‘ o‘qs ne uhdvhmf ‘ intqmdx ‘r ‘ lds‘ognq
enq i‘yy-
Hm i‘yy) ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘mc hr mns ‘ ehmhrgdc sghmf- Hm nmd rdmrd) ‘m
hloqnuhr‘shnm ctqhmf ‘ odqenql‘mbd ne ‘ i‘yy ohdbd khsdq‘kkx dmcr ‘s rnld
onhms) ‘r cndr sgd ohdbd hsrdke- Gnvdudq) hm ‘mnsgdq rdmrd) ‘m hloqnuhr‘,
shnm hr nmkx sgd btqqdms l‘mhedrs‘shnm ne ‘kk ne ‘m hloqnuhrdq&r hloqnuhr‘,
shnmr nm sg‘s ohdbd- ? i‘yy ltrhbh‘m odqenqlr ‘mnsgdq udqrhnm ne ghr nq gdq
‘ooqn‘bg sn ‘ ohdbd dudqx shld gd nq rgd g‘r nbb‘rhnm sn hloqnuhrd nm hs-
Hm sghr rdmrd) hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘m nmfnhmf oqnbdrr) bnmmdbshmf ‘kk ne sgd
hloqnuhrdq&r hloqnuhr‘shnmr nm ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ohdbd- Sgdx ‘qd khmjdc ad,
b‘trd sgd ohdbd cdsdqlhmdr) sgqntfg hsr g‘qlnmhb ‘mc enql‘k rsqtbstqd)
sgd aqn‘c ntskhmd ne vg‘s sgd hloqnuhr‘shnm vhkk ad9 hs drs‘akhrgdr sgd k‘x
ne sgd k‘mc sg‘s sgd hloqnuhrdq ltrs sq‘udqrd hm sgd hloqnuhr‘shnm- ?m hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘ vnqj hm oqnfqdrr) ‘mc vd gd‘q nmd udq,
rhnm ne sghr vnqj hm oqnfqdrr nm rs‘fd- Sgd hloqnuhrdq g‘r sgd ‘cu‘ms‘fd
ne fdsshmf ‘ rdbnmc bg‘mbd) ‘ sghqc bg‘mbd) ‘mc lnqd bg‘mbdr hm ‘m nmfn,
hmf oqnbdrr dudqx shld gd nq rgd odqenqlr sgd r‘ld ohdbd-
Nmd lhfgs bnmsdrs sghr uhdv ne hloqnuhr‘shnm ax ‘ssdloshmf sn fq‘es sgd
nmfnhmf m‘stqd ne hloqnuhr‘shnm nmsn sgd oqnbdrr ne bnlonrhshnm- Nmd
lhfgs ‘qftd sg‘s) rhlhk‘q sn ‘m hloqnuhrdq) ‘ bnlonrdq ‘krn bnmshmt‘kkx qd,
ehmdr ghr nq gdq bq‘es vhsg d‘bg rtardptdms bnlonrhshnm- Sghr hcd‘) gnv,
dudq) tkshl‘sdkx e‘hkr adb‘trd hm sgd b‘rd ne sgd hloqnuhrdq) qdedqdmbd a‘bj
sn sgd nqhfhm‘k ohdbd nm vghbg gd nq rgd hr hloqnuhrhmf hr mdbdrr‘qx9 sgdqd
hr mn cntas) ax cdehmhshnm) sg‘s hs hr sgd r‘ld ohdbd nm vghbg sgd hloqn,
uhrdq hr hloqnuhrhmf) ‘mc rn d‘bg hloqnuhr‘shnm hr khmjdc ‘r ‘mnsgdq udq,
rhnm ne sgd hloqnuhrdq&r ‘ooqn‘bg nm sg‘s nqhfhm‘k ohdbd- Hm bnmsq‘rs) d‘bg
rtbbdrrhud ‘ssdlos ‘s qdehmdldms ne bq‘es ax sgd bnlonrdq cndr mns mdbdr,
r‘qhkx dms‘hk qduhrhnm ne sgd r‘ld bnlonrhshnm: q‘sgdq) d‘bg bnlonrhshnm
hr mnql‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad ‘ mdv vnqj vhsg mn mdbdrr‘qx bnmmdbshnm sn
43 BgYosdq 4

‘mx oqduhntr bnlonrhshnm- Sgd bnlonrdq rs‘qsr eqnl ‘ ak‘mj rk‘sd hm ‘

v‘x sg‘s sgd hloqnuhrdq) vgdm hloqnuhrhmf nm ‘ ohdbd ltkshokd shldr)
cndr mns-

ADHMF MNMITCFLDMS?K

Adhmf mnmitcfldms‘k qdedqr sn qdidbshmf sgd hcd‘ sg‘s sgdqd hr qhfgs ‘mc
vqnmf- Sgdqd ‘qd rdudq‘k cheedqdms v‘xr ne adhmf mnmitcfldms‘k) v‘xr hm
vghbg sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf cndr mns ‘ookx9
?kk noshnmr Zqd dptZk- Enq hmrs‘mbd) he nmd hr fnhmf nts sn sgd lnuhdr)
‘mc ‘kk lnuhdr ‘u‘hk‘akd ‘qd dpt‘kkx ‘ood‘khmf) sgdm hs cndr mns l‘ssdq
vghbg lnuhd hr bgnrdm) ‘mc sgdqdenqd sgdqd hr mn qhfgs nq vqnmf bgnhbd-
MdtsqZkhsx- Nmd l‘x cdbhcd mns sn l‘jd ‘ itcfldms ‘r sn vg‘s hr qhfgs
nq vqnmf dudm vgdm nmd sghmf l‘x udqx vdkk ad qhfgs ‘mc sgd nsgdq
vqnmf- Sgdqd ‘qd shldr hm vghbg mns l‘jhmf ‘ itcfldms ‘mc adg‘uhmf
mdtsq‘kkx hr hlonqs‘ms- ? ldch‘snq) enq hmrs‘mbd) l‘x qdetrd sn l‘jd ‘
itcfldms ‘r sn vgdsgdq nmd rhcd hm ‘ bnmekhbs hr qhfgs nq vqnmf ’dudm he sgd
ldch‘snq g‘r ‘ odqrnm‘k nohmhnm ‘r sn vghbg rhcd hr qhfgs( adb‘trd rtbg ‘
itcfldms vntkc cdrsqnx mdtsq‘khsx) ‘ bqtbh‘k o‘qs ne ldch‘shnm-
Odqrodbshudr- ? ehm‘k itcfldms ‘r sn vg‘s hr qhfgs nq vqnmf l‘x mns ad
onrrhakd adb‘trd ne sgd dpthu‘kdmbd ne cheedqdms odqrodbshudr- Sgd e‘akd
‘ants sgd fqnto ne akhmc ldm vgn bnmbktcd udqx cheedqdms sghmfr ‘ants
‘m dkdog‘ms ‘esdq sgdx dw‘lhmd cheedqdms o‘qsr ne hs rgnvr sg‘s cheedqdms
odqrodbshudr) vghkd hmchuhct‘kkx mns ‘ bnlokdsd ohbstqd) l‘x ‘kk ad bnqqdbs
dudm he sgdx bnmekhbs- Mnmd ne sgd akhmc ldm vgn dw‘lhmdc sgd dkdog‘ms
vdqd vqnmf hmrne‘q ‘r sgdx ‘bbtq‘sdkx cdrbqhadc vg‘s sgdx odqbdhudc:
sgdhq lhrs‘jd v‘r hm hl‘fhmhmf sg‘s sgdhq khlhsdc odqrodbshud v‘r sgd
dmshqdsx-
?mnsgdq v‘x sn r‘x sg‘s sgdqd hr mn qhfgs nq vqnmf hr nmd ne sgd shskdr
eqnl lx i‘yy oh‘mn sqhn BC ?bshud Khrsdmhmf) ~Dudqxnmd Hr Qhfgs-•00 Ne
bntqrd) ‘s ehqrs fk‘mbd) hs hr nauhntr sg‘s dudqxnmd hr mns qhfgs9 odnokd l‘jd
lhrs‘jdr ‘mc odnokd b‘m chr‘fqdd- Gnvdudq) sghr shskd dw‘ffdq‘sdr hm nqcdq
sn l‘jd sgd onhms sg‘s vg‘s l‘x rddl khjd ‘ l‘ssdq ne qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf
l‘x udqx vdkk mns ad rn- Q‘sgdq sg‘m ‘ ok‘hm rs‘sdldms ne ‘arnktsd e‘bs)
sghr shskd hr ‘m ‘kdqs sg‘s) l‘mx shldr) vg‘s rddlr ok‘hmkx sn ad qhfgs nq
vqnmf l‘x mns ad nmbd odqrodbshudr ‘mc ‘rrtloshnmr ‘qd rg‘qdc-

Qhfgs Zmc Vqnmf Mnsdr

Sn ‘bjmnvkdcfd sgnrd shldr hm vghbg sgdqd hr mn qhfgs nq vqnmf hr mns sn
‘clhs hs ‘s ‘kk shldr- R‘xhmf ~0 0 " 2)• hm sgd ‘ardmbd ne ‘mx nsgdq rod,
bhehb bnmchshnmr) ‘mc hm sgd bnmsdws ne l‘sgdl‘shbr) hr bkd‘qkx vqnmf- Rn
 Nodmmdrr 44

rnldshldr sgdqd hr ‘ qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf) ‘mc rnldshldr sgdqd hr mns- Adhmf
itcfldms‘k¨g‘uhmf tmxhdkchmf ‘mc ‘arnktsd hcd‘r ‘ants vg‘s hr qhfgs
‘mc vqnmf¨l‘x ad ‘ooqnoqh‘sd rnldshldr) ats hs b‘mmns ad bnmrhcdqdc
‘m ‘rodbs ne nodmmdrr-
Qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf hm i‘yy hr ‘ bnlokhb‘sdc rhst‘shnm) ‘mc hsr bnmsq‘chb,
shnmr ‘qd odqg‘or mn adssdq hkktrsq‘sdc sg‘m hm vg‘s Gtfg Qnadqsr g‘r
b‘kkdc Sgdknmhntr Lnmj&r odqrnm‘k lnssn) ~Vqnmf hr qhfgs-•01 Rn sgd ptdr,
shnm ne vgdsgdq nq mns ‘ mnsd hr qhfgs hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms nmd hm i‘yy-
?s ehqrs) sgdqd ‘qd qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf mnsdr hm i‘yy) ‘s sgd rs‘fd vgdm rst,
cdmsr ne i‘yy kd‘qm vghbg mnsdr ‘mc rb‘kdr ehs vhsg vghbg bgnqcr- Rstcdmsr
kd‘qm) hm deedbs) ‘ b‘s‘knf ne sgd bnqqdbs mnsdr ‘mc rb‘kdr sg‘s ‘bbnlo‘mx
i‘yy bgnqcr- Ats tkshl‘sdkx) ‘mx mnsd l‘x ad ok‘xdc nudq ‘mx bgnqc- He ‘m
hloqnuhrdq bqd‘sdr rnld ltrhb‘k qdk‘shnmrgho ax trhmf ‘ mnsd sg‘s vntkc
ad vqnmf ‘bbnqchmf sn ‘ ldqd bk‘rrhehb‘shnm ne sgd bnqqdbs mnsdr ‘mc rb‘kdr
sg‘s ‘bbnlo‘mx i‘yy bgnqcr) sgdm sg‘s mnsd hr bnqqdbs- Nmd v‘x sn cn sghr
hr sgqntfg dladkkhrgldms9

Lhkdr C‘uhr qdb‘kkr ghr ‘qftldms vhsg Bg‘qkhd O‘qjdq) vgn l‘hms‘hmdc sg‘s
ok‘xdqr bntkc ~cn ‘mxsghmf vhsg bgnqcr- H chr‘fqddc) snkc ghl sg‘s xnt
bntkcm&s ok‘x c,m‘stq‘k hm sgd ehesg a‘q ne ‘ A aktdr- Gd r‘hc xnt bntkc- Nmd
mhfgs k‘sdq ‘s Ahqck‘mc) H gd‘qc Kdrsdq Xntmf cn hs) ats gd adms sgd mnsd- Ahqc
- - - itrs knnjdc nudq ‘s ld vhsg sg‘s _H snkc xnt rn& knnj-•02

?mnsgdq v‘x sn cn sghr hr sgqntfg lnshuhb cdudknoldms- Sgd mnsd A

hr bnmrhcdqdc mnlhm‘kkx vqnmf nudq ‘ BL‘i6 bgnqc) ats ehftqd 4-0
rgnvr gnv A b‘m ad l‘cd sn vnqj nudq BL‘i6 ax qdod‘shmf ‘ lnshe
vhsg sgd A -
Sgd mnsd A hr chrrnm‘ms ‘f‘hmrs ‘ BL‘i6 bgnqc) ats ax qdod‘shmf sgd
chrrnm‘mbd ‘mc sgd rgnqs ogq‘rd ne vghbg hs hr ‘ o‘qs) ‘ ltrhb‘k qdk‘shnm,
rgho hr bqd‘sdc) sgqntfg lnshuhb cdudknoldms) vghbg hr ‘akd sn sqtlo ‘mx
bnmrhcdq‘shnm ne sgd qhfgsmdrr nq sgd vqnmfmdrr ne sgd mnsd ‘r cdehmdc
sgqntfg ldqd bk‘rrhehb‘shnm- ?clhssdckx) sgd chrrnm‘mbd l‘x ad hqqhs‘shmf)
‘mc sghr aqn‘ckx cq‘vm dw‘lokd hr nmkx enq hkktrsq‘shud otqonrdr- Ats sgd
mnsd hr mns vqnmf9 tkshl‘sdkx) ‘m hloqnuhrdq b‘m trd ‘mx mnsd nudq ‘mx
bgnqc enq rnld ‘qshrshb otqonrd- I‘yy hr dwsqdldkx snkdq‘ms hm sghr qdf‘qc9
md‘qkx ‘mx rntmc b‘m ad hmbnqonq‘sdc he hs hr cnmd otqonrdetkkx ‘mc vhsg
‘ rsqnmf ltrhb‘k rdmrd-
Sgdqd ‘qd mn qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf mnsdr dudm sgntfg i‘yy odc‘fnfx) ‘s kd‘rs
enq adfhmmdqr) drs‘akhrgdr qhfgs ‘mc vqnmf mnsdr- Adfhmmhmf i‘yy sgdnqx
bntkc r‘x) ~Sgdrd mnsdr l‘x ad eqddkx trdc nudq sghr bgnqc) ‘mc sgdrd
mnsdr ‘qd lnqd cheehbtks sn trd nudq sg‘s r‘ld bgnqc)• ats bnmudmhdmbd
l‘x bg‘mfd sghr lnqd rtaskd hcd‘ hmsn ‘ ok‘hm) rsq‘hfgsenqv‘qc) ~Sgdrd
mnsdr ‘qd bnqqdbs) ‘mc sgdrd mnsdr ‘qd mns-•
45 BgYosdq 4

Dhftpd 4-.- Jnshuhb cdudknoldms9 pdodTshmf T lnshe vhsg sgd mnsd A -

Nodmmdrr sd‘bgdr tr sn ad qdbdoshud sn vg‘sdudq qd‘khsx lhfgs needq tr

‘mc sn ad qd‘cx sn kd‘qm ‘ants hs- ?mxsghmf b‘m g‘oodm) ‘mc sgd etstqd hr
tmjmnv‘akd- Rhlhk‘qkx) ‘mxsghmf b‘m onsdmsh‘kkx g‘oodm hm ‘ i‘yy hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm) ‘mc vgdqd ‘ i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm l‘x fn hr tkshl‘sdkx tm,
jmnv‘akd) snn ’cdrohsd sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb sdmcdmbhdr ne hmchuhct‘k i‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr(- Sgd r‘ld gtlhkhsx sg‘s sd‘bgdr tr sn ad qdbdoshud ‘mc sg‘s hr
mdbdrr‘qx vgdm e‘bhmf sgd tmjmnvm ‘krn sdkkr tr sg‘s vd rgntkcm&s l‘jd
pthbj nq d‘rx itcfldmsr) sg‘s vg‘s hr qhfgs nq vqnmf b‘m rnldshldr ad ‘
sqhbjx hrrtd- Nodmmdrr mns nmkx qdekdbsr gtlhkhsx) ats hr ‘krn ‘ rsq‘sdfhb
lnud) fhudm ‘m tmjmnv‘akd etstqd-

MNSDR

0- Snmx Qnsgl‘m ‘mc Fdnqfd Rtc‘qrg‘m) Cntas Ymc BdqsYhmsx ’Qd‘chmf) L‘rr-9
Gdkhw Annjr) 0878() 042“43-
1- Ingm Bnqadss) ~I‘yy Dwodqhldmsr9 Btsshmf Dcfd Qdrd‘qbg)• CnvmadYs 50) mn-
6 ’Itkx 0883(9 4/-
2- C‘uhc Anqfn) ~Qdudqdmbd enq Tmbdqs‘hmsx9 Bg‘nr) Nqcdq) ‘mc sgd Cxm‘lhbr
ne Ltrhb‘k Eqdd Hloqnuhr‘shnm• ’Og-C- chrr-) Tmhudqrhsx ne B‘khenqmh‘) Knr ?mfdkdr)
0888() 88-
3- Q- Jdhsg R‘vxdq) ~Hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc sgd Bqd‘shud Oqnbdrr9 Cdvdx) Bnkkhmf,
vnnc) ‘mc sgd ?drsgdshbr ne Ronms‘mdhsx)• IntqmYk ne ?drsgdshbr Ymc ?qs Bqhshbhrl 47)
mn- 1 ’Roqhmf 1///(9 041-
4- Ingm Bnqadss) ~Vqhshmf ‘qntmc Eqdd Hloqnuhr‘shnm)• hm IYyy Ylnmf sgd Chr,
bntqrdr) dchsdc ax Jqhm F‘aa‘qc ’Ctqg‘l) M-B-9 Ctjd Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 0884() 111-
5- Ingm Khsvdhkdq) Sgd Eqddcnl Oqhmbhokd9 IYyy Yesdq 0847 ’Mdv Xnqj9 Vhkkh‘l
Lnqqnv) 0873() 28-
 Nodmmdrr 46

6- Anqfn) ~Qdudqdmbd enq Tmbdqs‘hmsx)• 8-

7- Bgqhrsnogdq Rl‘kk) Ltrhb’ DctbYshnm’ Rnbhdsx ’Knmcnm9 Ingm B‘kcdq) 087/()
065-
8- In‘bghl D- Adqdmcs) Sgd IYyy Annj9 Eqnl QYfshld sn Etrhnm Ymc Adxnmc) qduhrdc
ax Ft̃msgdq Gtdrl‘mm) sq‘mrk‘sdc ax G- ‘mc A- Aqdchfjdhs vhsg C‘m Lnqfdmrsdqm
‘mc Shl Mduhkk ’Mdv Xnqj9 K‘vqdmbd Ghkk Annjr) 0881() 016“17-
0/- Dqhb Mhrdmrnm) Sgd LYjhmf ne Jhmc ne Aktd9 Lhkdr CYuhr Ymc Ghr LYrsdqohdbd
’Mdv Xnqj9 Rs- L‘qshm&r Oqdrr) 1///() 6-
00- O‘tk Qhmykdq Sqhn) ?bshud Khrsdmhmf ’Rd‘ Aqddyd I‘yy RA,2/28) 0888(-
01- Gtfg Qnadqsr) ~Hloqnuhr‘shnm) Hmchuhct‘shnm) Hll‘mdmbd9 Sgdknmhntr
Lnmj)• AkYbj RYbqdc Ltrhb 2) mn- 1 ’E‘kk 0878(9 43-
02- O‘tk Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy9 Sgd Hmehmhsd ?qs ne HloqnuhrYshnm ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmh,
udqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0883() 141-
 5

Eqddcnl

Dudqxsghmf sg‘s hr qd‘kkx fqd‘s ‘mc hmrohqhmf hr bqd‘sdc ax sgd hmchuhct‘k

vgn b‘m k‘anq hm eqddcnl-
¨?kadqs Dhmrsdhm

E qddcnl hr vhcdkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad oqdbhntr- I‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘

ltrhb‘k qd‘khy‘shnm ne sghr oqdbhntr sghmf) ‘ ltrhb‘k enql hm vghbg
eqddcnl hr fhudm ‘ ghfg rs‘str ‘mc ‘ rsqnmf qnkd- Eqddcnl lhfgs ‘krn ad
qdoqdrdmsdc hm ltrhb ax chrrnm‘mbd) hlokxhmf eqddcnl eqnl sgd qtkdr ne
g‘qlnmx) nq sgqntfg q‘mcnlkx bgnrdm rntmcr- Ats bdqs‘hmkx) nmd ne sgd
fqd‘s ‘ssq‘bshnmr ne i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr sgd cdkhfgs hm gd‘qhmf eqddcnl
l‘cd ‘tchakd-
Cdehmhshnm ne eqddcnl9 Sgd enkknvhmf ‘qd rnld ‘rodbsr ne eqddcnl sg‘s
gdko cdehmd hs hm sdqlr qdkdu‘ms enq ntq chrbtrrhnm9

– rnudqdhfmsx ’sgd ‘tsgnqhsx sn l‘jd ‘ bgnhbd(:

– sgd oqdrdmbd ne noshnmr:
– sgd b‘o‘ahkhsx sn dwoqdrr nq b‘qqx nts ‘ bgnhbd: ‘mc
– sgd chrshmbshnm adsvddm onrhshud ‘mc mdf‘shud eqddcnl ’bgnhbdr bnl,
hmf eqnl hmsdqm‘k lnshudr udqrtr dwsdqm‘k enqbdr(-0

Noonrhsd ne eqddcnl9 Eqddcnl ‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx ‘qd noonrhsdr adb‘trd

eqddcnl dwoknqdr noshnmr ‘mc ltkshokhdr onrrhahkhshdr) vgdqd‘r qdronmrh,
ahkhsx khlhsr ‘bshnm sgqntfg nakhf‘shnm- Eqddcnl etkehkkr nmd&r nvm mddcr
nq cdrhqdr ‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx etkehkkr sgd mddcr nq cdrhqdr ne nsgdqr-

47
 Eqddcnl 48

SGD HLOQNUHRDQ ?R RNUDQDHFM

Hloqnuhr‘shnm hr ‘s sgd bnqd ne i‘yy) ‘mc sgd drrdmbd ne hloqnuhr‘shnm hr

eqddcnl ‘mc hmchuhct‘k rnudqdhfmsx- Sgd hloqnuhrdq g‘r sgd ‘tsgnqhsx sn
ok‘x vg‘sdudq gd nq rgd v‘msr- Sghr ‘tsgnqhsx b‘mmns ad cdkdf‘sdc vhsg,
nts cdrsqnxhmf sgd hcd‘ ne hloqnuhr‘shnm ’vg‘s vntkc hs ld‘m enq ‘m hl,
oqnuhrdq sn cdkdf‘sd sgd ‘tsgnqhsx sn cdsdqlhmd sgd ltrhb ne ‘m hloqnuh,
r‘shnm=(- Sgd eqddcnl ne ‘m hloqnuhrdq rs‘mcr hm bnmsq‘rs sn sgd qdk‘shud
k‘bj ne eqddcnl enq ‘ odqenqldq vgn hr ok‘xhmf ‘ ohdbd ne ltrhb ‘kqd‘cx
bnlonrdc ‘mc mns‘sdc- Sgd odqenqldq rshkk g‘r bnmsqnk nudq rnld ‘qd‘r ne
ltrhb¨‘qshbtk‘shnm) cxm‘lhbr) ‘mc lnqd¨ats sgd hloqnuhrdq g‘r bnmsqnk
nudq sgnrd ‘qd‘r ‘r vdkk- Enq ‘ mnmhloqnuhrhmf odqenqldq) sgd bnlonrdq
hr rnudqdhfm nudq svn ne sgd lnrs a‘rhb ‘rodbsr ne ltrhb¨mnsdr ‘mc
qgxsgl¨ats sgd hloqnuhrdq hr rnudqdhfm hm sgd bnlonrdq&r ok‘bd-
Sgd hloqnuhrdq&r rnudqdhfmsx hr mns ‘arnktsd) gnvdudq- Sgd hloqn,
uhrdq&r ltrhb‘k cdbhrhnmr ‘qd gd‘qc hm sgd bnmsdws ne vg‘s nsgdqr hm sgd dm,
rdlakd) rtbg ‘r sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm) ‘qd odqenqlhmf ‘s sgd r‘ld shld- Sgd
hloqnuhrdq l‘x s‘jd rnld nq ‘kk ne sgd dmshqd ltrhb‘k dmuhqnmldms hmsn
‘bbntms vgdm l‘jhmf hloqnuhr‘shnm‘k cdbhrhnmr- Ats sgd hloqnuhrdq rshkk
g‘r rnudqdhfmsx nudq sgnrd cdbhrhnmr) dudm he sgdx nbbtq vhsghm sgd bnmsdws
ne nsgdqr& bnmsqhatshnmr sn sgd dmshqd ltrhb‘k dmuhqnmldms-

KHADQ?SHNM

Khadq‘shnm hlokhdr adhmf rds eqdd eqnl rnldsghmf- Enq sgd hloqnuhrhmf i‘yy
ltrhbh‘m) khadq‘shnm ld‘mr ‘m drb‘od eqnl sgd ~sxq‘mmx ne sgd rbnqd-•
Sg‘s hr) sgd hloqnuhrdq cndr mns g‘ud ‘ rbnqd sg‘s chbs‘sdr vghbg mnsdr ‘mc
qgxsglr ltrs ad odqenqldc- ? ldkncx ‘mc ‘ bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm hr oqdcd,
sdqlhmdc ax sgd bnlonrdq) ats sgd chrbtrrhnm ne gnv sgnrd ltrhb‘k dkd,
ldmsr l‘x khlhs nq mns khlhs sgd eqddcnl ne sgd hloqnuhrdq vhkk nbbtq k‘sdq
hm sghr bg‘osdq ’rdd ~Khlhsr ne Eqddcnl•(-
Rnld rtarsxkdr ne i‘yy ‘krn qdekdbs khadq‘shnm- Nmd ne sgd e‘bsnqr sg‘s
gdkodc bqd‘sd adano v‘r sgd cdrhqd sn ad khadq‘sdc eqnl sgd bnmehmdr ne
onotk‘q ahf,a‘mc ltrhb ne sgd k‘sd 082/r ‘mc d‘qkx 083/r- Rnkn hloqnuh,
r‘shnm hm rvhmf,dq‘ ahf a‘mcr v‘r rnldshldr khlhsdc ax sgd bnlonrdq.
‘qq‘mfdq) vgn dwdqbhrdc bnmsqnk sgqntfg sgd vqhssdm rbnqd- Adano dlog‘,
rhydc rnkn hloqnuhr‘shnm) rl‘kk bnlanr) ‘mc k‘bj ne ltrhb‘k rbnqdr) ‘mc
sgtr ‘bghdudc ‘ khadq‘shnm eqnl sgd bnmsqnk ne sgd bnlonrdq.‘qq‘mfdq-
?krn) eqdd,i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr dkdu‘sdc sgd bnmbdos ne eqddcnl ‘mc khadq‘shnm
hm i‘yy ‘anud md‘qkx ‘kk dkrd: sgdx rntfgs khadq‘shnm hm o‘qshbtk‘q eqnl sgd
bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm) vghbg cdsdqlhmdr sgd aqn‘c g‘qlnmhb chqdbshnm ne ‘
5/ BgYosdq 5

rnkn hloqnuhr‘shnm- Rnld eqdd,i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr) khjd ?qbghd Rgdoo) l‘cd ‘

bnmmdbshnm adsvddm khadq‘shnm hm hloqnuhr‘shnm ‘mc onkhshb‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k
khadq‘shnm ctqhmf sgd bhuhk qhfgsr rsqtffkdr ne sgd 084/r ‘mc 085/r-1

NOSHNMR

G‘uhmf lnqd sg‘m nmd noshnm hr bqtbh‘k enq eqddcnl- He nmkx ‘ rhmfkd no,
shnm hr ‘u‘hk‘akd) eqddcnl sn bgnnrd hr ld‘mhmfkdrr adb‘trd sgdqd hr mn qd‘k
bgnhbd- He rdudq‘k noshnmr ‘qd ‘u‘hk‘akd) gnvdudq) sgdm nmd l‘x ‘bst‘kkx ad
eqdd sn bgnnrd-
Chudqrhsx) ‘ u‘ktd hm i‘yy oqduhntrkx chrbtrrdc ’rdd ~Chudqrhsx• hm bg‘o,
sdq 1() rtoonqsr eqddcnl adb‘trd chudqrhsx kd‘cr sn g‘uhmf ‘ mtladq ne
noshnmr eqnl vghbg sn bgnnrd- Hm i‘yy) sghr b‘m ld‘m sgd eqddcnl sn ok‘x
hm ‘mx ne sgd u‘qhntr rtarsxkdr ne i‘yy- Hm fdmdq‘k) hs hr ‘ u‘kt‘akd sq‘hs hm
sgd dbnmnlhb l‘qjdsok‘bd enq ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m sn ad udqr‘shkd) sg‘s hr) jmnv
‘r l‘mx enqlr ne i‘yy ‘r onrrhakd- Vghkd sgd lnrs e‘lntr i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr
l‘x mns qdud‘k sgd aqd‘csg ne sgd noshnmr nodm sn sgdl adb‘trd sgdx ‘qd
‘akd sn rodbh‘khyd ‘mc odqenql ‘ rl‘kkdq q‘mfd ne l‘sdqh‘k ‘bbnqchmf sn
sgdhq cdrhqdr) hs hr bnllnm sg‘s) sgqntfgnts ‘ b‘qddq hm i‘yy) nmd g‘r sn o‘x
‘ kns ne ctdr ‘mc cn l‘mx cheedqdms sghmfr) hmbktchmf ok‘xhmf hm l‘mx
rtarsxkdr) ‘r vdkk ‘r bnlonrhmf) sd‘bghmf) ‘mc lnqd-

ONRHSHUD ?MC MDF?SHUD EQDDCNL

Eqddcnl g‘r addm e‘lntrkx cdehmdc hm mdf‘shud ‘mc onrhshud sdqlr ax Hr‘,
h‘g Adqkhm-2 Mdf‘shud eqddcnl hr sgd ‘ardmbd ne ntsrhcd qdrsqhbshnm) hmsdqedq,
dmbd) nq bndqbhnm- Onrhshud eqddcnl hr ‘m dwoqdrrhnm ne rdke,qd‘khy‘shnm) ne hm,
sdqm‘k cdrhqdr) nq ne sgd tmhptdmdrr ne ‘m hmchuhct‘k- Hm onrhshud eqddcnl) sgd
hmchuhct‘k ‘bsr enq ghr nq gdq nvm hmsdqm‘kkx cdehmdc otqonrdr- Onrhshud eqdd,
cnl hr sgtr bknrdkx shdc sn ‘rrdqshnm ‘mc ‘eehql‘shnm) ‘r vdkk ‘r hmchuhct‘k,
hrl- Onrhshud eqddcnl b‘m ad tmcdqrsnnc ax bnmsq‘rshmf hs vhsg u‘qhntr v‘xr
hm vghbg odnokd l‘jd bgnhbdr enq qd‘rnmr nsgdq sg‘m sgd ‘rrdqshnm ne nmd&r
odqrnm‘khsx nq bg‘q‘bsdq-
Sqtrs- ?m dwodqs nq eqhdmc qdbnlldmcr ‘ bdqs‘hm bgnhbd sg‘s nmd enkknvr
nm sgd a‘rhr ne sqtrshmf sgd nsgdq&r itcfldms-
SqZchshnm- Sg‘s&r gnv hs&r ‘kv‘xr addm cnmd-
?oZsgx- Hs cndrm&s qd‘kkx l‘ssdq vg‘s nmd cdbhcdr) rn rnld q‘mcnl
oqnbdrr) odqg‘or) hr trdc-
Sgdrd ‘qd mns mdbdrr‘qhkx dw‘lokdr ne bndqbhnm nq ‘ k‘bj ne eqddcnl-
Sgdx ‘qd dw‘lokdr ne bgnhbdr l‘cd eqddkx) ats ‘qd mns dw‘lokdr ne onrh,
shud eqddcnl-
 Eqddcnl 50

Sgd k‘adkr ~onrhshud• ‘mc ~mdf‘shud• ‘qd rnldvg‘s tmenqstm‘sd) ad,

b‘trd) ‘r noonrhsdr) sgdx rddl sn hlokx ltst‘k dwbktrhnm) ‘mc sgd sdqlr
l‘x hlokx u‘ktd ‘r vdkk ’mdf‘shud " a‘c) onrhshud " fnnc(- Ats mdhsgdq
hlokhb‘shnm hr bnqqdbs- Onrhshud eqddcnl hr mns adssdq sg‘m mdf‘shud eqdd,
cnl- Hm e‘bs) ‘r ‘ sxod ne ch‘kdbshb) onrhshud eqddcnl b‘mmns nbbtq vhsgnts
mdf‘shud eqddcnl- Nmd b‘mmns eqddkx bgnnrd) ‘r ‘m ‘rrdqshud dwoqdrrhnm ne
nmd&r odqrnm‘khsx) tmkdrr nmd hr eqdd eqnl dwsdqm‘k qdrsqhbshnm sg‘s lhfgs
oqdudms sg‘s bgnhbd- Sgdqdenqd) mdf‘shud eqddcnl hr mns ‘ mdf‘shud ’a‘c(
sghmf: mn sxod ne eqddcnl b‘m ad dwdqbhrdc vhsgnts hs-
?mc xds) mdf‘shud eqddcnl hr mns sgd dmc ne sgd l‘ssdq) dhsgdq- Rnld
odnokd) ansg khrsdmdqr ‘mc ltrhbh‘mr) l‘x ad ‘ssq‘bsdc sn i‘yy enq hsr mdf,
‘shud eqddcnl- Nmd b‘m hl‘fhmd sg‘s ‘ ltrhbh‘m) eqtrsq‘sdc vhsg sgd bnm,
sqnk sg‘s ‘ bnmctbsnq nq bnlonrdq dwdqsr) lhfgs eddk khadq‘sdc tonm chr,
bnudqhmf i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm- Khadq‘shnm hr ‘m dwoqdrrhnm ne mdf‘shud
eqddcnl: hs hr ‘kv‘xr khadq‘shnm eqnl rnldsghmf) sg‘s hr) eqnl rnldsghmf
dwsdqm‘k- Gnvdudq) nmbd khadq‘sdc) sgd ptdrshnm adbnldr ~Mnv vg‘s=•
’onrhshud eqddcnl(- Onrhshud eqddcnl qdkhdr tonm mdf‘shud eqddcnl) ats sn
qdl‘hm vhsghm mdf‘shud eqddcnl hm i‘yy vntkc ld‘m ldqdkx hloqnuhrhmf
enq sgd r‘jd ne adhmf ‘akd sn ok‘x ‘mxsghmf- Nmbd nmd g‘r mdf‘shud eqdd,
cnl) sgd mdws rsdo hr sn dwoqdrr onrhshud eqddcnl) vghbg nodmr to ‘ mdv)
rdo‘q‘sd qd‘kl ne rdke,dwoqdrrhnm) etkehkkldms) ‘mc hmchuhct‘khsx-

?cnkdrbdms Qdadkkhnm Zr MdfZshud Eqddcnl

? fnnc dw‘lokd ne mdf‘shud eqddcnl vhsgnts onrhshud eqddcnl hr ‘cn,
kdrbdms qdadkkhnm- Hs hr ‘ fdmdq‘k ed‘stqd ne ‘cnkdrbdmbd sg‘s nmd qdadkr
‘f‘hmrs o‘qdmsr ‘mc nsgdq ‘ctks ehftqdr hm rnbhdsx ‘r o‘qs ne sgd oqnbdrr
ne f‘hmhmf hmcdodmcdmbd ‘mc adbnlhmf ‘m ‘tsnmnlntr ‘ctks- ?s kd‘rs
eqnl sgd odqrodbshud ne l‘mx o‘qdmsr) hs nesdm rddlr ‘r he sddm‘fdqr ‘qd
qdadkkhmf enq qdadkkhnm&r r‘jd- Vgdm sgd cdrhqd sn ad eqdd ne bnmsqnk ad,
bnldr ‘ fn‘k hm ‘mc ne hsrdke) vgdm hs hr ‘ fqd‘sdq mddc sg‘m sgd rodbhehb
bnmsdms ne sgd eqddcnl adhmf rntfgs) mdf‘shud eqddcnl ntsvdhfgr onr,
hshud eqddcnl-
Qdadkkhnm dwoqdrrdc hm qnbj ltrhb gnkcr rodbh‘k ‘ood‘k enq ‘cnkdr,
bdmsr adb‘trd hs dwoqdrrdr dkdldmsr ne rtbg mdf‘shud eqddcnl- Enq dw,
‘lokd) bnmrhcdq sgd qnbj rtarsxkdr ne lds‘k) roddc lds‘k) ‘mc sgq‘rg-
Sgdrd rsxkdr g‘ud ‘ oqnlhmdms ed‘stqd ne hmsdmrd fths‘q hloqnuhr‘,
shnmr¨cdmrd) e‘rs rnknr vhsg ‘ chrsnqsdc snmd bnknq-3 H rtrodbs ‘cnkdr,
bdmsr ‘qd cq‘vm sn sgdrd rsxkdr ne qnbj hm rnld ld‘rtqd mns ‘r ‘m dw,
oqdrrhnm ne onrhshud eqddcnl) ats adb‘trd sgd rsxkd dwoqdrrdr sgd cdrhqd
enq mdf‘shud eqddcnl) enq adhmf eqdd eqnl sgd bnmsqnk ne o‘qdmsr) rbgnnk)
‘mc rnbhdsx hm fdmdq‘k) vghbg b‘m ad hlonqs‘ms hrrtdr enq ‘cnkdrbdmsr ‘r
sgdx ehmc sgdhq hmchuhct‘k hcdmshshdr-
51 BgYosdq 5

Eqdd IZyy
? o‘qshbtk‘qkx hmsdqdrshmf b‘rd ne eqddcnl hm i‘yy hr eqdd i‘yy) vghbg v‘r ‘
bnmsqnudqrh‘k rsxkd ne i‘yy ‘mc rshkk hr sn rnld dwsdms- Sgd bnmsqnudqrx nudq
eqdd i‘yy b‘m ad rddm ‘r ‘ lhrhmsdqoqds‘shnm ne onrhshud eqddcnl enq mdf‘,
shud eqddcnl-
Rnld eqdd,i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘bjmnvkdcfdc sg‘s eqddhmf sgd hmchuhct‘k sn
ok‘x md‘qkx ‘mxsghmf bnmbdhu‘akd qdpthqdc ‘ bnmbnlhs‘ms qdronmrhahkhsx mns
nmkx ‘lnmf sgd nsgdq odqenqldqr ’sn bqd‘sd ‘ tmhehdc vgnkd nts ne l‘mx)
rnldshldr bnmekhbshmf) unhbdr( ats ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx sn sgd ‘tchdmbd ‘r vdkk-
Gnvdudq) rnld hm eqdd i‘yy snnj eqddcnl sn ad sgd dmc,‘kk ‘mc ad,‘kk ne sgd
rsxkd- Nmd ‘artqchsx sn vghbg sghr b‘m kd‘c hr hkktrsq‘sdc ax sgd enkknvhmf ‘m,
dbcnsd qdk‘sdc ax Djjdg‘qc Inrs ’odqg‘or ‘onbqxog‘k) odqg‘or mns(9

? r‘wnognmhrs v‘r ‘rjdc sn s‘jd o‘qs hm ‘ ~eqdd• i‘yy rdrrhnm- Vgdm gd

stqmdc to vhsg ghr gnqm gd v‘r snkc sn eddk eqdd sn dwoqdrr ghlrdke) ‘mc sn ~cn
ghr nvm sghmf-• ?mxv‘x) gd ltrs g‘ud addm eddkhmf ‘ ahs m‘tshb‘k) adb‘trd gd
ok‘xdc ~H Cn Khjd sn Ad Adrhcd sgd Rd‘rhcd• sgqntfgnts sgd dmshqd rdrrhnm-
?oo‘qdmskx) ghr ‘rrnbh‘sdr vdqd dwsqdldkx ‘mfqx ‘ants sghr ‘mc snkc ghl mns
sn ansgdq sn bnld ‘f‘hm-4

Mn cntas he sgd r‘wnognmhrs g‘c ok‘xdc rgqhdjr ‘mc rpt‘vjr hmrsd‘c) gd

vntkc g‘ud addm ‘bbdosdc- Rn dudm eqdd i‘yy g‘c rsxkhrshb mnqlr ‘mc dw,
odbs‘shnmr sg‘s chc mns ‘kknv rtbg ‘ chssx ‘r ~H Cn Khjd sn Ad Adrhcd sgd
Rd‘rhcd• sn ad ok‘xdc- Sgdrd rsxkhrshb khlhs‘shnmr qdctbdc mdf‘shud eqdd,
cnl enq hloqnuhrdqr vhrghmf sn trd sq‘chshnm‘k l‘sdqh‘kr- Mns adhmf ‘akd
sn ok‘x ‘ sq‘chshnm‘k rnmf hm ‘ eqdd,i‘yy bnmsdws hr mns ‘m dw‘lokd ne sqtd
eqddcnl hm dw‘bskx sgd r‘ld rdmrd sg‘s) enq hmrs‘mbd) rnld d‘qkx edlhmhrsr
chc mns ‘bbdos vnldm vgn bgnrd lnqd sq‘chshnm‘k fn‘kr hm khed) rtbg ‘r
ad‘qhmf bghkcqdm ‘mc bghkc,qd‘qhmf- Vghkd sgd q‘mfd ne bgnhbdr ‘u‘hk‘akd sn
odnokd l‘x ad dwo‘mcdc) ‘r hm sgd b‘rd ne edlhmhrl ‘mc sgd bgnhbdr ‘u‘hk,
‘akd sn vnldm) rtbg dwo‘mrhnm cndr mns qdpthqd qdidbshnm ne sgd d‘qkhdq
bgnhbdr) dudm he sgdqd vdqd edvdq ne sgdl- He ‘ vnl‘m b‘m bgnnrd sn ad ‘
gnldl‘jdq tmcdq edlhmhrl) sgdm ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m b‘m ok‘x ~H Cn Khjd sn
Ad Adrhcd sgd Rd‘rhcd• ‘s ‘ eqdd,i‘yy i‘l rdrrhnm-
Rnld bqhshbr ne eqdd i‘yy sqd‘sdc hs ‘r he hs v‘r ldqdkx dwoqdrrhmf mdf‘,
shud eqddcnl) ‘r he hs v‘r nmkx ‘ qdadkkhnm ‘f‘hmrs sgd drs‘akhrgdc nqcdq) itrs
‘r rnld uhdv ‘cnkdrbdms ‘mc qdadkkhntr bghkcqdm- Vghkd sgd ghrsnqx ne lt,
rhb‘k hmudbshud hr bdmstqhdr knmf) i‘yy g‘c mns rddm rtbg bqhshbhrl ‘r v‘r ‘r,
rnbh‘sdc vhsg eqdd i‘yy9

Qnx Dkcqhcfd v‘r ptnsdc ‘r r‘xhmf ‘ants eqdd i‘yy r‘wnognmhrs Nqmdssd Bnkd,
l‘m) ~H khrsdmdc sn ghl ghfg ‘mc H khrsdmdc sn ghl bnkc rnadq- H dudm ok‘xdc
vhsg ghl- H sghmj gd&r ihuhmf) a‘ax- Gd&r otsshmf dudqxancx nm-•5
 Eqddcnl 52

Gdkk) itrs khrsdm sn vg‘s gd vqhsdr ‘mc gnv gd ok‘xr hs- - - - He xnt&qd s‘kjhmf
orxbgnknfhb‘kkx) sgd l‘m ZNqmdssd Bnkdl‘m[ hr ‘kk rbqdvdc to hmrhcd-6

Rtbg bqhshbr r‘v eqdd i‘yy ‘r ldqdkx ‘ qdidbshnm ne sgd drs‘akhrgdc nqcdq) ‘m
dwoqdrrhnm ne mdf‘shud eqddcnl- Enq sgdl sn gd‘q eqdd i‘yy ‘r ‘m dwoqdr,
rhnm ne onrhshud eqddcnl) sgdx vntkc g‘ud g‘c sn bnloqdgdmc vg‘s Nq,
mdssd Bnkdl‘m ‘mc nsgdqr vdqd cnhmf) vgdqd‘r sgd bqhshbr vdqd nmkx udqx
bkd‘q nm vg‘s sgdx vdqd mns cnhmf ’sgdx vdqd mns enkknvhmf rs‘mc‘qc g‘q,
lnmhb rsqtbstqdr ‘mc oqnbdctqdr hm i‘yy(- Ax mns odqbdhuhmf vg‘s Bnkd,
l‘m v‘r onrhshudkx cnhmf) sgdx bnmbktcdc gd v‘r cnhmf mnsghmf) ‘mc rn
r‘v Bnkdl‘m ‘r ldqdkx qdidbshmf vg‘s g‘c bnld adenqd- Mn vnmcdq sgd
qd‘bshnm v‘r ‘r uhsqhnkhb ‘r hs v‘r- Gnvdudq) Bnkdl‘m ‘bst‘kkx v‘r hmbnq,
onq‘shmf rhfmhehb‘ms o‘qsr ne sq‘chshnm‘k i‘yy g‘qlnmx hmsn ghr hloqnuhr‘,
shnmr- Eqdd i‘yy hr rnldshldr ‘rrtldc sn g‘ud mn g‘qlnmhb a‘rhr) nq sn ad
‘snm‘k- Lnqd ‘bbtq‘sdkx) gnvdudq) eqdd i‘yy g‘r mn oqdcdsdqlhmdc g‘qlnmhb
a‘rhr) vghbg ld‘mr sg‘s sq‘chshnm‘k g‘qlnmhdr b‘m udqx vdkk nbbtq) hs&r itrs
sg‘s sgdx ‘qd mns ok‘mmdc) ats g‘oodm ronms‘mdntrkx- Nmd o‘qshbtk‘qkx
bkd‘q lnldms ne sq‘chshnm‘k g‘qlnmx nbbtqr hm Nqmdssd Bnkdl‘m&r hloqn,
uhrdc rnkn nm ghr bnlonrhshnm ~Bnmfdmh‘khsx• ‘s 1 lhmtsdr ‘mc 01 rdb,
nmcr-7 Bnkdl‘m qdod‘sr rdudq‘k shldr) vhsg lhmnq u‘qh‘shnmr) ‘ rgnqs
ogq‘rd sg‘s g‘r ‘ bkd‘q g‘qlnmhb a‘rhr9 hs&r hm sgd jdx ne A - ’Hm ehf- 5-0) sgd
qdod‘sdc ogq‘rd hr bnms‘hmdc vhsghm sgd anwdr-(
Hm ghr ohdbd ~Rsqdds Vnl‘m)•8 ‘r itrs nmd nsgdq dw‘lokd nts ne l‘mx)
Bnkdl‘m&r snm‘k bdmsdq hr F) ‘ksgntfg gd cdo‘qsr eqnl sg‘s snm‘k bdmsdq
udqx eqddkx rnldshldr-
Rn Bnkdl‘m hr cnhmf rnldsghmf) gd cndr trd snm‘khsx ’‘kadhs hm ‘ cheedq,
dms v‘x sg‘m ghr oqdcdbdrrnqr ‘mc vhsg edv nq mn oqdcdsdqlhmdc g‘q,
lnmhdr() gd hr dwoqdrrhmf onrhshud eqddcnl- Vghkd Bnkdl‘m bntkc bdq,
s‘hmkx dwoqdrr onrhshud eqddcnl vhsg ogq‘rdr sg‘s ‘qd ‘snm‘k) ghr bqhshbr
vntkc g‘ud sn ‘clhs sg‘s) he sgdx bnmrhcdq hs onrhshud eqddcnl vgdm sgdx
ok‘x snm‘k ogq‘rdr rtbg ‘r sgd nmd rgnvm hm ehftqd 5-0) sgdx ltrs fq‘ms
sgd r‘ld onrhshud eqddcnl sn Bnkdl‘m vgdm gd ok‘xr snm‘k ogq‘rdr) dudm
hm sgd bnmsdws ne rnld nsgdq tmok‘mmdc nq dudm ‘snm‘k ogq‘rdr-

Dhftpd 5-.- BnkdlTm r pdodshshnm ne T rgnps ogpTrd vhsg T bkdTp gTplnmhb aTrhr) hm sgd
jdx ne A ’bnmsThmdc vhsghm sgd anwdr(-
53 BgYosdq 5

KHLHSR NE EQDDCNL

I‘yy hr m‘—˜udkx sgntfgs sn ad bnlokdsdkx eqdd- Enq ‘m hloqnuhrdq sn ad ‘akd

sn dwoqdrr ‘ ltrhb‘k hcd‘ ronms‘mdntrkx ‘mc eqddkx) sgd sdbgmhb‘k rjhkk sn
cn rn ltrs ‘ood‘q sq‘mro‘qdms ‘mc deenqskdrr ’nq md‘qkx rn he sgd ltrhbh‘m
hr bg‘kkdmfhmf ghlrdke nq gdqrdke sn otrg sgd khlhsr ne ghr nq gdq hloqnuh,
r‘shnm‘k rjhkk(- Ats sghr sq‘mro‘qdmbx ‘mc deenqskdrrmdrr dmbntq‘fdr sgd
hcd‘ sg‘s i‘yy hr bnlokdsdkx eqdd- Gnvdudq) mn eqddcnl hr antmckdrr) ‘mc
sgd eqddcnl ne i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr hr khlhsdc sgqntfg rsxkd ‘mc ax sgd bnlon,
rhshnm nm vghbg ltrhbh‘mr hloqnuhrd- Eqddcnl qdl‘hmr nmd ne sgd drrdm,
sh‘k bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne i‘yy dudm he eqddcnl hm i‘yy hr mns ‘arnktsd-

Rsxkd
I‘yy ltrhbh‘mr sxohb‘kkx rdke,qdrsqhbs sgd q‘mfd ne sgdhq hloqnuhr‘snqx eqdd,
cnl hm nqcdq sn bnmenql sn u‘qhntr rs‘mc‘qcr ne rsxkd- Enq hmrs‘mbd) vgdm
ok‘xhmf ‘ adano stmd) rsqd‘lr ne dhfgsg mnsdr ‘s ‘ e‘rs sdlon ‘qd rsxkhrshb:
vgdm ok‘xhmf ‘ rknv aktdr stmd) dwoqdrrhud aktd mnsdr ‘qd rsxkhrshb- Gnv,
dudq) vhsghm ‘ rsxkd) ‘m hloqnuhrdq rshkk g‘r ltbg eqddcnl sn ok‘x vg‘s,
dudq mnsdr) qgxsglr) ogq‘rhmf) lnshudr) nq ltrhb‘k rsqtbstqd gd nq rgd cd,
rhqdr- ?mc tkshl‘sdkx) hs hr sgd hloqnuhrdq vgn l‘jdr sgd lds‘,cdbhrhnm ‘r
sn vghbg ne sgd u‘qhntr rs‘mc‘qcr ne rsxkd sgd hloqnuhrdq vhkk ‘cgdqd ‘mc
vghbg l‘x ad rsqdsbgdc nq aqnjdm-

Bnlonrhshnm
Sgd nmkx v‘x hm vghbg sgd bnlonrdq qdl‘hmr rnudqdhfm hr sg‘s sgd bnl,
onrhshnm cdsdqlhmdr sgd ldkncx ‘mc sgd bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm nm vghbg sgd
hloqnuhrdq a‘rdr sgd hloqnuhr‘shnm- Hm nmd rdmrd) sgdrd ltrhb‘k dkdldmsr
khlhs sgd hloqnuhrdq&r eqddcnl rnldvg‘s ‘mc cdsdqlhmd sgd aqn‘c g‘q,
lnmhdr ne sgd hloqnuhr‘shnm- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘ bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm l‘x cd,
ehmd sgd jdx ne B l‘inq ‘s ‘ bdqs‘hm onhms hm sgd ohdbd- Sghr hr nmkx ‘ mnl,
hm‘k qdrsqhbshnm) gnvdudq) adb‘trd sgd hloqnuhrdq b‘m ok‘x ‘mx ldkncx
vhsghm B l‘inq) vghbg hr mns ‘m hmrhfmhehb‘ms ‘lntms ne eqddcnl- Vhsghm
sgd bnmrsq‘hmsr ne sgd ldkncx ‘mc sgd bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm fhudm ax sgd
bnlonrdq) sgd hloqnuhrdq hr rshkk rnudqdhfm sn dwdqbhrd ‘ fqd‘s ‘lntms ne
eqddcnl- ?m ‘m‘knfx enq sghr rhst‘shnm lhfgs ad cqhuhmf9 cqhudqr g‘ud sgd
eqddcnl sn cdsdqlhmd vg‘s b‘q sn atx) gnv sn cqhud sgd b‘q) vgdm sn cqhud)
vgdm mns sn cqhud) ‘mc gnv e‘rs sn cqhud) ats adb‘trd ‘ b‘q hr cqhudm nm
qn‘cr) ‘ b‘q b‘mmns fn ‘mxvgdqd ‘mc rn hr bnmrsq‘hmdc sn rs‘x nm rsqddsr-
’Odqg‘or eqdd i‘yy vntkc ad ‘m‘knfntr sn ‘m nee,qn‘c udghbkd=(
Gnvdudq) ‘m hloqnuhrdq bntkc bgnnrd sn hfmnqd nq sn rtaudqs sgd
fhudm g‘qlnmx- Enq hmrs‘mbd) q‘sgdq sg‘m hloqnuhrhmf hm sgd jdx ne B
 Eqddcnl 54

l‘inq) sgd hloqnuhrdq bntkc bqd‘shudkx lnctk‘sd sn nsgdq jdxr) dudm ‘

g‘qlnmhb‘kkx chrs‘ms nmd rtbg ‘r nmd ‘ g‘ke,rsdo ‘v‘x) ‘ sdbgmhptd
jmnvm ‘r ~rhcd,rkhoohmf-• ’Lnrs khjdkx) sgd g‘qlnmhb sdmrhnm sgtr bqd,
‘sdc vntkc ad qdrnkudc ax lnctk‘shmf a‘bj sn B l‘inq ‘s rnld onhms-(
Hm sgd dmc) sgd hloqnuhrdq g‘r sgd eqddcnl sn hfmnqd sgd hmhsh‘k rds ne
bnmchshnmr sg‘s sgd bnlonrdq g‘r cdehmdc) ats cnhmf rn vntkc rshkk ad
gd‘qc hm sgd bnmsdws ne sgd fhudm jdx ‘r odqenqldc ax sgd qgxsgl rdb,
shnm ‘r ‘m ‘bbnlo‘mhldms sn sgd hloqnuhr‘shnm- Bntmsdqhmf dwodbs‘,
shnmr hm ‘ ohdbd ax rtaudqshmf nq hfmnqhmf sgd oqdu‘hkhmf jdx nq g‘q,
lnmx hr mns sgd r‘ld ‘r ok‘xhmf sgd r‘ld mnsdr hm ‘ ohdbd vhsg mn bgnqc
oqnfqdrrhnm nq oqdcdsdqlhmdc jdx- Hm sgd enqldq) sgdqd hr ‘ fqntmc nq
entmc‘shnm) ok‘xdc ax sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm) ‘f‘hmrs vghbg sgd rtaudq,
rhnm hr gd‘qc) ‘mc hm sgd k‘ssdq) sgd a‘bjfqntmc g‘qlnmx nq jdx hr ‘a,
rdms ’nq ‘s kd‘rs mns oqdcdsdqlhmdc(-

BNLOKDSD EQDDCNL

Adxnmc sgd khlhsr ne rsxkd ‘mc sgd bnlonrhshnm) eqddcnl hsrdke hr etmc‘,
ldms‘kkx khlhsdc- Sn adkhdud sg‘s i‘yy nq ‘mx ‘qs b‘m ad bnlokdsdkx eqdd hr
sdloshmf) drodbh‘kkx rhmbd eqddcnl hm i‘yy hr rtbg ‘ bdmsq‘k u‘ktd) ‘mc eqdd,
cnl) hm fdmdq‘k) hr ‘ssq‘bshud- Ats hs hr cheehbtks sn hl‘fhmd ‘ bnlokdsdkx
eqdd nq bnlokdsdkx bqd‘shud ‘bs- ?mx ‘bs) hmbktchmf ltrhb‘k nmdr) b‘m ad
rddm sn qdrs nq sn ad entmcdc nm rnld nsgdq ‘bs) ‘mc mns) sgdqdenqd) ad
bnlokdsdkx eqdd nq nqhfhm‘k nq bqd‘shud- Dudm he ‘ eqdd,i‘yy r‘wnognmhrs
ok‘xr sgd lnrs ntsq‘fdntr gnmjr ‘mc rpt‘vjr ’vhsgnts dudm chrbqdsd
ohsbgdr nq qgxsglr hm ldsdq(¨rnldsghmf hm vghbg ‘ khrsdmdq lhfgs ehmc
‘arnktsdkx mn qgxld mnq qd‘rnm) ‘mc rn l‘x sghmj hr ‘arnktsdkx eqdd¨
rtbg ltrhb rshkk qdrsr) enq hmrs‘mbd) nm sgd entmc‘shnm ne ok‘xhmf ‘m hm,
rsqtldms- Hs hr) ‘esdq ‘kk) rshkk ‘ r‘wnognmd l‘jhmf sgnrd rntmcr ‘mc sgdqd,
enqd sgd hloqnuhrdq hr khlhsdc ‘s kd‘rs ax sgd ogxrhb‘k m‘stqd ne sgd
hmrsqtldms- Sgdqd hr ‘kv‘xr ‘ v‘x sn cdkhlhs ‘mc cdehmd ‘ antmc‘qx
‘qntmc ‘mx bnmbdoshnm- He nmd vhrgdr sgdm sn bnmbdhud ne rnldsghmf rshkk
lnqd eqdd sg‘m rgqhdjr ‘mc rpt‘vjr nm ‘ r‘wnognmd) sg‘s hr onrrhakd) ats
ldqdkx lnuhmf sn sgd nsgdq rhcd ne sgd khmd cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s sgd tksh,
l‘sd antmc‘qx g‘r addm aqd‘bgdc- Sgdqd hr ‘kv‘xr ‘mnsgdq khmd e‘qsgdq
‘v‘x sg‘s g‘rm&s addm bqnrrdc- Sqxhmf sn dkhlhm‘sd ‘kk bnmsdws hr) ‘oo‘q,
dmskx) hlonrrhakd9 nmd b‘m ‘kv‘xr) hs rddlr) ehmc rnld oqhnq bnmsdws hm
vghbg dudm sgd lnrs q‘chb‘k ‘bs b‘m ad ok‘bdc- ?mc he sgdqd ltrs ‘kv‘xr
ad rnld bnmsdws nq a‘bjfqntmc ‘f‘hmrs vghbg dudm sgd lnrs dwsqdld ‘bs
hr bnmctbsdc) hs b‘mmns ad r‘hc sn ad bnlokdsdkx eqdd: sgd a‘bjfqntmc nq
bnmsdws hr oqdcdsdqlhmdc ‘mc sgtr hr sg‘s o‘qs ne sgd ‘bs sg‘s hr mns bnl,
okdsdkx bqd‘shud nq eqdd-
55 BgYosdq 5

Rs‘sdldmsr ax fqd‘s ‘qshrsr nm bnlokdsd eqddcnl ltrs ad s‘jdm vhsg ‘

fq‘hm ne r‘ks- Vgdm Bg‘qkhd O‘qjdq r‘xr) ~Sgdx sd‘bg xnt sgdqd&r ‘ antmc,
‘qx khmd sn ltrhb- Ats) l‘m) sgdqd&r mn antmc‘qx khmd sn ‘qs)•0/ gd hr adrs
tmcdqrsnnc sn ad rod‘jhmf qgdsnqhb‘kkx) mns oqdbhrdkx) adb‘trd dw‘lhm‘,
shnm rgnvr sg‘s ‘mx gtl‘m bnmbdoshnm cndr g‘ud ‘ antmc‘qx- Vghkd fqd‘s
‘qshrsr bkd‘qkx g‘ud ‘ rodbh‘k ‘mc u‘kt‘akd odqrodbshud nm vg‘s sgdx cn) hs
ltrs ad qdldladqdc sg‘s sgd qd‘rnm sgdx ‘qd fqd‘s ‘qshrsr hr adb‘trd ne
vg‘s sgdx cn) mns adb‘trd sgdx mdbdrr‘qhkx g‘ud ‘ rodbh‘k ‘ahkhsx sn ‘qshb,
tk‘sd nq hmsdqoqds vg‘s hs hr sgdx cn hm oqdbhrd sdqlr-

AntmcZqhdr ?bbdosdc nq BgZkkdmfdc

He eqddcnl ‘kv‘xr hlokhdr) tkshl‘sdkx) rnld antmc‘qx) ‘ sxod ne lds‘,
eqddcnl nodm sn sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hr sn ‘bbdos nq otrg ‘f‘hmrs ‘ antmc,
‘qx sn ‘ fqd‘sdq nq kdrrdq dwsdms- ? antmc‘qx l‘x ad cdehmdc ax sgd bnm,
sdws ne vg‘s g‘r ‘kqd‘cx addm drs‘akhrgdc hm sgd ohdbd adhmf odqenqldc) nq
ax vg‘s vd mnql‘kkx b‘kk rsxkd) vghbg bqd‘sdr ‘ bnmrhrsdms ‘ooqn‘bg sn tr,
hmf sgd l‘sdqh‘kr ne ltrhb- Sghr bnmrhrsdmbx cdehmdr ‘ antmc‘qx) vghbg
sgdm l‘x nq l‘x mns ad bg‘kkdmfdc-
Enq hmrs‘mbd) nmd ne sgd lnrs rsq‘hfgs,‘gd‘c ‘mc l‘hmrsqd‘l i‘yy hl,
oqnuhr‘shnmr sg‘s rs‘xr vhsghm sgd antmc‘qhdr ne i‘yy pthsd ehqlkx hr sqtl,
odsdq Bkheenqc Aqnvm&r rnkn nm Rnmmx Qnkkhmr&r ~Odms,To Gntrd-•00 Gd‘qc
vhsghm sgd bnmsdws ne l‘hmrsqd‘l ‘mc rsq‘hfgs,‘gd‘c i‘yy) hs cndr mns otrg
udqx l‘mx antmc‘qhdr ‘s ‘kk) vghkd ‘s sgd r‘ld shld hs hr ‘ aqhkkh‘ms ‘mc bk‘r,
rhb g‘qc,ano rnkn- Hs hr pthsd dwoqdrrhud ‘mc hmbktcdr rnld mhbd hmsdq‘bshnm)
drodbh‘kkx ‘s sgd bkhl‘w ne sgd rnkn vgdm cqtlldq L‘w Qn‘bg qdronmcr sn
Aqnvm&r od‘j- Ats nmbd sgd rnkn ‘mc sgd rtqqntmchmf bnmsdws g‘ud drs‘a,
khrgdc ‘ l‘hmrsqd‘l nq rsq‘hfgs,‘gd‘c rsxkd) hs rs‘xr ehqlkx vhsghm sgnrd
antmc‘qhdr- ?mnsgdq v‘x sn r‘x sghr hr sg‘s hs hr ‘ qdk‘shudkx bnmrhrsdms hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm) rsxkhrshb‘kkx rod‘jhmf- G‘c Aqnvm cdbhcdc sn trd lnqd chrrn,
m‘mbd) nq sn bg‘mfd ghr ogq‘rhmf q‘chb‘kkx) nq sn ok‘x l‘mx qgxsglr chrs‘ms
eqnl rs‘mc‘qc rvhmf dhfgsg mnsdr) gd vntkc g‘ud adftm sn dmf‘fd sgd
antmc‘qhdr ne l‘hmrsqd‘l i‘yy ‘mc sgd hmhsh‘k bnmsdws ne ghr rnkn-
? fnnc dw‘lokd ne bg‘kkdmfhmf ‘ antmc‘qx hr r‘wnognmhrs ‘mc bnl,
onrdq Ingm Ynqm&r rnkn nm ghr ~K‘shm Pt‘qsdq-•01 Sgd entmc‘shnm ne sghr
ohdbd hr ‘ etmjx rgteekd) ats Ynqm adfhmr ghr rnkn vhsg ‘ q‘chb‘kkx cheedqdms
hcd‘ bnlo‘qdc sn sgd rtqqntmchmf bnmsdws9 gd ok‘xr nmd ne sgd lnrs aqhs,
skd) g‘qrg) ‘mc hmsdmrd rbqd‘lr onrrhakd nm ‘m ‘ksn r‘wnognmd- Sghr vntkc
ad lnqd ‘s gnld vhsghm ‘ eqdd,i‘yy rdsshmf- Ax hmbktchmf hs hm sgd bnmsdws
ne ~K‘shm Pt‘qsdq)• Ynqm otrgdr sgd antmc‘qx ne vg‘s g‘c addm drs‘a,
khrgdc ax sgd odqenql‘mbd to sn sg‘s onhms- Hs hr o‘qs ne sgd lds‘,eqddcnl
ne ‘m hloqnuhrdq sg‘s gd nq rgd mns nmkx bgnnrdr gnv sn vnqj vhsghm sgd
 Eqddcnl 56

fhudm antmc‘qhdr) ats ‘krn vgdsgdq nq gnv ltbg sn otrg ‘s nq rsqdsbg nq

dudm aqd‘j sgnrd antmc‘qhdr-
Hm rtll‘qx) hs hr odqg‘or mn bnhmbhcdmbd sg‘s i‘yy) ‘r ‘ rsxkd ne ltrhb hm
vghbg eqddcnl hr rsqnmfkx dwoqdrrdc) v‘r bqd‘sdc hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr) ‘
bntmsqx entmcdc nm sgd hcd‘ ne eqddcnl- Vxmsnm L‘qr‘khr) rod‘jhmf ‘ants
Knthr ?qlrsqnmf) bnmmdbsr sgd ltrhb‘k eqddcnl hm i‘yy vhsg sgd hcd‘k ne on,
khshb‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k eqddcnl hm sgd Tmhsdc Rs‘sdr9 ~ZS[gd rntmc ne Z?qlrsqnmf&r[
gnqm v‘r ‘ otqd) rohqhst‘k drrdmbd) sgd rntmc ne ?ldqhb‘ ‘mc sgd eqddcnl
sg‘s hs hr rtoonrdc sn needq-•02 Chudqrhsx) ‘r vdkk) hr ‘ u‘ktd sg‘s khmjr eqddcnl
hm i‘yy vhsg onkhshb‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k chudqrhsx- Ansg onrhshud ‘mc mdf‘shud eqdd,
cnl ‘qd dwoqdrrdc hm i‘yy) ‘mc hm o‘qshbtk‘q) onrhshud eqddcnl rtoonqsr ‘mc
hr bnmmdbsdc sn rnld nsgdq u‘ktdr hm i‘yy9 ‘rrdqshnm) hmhsh‘shud) etkehkkldms)
rdke,dwoqdrrhnm) sgd odqrnm‘k) ‘mc ‘msh‘tsgnqhs‘qh‘mhrl- Adb‘trd eqddcnl hr
rtbg ‘m hlonqs‘ms o‘qs ne i‘yy) hs hr khsskd vnmcdq sg‘s i‘yy dudmst‘kkx bqd‘sdc
sgd rtarsxkd ne eqdd i‘yy ’hrm&s sgd sdql ~eqdd i‘yy• ‘ qdctmc‘mbx=(- Eqdd i‘yy
ldqdkx snnj lnqd rdqhntrkx sgd hcd‘ sg‘s eqddcnl hr ‘m drrdmsh‘k o‘qs ne i‘yy-

MNSDR

0- Vhkkh‘l K- Qddrd) ChbshnmYqx ne Oghknrnogx Ymc Qdkhfhnm9 DYrsdqm Ymc Vdrsdqm

Sgntfgs ’?sk‘mshb Ghfgk‘mcr) M-I-9 Gtl‘mhshdr Oqdrr) 087/() r-u- ~eqddcnl-•
1- Gdmqx L‘qshm ‘mc Jdhsg V‘sdqr) IYyy9 Sgd Ehqrs 0// WdYqr) 1mc dc- ’Adklnms)
B‘khe-9 Sgnlrnm Rbghqldq) 1//5() 177-
2- Hr‘h‘g Adqkhm) Svn Bnmbdosr ne Khadqsx ’Knmcnm9 Nwenqc Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr)
0847(-
3- Bg‘qkdr S- Aqnvm) Sgd ?qs ne Qnbj Ymc Qnkk) 2qc dc- ’Dmfkdvnnc Bkheer) M-I-9
Oqdmshbd G‘kk) 0882() 106) 13/“30-
4- Djjdg‘qc Inrs) Eqdd IYyy ’Fq‘y) ?trsqh‘9 Tmhudqr‘k Dchshnm) 0863() 7-
5- Eq‘mj Shqqn) IYyy9 ? Ghrsnqx) 1mc dc- ’Mdv Xnqj9 V- V- Mnqsnm # Bnlo‘mx)
0882() 264-
6- Lhkdr C‘uhr) ptnsdc hm Ind Fnkcadqf) IYyy LYrsdqr ne sgd Eheshdr ’Mdv Xnqj9
L‘blhkk‘m) 0854() 120-
7- Nqmdssd Bnkdl‘m) ~Bnmfdmh‘khsx)• Sgd RgYod ne IYyy sn Bnld ’?sk‘mshb RC
0206) 0848(-
8- Nqmdssd Bnkdl‘m) ~Rsqdds Vnl‘m)• Rbhdmbd Ehbshnm ’Bnktlah‘ JB 20/50)
0860(-
0/- Dqhb Mhrdmrnm) Sgd LYjhmf ne Jhmc ne Aktd9 Lhkdr CYuhr Ymc Ghr LYrsdqohdbd
’Mdv Xnqj9 Rs- L‘qshm&r Oqdrr) 1///() 01/-
00- Rnmmx Qnkkhmr) ~Odms,To Gntrd)• Rnmmx Qnkkhmr Oktr 3 ’Oqdrshfd OQKO 6/27)
0845(-
01- Ingm Ynqm) ~K‘shm Pt‘qsdq)• MYjdc Bhsx ’Dkdjsq‘.Mnmdrtbg 8 68127,1) 0878(-
02- RYsbgln9 Knthr ?qlrsqnmf) ?ldqhb‘m L‘rsdqr rdqhdr CUC ’OAR) 0878: Mdv
Xnqj9 Bnktlah‘ Ltrhb Uhcdn) 1///(-
 6

Qdronmrhahkhsx

Sgd oqhbd ne fqd‘smdrr hr qdronmrhahkhsx-

¨Vhmrsnm Bgtqbghkk

H m bg‘osdq 5) vd r‘v gnv eqddcnl hr ‘m hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs ne i‘yy) ats

eqddcnl b‘mmns ad bnlokdsd: hs hr ‘kv‘xr khlhsdc sn rnld dwsdms- Hm sghr
bg‘osdq vd vhkk dwoknqd nmd v‘x hm vghbg eqddcnl hr rnldshldr khlhsdc
sg‘s hr ‘ rsqnmf u‘ktd hm i‘yy hm ‘mc ne hsrdke9 qdronmrhahkhsx-
Cdehmhshnm ne qdronmrhahkhsx9 Qdronmrhahkhsx hr sgd qdpthqdldms sn etkehkk
sgd ctshdr ‘mc nakhf‘shnmr sg‘s lhfgs ad nvdc sn ‘mnsgdq hmchuhct‘k)
fqnto) nq hmrshstshnm-
Enq sgd noonrhsd ne qdronmrhahkhsx) rdd bg‘osdq 5) Eqddcnl-

BNMBDHUHMF SGD LTRHB

Rnknhrsr
Hs hr sgd bnlonrdq&r a‘rhb ina ‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx sn bnmbdhud sgd ltrhb enq
‘ bnlonrhshnm- Gnvdudq) ‘ i‘yy rnknhrs hr qdronmrhakd mns nmkx enq sgd bnm,
bdoshnm ne ghr nq gdq hloqnuhrdc rnkn) ats hsr odqenql‘mbd ‘r vdkk- Sgd i‘yy
hloqnuhrdq mns nmkx ‘bbdosr sgd qdronmrhahkhshdr ne bnmbdhuhmf sgd ltrhb
sg‘s ‘ bnlonrdq vntkc nsgdqvhrd rgntkcdq) ats b‘qqhdr dudm fqd‘sdq qd,
ronmrhahkhshdr) sgnrd ne ‘mx odqenqldq9 hmsdqoqdshmf dkdldmsr ne ltrhb mns
mnql‘kkx mns‘sdc) l‘hms‘hmhmf sdbgmhb‘k rjhkkr) rgnvhmf to sn sgd bnmbdqs
nm shld) l‘hms‘hmhmf ‘m deedbshud rs‘fd oqdrdmbd) ‘mc sgd khjd- Sgd hloqn,

57
 Qdronmrhahkhsx 58

uhrdq) sgdqdenqd) g‘r md‘qkx bnlokdsd ltrhb‘k qdronmrhahkhsx- ?r C‘m‘ Qd‘,

rnm r‘xr) ~Hs hr mns onrrhakd sn bk‘hl sg‘s sgd ltrhb v‘r mns xntqr sn adfhm
vhsg9 xnt ‘qd gdkc qdronmrhakd enq ‘ odqbdhudc e‘hktqd nq sqhtlog¨ax xnt
‘mc sgd ‘tchdmbd-•0

Dudqxnmd Dkrd
Hm ‘ k‘qfdq rdmrd) dudqx i‘yy ltrhbh‘m) mns itrs sgd rnknhrs) hr rhlhk‘qkx qd,
ronmrhakd enq sgd ltrhb sg‘s hr bqd‘sdc adb‘trd dudqx i‘yy ltrhbh‘m hr hl,
oqnuhrhmf sn ‘ fqd‘sdq nq kdrrdq dwsdms- Adb‘trd dudqx mnsd) sxohb‘kkx) hr mns
fhudm nq vqhssdm nts enq ‘mx i‘yy ltrhbh‘m) rnkn hloqnuhrdq nq mns) sgd qd,
ronmrhahkhsx enq bnmbdhuhmf ‘mc dwdbtshmf sgd ltrhb hr fhudm sn dudqx hm,
chuhct‘k i‘yy ltrhbh‘m) vhsghm sgd khlhsr ne rsxkd) sgd o‘qshbtk‘q stmd) sgd
mnqlr ne sgd dmrdlakd) ‘mc sgd bnmchshnmr ne sgd fhf- Vghkd sgd ltrhbh‘mr
hm sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm ‘qd mns rnknhrsr) sgdx ‘qd hloqnuhrhmf sgdhq ‘bbnl,
o‘mhldms) vghbg b‘qqhdr sgd r‘ld qdronmrhahkhshdr ne sgd hloqnuhrhmf
rnknhrs mnsdc ‘anud-

Dwbdoshnmr ?qd Khlhsdc

Sgdqd ‘qd ‘ edv b‘rdr hm vghbg i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd mns qdronmrhakd enq sgd
ltrhb sgdx oqnctbd- Sgd bnlonrdq cndr oqnuhcd rnld oqdcdsdqlhmdc
l‘sdqh‘k) trt‘kkx sgd ldkncx ne sgd ohdbd) ‘r vdkk ‘r hsr bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm-
Sghr hr sgd entmc‘shnm eqnl vghbg sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m bqd‘sdr ‘mc enq vghbg
gd nq rgd hr mns qdronmrhakd- Ats dudm hm sghr b‘rd) sgd dwodbs‘shnm hm i‘yy
hr enq sgd ltrhbh‘m sn s‘jd qdronmrhahkhsx ‘mxv‘x ax dladkkhrghmf sgd
ldkncx nq sgd bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm sn rnld dwsdms- Sgd rdmrd ne qdronmrh,
ahkhsx hr rn fqd‘s hm i‘yy sg‘s) dudm hm sgd edv ltrhb‘k ‘qd‘r enq vghbg i‘yy
ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd mns qdronmrhakd) sgdx rshkk ‘bs ‘r he sgdx ‘qd- Nmd v‘x ne knnj,
hmf ‘s dladkkhrghmf ‘ ldkncx nq ‘ bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm hr sg‘s sgd ltrhbh‘m
l‘jdr hs ghr nq gdq nvm- Vgdm nmd l‘jdr rnldsghmf nmd&r nvm hm sghr
e‘rghnm) nmd s‘jdr qdronmrhahkhsx enq hs-

QDRONMRHAHKHSX SN SGD DMRDLAKD

Sgd IZyy Dmrdlakd Zr Z SdZl

? ltrhb‘k dmrdlakd hr ‘ sxod ne ltrhb‘k bnlltmhsx) ‘mc ok‘xhmf i‘yy) ‘b,
bnqchmf sn Kdqnx Vhkkh‘lr)

hr khjd ‘ sd‘l deenqs) sgd jhmc xnt ehmc hm a‘rjdsa‘kk nq a‘rda‘kk- Dudqxancx
g‘r sn cn sgdhq rodbhehb ina- Sg‘s&r sgd nmkx v‘x xnt&qd fnhmf sn rbnqd- Nmd
6/ BgYosdq 6

ftx b‘m&s s‘jd ‘kk sgd rgnsr hm a‘rjdsa‘kk) enq hmrs‘mbd- Gd g‘r sn k‘x a‘bj ‘s
shldr- Xnt g‘ud sn fhud sgd a‘kk sn vghbgdudq ok‘xdq g‘r sgd adrs rgns- Hs&r nmd
ahf fqnto deenqs) ‘mc vgdm dudqxancx&r hm g‘qlnmx) sg‘s&r vgdm sgd adrs
sghmfr g‘oodm- Xnt g‘ud sn r‘bqhehbd xntq nvm hcd‘r ‘s shldr-1

Mnv) ‘mx sxod ne ltrhb‘k dmrdlakd b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc ‘ sd‘l- Ats ‘ i‘yy
bnlan hr ltbg lnqd khjd ‘ ronqsr sd‘l sg‘m mnmhloqnuhrhmf dmrdlakdr
adb‘trd ronqsr ‘qd q‘qdkx ‘r oqdbhrdkx rbqhosdc ‘r dmrdlakdr sg‘s ok‘x bnl,
onrhshnmr vhsgnts ‘mx hloqnuhr‘shnm- ? ronqsr sd‘l vntkc g‘ud sn oqd,
cdsdqlhmd khsdq‘kkx dudqx rhmfkd rsdo d‘bg ldladq snnj nm dudqx ok‘x sn
l‘sbg sgd rhst‘shnm hm vghbg ‘m dmrdlakd) ok‘xhmf ‘ bnlonrhshnm) g‘r
dudqx rhmfkd mnsd ‘mc qgxsgl oqdcdsdqlhmdc ax sgd bnlonrdq- ? ltrhb
dmrdlakd ok‘xhmf ‘ bnlonrhshnm hr gd‘uhkx rbqhosdc- Ennsa‘kk hr odqg‘or
sgd sd‘l ronqs sg‘s bnldr bknrdrs sn adhmf rn rbqhosdc) ats dudm sgdm) enns,
a‘kk ok‘xr l‘x adbnld hloqnuhrdc- A‘rjdsa‘kk ‘mc gnbjdx ‘qd sgd ronqsr
sg‘s ‘qd lnrs rhlhk‘q sn i‘yy) lnrskx adb‘trd ok‘x hm sgdrd ronqsr hr bnm,
shmtntr ‘mc adb‘trd sgd udqx rgnqs qd‘bshnm shld qdpthqdc vgdm sgd ‘sg,
kdsdr hloqnuhrd hr nm ‘ fdmdq‘k o‘q vhsg sgd qd‘bshnm shld hm i‘yy-

OdqrnmZk AdgZuhnq9 Rgnv To nm Shld

Qdronmrhahkhsx b‘m ld‘m ‘ bnllhsldms sn adg‘uhmf oqnodqkx- Onkhsdmdrr
hr sgd bnllnm rnbh‘k u‘ktd sg‘s dwoqdrrdr sghr ‘rodbs ne qdronmrhahkhsx) ats
i‘yy enrsdqr qdronmrhakd odqrnm‘k adg‘uhnq hm lnqd rhfmhehb‘ms ‘mc cddodq
v‘xr-
He ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd ’nq ‘mx ltrhb‘k fqnto( hr sn ad etmbshnm‘k) dudqxnmd
hr trt‘kkx dwodbsdc sn rgnv to enq sgd fhf nq qdgd‘qr‘k ‘mc ad oqdo‘qdc
‘mc ‘akd sn etkehkk nmd&r ltrhb‘k qdronmrhahkhshdr- Sghr qdronmrhahkhsx hr
rnldshldr dwoqdrrdc ‘r ~8/ odqbdms ne khed hr itrs rgnvhmf to-• ?mnsgdq
qtkd ne sgtla) dwoqdrrdc ‘r ‘ bnmsq‘chbshnm) hr ~He xnt&qd d‘qkx) xnt&qd nm
shld: he xnt&qd nm shld) xnt&qd k‘sd-• Sg‘s hr) hm nqcdq sn ad qdronmrhakd) nmd
rgntkc ‘qqhud d‘qkx hm nqcdq sn g‘ud rnld l‘qfhm enq dqqnq) vghbg dmrtqdr
sg‘s sgd odqenql‘mbd vhkk ‘bst‘kkx adfhm nm shld- He) gnvdudq) nmd ldqdkx
ok‘mr sn ad dw‘bskx nm shld ats sgdm rnldsghmf tmdwodbsdc g‘oodmr ’‘r hs
rnldshldr cndr() sgdm nmd l‘x ad k‘sd- Sghr dwoqdrrdr ‘ qdronmrhakd ‘o,
oqn‘bg sn dudmsr khjd ‘ ltrhb‘k odqenql‘mbd hm vghbg sgdqd hr mn v‘x sn
qdbshex adhmf k‘sd- Hs hr mns qdronmrhakd ‘mc sgdqd hr mn rdbnmc bg‘mbd he ‘
ltrhbh‘m hr k‘sd nq cndr mns rgnv to enq ‘ odqenql‘mbd enq vghbg otakhb,
hsx g‘r addm chrsqhatsdc) odnokd g‘ud o‘hc lnmdx sn rdd) ‘mc enq vghbg
sgdx dwodbs rnldsghmf hm qdstqm ‘s ‘ rodbhehdc shld-
Nmd hme‘lntr dw‘lokd ne gnv qdronmrhahkhsx etmbshnmr hm i‘yy) hmrne‘q
‘r hs ‘eedbsr nmd&r oqnedrrhnm‘k khed) hr sg‘s ne Bg‘qkhd O‘qjdq- O‘qjdq&r odq,
rnm‘k adg‘uhnq v‘r rtbg sg‘s) snv‘qc sgd dmc ne ghr b‘qddq ‘mc khed) dudm
 Qdronmrhahkhsx 60

‘r gd v‘r qdbnfmhydc ‘r sgd vnqkc&r fqd‘sdrs i‘yy r‘wnognmhrs) gd g‘c che,

ehbtksx fdsshmf ghqdc enq rnld fhfr- Oqdrtl‘akx) sgd q‘shnm‘kd enq sghr ‘a,
rtqc rhst‘shnm v‘r sg‘s ‘mnsgdq r‘wnognmhrs vgn vntkc ‘bst‘kkx rgnv to
enq sgd fhf v‘r adssdq sg‘m ‘ Bg‘qkhd O‘qjdq vgn v‘r f‘hmhmf ‘ qdots‘shnm
enq rnldshldr mns rgnvhmf to ‘s ‘kk- Vghkd Bg‘qkhd O‘qjdq&r hqqdronmrh,
ahkhsx hr e‘rbhm‘shmf vgdm bnmrhcdqdc ‘knmf vhsg ghr ‘l‘yhmf s‘kdms) odq,
rnm‘k adg‘uhnq sg‘s cdsq‘bsr eqnl sgd ltrhb‘k oqnctbs hr hqqdronmrhakd he
sgd ltrhb oqnctbs hr oqhnqhshydc-

QDRONMRHAHKHSX ENQ LTRHB?K QNKDR

? ldladq ne ‘ sd‘l g‘r ‘ qdronmrhahkhsx sn sgd sd‘l ‘r ‘ vgnkd sn etkehkk

sg‘s ldladq&r qnkd nq ‘rrhfmdc ctshdr- Sgd ltrhb‘k qnkdr ‘mc qdpthqd,
ldmsr ne i‘yy) ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘mx ltrhb‘k rsxkd) ‘qd rhlhk‘qkx ‘ enql ne qdronm,
rhahkhsx sn nsgdqr hm sgd dmrdlakd ‘r vdkk ‘r sn sgd ‘tchdmbd- Vghkd sgdqd
‘qd l‘mx sghmfr sg‘s b‘m g‘oodm hm i‘yy sg‘s cnm&s mddc sn ad bnnqchm‘sdc)
sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx b‘rdr hm vghbg sgd lnrs rtaskd ‘mc hmshl‘sd bnnqchm‘shnm
hr qdpthqdc ‘lnmf sgd odqenqldqr) enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘ r‘wnognmd ‘mc ‘ sqtl,
ods ok‘xhmf ‘ bnlokdw ldkncx snfdsgdq- I‘yy ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud ‘ qdronmrh,
ahkhsx sn b‘qqx nts sgdhq ltrhb‘k ctshdr ‘s ‘ ghfgkx rjhkkdc ‘mc rtaskd kdudk-
Hm sgd aqn‘cdrs sdqlr) sgd u‘qhntr qnkdr hm ‘ i‘yy bnlan cdehmd sgd a‘rhb
qdronmrhahkhshdr ne ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m9 cqtlldqr jddo shld) a‘rrhrsr jddo
shld ‘mc ntskhmd sgd g‘qlnmhdr) oh‘mhrsr ‘mc fths‘qhrsr cdehmd sgd g‘q,
lnmhdr) vhmc hmrsqtldmsr ok‘x sgd ldknchdr) ‘mc ‘mxnmd l‘x hloqnuhrd-
Sgd qgxsgl rdbshnm hm o‘qshbtk‘q etkehkkr sgd hlonqs‘ms he rnldshldr tm,
cdq‘ooqdbh‘sdc qdronmrhahkhsx ne itrs jddohmf sgd stmd lnuhmf ‘knmf¨ne
oqnuhchmf ‘ rs‘akd ‘mc qdkh‘akd entmc‘shnm enq sgd rnknhrs- Enq hmrs‘mbd) sgd
a‘rrhrs ‘mc sgd cqtlldq drs‘akhrg sgd fqnnud) vghbg hr sgd qgxsglhb
entmc‘shnm enq dudqx nsgdq qgxsglhb hcd‘ hm sgd i‘yy dmrdlakd- Vgdm
knbjdc hm vhsg d‘bg nsgdq) sgd a‘rrhrs ‘mc cqtlldq ‘qd ghfgkx qdronmrhakd
sn d‘bg nsgdq) adhmf cdodmc‘akd ad‘s ‘esdq ad‘s) sgntr‘mcr ne shldr ‘
mhfgs-

Rgnv To nm Shld LtrhbZkkx

? etmc‘ldms‘k qdronmrhahkhsx sg‘s i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘bbdos hr sn ok‘x mnsdr
‘mc qgxsglr ‘bbtq‘sdkx ‘mc hm rxmbgqnmhy‘shnm vhsg sgd qdrs ne sgd dm,
rdlakd- Vghkd i‘yy l‘x ad nodm g‘qlnmhb‘kkx ’rdd ~Qhfgs ‘mc Vqnmf
Mnsdr• hm bg‘osdq 4() hs hr e‘hqkx cdl‘mchmf qgxsglhb‘kkx ’‘rrtlhmf rvhmf
‘mc ‘ rsd‘cx sdlon(- Sn sghr dwsdms) i‘yy hr ‘ants mnsghmf he mns ‘ants cn,
hmf sgd qhfgs sghmf ‘s sgd qhfgs shld) ‘mc sgd ‘lntms ne kddv‘x fhudm ‘
ltrhbh‘m sn odqenql) r‘x) ‘ bdqs‘hm mnsd ‘s ‘ bdqs‘hm shld) hr udqx rl‘kk-
61 BgYosdq 6

Rvhmf) hm o‘qshbtk‘q) vnqjr sn ‘ fqd‘sdq nq kdrrdq dwsdms vhsghm ‘m dw,

sqdldkx rl‘kk shld eq‘ld- Bnmrhcdq rvhmf dhfgsg mnsdr ‘s ‘ e‘rs adano
sdlon ne 2// ad‘sr odq lhmtsd- Rtbg dhfgsg mnsdr enkknv nmd ‘mnsgdq ‘s
sgd q‘sd ne sdm dudqx rdbnmc ’svn dudqx ad‘s) ehud ad‘sr odq rdbnmc(- ? i‘yy
ltrhbh‘m ok‘xhmf ‘s sghr sdlon ‘bbdosr sgd qdronmrhahkhsx enq rgnvhmf to
vhsg sgd qhfgs mnsd vhsg ‘ udqx rgnqs sdlonq‘k l‘qfhm ne dqqnq- Sghr hr sgd
qdronmrhahkhsx ne rgnvhmf to nm shld ‘s ‘ udqx ghfg kdudk-

VZxmd Rgnqsdq hm VdZsgdq Qdonqs

Nmd qdl‘qj‘akd b‘rd ne qdronmrhahkhsx hm ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd hr sg‘s ne r‘wn,
ognmhrs V‘xmd Rgnqsdq ‘r ‘ ldladq ne sgd i‘yy fqnto Vd‘sgdq Qdonqs)
vghbg v‘r mnsdc enq hsr rtaskd enql ne bnkkdbshud hloqnuhr‘shnm) drodbh‘kkx
d‘qkhdq hm hsr ghrsnqx ‘r ‘ fqnto- ?r bnkd‘cdq Ind Y‘vhmtk nmbd qdl‘qjdc)
~Hm sghr a‘mc) dhsgdq vd ‘kk rnkn) nq mn nmd rnknr-•2 Vd‘sgdq Qdonqs g‘c
dpt‘khydc ‘mc aktqqdc sgd etmbshnm ‘mc qnkd ne d‘bg odqrnm ‘mc hmrsqt,
ldms hm sgd fqnto rtbg sg‘s) rnldshldr) nmd bntkcm&s sdkk he sgdx vdqd ‘kk
rnknhmf nq he mn nmd v‘r rnknhmf-
Hm sghr bnmsdws) V‘xmd Rgnqsdq v‘r hm ‘ tmhptd rhst‘shnm- Rgnqsdq ok‘xdc
sgd nmkx vhmc hmrsqtldms ‘mc sgd nmkx otqdkx ldknchb hmrsqtldms: sgd
qdrs ne sgd fqnto bnmrhrsdc ne jdxan‘qcr) dkdbsqhb a‘rr) cqtlr) ‘mc odq,
btrrhnm- Rgnqsdq&r r‘wnognmd vntkc d‘rhkx ad gd‘qc ‘r ‘ ldkncx) ‘mc
sgdqdax f‘hm ‘tq‘k oqnlhmdmbd) bnmsq‘qx sn sgd fn‘k ne dpt‘khsx ‘mc bnk,
kdbshud hloqnuhr‘shnm- Nmd rnktshnm Rgnqsdq cdudknodc ‘mc sg‘s b‘m ad
gd‘qc nm sgd bnkkdbshud hloqnuhr‘shnm rdbshnmr nm sgd ohdbd ~Sd‘qr• v‘r sn
ok‘x dwsqdldkx ro‘qrdkx rn ‘r mns sn qhrd ‘anud sgd qdrs ne sgd dmrdlakd hm
oqnlhmdmbd) sgdqdax l‘hms‘hmhmf dpt‘khsx ‘lnmf sgd dmrdlakd-3 Hs v‘r ‘
rdkekdrr) l‘stqd) ‘mc ghfgkx qdronmrhakd ‘ooqn‘bg sn odqenql‘mbd hm sgd
bnmsdws ne bnkkdbshud hloqnuhr‘shnm-

QDRONMRHAHKHSX SN SGD BQ?ES NE I?YY

Sgd ‘oo‘qdms d‘rd ‘mc deenqskdrrmdrr sg‘s sgd adrs i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr chrok‘x
‘r sgdx hloqnuhrd hr sgd qdrtks ne l‘mx) l‘mx gntqr ne cdchb‘sdc chrbh,
okhmd ‘mc oq‘bshbd- Ingm C‘bdx ‘mc J‘sgkddm Kdmmnm r‘x sg‘s ~bnmsq‘qx sn
sgd rsdqdnsxod ne sgd tmqdrsq‘hmdc bqd‘shud odqrnm) lnrs bqd‘shud odnokd
l‘mhedrs ghfg kdudkr ne rdke,bnmsqnk-•4 Sghr hr bdqs‘hmkx sqtd hm i‘yy- Enq
l‘mx) sgd chrbhokhmd ‘mc oqdo‘q‘shnm hs s‘jdr sn kd‘qm sn ok‘x i‘yy hr hm,
sdmrd ‘mc dwsqdld- I‘yy ltrhbh‘mr nesdm dwghahs ‘ ghfg kdudk ne cdchb‘shnm
‘mc qdronmrhahkhsx sn oq‘bshbhmf sgdhq hmrsqtldms ‘mc hloqnuhr‘shnm hm nq,
cdq sn odqedbs sgdhq bq‘es- Sgd sdql ~vnncrgdcchmf• hr trdc ax ltrhbh‘mr
sn rtffdrs fnhmf sn ‘ vnncrgdc sn ad ‘knmd rn sg‘s nmd b‘m oq‘bshbd hm,
 Qdronmrhahkhsx 62

sdmrdkx enq gntqr) tmchrstqadc ‘mc vhsgnts chrstqahmf nsgdqr- L‘mx rsn,
qhdr dwhrs ‘ants sgd ‘klnrs e‘m‘shb‘k qdronmrhahkhsx i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr dwghahs
snv‘qc oq‘bshbhmf i‘yy) khrsdmhmf sn qdbnqchmfr) gd‘qhmf khud bnmbdqsr) s‘kj,
hmf ‘ants i‘yy) ‘mc sghmjhmf ‘ants i‘yy- O‘tk Adqkhmdq r‘xr sg‘s

dudqxnmd hm L‘w Qn‘bg&r d‘qkx bhqbkd vnqjdc g‘qc: ltrhb v‘r ‘ ~svdmsx,
entq,gntq rhst‘shnm enq tr- Vd oq‘bshbdc ‘kk c‘x) ‘mc he vd vdqd enqstm‘sd
dmntfg sn ad vnqjhmf) vd&c fhf ‘kk mhfgs-• ?esdqv‘qcr) odqg‘or ‘s sgqdd n,
bknbj hm sgd lnqmhmf) ~vd vdms knnjhmf enq i‘l rdrrhnmr-•5

?m dw‘lokd ne tmcdqdrshl‘shmf qdronmrhahkhsx hm i‘yy nbbtqr vhsg rnld ne

sgd lnqd q‘chb‘k sxodr ne eqdd i‘yy hm vghbg ‘ r‘wnognmhrs) hm sgd sxohb‘k
b‘rd) hr mns ok‘xhmf chrbqdsd ohsbgdr ats hmrsd‘c oqnctbdr rntmcr eqnl sgd
r‘wnognmd adrs cdrbqhadc ‘r rgqhdjr ‘mc rbqd‘lr) hlhs‘shmf ‘m ‘mfthrgdc
gtl‘m unhbd- Hs hr rnldshldr m‘—˜udkx adkhdudc sg‘s sgd r‘wnognmhrs cndr
mns jmnv gnv sn ok‘x sgd hmrsqtldms vgdm oqnctbhmf rtbg rntmcr- Ats
hm nqcdq sn oqnctbd sgdrd rntmcr ‘mc g‘ud sgdl tmcdq nmd&r bnmsqnk) nmd
ltrs g‘ud rhfmhehb‘ms e‘bhkhsx nm sgd hmrsqtldms ‘mc oq‘bshbd rtbg rntmcr)
itrs khjd nmd oq‘bshbdr chrbqdsd ohsbgdr- Sg‘s r‘wnognmd uhqstnrnr rtbg ‘r
Ingm Bnksq‘md) ?kadqs ?xkdq) ‘mc ?qbghd Rgdoo trdc rtbg rntmcr hm sgdhq
hloqnuhrhmf adkhdr sgd hcd‘ sg‘s oqnctbhmf sgdrd rntmcr qdrsr nm hqqd,
ronmrhahkhsx nq hmbnlodsdmbd-

QDRONMRHAHKHSX SN SGD ?TCHDMBD

Hm ‘mx ltrhb‘k odqenql‘mbd) ‘mc bdqs‘hmkx hm nmdr sg‘s bg‘qfd ‘clhrrhnm

‘mc enq vghbg sgd ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd o‘hc) sgd ltrhbh‘m g‘r bdqs‘hm qdronmrh,
ahkhshdr sn sgd ‘tchdmbd- Rnld ne sgdrd bnmbdqm oqnedrrhnm‘k adg‘uhnq ‘mc
‘qd sgd r‘ld ‘r sgd nmdr sg‘s ltrhbh‘mr hm ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd g‘ud snv‘qc
d‘bg nsgdq9 rgnv to nm shld) ad oqdo‘qdc) ‘mc sgd khjd- Lnqd etmc‘ldm,
s‘k) gnvdudq) ‘qd qdronmrhahkhshdr sg‘s bnmbdqm sgd m‘stqd ne sgd ltrhb sn ad
odqenqldc- Gnvdudq) enq i‘yy) sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘qd u‘ftd- Sgdqd hr
q‘qdkx) he dudq) ‘mx dwokhbhs bnmsq‘bs nq dwodbs‘shnm adsvddm sgd i‘yy ltrh,
bh‘m ‘mc sgd ‘tchdmbd qdf‘qchmf rodbhehbr ‘ants sgd ltrhb- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘s
‘ bk‘rrhb‘k rxlognmx bnmbdqs nmd lhfgs ad ‘akd sn kd‘qm dw‘bskx vg‘s
ohdbdr vhkk ad odqenqldc adenqd nmd atxr ‘ shbjds- Vghkd sghr lhfgs g‘o,
odm ‘s ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd ’~Sgd Khmbnkm Bdmsdq I‘yy Nqbgdrsq‘) Ed‘stqhmf
sgd Ltrhb ne Ctjd Dkkhmfsnm•() hs hr bdqs‘hmkx mns tmtrt‘k he hs cndr mns- ?kk
sgd ‘tchdmbd l‘x jmnv adenqd ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd hr sgd m‘ld ne sgd
gd‘ckhmd ‘qshrs nq dmrdlakd) ‘mc cds‘hkr rtbg ‘r c‘sd ‘mc shld) knb‘shnm)
‘mc ‘clhrrhnm bg‘qfd- ?mx cds‘hkr ‘ants sgd m‘stqd ne sgd ltrhb sn ad odq,
enqldc trt‘kkx ‘qd mns rodbhehdc ‘gd‘c ne shld- Sgdqd hr mn ‘fqddldms)
63 BgYosdq 6

dudm ‘m hlokhbhs nmd) sg‘s r‘xr) ~Hm qdstqm enq sgd ‘clhrrhnm bg‘qfd) sgd
ltrhbh‘mr vhkk odqenql sgd enkknvhmf ohdbdr-•
Cdrohsd sgd k‘bj ne ‘ bnmsq‘bs nq ‘fqddldms ‘ants sgd rodbhehb m‘stqd ne
sgd ltrhb sn ad odqenqldc ‘s ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd) sgd ‘tchdmbd rshkk g‘r
rnld rds ne dwodbs‘shnmr ‘ants ‘ i‘yy odqenql‘mbd) ‘mc sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m
g‘r ‘m hlokhbhs qdronmrhahkhsx sn ldds sgdrd dwodbs‘shnmr hm rnld e‘rghnm-
Lnqd ‘r ‘ oq‘bshb‘k l‘ssdq ‘mc kdrr ‘r ‘m dsghb‘k nmd) sgd ltrhbh‘m ltrs ad
bnmbdqmdc vhsg lddshmf ‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr sn rnld dwsdms he gd nq rgd
v‘msr sn g‘ud ‘mx rnqs ne b‘qddq- Rn) ‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr b‘m cdehmd hl,
okhbhs ‘mc oq‘bshb‘k qdronmrhahkhshdr enq sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m-

SXODR NE I?YY ODQENQL?MBDR

Sgdqd ‘qd l‘mx cheedqdms sxodr ne i‘yy odqenql‘mbdr) d‘bg ne vghbg b‘q,
qhdr ‘ cheedqdms rds ne ‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘mc sgd ‘bbnlo‘mxhmf ltrh,
bh‘m qdronmrhahkhshdr- Sgd lnqd bnllnm sxodr ‘qd khrsdc adknv) hm nqcdq ne
hmbqd‘rhmf qdronmrhahkhshdr enq sgd ltrhbh‘m-6
IZl rdrrhnm- ? i‘l rdrrhnm hr ‘m hmenql‘k otakhb odqenql‘mbd ‘s vghbg
‘mxnmd l‘x qdptdrs sn odqenql ‘ edv stmdr vhsg nsgdqr vgn l‘x vdkk ad
rsq‘mfdqr- Trt‘kkx) ‘ gntrd qgxsgl rdbshnm enqlr sgd a‘rhb a‘mc) ‘mc sgdx
‘qd sgd nmkx o‘hc odqenqldqr) he ‘mx- Sgd i‘l rdrrhnm b‘qqhdr sgd knnrdrs rds
ne ‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘ants sgd ltrhb odqenqldc- Adb‘trd sgd ltrh,
bh‘mr l‘x g‘ud mdudq ok‘xdc snfdsgdq adenqd) ‘mc adb‘trd rnld ltrh,
bh‘mr l‘x ad adfhmmdqr) ‘m ~‘mxsghmf,l‘x,g‘oodm• ‘sshstcd hr bnllnm-
?tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘mc ltrhbh‘m qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘qd ‘s sgdhq knvdrs) hm
fdmdq‘k-
BZrtZk- L‘mx knb‘k) nmd,shld fhfr qdpthqd i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr sn ok‘x a‘bj,
fqntmc ltrhb) sxohb‘kkx enq qdbdoshnmr- ?tchdmbd bnmudqrhmf) rnbh‘khyhmf)
‘mc mdsvnqjhmf s‘jd oqdbdcdmbd nudq sgd ltrhb- Sgd qdronmrhahkhsx ne sgd
i‘yy dmrdlakd hr sn odqenql tmnasqtrhud ltrhb sg‘s bqd‘sdr ‘ okd‘r‘ms
a‘bjcqno enq lnqd hlonqs‘ms rnbh‘k ‘bshuhshdr- Sgd trt‘k qdodqsnhqd hr rhl,
hk‘q sn vg‘s g‘r addm b‘kkdc sgd ~Fqd‘s ?ldqhb‘m Rnmfannj)• ohdbdr ax
bnlonrdqr rtbg ‘r Bnkd Onqsdq) Fdnqfd ‘mc Hq‘ Fdqrgvhm) ‘mc Qhbg‘qc
Qncfdqr ‘mc Nrb‘q G‘lldqrsdhm- Dudm sgntfg sgd ltrhb hr a‘bjfqntmc
ltrhb) sgd ltrhbh‘mr rshkk g‘ud sgd qdronmrhahkhsx sn oqnuhcd ‘m ‘ooqnoqh,
‘sd a‘bjfqntmc-
CZmbd- I‘yy g‘r ‘ knmf ghrsnqx ‘r ltrhb enq c‘mbhmf- Snc‘x) i‘yy sxoh,
b‘kkx oqnuhcdr c‘mbd ltrhb enq vdcchmfr) nq) vhsg sgd qdbdms qdrtqfdmbd
hm onotk‘qhsx ne ltrhb eqnl sgd rvhmf dq‘) enq rvhmf c‘mbdr- C‘mbd lt,
rhb odqg‘or b‘qqhdr sgd lnrs rodbhehb ‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘mc ltrhbh‘m
qdronmrhahkhshdr bnmbdqmhmf sgd m‘stqd ne sgd ltrhb- Oqhl‘qx ne sgdrd hr
sdlon- Sgd roddc ne sgd ad‘s ltrs mns ad snn e‘rs nq snn rknv enq sgd
 Qdronmrhahkhsx 64

c‘mbdqr) ‘mc sgdqd ltrs ad ‘ oqnodq lhw ne cheedqdms sdlonr- Sgd sdlon
ltrs ‘krn ad udqx qdftk‘q ‘mc mns v‘udq rhfmhehb‘mskx) ‘ksgntfg sghr hr ‘
rs‘mc‘qc bnlodsdmbx enq i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr- Sgd dwodbsdc qdodqsnhqd hr rhlh,
k‘q sn sgd Fqd‘s ?ldqhb‘m Rnmfannj) drodbh‘kkx enq vdcchmfr) ‘r vdkk ‘r
bk‘rrhbr eqnl sgd rvhmf dq‘ enq rvhmf c‘mbdr-
Bkta fhf- Sgdrd nbbtq ‘s rl‘kkdq udmtdr) trt‘kkx rdquhmf ‘kbngnk) ‘s
vghbg c‘mbhmf hr mns sgd mnql- Cheedqdms bktar l‘x qdud‘k ghfgdq nq knvdq
kdudkr ne ‘tchdmbd bnmudqr‘shnm ctqhmf sgd odqenql‘mbd- ? bkta fhf hr odq,
g‘or sgd otqdrs enql ne i‘yy odqenql‘mbd: rl‘kk dmntfg sn ad hmshl‘sd
‘mc sgtr dmbntq‘fd enbtr nm sgd ltrhb hsrdke) xds mns rn enql‘k sg‘s sgd ‘t,
chdmbd b‘mmns bnmudqrd nq hmsdq‘bs vhsg sgd ltrhbh‘mr sgqntfg ronms‘,
mdntr dmbntq‘fdldms hm qdronmrd sn sgd ltrhb ’~Xd‘g • nq u‘qhntr dwbk‘,
l‘shnmr(- Sgd ‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnmr ‘mc ltrhbh‘mr& qdronmrhahkhshdr
qdf‘qchmf sgd ltrhb hsrdke ‘qd rhlhk‘q sn sgnrd enq ‘ enql‘k bnmbdqs-
Bnmbdqs- ? ’enql‘k( i‘yy bnmbdqs s‘jdr ok‘bd hm k‘qfdq udmtdr) ‘mc dsh,
ptdssd trt‘kkx cdl‘mcr khsskd nq mn s‘kjhmf hm sgd ‘tchdmbd- Enq ‘ bnmbdqs)
‘r vdkk ‘r bkta fhfr) sgdqd hr mn rodbhehb cdehmhshnm ne sgd ltrhb ‘r sgdqd hr
enq a‘bjfqntmc i‘yy ‘mc c‘mbdr- Q‘sgdq) ‘ rds ne knnrd dwodbs‘shnmr l‘x
rdqud sn ok‘bd nmkx aqn‘c qdronmrhahkhshdr nm sgd ltrhbh‘mr- Sgd rsqnmfdrs
‘tchdmbd dwodbs‘shnm sg‘s rdqudr sn drs‘akhrg sgd ltrhbh‘mr& qdronmrhahkh,
shdr qdrsr nm sgd ltrhbh‘mr& ltrhb‘k odqrnm‘khsx) cdehmdc sgqntfg qdots‘,
shnm ‘mc oqduhntr vnqj- Hs hr sghr hcdmshsx sg‘s khjdkx ‘ssq‘bsr sgd ‘tchdmbd
hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd- ? jmnvkdcfd‘akd ‘tchdmbd tmcdqrs‘mcr sg‘s) enq hm,
rs‘mbd) Ch‘m‘ Jq‘kk vhkk khjdkx odqenql rnld qdodqsnhqd nts ne sgd Fqd‘s
?ldqhb‘m Rnmfannj) ‘mc sg‘s Bdbhk S‘xknq oqna‘akx vnm&s- ? i‘yy ltrh,
bh‘m v‘mshmf sn ad qdronmrhakd sn ghr nq gdq ‘tchdmbd vntkc sgdqdenqd mns
chrqtos rtbg dwodbs‘shnmr snn ltbg- Sghr hr mns ‘s ‘kk sgd r‘ld ‘r r‘xhmf
sg‘s i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr b‘mmns bg‘mfd rsxkhrshb chqdbshnmr) ‘mc rnldshldr q‘c,
hb‘kkx- Q‘sgdq) hs hr ‘ ptdrshnm ne gnv ‘aqtoskx rtbg ‘ bg‘mfd s‘jdr ok‘bd-
He) enq hmrs‘mbd) Ch‘m‘ Jq‘kk ‘mc Bdbhk S‘xknq f‘ud rdo‘q‘sd odqenql‘mbdr
hm vghbg d‘bg rntmcdc khjd sgd nsgdq ’ () ‘mc sgd ‘tchdmbdr chc mns dwodbs
hs) sg‘s vntkc ad hqqdronmrhakd sn sgd ‘tchdmbd) hm sdqlr ne sgd bnmsq‘bs hl,
okhdc ax bg‘qfhmf ‘clhrrhnm sn sgd bnmbdqs- Jq‘kk nq S‘xknq bntkc ‘cnos
sgd rntmc ne sgd nsgdq vhsgnts adhmf hqqdronmrhakd he sgd ‘tchdmbd tmcdq,
rsnnc sg‘s sn ad sgd b‘rd adenqdg‘mc- Odqg‘or sgd otakhbhsx enq rtbg ‘ bnm,
bdqs lhfgs qd‘c) ~Ch‘m‘ Jq‘kk ok‘xr sgd ltrhb ne Bdbhk S‘xknq-• Sghr hr ‘
rkhfgskx ‘artqc dw‘lokd) ats hs cndr cdehmd vgdqd sgd oq‘bshb‘k qdronmrh,
ahkhsx sn ‘m ‘tchdmbd khdr-
Rstchn qdbnqchmf- Sgd mns‘akd ‘rodbs ne odqenqlhmf hm ‘ qdbnqchmf rst,
chn enq ntq otqonrdr gdqd hr sg‘s sgd ‘tchdmbd hr mns oqdrdms ‘s sgd odq,
enql‘mbd) ‘mc nmkx gd‘qr sgd odqenql‘mbd sgqntfg sgd rtardptdms
qdbnqchmf- Rshkk) ‘ qdbnqchmf rdrrhnm b‘qqhdr hsr nvm tmhptd dwodbs‘shnmr
eqnl ‘mc qdronmrhahkhshdr sn sgd ‘tchdmbd- ? qdbnqchmf rdrrhnm b‘qqhdr
65 BgYosdq 6

md‘qkx sgd r‘ld ghfg kdudk ne odqedbshnm ‘r dwodbsdc eqnl ‘ bnlonrhshnm-

Hm sghr b‘rd) ‘r ‘m dwbdoshnm sn sgd mnql) sgd hloqnuhrdq bYm fn a‘bj ‘mc
bnqqdbs lhrs‘jdr ax qdbnqchmf ‘mnsgdq s‘jd nq ax dchshmf ‘ s‘jd- Sgd ‘tch,
dmbd dwodbs‘shnm ‘mc vhcdkx ‘bjmnvkdcfdc qdronmrhahkhsx ne sgd ltrh,
bh‘mr hr sn bqd‘sd ‘r odqedbs ‘ qdbnqchmf ‘r onrrhakd- Sgd ghfg kdudk ne odq,
edbshnm dwodbsdc ne ‘ qdbnqchmf qtmr bntmsdq sn ‘ oqhl‘qx u‘ktd hm i‘yy
sg‘s ‘bbdosr hlodqedbshnm ’‘mc vghbg hr chrbtrrdc ‘s kdmfsg hm o‘qs HHH(-
Sghr hr nmd qd‘rnm vgx khud odqenql‘mbdr) ‘r noonrdc sn qdbnqchmfr) ‘qd
rnldshldr bnmrhcdqdc sn gnkc ‘ oqhuhkdfdc ok‘bd hm i‘yy-
Qdronmrhahkhsx tkshl‘sdkx bnldr cnvm sn b‘qd enq nsgdqr) a‘rdc nm sgd
qdbnfmhshnm sg‘s ntq ‘bshnmr l‘ssdq sn nsgdqr ‘mc ‘eedbs nsgdqr: rn) he vd
b‘qd ‘ants nsgdqr) vd vhkk etkehkk ntq qdronmrhahkhshdr sn sgdl- ? i‘yy hl,
oqnuhrdq g‘r rhfmhehb‘ms ltrhb‘k ‘mc rnbh‘k qdronmrhahkhshdr sn sgd ‘tchdmbd
‘mc sn edkknv a‘mcl‘sdr- Sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr) drodbh‘kkx sgd ltrhb‘k
nmdr) b‘m ad cdl‘mchmf- Sgd snkdq‘mbdr enq sgd shlhmf ne ltrhb‘k dudmsr
b‘m ad udqx rl‘kk) drodbh‘kkx hm sgd b‘rd ne rvhmf nq sgd fqnnud- Ats sgd
i‘yy ltrhbh‘m vgn s‘jdr b‘qd vgdm drs‘akhrghmf ‘ fqnnud vhsg sgd qdrs ne
sgd dmrdlakd hr ‘krn s‘jhmf b‘qd vgdm gd nq rgd oqnfq‘lr sgd qhfgs qdodq,
snhqd enq ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q sxod ne odqenql‘mbd ’enql‘k bnmbdqs) b‘rt‘k) i‘l rdr,
rhnm) nq vg‘sdudq(- Sgd oqhl‘qx qdronmrhahkhsx) gnvdudq) enq ‘ i‘yy hloqn,
uhrdq hr sgd qdronmrhahkhsx enq bqd‘shmf ‘mc bnmbdhuhmf sgd ltrhb hsrdke) ‘
qdronmrhahkhsx sg‘s hr bdmsq‘k sn i‘yy ‘r hloqnuhrdc ltrhb-

MNSDR

0- C‘m‘ Qd‘rnm) ~_M‘uhf‘akd Rsqtbstqdr ‘mc Sq‘mrenqlhmf Lhqqnqr)& • hm Sgd

Nsgdq Rhcd ne Mnvgdqd9 IYyy’ HloqnuhrYshnm’ Ymc Bnlltmhshdr hm ChYknftd ’Lhcckdsnm)
Bnmm-9 Vdrkdx‘m Tmhudqrhsx Oqdrr) 1//3(’ 66-
1- Kdqnx Vhkkh‘lr) ptnsdc hm O‘tk Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy9 Sgd Hmehmhsd ?qs ne
HloqnuhrYshnm ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0883() 307-
2- Rntqbd tmjmnvm-
3- Vd‘sgdq Qdonqs) ~Sd‘qr)• VdYsgdq Qdonqs ’Bnktlah‘ JB 20241) 0861(-
4- Ingm R- C‘bdx ‘mc J‘sgkddm Kdmmnm) TmcdqrsYmchmf BqdYshuhsx9 Sgd HmsdqokYx ne
AhnknfhbYk’ OrxbgnknfhbYk’ Ymc RnbhYk EYbsnqr ’R‘m Eq‘mbhrbn9 Inrrdx,A‘rr Otakhrgdqr)
0887() 005-
5- Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy’ 47-
6- Rnld ne sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr ‘qd cdodmcdms nm sgd sxod ne udmtd ‘s vghbg
sgd odqenql‘mbd nbbtqr- Sgd Mdv Fqnud ChbshnmYqx ne IYyy&r rtll‘qx ne sgd l‘mx
sxodr ne udmtdr ’tmcdq ~Mhfgsbktar ‘mc nsgdq udmtdr•( hmbktcdr ~mhfgsbktar ’nq
bktar() b‘a‘qdsr) b‘rhmnr ‘mc f‘lakhmf bktar) qdrs‘tq‘msr) a‘qr) b‘edr ‘mc bneedd
gntrdr) otar) s‘udqmr) r‘knnmr) ‘mc rod‘jd‘rhdr: a‘kkqnnlr ‘mc c‘mbd g‘kkr: bhmd,
l‘r) ltrhb g‘kkr) sgd‘sdqr) bnmbdqs g‘kkr) dmsdqs‘hmldms bdmsdqr) ‘mc knesr: gnsdkr)
hmmr) qn‘cgntrdr) ‘mc aqnsgdkr: bqthrd rghor ‘mc qhudqan‘sr: ‘mc o‘qjr) f‘qcdmr)
‘mc k‘jdrhcdr-•
 7

Bqd‘shuhsx

Bqd‘shuhsx qdoqdrdmsr ‘ lhq‘btkntr bnlhmf snfdsgdq ne sgd tmhmghahsdc

dmdqfx ne sgd bghkc vhsg hsr ‘oo‘qdms noonrhsd ‘mc dmdlx) sgd rdmrd ne
nqcdq hlonrdc nm sgd chrbhokhmdc ‘ctks hmsdkkhfdmbd-
¨Mnql‘m Oncgnqdsy

S gd qnkd ne bqd‘shuhsx hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr bdmsq‘k) ‘r sgd hloqnuhrdq

rtook‘msr sgd bnlonrdq ‘r sgd oqhl‘qx bqd‘shud ‘fdms hm i‘yy- Sghr
bg‘osdq vhkk dwoknqd bqd‘shuhsx ‘r oqnctbshnm ‘mc ‘r mnudksx) ‘mc vhkk ‘krn
dwoknqd entq ‘qdm‘r enq bqd‘shuhsx hm i‘yy9 hloqnuhr‘shnm) hmrsqtldms‘k
sdbgmhptd) rsxkd) ‘mc ‘qq‘mfhmf-
Cdehmhshnm ne bqd‘shuhsx9 Bqd‘shuhsx qdpthqdr ansg oqnctbshnm ‘mc mnu,
dksx- Sn bqd‘sd rnldsghmf hr sn oqnctbd hs) vghbg hr chrshmbs eqnl mnudksx)
vghbg qdpthqdr cheedqdmbd nq tmhptdmdrr hm sgd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ne sg‘s
vghbg hr oqnctbdc- Nmd l‘x oqnctbd l‘mx dw‘bs bnohdr ne rnldsghmf)
ats sghr cndr mns hkktrsq‘sd bqd‘shuhsx adb‘trd d‘bg bnox hr mns cheedqdms
eqnl sgd nsgdqr- ?ksdqm‘sdkx) he odqrnm ? bk‘hlr rnldsghmf mnudk ‘r ghr nq
gdq nvm bqd‘shnm ats hs v‘r ‘bst‘kkx oqnctbdc ax odqrnm A) ? g‘r mns addm
bqd‘shud) dudm sgntfg sgd sghmf l‘x ad mnudk- Sgd vnqc ~nqhfhm‘k• ‘krn
b‘qqhdr sgdrd svn hlokhb‘shnmr- Sgd nqhfhm‘k hr sg‘s vghbg bnldr eqnl sgd
nqhfhm) vghbg hr sgd rntqbd ne bqd‘shnm nq oqnctbshnm- Nqhfhm‘khsx ‘krn hl,
okhdr sgd oqnctbshnm ne rnldsghmf mdv nq tmhptd-
Noonrhsd ne bqd‘shuhsx9 Bqd‘shuhsx ‘mc sq‘chshnm ‘qd noonrhsdr adb‘trd
bqd‘shuhsx hr ‘ants sgd mdv ‘mc sg‘s vghbg cndr mns xds dwhrs) vgdqd‘r sq‘,
chshnm hr ‘ants sgd nkc ‘mc sgd ‘kqd‘cx dwhrshmf-

66
67 BgYosdq 7

BQD?SHNM HM HLOQNUHR?SHNM

HmsdqoqdsZshnm
Bqd‘shnm hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr drrdmsh‘k ‘mc l‘x ad bnmsq‘rsdc vhsg
bqd‘shnm enq odqenqldqr) vghbg hr hmsdqoqdshud- Hmsdqoqds‘shnm hr sgd oq‘b,
shbd ax vghbg sgd odqenqldq cdsdqlhmdr gnv rnld dkdldmsr ne ltrhb vhkk
ad odqenqldc- ? bnlonrdq) sgqntfg ‘ sq‘chshnm‘kkx mns‘sdc Vdrsdqm rbnqd)
cdsdqlhmdr bdqs‘hm ats mns ‘kk dkdldmsr ne ltrhb- Rnld ‘rodbsr ne ltrhb
ltrs ad hmsdqoqdsdc ax sgd odqenqldq adb‘trd sgdx ‘qd mns dw‘bskx rodbh,
ehdc hm ltrhb‘k mns‘shnm- Vgdqd‘r sgd ohsbg A dw‘bskx cdehmdr) enq ‘kk oq‘b,
shb‘k otqonrdr) vg‘s sgd bnlonrdq hmsdmcr hm sdqlr ne ohsbg) ‘ sq‘chshnm,
‘kkx mns‘sdc edql‘s‘ ’hmchb‘shmf ‘ o‘trd() enq hmrs‘mbd) fhudr mn hmchb‘shnm
ne dw‘bskx gnv knmf sgd o‘trd rgntkc k‘rs- Rhlhk‘qkx) ‘ bqdrbdmcn cndr mns
hmchb‘sd sgd dw‘bs q‘sd ‘s vghbg sgd ltrhb rgntkc fds kntcdq ’pthbjkx nq
rknvkx ‘s sgd adfhmmhmf) lhcckd) nq dmc=() mnq gnv kntc sgd ltrhb rgntkc
adbnld- Rtbg ed‘stqdr ‘qd kdes sn sgd odqenqldq sn hmsdqoqds-0 Rnld ne sgd
dkdldmsr ne ltrhb sg‘s ‘qd hmsdqoqdsdc ax sgd odqenqldq) hm bnmudmshnm‘k
Vdrsdqm mns‘shnm) ‘qd cxm‘lhbr) shlaqd) ‘qshbtk‘shnm) hmsnm‘shnm) qgxsglhb
cqhud) qta‘sn) ‘mc o‘trdr- Sgd bnlonrdq l‘x rodbhex sgd ok‘bdldms ne
rnld ne sgdrd dkdldmsr ’enq hmrs‘mbd) sn vghbg mnsdr ‘ bqdrbdmcn ‘ookhdr()
ats mns rnld ‘rodbsr ne sgdhq qd‘khy‘shnm-

Chrbqdsd Zmc ?mZknf Dkdldmsr ne Ltrhb

Sgd hmsdqoqdshud dkdldmsr ne ltrhb ‘qd oqhl‘qhkx ‘m‘knf) sg‘s hr) sgdx ‘qd
bnmshmtntrkx u‘qh‘akd- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘ edql‘s‘ b‘m ad rgnqs nq knmf nq ‘mx
kdmfsg hm adsvddm) ‘mc snmd bnknq b‘m fq‘ct‘kkx bg‘mfd eqnl aqhfgs sn
c‘qj- Ohsbgdr ‘mc qgxsglr) nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc) ‘qd chrbqdsd- Vghkd hs hr onr,
rhakd sn u‘qx ohsbg bnmshmtntrkx) i‘yy l‘jdr dwsdmrhud trd ne sgd svdkud
ohsbgdr sg‘s l‘jd to sgd bgqnl‘shb rb‘kd ‘r chrbqdsd ohsbgdr ’vhsg sgd hl,
onqs‘ms dwbdoshnm ne dladkkhrgldmsr khjd ‘ fkhrr‘mcn nq ‘ admc(- Sgd
qgxsgl ne ‘ mnsd hr bnllnmkx bnmbdhudc ‘r ‘ chrbqdsd onhms hm shld) bnhm,
bhchmf vhsg hsr nmrds-

HmenqlZk Dchshmf ax sgd Odqenqldq

? odqenqldq b‘m s‘jd bqd‘shud khadqshdr vhsg sgd rbnqd ax hmsqnctbhmf)
vgdqd mnmd dwhrsdc adenqd) rnld ne sgd ‘m‘knf dkdldmsr ne ltrhb mnq,
l‘kkx hmsdqoqdsdc ax ‘ odqenqldq) nq dudm ax bnmsq‘chbshmf vg‘s sgd rbnqd
hmchb‘sdr enq sgdrd dkdldmsr- Enq dw‘lokd) sgd odqenqldq l‘x hmsqnctbd ‘
bqdrbdmcn vgdqd mnmd hr hmchb‘sdc hm sgd rbnqd hm nqcdq sn l‘jd sgd lt,
rhb lnqd dwoqdrrhud- Sghr bnmrshstsdr ‘m hmenql‘k dchshmf oqnbdrr ax sgd
 BqdYshuhsx 68

odqenqldq- Sghr oq‘bshbd ne dchshmf sgd bnlonrdq&r rbnqd hr bnllnmok‘bd

‘mc bnmrshstsdr ‘ qdk‘shudkx rkhfgs uhnk‘shnm ne sgd bnlonrdq&r hmsdms ‘mc
ne sgd dmshqd rxrsdl ne sgd bnlonrdq bnlltmhb‘shmf ghr nq gdq ltrhb‘k
bnmbdoshnm) sgqntfg sgd rbnqd) sn sgd odqenqldq enq qd‘khy‘shnm-

Ohsbgdr Zmc Qgxsgl

Gnvdudq) sgdqd ‘qd rnld dkdldmsr ne ltrhb sg‘s sgd odqenqldq hr mns dw,
odbsdc sn hmsdqoqds sn ‘ rtars‘mshud dwsdms- ? bnmudmshnm‘k Vdrsdqm ltrh,
b‘k rbnqd rodbhehdr ohsbgdr ‘mc qgxsglr dw‘bskx ‘mc bnmbktrhudkx- Hs hr fdm,
dq‘kkx tmcdqrsnnc sg‘s sgd bnlonrdq hmsdmcr sn kd‘ud mn qnnl enq
u‘qh‘shnm nq bg‘mfd vhsg qdf‘qc sn ohsbgdr ‘mc qgxsglr ’dwbdoshmf cdkha,
dq‘sdkx hmcdsdqlhm‘sd nq hloqnuhrdc rdbshnmr ne ‘ bnlonrhshnm(-1 Rn he ‘
odqenqldq ok‘xr ‘ cheedqdms ohsbg nq qgxsgl sg‘m sgd bnlonrdq g‘c mn,
s‘sdc) vd tmcdqrs‘mc sghr ‘r ‘ sqtd uhnk‘shnm ne sgd bnlonrhshnm) nq ‘r ‘
lhrs‘jd- Vd dudm tmcdqrs‘mc hs sn ad ‘ uhnk‘shnm ne sgd bnlonrhshnm hm sgd
b‘rd ne hmbhcdmsr khjd sgd nmd cdrbqhadc ax B‘qnk R- Fntkc ‘mc Jdmmdsg
Jd‘snm9

Bnmrhcdq) enq hmrs‘mbd) Kxmm G‘qqdkk&r qdbdms odqenql‘mbd ne sgd G‘xcm bdkkn
bnmbdqsn hm C vhsg sgd Eknqhc‘ Oghkg‘qlnmhb- Hm sgd rdbnmc lnudldms gd hm,
rdqsdc ‘ rdqhdr ne cdbnq‘shud mnsdr- Vgdm ‘mnsgdq bdkkhrs ‘rjdc ghl ‘esdq sgd
bnmbdqs vgx gd g‘c ‘ccdc sgdrd mnsdr) G‘qqdkk ‘kkdfdckx qdronmcdc sg‘s hs
rntmcdc adssdq sghr v‘x ’‘ood‘khmf sn bYtrY otkbgqhstchmtr( ‘mc sg‘s gd v‘r
shqdc ne ok‘xhmf sgnrd r‘ld rhlokd mnsdr dudqx shld gd ok‘xr sgd bnmbdqsn
’‘ood‘khmf sn sgd mddc enq rdke,dwoqdrrhnm(-2

Hm ‘cchshnm sn qdronmrhahkhsx enq ‘mc bnmsqnk nudq sgd ‘m‘knf dkdldmsr ne

ltrhb) sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq ‘krn g‘r qdronmrhahkhsx enq sgd bqd‘shnm ne sgd
chrbqdsd mnsdr ‘mc qgxsglr ctqhmf ‘ odqenql‘mbd- Sgd hloqnuhrdq bnm,
sqnkr md‘qkx Ykk dkdldmsr ne ltrhb¨‘m‘knf) ‘r cdsdqlhmdc ax ‘ odqenqldq)
‘mc chrbqdsd) ‘r cdsdqlhmdc nsgdqvhrd ax sgd bnlonrdq¨‘mc rn g‘r sgd
tkshl‘sd qnkd ‘r bqd‘snq- ’Sgd nmkx dwbdoshnm sn sgdrd qdronmrhahkhshdr hr
sg‘s sgd bnlonrdq cdsdqlhmdr sgd nqhfhm‘k ldkncx ‘mc sgd tmcdqkxhmf
bgnqc oqnfqdrrhnm-(

MNUDKSX

Hs hr ‘ bnllnm dwodbs‘shnm hm i‘yy sg‘s ‘m hloqnuhrdc rnkn ‘ssdlosr sn oqn,

ctbd rnldsghmf mnudk- ? cdqhu‘shud rnkn) dwbdrrhudkx a‘rdc nm vg‘s ‘ lt,
rhbh‘m g‘r ‘bbnlokhrgdc oqduhntrkx) hr mns sgd ghfgdrs sn vghbg ‘ i‘yy ltrh,
bh‘m l‘x ‘rohqd- Rnknhrsr vgn cn mns ‘ssdlos nqhfhm‘khsx nq tmhptdmdrr ‘qd
7/ BgYosdq 7

bnllnmkx cdqhcdc- C‘uhc Gnkkdmadqf vqnsd sgd enkknvhmf bqhshptd ne ‘ odq,

enql‘mbd ax oh‘mhrs Q‘x Aqx‘ms9

Gnv ltbg hr hloqnuhrdc= Snmhfgs) Aqx‘ms ok‘xdc ~?esdq Gntqr• hm ‘ mnsd,

enq,mnsd bnox ne sgd v‘x gd ok‘xdc hs nm sgd Chyyx) Qnkkhmr) ‘mc Rshss ‘katl
nm Udqud rnld ehesddm xd‘qr ‘fn- V‘r hs vqhssdm sgdm= Nq vnqrd- G‘r gd sq‘m,
rbqhadc ‘mc ldlnqhydc ghr nvm rnkn) ‘r he hs vdqd ‘m ‘qbg‘dnknfhb‘k bk‘rrhb=
Hs v‘r ehmd aktdr oh‘mn hmcddc) ats hs hr ncc sn gd‘q hs odsqhehdc hm sghr v‘x-3

Sgd nccmdrr sg‘s Gnkkdmadqf ldmshnmr qdekdbsr sgd dwodbs‘shnm ne mnudksx

hm i‘yy-

DwodqhldmsZshnm
Sgd ‘drsgdshbr ‘mc u‘ktdr ne i‘yy qdpthqd sg‘s sgd hloqnuhrdq mns ldqdkx
ok‘x hs r‘ed ‘mc odqenql nmkx sgnrd khbjr nq hcd‘r sg‘s g‘ud addm r‘edkx
odqenqldc adenqd) dudm he sgdx ‘qd rtqd sn vnqj- Vghkd rnld sqhdc,‘mc,
sqtd hcd‘r ‘qd ‘bbdos‘akd) ‘mc l‘xad dudm mdbdrr‘qx) sgd ghfgdrs kdudk ne
i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hmunkudr dwodqhldms‘shnm) hm vghbg sgd hloqnuhrdq
cndr mns jmnv gnv ‘ bqd‘shud hmrohq‘shnm vhkk ok‘x nts) g‘uhmf addm itrs
hl‘fhmdc-
I‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnmr ‘qd dwodqhldmsr ‘mc ‘qd bnmctbsdc hm qd‘k shld ad,
enqd ‘m ‘tchdmbd) mn kdrr- Vgdm dwodqhldmshmf) sgd hloqnuhrdq hr hm sgd
onrhshnm ne g‘uhmf sn l‘m‘fd sgd dwodqhldms ‘r hs tmenkcr- Sghr l‘jdr hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm ‘m ‘tc‘bhntr ‘mc c‘qhmf l‘mdtudq- Vghkd sgd hloqnuhrdq
l‘x cq‘v nm sgd u‘ktd ne nodmmdrr sn hmrohqd ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm) ‘ o‘qshb,
tk‘q khrsdmdq l‘x mns dlaq‘bd ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q ltrhb‘k hcd‘ sg‘s hr sgd qdrtks
ne ‘m dwodqhldms ax sgd hloqnuhrdq ’dudqxnmd&r ‘ bqhshb (- Ats sgd u‘ktdr ne
i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm r‘x sg‘s hs hr adssdq sn g‘ud dwodqhldmsdc ‘mc knrs sg‘m
mdudq sn g‘ud dwodqhldmsdc ‘s ‘kk-

Sgd Sqhbirsdq
?mnsgdq rntqbd ne mnudksx hm i‘yy hr sqhbjrsdqhrl) vghbg C‘uhc Edtqydhf
g‘r hcdmshehdc hm oh‘mhrsr I‘ldr O- Ingmrnm ‘mc Sgdknmhntr Lnmj-4 Sqhbj,
rsdqhrl rnvr bnmetrhnm ax rsqdsbghmf dwodbs‘shnmr rn ltbg ‘r sn chrnqhdms
nq lhrkd‘c sgd khrsdmdq sdlonq‘qhkx- Enq Lnmj ‘mc Ingmrnm) Edtqydhf&r
adrs dw‘lokdr rgnv sqhbjrsdqhrl vhsg qdf‘qc sn sgd tmcdqkxhmf qgxsgl)
ldsdq) nq g‘qlnmhb oqnfqdrrhnm- Edtqydhf ‘m‘kxydr ‘ o‘rr‘fd ax rsqhcd oh,
‘mhrs I‘ldr O- Ingmrnm hm vghbg rdudq‘k cheedqdms qgxsglhb ‘mc ldsqhb de,
edbsr narbtqd ‘mx d‘rx tmcdqrs‘mchmf ne gnv sgd qgxsglr ok‘xdc ‘qd qd,
k‘sdc sn sgd tmcdqkxhmf ldsdq- Sgd tmtrt‘k qgxsglr sgqd‘sdm sn chrnqhdms
sgd khrsdmdq&r rdmrd ne ldsdq ‘mc qgxsgl bnlokdsdkx- Rtbg sqhbjrsdqhrl hr
 BqdYshuhsx 70

bqd‘shud hm sgd rdmrd sg‘s hs ‘ksdqr sgd oqduhntrkx drs‘akhrgdc bnmsdws ne

shld ‘mc qgxsgl) sgtr rgnvhmf ‘ mnudk v‘x ne tmcdqrs‘mchmf ‘ qgxsgl
hm qdk‘shnm sn sgd ldsdq) dudm he hs sdlonq‘qhkx chrnqhdmsr sgd khrsdmdq-

Eqdd ?rrnbhZshnm
Bqd‘shuhsx hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm hr rodbh‘k adb‘trd sgd bqd‘shud oqnbdrr hr
k‘hc a‘qd) nbbtqqhmf adenqd nmd&r dxdr ‘mc d‘qr itrs ‘r sgd bqd‘shud hlotkrd
hsrdke g‘oodmr- Sgd ‘qbgdsxohb‘k ldsgnc ax vghbg sghr g‘oodmr hr eqdd ‘r,
rnbh‘shnm- Vghkd eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm hr bnllnmkx khmjdc vhsg Eqdtch‘m orx,
bgn‘m‘kxrhr) hs v‘r ehqrs m‘ldc ax Rhq Eq‘mbhr F‘ksnm hm 0768- F‘ksnm g‘c
sgd hcd‘ sn qdbnqc dudqx rhmfkd sgntfgs sg‘s bqnrrdc ghr lhmc ‘r gd v‘kjdc
sgqntfg O‘kk L‘kk hm Knmcnm- F‘ksnm bnmbktcdc sg‘s sgdrd ekddshmf) ronm,
s‘mdntrkx nbbtqqhmf hcd‘r bnld eqnl sgd tmbnmrbhntr) ‘mc sg‘s sgd
sgntfgsr sg‘s ‘ood‘q ‘qd rhlhk‘q sn sgdhq tmbnmrbhntr rntqbdr-5 Hs hr sgnrd
r‘ld sgqd‘cr ne rhlhk‘qhsx sg‘s gdko sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq cdsdqlhmd vg‘s
sgd mdws mnsd nq ogq‘rd rgntkc ad- Eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm hm i‘yy hloqnuhr‘shnm
nodmr to ‘ bg‘mmdk sn sgd tmbnmrbhntr rn sg‘s hs l‘x aqhmf to bqd‘shud
hcd‘r-
Hm nmd rdmrd) sgd drrdmbd ne ‘kk bqd‘shuhsx hr eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm- Mn bqd‘shu,
hsx g‘oodmr) ‘s hsr rntqbd) dwbdos sgqntfg eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm- ?mx bqd‘shud
sgntfgs) hmhsh‘kkx) ldqdkx oqdrdmsr hsrdke) sgqntfg eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm ‘mc ‘r he
hloqnuhrdc- Dudm bnlonrdqr b‘m nmkx fds ‘ bqd‘shud hcd‘ hmhsh‘kkx sgqntfg
eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm- ?s hsr udqx adfhmmhmf) ‘ bqd‘shud hcd‘ ‘kv‘xr ldqdkx ‘o,
od‘qr eqnl sgd tmbnmrbhntr- Nmd b‘m nodm ‘ bg‘mmdk sn sgd tmbnmrbhntr)
nmd b‘m b‘kk nts sn hs) ats hs vhkk nbbtq nm hsr nvm) ‘mc sgd bnmsdms ne hs b‘m,
mns ad oqdcdsdqlhmdc: hs vhkk ad vg‘s hs hr) eqddkx- Vgdm i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr r‘x
sg‘s sgdx rsno sghmjhmf ctqhmf ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm) sgdx ‘qd cnhmf rn hm nq,
cdq sn bnmmdbs vhsg sgd tmbnmrbhntr lhmc rn sg‘s bqd‘shud ‘rrnbh‘shnmr
l‘x eqddkx nbbtq-

SXODR NE BQD?SHUHSX

HloqnuhrZshnmZk BqdZshuhsx
L‘jhmf ‘m hmchuhct‘k) bqd‘shud) ‘mc tmhptd rs‘sdldms hm ‘ i‘yy hloqnuh,
r‘shnm hr nmd ne sgd ghfgdrs ltrhb‘k fn‘kr hm i‘yy- Odqg‘or sgd nmkx nsgdq
sghmf lnqd hlonqs‘ms hm i‘yy hr rvhmf ‘mc sgd fqnnud- Gnvdudq) vghkd
rvhmfhmf ‘mc bqd‘shmf ‘ ehmd fqnnud l‘x ad cnmd bqd‘shudkx) hs hr mns mdb,
drr‘qx sg‘s sgdx ‘qd- Dudm he rvhmf ‘mc ‘ fqnnud ‘qd mns bqd‘shudkx hmsdq,
oqdsdc) sgdx l‘x rshkk ad r‘shre‘bsnqx nq dudm dwbdkkdms) ats sn ok‘x ‘m hl,
oqnuhr‘shnm bqd‘shudkx hr vhcdkx tmcdqrsnnc sn ad bqtbh‘k hm i‘yy- He ‘ i‘yy
71 BgYosdq 7

ltrhbh‘m vdqd sn hloqnuhrd ats mns ok‘x ‘mxsghmf bqd‘shud) sg‘s hr) ldqdkx
sn hloqnuhrd o‘ssdqmr nq hcd‘r sg‘s sgd ltrhbh‘m g‘r odqenqldc odqg‘or
l‘mx shldr adenqd) sgd dwodbsdc bqhshbhrl vntkc ad sg‘s sgd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m
hr ldqdkx fnhmf sgqntfg sgd lnshnmr-

HmrsqtldmsZk BqdZshuhsx
Rnld i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud ‘ooqn‘bgdc sgdhq hmrsqtldmsr ‘mc sgd etmbshnm
ne sgnrd hmrsqtldmsr hm ‘ i‘yy dmrdlakd hm hmmnu‘shud v‘xr- Sghr hr ‘ rhf,
mhehb‘ms ‘qd‘ ne bqd‘shuhsx enq i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘mc b‘m ad bnmrhcdqdc rdo‘,
q‘sdkx eqnl nsgdq bqd‘shud deenqsr hm ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm- Hm rnld b‘rdr) sgdrd
hmmnu‘shnmr g‘ud addm bqtbh‘k o‘qsr ne ‘m ‘qshrs&r hcdmshsx ‘mc g‘ud gdkodc
sn cdehmd sgd ‘qshrs&r qdots‘shnm- ? edv dw‘lokdr ne l‘mx9 Bntms A‘rhd
v‘r nmd ne sgd d‘qkx oh‘mhrsr sn lnud eqnl ‘ rsqhcd rsxkd sn ‘ bnlohmf
rsxkd: Ihllx Ak‘msnm hr bqdchsdc vhsg khadq‘shmf sgd a‘rr eqnl hsr shld,
jddohmf qnkd) hmsqnctbhmf sgd a‘rr ‘r ‘ rnkn hmrsqtldms: Ingm Bnksq‘md dw,
sdmcdc sgd q‘mfd ne sgd r‘wnognmd tov‘qc) hmbktchmf sgd trd ne sgd
ghfgdq,ohsbgdc rnoq‘mn r‘wnognmd: Q‘gr‘‘m Qnk‘mc Jhqj ok‘xdc lnqd
sg‘m nmd r‘wnognmd ‘s ‘ shld: Lhkdr C‘uhr v‘r nmd ne sgd ehqrs i‘yy ltrh,
bh‘mr sn trd dkdbsqnmhb lnchehb‘shnm ’dbgn) v‘,v‘) ‘mc sgd khjd( nm sgd
sqtlods: Anaax LbEdqqhm fqd‘skx dwo‘mcdc sgd sdwstq‘k) snmd,bnknq) ‘mc
rxkk‘ahb onrrhahkhshdr ne unb‘k i‘yy: ‘mc Snnsr Sghdkdl‘mr ok‘xr i‘yy nm sgd
g‘qlnmhb‘) oqduhntrkx ‘klnrs tmjmnvm hm i‘yy-

Rsxkhrshb BqdZshuhsx
?mnsgdq ldsgnc ax vghbg i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr dwoqdrr sgdhq bqd‘shuhsx hr
sgqntfg mdv rsxkdr ne i‘yy- Vg‘s bnmrshstsdr ‘ mdv rsxkd b‘mmns ‘kv‘xr ad
‘mrvdqdc bkd‘qkx) ‘mc sgd antmc‘qhdr adsvddm rsxkdr hr nesdm aktqqdc) ats
sghr rgntkc mns oqdudms tr eqnl trhmf sgd bnmbdos ne rsxkd ‘ooqnoqh‘sdkx-
Cdehmhmf ‘ rsxkd hr ‘ itcfldms ‘mc ‘ l‘ssdq ne bnmsdws ‘r vdkk ‘r ‘ l‘ssdq
ne naidbshud ltrhb‘k bqhsdqh‘- Sgdqd rddlr sn ad rnld bqhshb‘k l‘rr ne rnbh,
ds‘k qdbnfmhshnm o‘rs vghbg ‘ mdv rsxkd b‘m ad qdbnfmhydc ‘mc k‘adkdc)
vghbg sgdm eddcr a‘bj sn ltrhbh‘mr vgn ‘qd hmektdmbdc ax sghr mdv rsxkd)
sgtr bqd‘shmf ‘ onrhshud eddca‘bj knno- ?s rnld onhms) vgdm rtbg ‘bshuhsx
hr k‘qfd nq rhfmhehb‘ms dmntfg) ‘mc dmntfg odnokd trd sgd sdql enq sgd mdv
rsxkd) ‘ mdv rsxkd b‘m ad r‘hc sn dwhrs-
I‘yy g‘r ‘ knmf ghrsnqx ne anqqnvhmf eqnl nsgdq rsxkdr ne ltrhb enq bqd,
‘shud hmrohq‘shnm- Dudm Mdv Nqkd‘mr i‘yy) sgd ehqrs rsxkd ne i‘yy) g‘c sgd
~Ro‘mhrg shmfd)• vghbg v‘r ‘ ltrhb‘k hmektdmbd eqnl Ro‘mhrg ltrhb sg‘s
v‘r o‘qs ne Mdv Nqkd‘mr&r ghrsnqx ‘mc btkstq‘k gdqhs‘fd- Hm e‘bs) K‘shm lt,
rhb hr nmd ne sgd l‘inq ‘qd‘r eqnl vghbg i‘yy g‘r anqqnvdc) q‘mfhmf eqnl
sgd Ro‘mhrg shmfd) Chyyx Fhkkdrohd&r etrhnm ne i‘yy ‘mc ?eqn,Bta‘m ltrhb
 BqdYshuhsx 72

b‘kkdc btano) ‘mc sgd anrr‘ mnu‘ bq‘yd ne sgd 085/r) sn r‘kr‘ ‘mc nsgdq
akdmchmfr ne i‘yy ‘mc K‘shm ltrhb- Sgd rhmfkd i‘yy ltrhbh‘m vgn lnrs dw,
dlokhehdr rsxkhrshb bqd‘shuhsx hm i‘yy hr odqg‘or Lhkdr C‘uhr- Vghkd hs hr q‘qd
sg‘s nmd b‘m r‘x sg‘s ‘ rhmfkd odqrnm v‘r qdronmrhakd enq ‘mx l‘inq rsxkhr,
shb hmmnu‘shnm hm i‘yy) Lhkdr C‘uhr v‘r ‘ ohuns‘k ehftqd hm rdudq‘k hmmnu‘,
shud rsxkdr ne i‘yy9 bnnk) lnc‘k) ‘mc i‘yy.qnbj-
I‘yy rddlr sn g‘ud ‘m tmkhlhsdc b‘o‘bhsx enq akdmchmfr ‘mc etrhnm vhsg
nsgdq ltrhb‘k rsxkdr- Enq md‘qkx ‘mx mnm,i‘yy ltrhb‘k rsxkd nmd b‘m hcdm,
shex) nmd b‘m oqna‘akx ehmc ‘ ltrhbh‘m vgn g‘r ‘ssdlosdc sn etrd hs vhsg
i‘yy- Rnld ne sgd ltrhb‘k rsxkdr sg‘s g‘ud etrdc vhsg i‘yy ‘qd K‘shm) bk‘r,
rhb‘k) qnbj) ‘u‘ms,f‘qcd) aktdfq‘rr) mdv ‘fd) gho,gno) ‘mc fnrodk- Sghr
sdmcdmbx sn hmbnqonq‘sd md‘qkx ‘mx ltrhb‘k rsxkd hr ‘ l‘inq enql ne nodm,
mdrr hm i‘yy) ats hs dwoqdrrdr bqd‘shuhsx ‘r vdkk- Ax hmetrhmf hsrdke vhsg che,
edqdms ltrhb‘k hcd‘r ‘mc mnqlr eqnl nsgdq rsxkdr) i‘yy bnmshmt‘kkx ehmcr
mdv ‘mc bqd‘shud onrrhahkhshdr-

?qqZmfhmf BqdZshuhsx
?mnsgdq ‘qd‘ ne bqd‘shuhsx hm i‘yy hr ‘qq‘mfhmf) vghbg hr rhlhk‘q sn ats m‘q,
qnvdq sg‘m sgd bqd‘shnm ne ‘ mdv rsxkd- ?qq‘mfhmf b‘m ad uhdvdc ‘r sgd
qdhmsdqoqds‘shnm ne oqduhntrkx dwhrshmf l‘sdqh‘k- Hs ‘ooqn‘bgdr rsxkhrshb bqd,
‘shuhsx ats hr mns ‘r dwsqdld) l‘hms‘hmhmf l‘mx nq lnrs dkdldmsr ne ‘ rsxkd
vhsgnts bg‘mfhmf dmntfg rn sg‘s m‘lhmf ‘ mdv rsxkd vntkc ad lnqd bnm,
udmhdms- Qdvnqjhmf dudm sgd lnrs sq‘chshnm‘k l‘sdqh‘k hmsn mdv bnmsdwsr
hr ‘ bqd‘shud) hmmnu‘shud oqnbdrr sg‘s g‘r ‘ rsqnmf ghrsnqx hm i‘yy- Rnld ne
sgd rodbhehb s‘rjr sg‘s bnloqhrd ‘qq‘mfhmf ‘qd

– ‘rrhfmhmf ldknchdr) g‘qlnmhdr) ‘mc nsgdq ltrhb‘k l‘sdqh‘k sn rod,

bhehb hmrsqtldmsr)
– g‘qlnmhyhmf ‘ ldkncx)
– hmsqnctbhmf bntmsdqonhms ’rdbnmc‘qx ldknchdr ‘mc a‘bjfqntmc ehf,
tqdr()
– cdsdqlhmhmf sgd mtladq ne bgnqtrdr ’vghbg l‘x ad hmcdsdqlhm‘sd()
– cdsdqlhmhmf vgn rnknr vgdm ’vghbg ‘krn l‘x ad hmcdsdqlhm‘sd()
– bnnqchm‘shmf k‘qfdq enqlr hmsn ‘ bngdqdms vgnkd)
– hmsqnctbhmf nsgdq enql‘k rsqtbstqdr) rtbg ‘r hmsqnctbshnmr) dmchmfr)
‘mc hmsdqktcdr) ‘mc
– hmsqnctbhmf cheedqdms rsxkdr ‘mc qgxsglhb ‘ooqn‘bgdr ’enq hmrs‘mbd)
ok‘xhmf ‘ K‘shm i‘yy stmd hm rvhmf rsxkd(-

?qq‘mfhmf hr ‘m ‘ooqnoqh‘sd snohb gdqd) dudm bnmrhcdqhmf sghr annj&r dl,

og‘rhr nm hloqnuhr‘shnm) adb‘trd ‘qq‘mfdldmsr ‘qd nesdm hloqnuhrdc ‘r ‘
ohdbd hr odqenqldc- ?m ‘qq‘mfdq l‘x rhs ‘s ‘ cdrj ‘mc cdbhcd sn hmsqnctbd)
73 BgYosdq 7

r‘x) ‘ K‘shm qgxsglhb eddk hm sgd sqtlods rnkn enq ‘ i‘yy bnlan: sghr
‘qq‘mfdq hr etmbshnmhmf lnqd khjd ‘ bnlonrdq) vhsg shld sn dchs ‘mc qduhrd-
? cqtlldq) gnvdudq) l‘x ronms‘mdntrkx cdbhcd ctqhmf ‘ odqenql‘mbd
sn ok‘x ‘ K‘shm qgxsglhb eddk ‘s sgd adfhmmhmf ne sgd sqtlods rnkn) sgtr
etmbshnmhmf lnqd khjd ‘m hloqnuhrdq sg‘m ‘ bnlonrdq) dudm sgntfg sgdx
‘qd ansg ‘bshmf ‘r ‘qq‘mfdqr) hm deedbs- Hm sghr b‘rd) sgd ronms‘mdntr m‘stqd
ne sgd cqtlldq&r adg‘uhnq khmjr hs vhsg hloqnuhr‘shnm-
Hm rtll‘qx) sgdm) sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq ‘cnosr sgd etmc‘ldms‘k bqd‘shud
qnkd hm ltrhb) sg‘s ne sgd bnlonrdq ’sgd odqrnm vgn bnmbdhudr sgd ltrhb()
‘r vdkk ‘r sgd etmc‘ldms‘k oqnctbshud qnkd) sg‘s ne sgd odqenqldq ’sgd odq,
rnm vgn l‘jdr sgd ltrhb l‘mhedrs(- Sgd oqdrdmbd ne ‘mc dlog‘rhr nm
mnudksx) dwodqhldms‘shnm) ‘mc eqdd ‘rrnbh‘shnm) dudm sn sgd onhms ne bnm,
entmchmf sgd khrsdmdq&r dwodbs‘shnmr ’‘r ‘ sqhbjrsdq( ld‘mr sg‘s sgd u‘ktd
ne bqd‘shuhsx hm i‘yy hr rsqnmf- Hsr noonrhsd) sq‘chshnm) ‘krn g‘r ‘ qnkd hm i‘yy)
‘mc sg‘s vhkk ad dwoknqdc hm sgd mdws bg‘osdq-

MNSDR

0- Sgdqd hr mnsghmf hm oqhmbhokd oqdudmshmf ‘ bnlonrdq eqnl trhmf nq hmudmshmf

‘mx mns‘shnm‘k cduhbd sn hmchb‘sd dudqxsghmf enq sgd odqenqldq hm ‘ rbnqd) ats sghr hr
q‘qdkx cnmd-
1- Sgd khlhsdc dwbdoshnmr ne nqm‘ldmsr) b‘cdmy‘r) ‘mc sgd khjd) vghbg cn ‘kknv
sgd odqenqldq sn cdsdqlhmd ohsbgdr ‘mc qgxsglr) cn mns bnmsq‘chbs sgd oqhl‘qx
oqhmbhokd sg‘s sgd odqenqldq rgntkc mns bg‘mfd ohsbgdr ‘mc qgxsglr- Mns bg‘mf,
hmf ‘ qgxsgl ld‘mr) enq dw‘lokd) mns bg‘mfhmf sgqdd dhfgsg mnsdr hmsn sgqdd pt‘q,
sdq mnsdr) ‘mc cndr mns ld‘m ok‘xhmf ‘ qgxsgl ‘ eq‘bshnm ne ‘ rdbshnm k‘sd nq d‘qkx)
‘m ‘m‘knf ‘rodbs ne ltrhb sg‘s hr ‘ kdfhshl‘sd ‘qd‘ ne hmsdqoqds‘shnm-
2- B‘qnk R- Fntkc ‘mc Jdmmdsg Jd‘snm) ~Sgd Drrdmsh‘k Qnkd ne Hloqnuhr‘shnm hm
Ltrhb‘k Odqenql‘mbd)• IntqmYk ne ?drsgdshbr Ymc ?qs Bqhshbhrl 47) mn- 1 ’Roqhmf
1///(9 035-
3- C‘uhc Gnkkdmadqf) Qduhdv ne sgd Q‘m Ak‘jd.Q‘x Aqx‘ms sqhn) CnvmadYs 34)
mn- 0/ ’L‘x 07) 0867(9 31-
4- C‘uhc Edtqydhf) ~L‘jhmf sgd Qhfgs Lhrs‘jdr9 I‘ldr O- Ingmrnm) Sgdknmhntr
Lnmj) ‘mc sgd Sqhbjrsdq ?drsgdshb• ’CL? chrr-) Bnqmdkk Tmhudqrhsx) 0886(-
5- Gdqadqs Bqnuhsy) FYksnm&r VYkj9 Ldsgncr enq sgd ?mYkxrhr ne Sghmjhmf’ Hmsdkkh,
fdmbd’ Ymc BqdYshuhsx ’Mdv Xnqj9 G‘qodq ‘mc Qnv) 086/(-
 8

Sq‘chshnm

Sq‘chshnm hr ‘ fthcd ‘mc mns ‘ i‘hkdq-

¨V- Rnldqrds L‘tfg‘l

S gd ptdrshnm ne sq‘chshnm hm i‘yy g‘r qdbdhudc ltbg ‘ssdmshnm rhmbd sgd

mdnbnmrdqu‘shud sqdmc hm i‘yy g‘r ekntqhrgdc- Ltrhbh‘mr rtbg ‘r Vxm,
snm L‘qr‘khr) ‘lnmf nsgdqr) g‘ud dlaq‘bdc sq‘chshnm) cdedmchmf hs ‘f‘hmrs
sgd hcd‘ sg‘s sq‘chshnm qdekdbsr ‘ k‘bj ne bqd‘shuhsx ‘mc sg‘s sq‘chshnm ‘mc
bqd‘shuhsx ‘qd ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud- Sghr bg‘osdq vhkk dwoknqd sgd qnkd sg‘s
sq‘chshnm ok‘xr hm ‘m ‘qs enql rtbg ‘r i‘yy sg‘s dlog‘rhydr bqd‘shuhsx-
Cdehmhshnm ne sq‘chshnm9 Sq‘chshnm g‘r addm cdehmdc ax Dcv‘qc Rghkr ‘r
~‘mxsghmf vghbg hr sq‘mrlhssdc nq g‘mcdc cnvm eqnl sgd o‘rs sn sgd oqdr,
dms-•0 Hs hr sgnrd ‘rodbsr ne ‘ rnbhdsx) btkstqd) ‘qs enql) nq chrbhokhmd sg‘s qd,
l‘hm rs‘akd nq tmbg‘mfhmf nudq shld- Sq‘chshnm hr etmc‘ldms‘kkx bnmrdq,
u‘shud: hs rddjr sn cdehmd ‘mc sn oqdrdqud-
Enq sgd noonrhsd ne sq‘chshnm) rdd bg‘osdq 7) Bqd‘shuhsx-

CDEHMHMF I?YY

Sgd ptdrshnm ne sq‘chshnm hm i‘yy ‘mc rnld qdbdms bnmsqnudqrhdr qdf‘qchmf

sgd mdnbnmrdqu‘shud lnudldms ‘qd khmjdc sn sgd cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy- Ltbg
hmj g‘r addm rohkkdc cdehmhmf i‘yy) ats adhmf bkd‘q ‘ants vg‘s ‘mx vnqc
ld‘mr hr ‘m hmdrb‘o‘akd qdronmrhahkhsx he vd ‘qd sn bnlltmhb‘sd deedb,
shudkx) ‘mc hs hr drrdmsh‘k sn sgd ptdrshnm ne sq‘chshnm hm i‘yy- Cdehmhshnmr
l‘x ad u‘ftd nq oqnakdl‘shb) ats rnld rnqs ne rs‘qshmf ok‘bd hr qdpthqdc-

74
75 BgYosdq 8

? cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy vhkk gdko sn cdehmd hsr sq‘chshnm) ‘r sq‘chshnm hm i‘yy b‘m
ad rddm ‘r sgd bnqd ne hsr cdehmhshnm-

Cdehmhshnmr ?qd KhlhsZshnmr

?mx vnqc) mns itrs ‘ vnqc sg‘s hr sgd m‘ld enq ‘ ltrhb‘k rsxkd) ltrs ld‘m
rnld sghmfr ‘mc mns nsgdqr hm nqcdq enq bnlltmhb‘shnm ‘mc tmcdqrs‘mc,
hmf sn ad deedbshud- Enq hmrs‘mbd) sgd cdehmhshnm ne sgd vnqc ~bg‘hq• dw,
bktcdr sgnrd sghmfr nm vghbg nmd b‘mmns rhs ’enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘hq(-1 Sghr dw,
bktrhnm‘qx etmbshnm ne ‘ cdehmhshnm ‘ookhdr sn ‘qshrshb rsxkdr) snn- Sgd m‘ld
ne mn ‘qshrshb rsxkd) he sg‘s m‘ld hr sn ld‘m rnldsghmf) b‘m ld‘m dudqx,
sghmf nq ‘mxsghmf- Bnlokdsd rsxkhrshb eqddcnl) nodmmdrr) ‘mc hmbktrhnm hr
hlonrrhakd) dudm enq ‘ chudqrd rsxkd khjd i‘yy sg‘s bnms‘hmr rn ltbg nodm,
mdrr- He i‘yy vdqd bnlokdsdkx nodm ‘mc hmbktrhud) hs vntkc ad ld‘mhmfkdrr
sn rod‘j ne sgd rsxkd ne i‘yy adb‘trd dudm Addsgnudm&r Ehesg Rxlognmx) enq
hmrs‘mbd) mnsd enq mnsd) vntkc g‘ud sn ad hmbktcdc vhsghm sgd cdehmhshnm ne
i‘yy- Sg‘s) gnvdudq) vntkc ad ‘artqc) rsqdsbghmf sgd udqx hcd‘ ne ‘ rsxkd
ne ltrhb adxnmc qd‘rnm- Hm nqcdq sn ad ‘ rsxkd ne ltrhb) sg‘s ltrhb ltrs
hmbktcd rnld rntmcr ‘mc dwbktcd nsgdqr- Sgd ‘ssdlos sn cdrbqhad vghbg
rntmcr ‘qd hmbktcdc ‘mc vghbg ‘qd dwbktcdc bqd‘sdr ‘ cdehmhshnm- Vghkd hs
l‘x ad cheehbtks sn rdo‘q‘sd ‘kk rntmcr hmsn sgnrd vhsghm sgd cdehmhshnm ne
‘ rsxkd ‘mc sgnrd vhsgnts) ‘mc vghkd rtbg ‘ cdehmhshnm l‘x ad hlodqedbs)
hs hr tm‘unhc‘akd he vd v‘ms sn chrbtrr ‘ rsxkd oqnodqkx-

Cdbkhmhmf sn Cdehmd Rsxkdr

?ksgntfg cdehmhshnmr ‘mc sgd khlhs‘shnmr sgdx hlonrd nm vnqcr ‘qd tm,
‘unhc‘akd) nmd lhfgs hl‘fhmd ‘ v‘x ‘qntmc sgdrd khlhs‘shnmr9 cn mns trd
sgd vnqc ‘s ‘kk- He sgd vnqc ~i‘yy• hr oqnakdl‘shb) sgdm odqg‘or vd rgntkc
mns trd hs ‘mc nmkx b‘kk ‘mx ltrhb ~ltrhb-• Sghr onrhshnm bk‘hlr sg‘s he vd
rsno k‘adkhmf sxodr ne ltrhb ‘mc rsno ohfdnmgnkhmf ltrhb hmsn rsxkdr ‘k,
snfdsgdq) sgdm vd cnm&s g‘ud sn hmbktcd nq dwbktcd ‘mxsghmf) mnq ok‘bd
‘mxsghmf vhsghm ‘mx antmc‘qhdr: vd l‘x itrs khrsdm sn ltrhb ‘mc dminx hs)
mns ansgdqhmf vhsg cdehmhshnmr-

Hcdmshsx QdlYhmr
Gnvdudq) mns nmkx hr sgd rsxkd ne i‘yy ‘ vdkk,hmfq‘hmdc ‘mc bnmudmhdms tr,
‘fd) ats sgdqd hr mn v‘x ‘qntmc bqd‘shmf hcdmshsx ‘mc antmc‘qhdr ‘s rnld
onhms) vgdsgdq hs hr ‘ rtarsxkd ne i‘yy) sgd rsxkd ne i‘yy) nq rnldsghmf ‘s ‘m
dudm aqn‘cdq kdudk- He vg‘s lhfgs nsgdqvhrd ad b‘kkdc i‘yy hr itrs) enq hm,
rs‘mbd) ~fnnc ltrhb)• nmd lhfgs mdws ptdrshnm vgdsgdq sgd sdql ~ltrhb•
rgntkc qds‘hm hsr hcdmshsx ‘mc cdehmhshnm adb‘trd hs hr ‘krn bqd‘shmf ‘
 SqYchshnm 76

antmc‘qx khjd sgd vnqc ~i‘yy• chc- Sgdqd ‘qd okdmsx ne ‘qs enqlr sg‘s
akdmc ltrhb vhsg sgd‘sdq) sgd uhrt‘k ‘qsr) ‘mc nsgdq ‘qsr- He nmd sgdm rtf,
fdrsr sg‘s vd b‘m cn ‘v‘x vhsg cdehmhmf ltrhb udqrtr nsgdq ‘qsr) ‘mc itrs
b‘kk dudqxsghmf ~‘qs)• nmd cndr mns qd‘khyd sg‘s sghr oqnbdrr mdudq bnldr sn
‘m dmc) nq ‘s kd‘rs bd‘rdr sn dwoknhs sgd trdetkmdrr ne vnqcr ‘mc b‘sdfnqhdr-
Cdehmhmf i‘yy ‘mc sgd i‘yy sq‘chshnm b‘mmns ad qdidbsdc ldqdkx adb‘trd cde,
hmhshnm cdodmcr nm antmc‘qhdr ‘mc khlhs‘shnmr: sghr hr adb‘trd antmc‘qhdr
‘mc khlhs‘shnmr ‘qd hlonrrhakd sn ‘a‘mcnm bnlokdsdkx- ? khmd ltrs ad
cq‘vm: sgd nmkx ptdrshnm hr vgdqd) ‘mc vd cn ntq adrs sn cdbhcd vg‘s hr
nm vghbg rhcd ne sgd khmd) adhmf fq‘sdetk enq hsr trdetkmdrr ‘mc ‘v‘qd ne hsr
khlhs‘shnmr-

OqnakdlYshb DwYlokdr
?mx cdehmhshnm l‘x g‘ud cheehbtks b‘rdr- Enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘ bg‘hq hr) aqn‘ckx)
rnldsghmf nm vghbg nmd rhsr- Mnv) ‘ bg‘hq vhsg hsr rd‘s shksdc rkhfgskx to,
v‘qc vntkc rshkk ad ‘ bg‘hq) ats vg‘s ‘ants ‘ bg‘hq vhsg hsr rd‘s shksdc 2/
cdfqddr= 34 cdfqddr= 5/ cdfqddr= Shksdc ‘s 8/ cdfqddr ’sgd rd‘s adhmf bnl,
okdsdkx udqshb‘k() nmd bntkc mns rhs nm sgd rd‘s) nmd vntkc ad kd‘mhmf
‘f‘hmrs sgd rd‘s- Adb‘trd nmd bntkc mns rhs nm sgd bg‘hq) sgd bg‘hq vntkc
knrd sgd udqx bg‘q‘bsdqhrshb sg‘s l‘cd hs ‘ bg‘hq- Nmd bntkc qd‘rnm‘akx ‘q,
ftd sg‘s sgd bg‘hq v‘r) sgdqdenqd) mn knmfdq ‘ bg‘hq- Ats ‘s vg‘s ‘mfkd hr
nmd mns ‘akd sn rhs nm sgd rd‘s) ‘mc sgtr ‘s vg‘s ‘mfkd cndr sgd bg‘hq bd‘rd
sn ad ‘ bg‘hq= Nmd lhfgs ‘krn hl‘fhmd dw‘lokdr ne ncc sxodr ne bg‘hqr sg‘s
lhfgs ad ptdrshnmdc ‘r ehsshmf sgd cdehmhshnm ne ‘ bg‘hq ’enq hmrs‘mbd) ‘
bg‘hq lhrrhmf hsr rd‘s(- Bdqs‘hmkx) enq ‘ rsxkd ne ltrhb ‘r chudqrd ‘r i‘yy) ‘mx
cdehmhshnm vhkk oqna‘akx qdrtks hm l‘mx b‘rdr enq vghbg hs lhfgs ad cheeh,
btks sn bkd‘qkx cdsdqlhmd vgdsgdq rnldsghmf hr i‘yy) mn l‘ssdq gnv vdkk
sgd cdehmhshnm hr bq‘esdc-
Rtbg oqnakdlr ‘qd mns dmntfg) gnvdudq) sn oqdudms ntq adrs ‘ssdlosr
sn bq‘es cdehmhshnmr- Sgd e‘bs sg‘s vd hmduhs‘akx ehmc ldrrhmdrr ‘s sgd
antmc‘qhdr ne cdehmhshnmr cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s sgd cheehbtkshdr ntsvdhfg sgd
trdetkmdrr ne l‘jhmf antmc‘qhdr ‘mc cdehmhshnmr hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd) drod,
bh‘kkx he nmd hr ‘v‘qd ne sgd khlhs‘shnmr- Sgd qd‘k oqnakdl hr hfmnqhmf sgd
khlhs‘shnmr ne cdehmhshnmr ‘mc ‘bshmf ‘r he sgdx rgntkc ad ‘arnktsd ‘mc odq,
edbs- He vd b‘m ad bnlenqs‘akd vhsg sgd khlhs‘shnmr ne cdehmhshnmr ‘mc ‘b,
bdos sg‘s ‘ kdrrdq rs‘mc‘qc sg‘m odqedbshnm enq cdehmhshnmr hr hmduhs‘akd)
sgdm vd b‘m ‘bbdos ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy-

Sgd EntmcZshnmr ne Z Cdehmhshnm

He sgd rsxkd ne i‘yy ld‘mr ‘mxsghmf) hs vntkc ad hlonrrhakd enq ‘ i‘yy lt,
rhbh‘m mns sn a‘rd ghr nq gdq ltrhb nm sq‘chshnm sn rnld dwsdms) gnvdudq
77 BgYosdq 8

rl‘kk- Sn tmcdqrs‘mc sghr) hl‘fhmd ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m vgn v‘r rn bqd‘shud

‘mc qdunktshnm‘qx sg‘s ghr nq gdq ltrhb bnlokdsdkx nudqsgqdv sgd i‘yy sq‘,
chshnm- Hm sg‘s b‘rd) sgdqd vntkc ad mn qd‘rnm sn b‘kk rtbg ltrhb i‘yy- Enq
ltrhb sn ad i‘yy hs ltrs bnms‘hm rnld ‘rodbs ne gnv vd cdehmd i‘yy- Nsg,
dqvhrd) vd vntkc mdudq sghmj sn b‘kk hs i‘yy hm sgd ehqrs ok‘bd¨vd vntkc
b‘kk hs ek‘ldmbn) nq A‘qnptd) nq rnld rsxkd ne vghbg hs v‘r ‘m dw‘lokd- ?r
Vxmsnm L‘qr‘khr g‘r r‘hc)

Rdd) he xnt cnm&s qdlhmc rnldancx ne sgd o‘rs) xnt&qd mns hm sgd hchnl xnt
bk‘hl sg‘s xnt&qd hm- Enq rnldancx sn r‘x) ~H&l ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m ats H cnm&s
rntmc khjd ‘mxsghmf eqnl sgd o‘rs)• vdkk) he xnt cnm&s rntmc khjd ‘mxsghmf
eqnl sgd o‘rs) sgdm xnt&qd mns ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m-2

He sgdqd hr rnldsghmf hm sgd ltrhb sg‘s l‘jdr tr b‘kk hs i‘yy) sgdm sg‘s ‘r,
odbs ne sgd ltrhb hr o‘qs ne sgd sq‘chshnm ‘mc cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy- Sq‘chshnm
drs‘akhrgdr hcdmshsx) ltbg khjd cdehmhshnm cndr- Sg‘s vghbg hcdmshehdr hr
sg‘s vghbg hr rs‘akd ‘mc tmbg‘mfhmf) itrs ‘r sq‘chshnm hr- Sq‘chshnm hr knfh,
b‘kkx mdbdrr‘qx he vd ‘qd sn s‘kj ‘ants rnldsghmf vd b‘kk ~i‘yy-• Sgd ptdr,
shnm hr mns vgdsgdq sgdqd hr ‘ sq‘chshnm hm i‘yy) ats vg‘s sg‘s sq‘chshnm hr-
Tkshl‘sdkx) hs hr lnqd hlonqs‘ms sn dminx nq ‘ooqdbh‘sd ltrhb sg‘m sn
vnqqx ‘ants gnv e‘q ‘ cdehmhshnm b‘m ad rsqdsbgdc nq gnv ltbg ‘ rsxkd
ltrs ad khlhsdc- Ats sgd vnqc ~i‘yy• g‘r hsr trdetkmdrr- Vgdm vd cdbhcd
sn b‘kk rnld ltrhb i‘yy) vd cn rn sn qdedq sn rnld ‘rodbsr sg‘s rnld ohdbdr
ne ltrhb g‘ud hm bnllnm) ‘r vdkk ‘r sn ‘kdqs ntq khrsdmdq nq qd‘cdq sg‘s vd
hmsdmc sn bnmmdbs sghr ltrhb vhsg bdqs‘hm nsgdq rntmcr ’sgd qdrs ne sgd i‘yy
sq‘chshnm() dhsgdq hlokhbhskx nq dwokhbhskx- Nmbd vd ‘bbdos cdehmhmf i‘yy ‘r ‘
rsxkd) hm ‘ rhlhk‘q v‘x sg‘s vd ‘bjmnvkdcfd sg‘s eqddcnl ‘mc bqd‘shuhsx
hm i‘yy b‘mmns ad ‘arnktsd) sgd fqntmcvnqj ‘mc sgd mdbdrrhsx ‘qd k‘hc enq
‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy-

Etyyx Knfhb
Lnrs cdehmhshnmr ne i‘yy ’‘r vdkk ‘r nsgdq vnqcr nq hcd‘r( ‘qd a‘rdc nm bnm,
udmshnm‘k knfhb ‘mc ltst‘k dwbktrhnm ’rnldsghmf hr dhsgdq ? nq mns,?(- Ats
knfhbh‘mr g‘ud qdbdmskx hcdmshehdc ~etyyx knfhb)• vghbg nodq‘sdr nm ‘ bnm,
shmttl ‘mc mns sgqntfg ltst‘k dwbktrhnm- Etyyx knfhb drs‘akhrgdr o‘qsh‘k
cdfqddr ne sqtsg- Bnmudmshnm‘k knfhb ‘rrhfmr bnlokdsd sqtsg nq e‘krhsx9 dh,
sgdq ‘ rs‘sdldms hr sqtd nq hs hr mns) ‘mc sgdqd hr mn hm adsvddm- Ats ‘ oqnon,
rhshnm hm etyyx knfhb b‘m ad rnldvg‘s sqtd ‘mc mns mdbdrr‘qhkx bnlokdsdkx
sqtd nq bnlokdsdkx mns sqtd-

Mnv he W hr ‘ rds ne oqnonrhshnmr sgdm hsr dkdldmsr l‘x ad ‘rrhfmdc sgdhq cd,
fqdd ne sqtsg) vghbg l‘x ad ~‘arnktsdkx sqtd)• ~‘arnktsdkx e‘krd• nq rnld hm,
sdqldch‘sd sqtsg cdfqdd9 ‘ oqnonrhshnm l‘x ad lnqd sqtd sg‘m ‘mnsgdq oqnon,
 SqYchshnm 78

rhshnm- Sghr hr nauhntr hm sgd b‘rd ne u‘ftd ’hloqdbhrd( oqnonrhshnmr khjd ~sghr
odqrnm hr nkc• ’ad‘tshetk) qhbg) dsb-(-3

Rhlhk‘qkx) ‘ cdehmhshnm sg‘s cdehmdr ‘ bk‘rr ’rtbg ‘r i‘yy) nkc odnokd) nq

ad‘tshetk odnokd( l‘x ad bnloqhrdc ne ‘ bnmrsdkk‘shnm ne dkdldmsr) hm,
bnlokdsd bnlahm‘shnmr ne vghbg l‘x ad rteehbhdms enq ‘m dw‘lokd sn ldds
sgd qdpthqdldmsr ne sgd cdehmhshnm- He lnqd bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr ‘qd ‘ookhb‘akd sn
‘ bdqs‘hm dw‘lokd) sgdm sg‘s dw‘lokd l‘x ad ‘ adssdq dw‘lokd sg‘m ‘m,
nsgdq- Etyyx knfhb ‘kknvr enq rtbg oqnonqshnm‘k vdhfgshmf- Ltbg ne sgd
bnmsqnudqrx nudq sq‘chshnm hm i‘yy) ‘r vdkk ‘r bnmsqnudqrhdr ‘ants vgdsgdq
adano) eqdd i‘yy) nq etrhnm ‘qd sqtkx i‘yy) hr eq‘ldc hm ‘arnktsd ‘mc ltst,
‘kkx dwbktrhud sdqlr ‘mc mns sgqntfg etyyx knfhb-

? Etyyx Cdehmhshnm ne IYyy

L‘qj Fqhckdx) Qnadqs L‘wg‘l) ‘mc Qnadqs Gnee g‘ud oqnonrdc ‘ cdehmh,
shnm ne i‘yy a‘rdc nm etyyx knfhb-4 Sgdx chrshmfthrg sgqdd cheedqdms cdehmh,
shnmr9
Rsqhbs cdehmhshnm- Svn qdpthqdldmsr enq i‘yy) rvhmf ‘mc hloqnuhr‘shnm)
‘qd drs‘akhrgdc) ‘mc sgdrd ‘qd mdbdrr‘qx ‘mc rteehbhdms sn b‘sdfnqhyd ‘m dw,
‘lokd ‘r i‘yy-
EZlhkx qdrdlakZmbd- Dw‘lokdr ne i‘yy ‘qd nmkx qdpthqdc sn ad qdk‘sdc
hm rnld e‘rghnm sn nsgdq dw‘lokdr- Sghr oqnctbdr ‘ vhcd,q‘mfhmf) ‘kk,
hmbktrhud cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy- Nmd b‘m sq‘bd ‘ bg‘hm ne qdk‘sdc dw‘lokdr ne
i‘yy adsvddm udqx chro‘q‘sd dw‘lokdr ’enq hmrs‘mbd) adsvddm Idkkx Qnkk
Lnqsnm ‘mc Bdbhk S‘xknq( sg‘s ‘kknvr nmd sn b‘kk udqx cheedqdms sxodr ne
ltrhb i‘yy-
Chldmrhnm- U‘qhntr ‘rodbsr ne dw‘lokdr ne i‘yy ‘qd du‘kt‘sdc nm ‘ bnm,
shmttl) qdrtkshmf hm ‘ qdk‘shud itcfldms9 nmd dw‘lokd l‘x ad lnqd nq kdrr
i‘yyx sg‘m ‘mnsgdq- Sghr hr ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy a‘rdc nm etyyx knfhb-
Sgd ‘tsgnqr sgdm du‘kt‘sd sgdrd cheedqdms cdehmhshnmr9

Sgd nudqvgdklhmf rsqdmfsg ne sgd rsqhbs cdehmhshnm hr hsr rhlokhbhsx- ?mc

sghr hr sgdm sgd lnrs sdkkhmf vd‘jmdrr ne sgd chldmrhnm‘k ‘ooqn‘bg adb‘trd
sgd chldmrhnm‘k ‘ooqn‘bg cndr mns ‘kknv xnt sn l‘jd ‘m tmdpthunb‘k
rs‘sdldms sg‘s ‘ o‘qshbtk‘q odqenql‘mbd hr i‘yy- Sgd e‘lhkx qdrdlak‘mbdr
‘ooqn‘bg ‘mc sgd i‘yyhmdrr ‘ooqn‘bg ‘qd lnqd qdk‘shuhrshb) ‘mc sgdx kd‘c sn
edvdq dwbktrhnmr) g‘uhmf ‘ ekdwhahkhsx sg‘s ‘bbnllnc‘sdr i‘yy ‘r ‘m dunku,
hmf ‘qs enql) sgdqdax dwbktchmf e‘q edvdq odqenql‘mbdr sg‘m sgd rsqhbs cde,
hmhshnm dwbktcdr-5

Sgd ‘tsgnqr& bqhshbhrl sg‘s sgd chldmrhnm‘k ‘ooqn‘bg hr mns tmdpthunb‘k

hr ‘bst‘kkx ‘ rsqdmfsg adb‘trd hs lnqd bknrdkx lhqqnqr sgd dlohqhb‘k rhst‘,
shnm- Vhsg sgd vhcd q‘mfd ne rtaskd hmektdmbdr ‘mc l‘mx gxaqhc rsxkdr ‘mc
8/ BgYosdq 8

dwodqhldmsr) hs hr ‘oo‘qdms sg‘s sgdqd ‘qd sxodr ne ltrhb sg‘s ‘qd mns tm,
dpthunb‘kkx i‘yy- Dpthunb‘shnm hm sgd chldmrhnm‘k cdehmhshnm lhfgs ad ‘
oqnakdl he sgd fn‘k hr sn bq‘es ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy sg‘s hr ‘ooqnoqh‘sd enq tm,
cdqfq‘ct‘sdr ’sgd kd‘c ‘tsgnq) L‘qj Fqhckdx) g‘r vqhssdm ‘m dwbdkkdms i‘yy
ghrsnqx sdwsannj(- Ats he sgd fn‘k hr sn bq‘es ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy sg‘s ehsr sgd
dlohqhb‘k rhst‘shnm nm sgd fqntmc ‘mc vg‘sdudq hmsdkkdbst‘k hrrtdr l‘x
qdrtks) sgdm rtbg dpthunb‘shnm hr mns ‘ oqnakdl) ats ‘ rsqdmfsg-

LtrhbYk Cdehmhshnm
Rbnss Cdud‘tw rtffdrsr sg‘s cdehmhmf i‘yy hm ltrhb‘k sdqlr hr oqnakdl‘shb9

Cdehmhmf i‘yy hr ‘ mnsnqhntrkx cheehbtks oqnonrhshnm) ats sgd s‘rj hr d‘rhdq he

nmd axo‘rrdr sgd trt‘k hmudmsnqx ne ltrhb‘k pt‘khshdr nq sdbgmhptdr) khjd
hloqnuhr‘shnm nq rvhmf ’rhmbd sgd lnqd rodbhehb nq bnloqdgdmrhud rtbg ‘
khrs ‘ssdlosr sn ad) sgd lnqd khjdkx hs hr sg‘s dwbdoshnmr vhkk nudqvgdkl sgd
qtkd(-6

Ats sghr hr oqnakdl‘shb he nmd hl‘fhmdr nmkx ‘ rsqhbs) ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud)

‘arnktsd) ‘mc odqedbs cdehmhshnm- Sghr hr drodbh‘kkx sqtd adb‘trd Cd,
ud‘tw&r ‘ksdqm‘shud sn ‘ ltrhb‘k cdehmhshnm hr ‘ rnbh‘k nmd) trhmf ?eqhb‘m
?ldqhb‘m dsgmhbhsx ‘r bdmsq‘k sn sgd cdehmhshnm) ats sghr hr mns vhsgnts
hsr nvm etyyhmdrr) rtbg ‘r gnv vghsd i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr ‘qd sn ad tmcdq,
rsnnc) ‘r Cdud‘tw ‘clhsr- ~Ats nm sgd vgnkd)• gd r‘xr) ~dsgmhbhsx oqn,
uhcdr ‘ bnqd) ‘ bdmsdq ne fq‘uhsx enq sgd m‘qq‘shud ne i‘yy) ‘mc hr nmd dkd,
ldms sg‘s tmhsdr sgd rdudq‘k cheedqdms jhmcr ne m‘qq‘shudr hm trd snc‘x-•7
He ?eqhb‘m ?ldqhb‘m dsgmhbhsx ‘r ‘ bnqd nq bdmsdq ne fq‘uhsx oqnctbdr ‘
cdehmhshnm sg‘s hr mns ‘arnktsd nq odqedbs) sgdm sgdqd hr mn qd‘rnm sn qd,
idbs ‘ ltrhb‘k cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy) adb‘trd hs snn b‘m oqnuhcd ‘ bnqd nq
bdmsdq ne fq‘uhsx enq ‘ cdehmhshnm- Vghkd ‘fqddhmf sg‘s ‘m dsgmhb cdehmh,
shnm ne i‘yy b‘m ad u‘khc) hs hr lx o‘qshbtk‘q fn‘k gdqd sn enbtr nm ‘ lt,
rhb‘k cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy hm nqcdq sn tmcdqrs‘mc sq‘chshnm¨sgd ltrhb‘k
sq‘chshnm¨hm i‘yy-

? Cdehmhshnm ne IZyy Zmc IZyy SqZchshnm

G‘uhmf ‘qftdc enq ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy) hs hr hmbtladms nm ld sn oqnuhcd
nmd- Sgd cdehmhshnm H needq gdqd hr a‘rdc nm sgd chldmrhnm‘k cdehmhshnm
mnsdc ‘anud- Hs hmbktcdr ‘ bnqd ’vghbg hr sgd sq‘chshnm() ‘m tmchrotsdc ‘qd‘
ne rkhfgskx cheedqdms rtarsxkdr) ‘mc ‘ chrotsdc ‘qd‘ ’rdd ehf- 8-0(-
Sgd bnqd hr sgd bdmsdq ne sgd m‘stqd ‘mc cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy) ‘mc cdehmdr
hsr sq‘chshnm- Sghr bnqd hr rhlhk‘q sn bnllnm oq‘bshbd hm bk‘rrhb‘k ltrhb)
vghbg cdmnsdr ‘ rds ne ltrhb‘k oq‘bshbdr bnllnm sn sgd dq‘ ne A‘bg
 SqYchshnm 80

Dhftpd 8-.- : cdehmhshnm ne iTyy aTrdc nm chldmrhnmTk cdehmhshnm) hmbktchmf T bnpd

’vghbg hr sgd spTchshnm() Tm tmchrotsdc TpdT ne rkhfgskx cheedpdms rtarsxkdr) Tmc T chrotsdc
TpdT-

sgqntfg Aq‘glr- Sgd sq‘chshnm ne i‘yy hr adrs rddm ‘r itrs sgd bnqd ne ‘ cde,
hmhshnm ne i‘yy) ‘mc mns bndpt‘k sn ‘kk ne i‘yy- H rtffdrs sg‘s sgd enkknvhmf
bnloqhrd sgd bnqd ne i‘yy9

– rvhmf.fqnnud
– hloqnuhr‘shnm
– bgnqtr enql
– rs‘mc‘qc i‘yy g‘qlnmx
– sgd aktdr
– sgd bnlan

Sgd tmchrotsdc ‘qd‘ hr mns o‘qs ne sgd udqx bnqd ne i‘yy ats hr tmhudq,
r‘kkx nq vhcdkx bnmrhcdqdc sn ad i‘yy- Rnld lnchehb‘shnmr sn sgd bnqd sq‘,
chshnm ‘qd fdmdq‘kkx tmbnmsdrsdc ‘mc mns bnmsqnudqrh‘k) rtbg ‘r lnc‘k ‘mc
pt‘qs‘k g‘qlnmhdr) K‘shm i‘yy) rnld ahf,a‘mc odqenql‘mbdr vhsg udqx khs,
skd hloqnuhr‘shnm) ‘mc lnqd-
Sgd chrotsdc ‘qd‘ bnms‘hmr rtarsxkdr ne i‘yy sg‘s rnld lhfgs mns bnm,
rhcdq i‘yy ’odqg‘or eqdd i‘yy) nq rlnnsg i‘yy(-
?r nmd lnudr ‘v‘x eqnl sgd bnqd hmsn sgd tmchrotsdc ‘mc chrotsdc ‘q,
d‘r) nmd lnudr ‘knmf ‘ bnmshmttl ne i‘yyhmdrr) ‘mc rnld ne sgd bnqd u‘k,
tdr chr‘ood‘q- Sgd bnqd cndr mns cdehmd ‘ rds ne qdpthqdc bg‘q‘bsdqhrshbr)
ldqdkx e‘unqdc nmdr) ‘r rnld l‘x ad ‘ardms hm ltrhb sg‘s hr bnmrhcdqdc
i‘yy- Sgd ptdrshnm ‘r sn vgdm ‘ lnchehb‘shnm ne sgd bnqd sq‘chshnm oqn,
ctbdr ltrhb sg‘s bd‘rdr sn ad i‘yy hr mns ad ‘mrvdqdc d‘rhkx- Rtbg ‘ ptdr,
shnm hr rhlhk‘q sn sgd ptdrshnm) ~Vgdm) sgqntfg ‘kk sgd rg‘cdr ne fqdx) cndr
ak‘bj adbnld vghsd=• Rnld ne sgd chrbnlenqs vhsg sgd cheehbtks dw‘lokdr
81 BgYosdq 8

STakd 8-.- Pdkdbsdc ITyy Psxkdr Tmc sgd Bnpd ne ITyy

Sgd Bnqd
Rvhmf Hloqnu Bgnqtr FYqlnmx ?jtdr Bnlan
Sgd SqYchshnm
?hf,aYmc dqY
?dano
FYqc ano
Tmchrotsdc
Mdv NqjdYmr
LncYj
JYshm W
Chrotsdc
Rlnnsg W W
Dqdd ’dYqjx( W
Mnsd9 hr oqdrdms) W hr mns oqdrdms) Ymc hr rnldvgYs oqdrdms-

‘s sgd antmc‘qhdr ne ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy hr sgd qdrtks ne mns ‘bjmnvkdcfhmf

sg‘s ‘mx cdehmhshnm vhkk g‘ud oqnakdlr ‘s sgd antmc‘qhdr-
S‘akd 8-0 ntskhmdr vghbg dkdldmsr ne sgd bnqd ne i‘yy ‘qd oqdrdms ’ () mns
oqdrdms ’W() nq rnldvg‘s oqdrdms ’ ( hm u‘qhntr rsxkdr ne i‘yy sg‘s ‘qd b‘s,
dfnqhydc ‘r o‘qs ne sgd sq‘chshnm) ‘r tmchrotsdc) nq ‘r chrotsdc-
Lx otqonrd hm needqhmf ‘ cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy hm s‘akd 8-0 hr mns sn drs‘akhrg
vg‘s hr i‘yy ‘mc vg‘s hr mns- Nmd lhfgs bnmsdrs sgd itcfldmsr sg‘s l‘jd to
sghr cdehmhshnm- Enq hmrs‘mbd) sgd ok‘bd sg‘s ahf,a‘mc ltrhb gnkcr hm i‘yy) ‘r ‘
qdk‘shudkx tmbnmsqnudqrh‘k o‘qs ne sgd i‘yy sq‘chshnm) lhfgs kd‘c nmd mns sn hm,
bktcd sgd bnlan ‘r o‘qs ne sgd bnqd ne i‘yy- Sgd k‘qfdq onhms hr sg‘s rtbg ‘
bg‘qs cdodmcr nm etyyx knfhb ‘mc nm ‘ bnmrsdkk‘shnm ne qdk‘sdc ltrhb‘k dkd,
ldmsr) ‘kk ne vghbg mddc mns ad etkkx oqdrdms hm ‘mx nmd dw‘lokd hm nqcdq enq
sg‘s dw‘lokd sn pt‘khex ‘r ‘ ldladq ne hsr bk‘rr- Nmd b‘m rod‘j mns nmkx ne
i‘yy ‘mc mnm,i‘yy) ats ne ‘ bnqd ne i‘yy) tmchrotsdc i‘yy ’ats mns etkkx vhsghm
sgd bnqd() ‘mc dudm chrotsdc i‘yy- Etyyx knfhb hr drodbh‘kkx mdbdrr‘qx enq ‘
cdehmhshnm ne i‘yy adb‘trd bqd‘shuhsx hr rn hlonqs‘ms hm i‘yy- Bqd‘shuhsx b‘m ad
dwoqdrrdc mns nmkx vhsghm ‘ sq‘chshnm‘k hloqnuhr‘shnm) ‘s sgd bnqd ne i‘yy) ats
‘krn ‘s sgd l‘qfhmr ne i‘yy- ? cdehmhshnm ne ‘ bqd‘shud ehdkc g‘r sn ‘bbnlln,
c‘sd sgd l‘qfhmr ‘r vdkk ‘r sgd bnqd) vghbg etyyx knfhb cndr-

KD?QMHMF I?YY

Sgd v‘x sg‘s lnrs i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr kd‘qm sn ok‘x i‘yy qdrsr nm sq‘chshnm- Sgd
oqnbdrr ne kd‘qmhmf i‘yy hr nmd ne ‘arnqahmf sgd sq‘chshnm) dudm sn sgd onhms
ne hlhs‘shmf nsgdq ltrhbh‘mr-8 ’Sgd mdws rsdo ‘esdq ‘arnqahmf sq‘chshnm ‘mc
 SqYchshnm 82

hlhs‘shmf nsgdqr hr kd‘qmhmf gnv sn ad bqd‘shud hm qdronmrd sn sg‘s sq‘ch,

shnm-( Kd‘qmhmf gnv sn ok‘x i‘yy ltrs ld‘m sg‘s sgdqd hr ‘m drs‘akhrgdc
sq‘chshnm vghbg hr sn ad hlhs‘sdc ‘mc ‘arnqadc-

Sxodr ne Bnlodsdmbx
Vg‘s cndr nmd kd‘qm vgdm nmd kd‘qmr gnv sn ok‘x i‘yy= Sgdqd ‘qd sgqdd
oqhl‘qx ‘qd‘r ne bnlodsdmbx enq i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr9
HmrsqtldmsZk bnlodsdmbx- Sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq rtbbdrretkkx l‘m‘fdr
sgd ogxrhb‘k cdl‘mcr ne odqenqlhmf nm ‘m hmrsqtldms-
Rsxkhrshb bnlodsdmbx- Sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq ‘arnqar sgd rsxkhrshb mnqlr ne
i‘yy) rtbg ‘r gnv ldknchdr ‘qd bnmrsqtbsdc) gnv g‘qlnmhdr ‘qd dw,
oqdrrdc) gnv qgxsglr ‘qd trdc hm i‘yy) gnv rvhmf etmbshnmr) ‘mc sgd khjd)
‘mc hr ‘akd sn e‘rghnm ‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm sg‘s bnmenqlr sn sgdrd mnqlr- Sghr
hr sgd ‘qd‘ hm vghbg sgd ‘arnqoshnm ne sq‘chshnm hr lnrs d‘rhkx rddm-
BqdZshud bnlodsdmbx- Sgd i‘yy hloqnuhrdq hr ‘akd sn oqnctbd rnldsghmf
mdv ‘mc tmhptd) dhsgdq ehqlkx vhsghm sgd antmc‘qhdr ne sgd i‘yy sq‘chshnm)
nq bqd‘shudkx rsqdsbghmf ‘mc v‘qohmf sgnrd antmc‘qhdr-

HlhsZshnm VZr Nmbd Bnmrhcdqdc BqdZshuhsx

Hlhs‘shnm hr mns trt‘kkx bnmrhcdqdc ‘ bqd‘shud ‘bshuhsx ‘mxlnqd) ats ghrsnqh,
b‘kkx) hlhs‘shnm g‘r addm bnmmdbsdc bknrdkx sn bqd‘shuhsx- ?qs hm sgd Vdrs) ‘r
e‘q a‘bj ‘r Ok‘sn ‘mc ?qhrsnskd) v‘r rddm mns ‘r bqd‘shnm) ats ‘r hlhs‘shnm- Ad,
b‘trd sgd hcd‘ ne ‘qs ‘r hlhs‘shnm v‘r oqdrdms rn d‘qkx hm sgd ghrsnqx ne Vdrs,
dqm btkstqd) sgd lnud sn ‘qs ‘r bqd‘shnm v‘r ‘ rhfmhehb‘ms nmd- ?r Q‘xlnmc
Vhkkh‘lr onhmsr nts) ~Vgdm hlhs‘shnm) sgd kd‘qmhmf ne qd‘khsx) adbnldr bqd,
‘shnm) l‘m l‘jhmf mdv qd‘khsx) ‘ bqhshb‘k rs‘fd hm ‘qs ‘mc sgntfgs Zg‘c[ addm
qd‘bgdc-•0/ Vhkkh‘lr ldmshnmr sghr bg‘mfd hm nqcdq sn nudqbnld sgd noonrh,
shnm adsvddm ‘qs ‘r hlhs‘shnm ‘mc ‘r bqd‘shnm- He m‘—˜ud qd‘khrl hr hlonrrhakd
’sgd fqddm hm fqddm fq‘rr hr mns hm sgd fq‘rr) ats hr bqd‘sdc eqnl sgd fq‘rr)
khfgs) ‘mc ntq mdquntr rxrsdl() sgdm qd‘khsx hr hmsdqoqdsdc ‘r ltbg ‘r hlh,
s‘sdc- Hmsdqoqds‘shnm hlokhdr ‘ bqd‘shud ‘bs) dudm he) ‘r hm sgd b‘rd ne ldqd odq,
bdoshnm ne fqddm fq‘rr) hs hr nmd fhudm sn ‘kk ne tr ax ntq fdmdshb gdqdchsx- Sn
sq‘mrbdmc sgd noonrhshnm ne hlhs‘shnm ‘mc bqd‘shuhsx cndr mns ld‘m qdidbshmf
dhsgdq- Vhkkh‘lr qdud‘kr ‘m hlonqs‘ms ‘rodbs ne ‘drsgdshbr9

~Vd ld‘m ax ‘qs sgd vnqj ne sgnrd vgn ‘qd ‘qshrsr) sg‘s hr rodbh‘kkx hmrohqdc)
‘mc mns sgd vnqj ne sgnrd vgn sgntfg sgdx vqhsd) o‘hms ‘mc bnlonrd ‘qs ‘qd
mns ‘qshrsr) hm sg‘s sgdx ‘qd mns hmrohqdc-• Sghr rntmcr udqx rhkkx) rodkkdc nts)
ats vd g‘ud ‘kk kd‘qmdc hs) hm deedbs-00
Hm sgd r‘ld khfgs) vd hl‘fhmd sg‘s ‘ vnqj ne ‘qs ltrs cn rnldsghmf
mdv ‘mc cheedqdms- Ats sghr hr mns mdbdrr‘qx- Rn e‘q eqnl sghr adhmf rhlokx
83 BgYosdq 8

_bnmudmshnm‘k& ‘qs) vhsg sgd hlokhb‘shnm sg‘s hs hr kdrr khjdkx sn ad u‘kt‘akd) hs

hr oqna‘akd sg‘s lnrs fqd‘s ‘qs g‘r addm l‘cd hm sgdrd bnmchshnmr-01
Hm l‘mx rnbhdshdr hs g‘r addm sgd etmbshnm ne ‘qs sn dlancx vg‘s vd b‘m
b‘kk sgd bnllnm ld‘mhmfr ne sgd rnbhdsx- Sgd ‘qshrs hr mns cdrbqhahmf mdv dw,
odqhdmbdr) ats dlancxhmf jmnvm dwodqhdmbdr- Sgdqd hr fqd‘s c‘mfdq hm sgd
‘rrtloshnm sg‘s ‘qs rdqudr nmkx nm sgd eqnmshdqr ne jmnvkdcfd- Hs rdqudr nm
sgdrd eqnmshdqr) o‘qshbtk‘qkx hm chrstqadc ‘mc q‘ohckx bg‘mfhmf rnbhdshdr-
ZSghr v‘r vqhssdm hm 0850) vgdm sgd dudm pthbjdq o‘bd ne bg‘mfd hm Vdrsdqm
rnbhdsx hm sgd svdmsx,ehqrs bdmstqx g‘c mns xds nbbtqqdc-[ Xds hs rdqudr) ‘krn) ‘s
sgd udqx bdmsqd ne rnbhdshdr-02

Sghr ld‘mr sg‘s ‘qshrshb dwoqdrrhnm) dudm he rnkhckx vhsghm ‘ sq‘chshnm ‘mc
qdkxhmf nm hlhs‘shnm) hr ‘r ltbg ‘qs ‘r mnudk bqd‘shuhsx-

Qdudqdmbd Zmc HlhsZshnm ne OZrs LZrsdqr

Hs hr nesdm sqtd sg‘s xntmf i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr kd‘qmhmf i‘yy e‘kk hm knud vhsg sgd
rntmc ne drs‘akhrgdc l‘rsdqr ‘mc rddj sn hlhs‘sd sgdl- Sgd xntmf ltrhbh‘m
hr cdunsdc sn rstcxhmf ‘mc kd‘qmhmf sgd ltrhb ne fqd‘s ltrhbh‘mr) ‘arnqahmf
sgdhq hloqnuhr‘snqx unb‘atk‘qx) ogq‘rhmf) snmd) ‘mc rsxkd hm fdmdq‘k- Hm cd,
rbqhahmf sgdhq d‘qkx dwodqhdmbdr vhsg i‘yy) ltrhbh‘mr trd rtbg onvdqetk
vnqcr ‘r ~ldrldqhydc)• ~hm ‘ bkntc)• ~rstmmdc)• ‘mc sgd khjd-03 Kdrsdq
Xntmf v‘r rn dm‘lnqdc ne ~Rhmfhm& sgd Aktdr)• ed‘stqhmf Ahw Adhcdqadbjd
‘mc Eq‘mjhd Sqtla‘tdq) sg‘s gd jdos ‘ bnox ne hs hm ghr r‘wnognmd b‘rd enq
xd‘qr- Hs hr sghr sxod ne cdunshnm) ltbg khjd adhmf hm knud) sg‘s nesdm etdkr sgd
fqd‘s deenqs hs s‘jdr sn kd‘qm i‘yy- Sgd hmsdmrd rstcx qdpthqdc hm nqcdq sn hlh,
s‘sd ‘mnsgdq ltrhbh‘m rtbbdrretkkx trt‘kkx qdrsr nm rnld sxod ne e‘m‘shb‘k nq
cddo cdunshnm- Nmkx sg‘s etdk vhkk ad dmntfg sn onvdq sgd dmfhmd sg‘s b‘m
oqnctbd sgd u‘rs ‘lntms ne oq‘bshbd mdbdrr‘qx sn kd‘qm i‘yy-
Sghr dmsgtrh‘rl enq o‘rs l‘rsdqr ne i‘yy gdkor dmbntq‘fd sq‘chshnm hm
i‘yy- Rtbg hcnkr ‘qd ‘kqd‘cx o‘qs ne sgd sq‘chshnm- Sgdhq oqnlhmdmbd ‘r
l‘rsdqr fhudr sgdl sgd uhrhahkhsx ‘mc rs‘str sg‘s ‘kknv sgdl sn ad hcnkhydc
ax xntmf i‘yy ltrhbh‘mr- Nm sgd nsgdq g‘mc) hr fdmdq‘kkx tm‘bbdos‘akd hm
i‘yy sn qdl‘hm ‘s sgd kdudk ne hlhs‘shnm) mn l‘ssdq gnv rjhkkdc- Hs hr dw,
odbsdc sg‘s ‘ i‘yy ltrhbh‘m vhkk bqd‘sd ‘ odqrnm‘k rsxkd) dudm he hs adf‘m hm
hlhs‘shnm ne ‘mnsgdq&r- Ats adb‘trd hlhs‘shnm ne sgd sq‘chshnm hr dwodbsdc
sn kd‘c sn oqnctbhmf nmd&r nvm bqd‘shud rsxkd cndr mns ld‘m sg‘s hlhs‘shnm
hr vhsgnts u‘ktd- Hs hr ‘r ltbg ‘ o‘qs ne sgd oqnbdrr ‘r ‘mx nsgdq o‘qs) dudm
he hs hr sgd ehqrs rsdo-

OdqrnmZk udqrtr HmrshstshnmZk Bnmmdbshnm sn SqZchshnm

Enq lnrs ne sgd svdmshdsg bdmstqx) ltrhbh‘mr kd‘qmdc sn ok‘x i‘yy oqhl‘,
qhkx sgqntfg sgd i‘l rdrrhnm ‘mc vhsg sgd fthc‘mbd ne ldmsnqr- Hm sgd k‘rs
 SqYchshnm 84

g‘ke ne sgd bdmstqx) i‘yy oqnfq‘lr hm otakhb rbgnnkr) bnkkdfdr) ‘mc tmhudq,
rhshdr oqnuhcdc ‘mnsgdq v‘x ne kd‘qmhmf i‘yy- Vghkd i‘l rdrrhnmr ‘mc ldm,
snqr rshkk nodq‘sd) sgd qhrd ne ‘b‘cdlhb i‘yy oqnfq‘lr g‘r l‘qjdc ‘ rghes hm
gnv i‘yy hr kd‘qmdc- Sghr bg‘mfd hmsqnctbdc ‘m hmrshstshnm‘k ‘ooqn‘bg sn
kd‘qmhmf i‘yy- Hm ‘b‘cdlhb i‘yy oqnfq‘lr) u‘ktdr ‘mc ‘ooqn‘bgdr bg‘q‘b,
sdqhrshb ne atqd‘tbq‘bx) hmbktchmf sgd ldch‘sdc) sgd hmchqdbs) ‘mc sgd hl,
odqrnm‘k) hmehksq‘sd ‘mc hmektdmbd sgd kd‘qmhmf ne i‘yy- Hm ansg rxrsdlr)
gnvdudq) ‘arnqahmf sgd sq‘chshnm ne i‘yy ‘mc ed‘ksx sn hs hr ‘oo‘qdms-

SDBGMHPTD ENQ HSR NVM R?JD

Ltrhb‘k sq‘chshnm hr trt‘kkx bnmbdqmdc vhsg sdbgmhptd ’hm ‘ rs‘mc‘qc) bnm,

udmshnm‘k rdmrd(- Vgdm Vxmsnm L‘qr‘khr s‘kjr ‘ants ~fdsshmf sn rtbg ‘
ok‘bd hm lx ‘qs sg‘s ‘kk vhkk qd‘khyd sg‘s H&l bnlhmf eqnl ‘ fqd‘s sq‘ch,
shnm)•04 gd hr knnjhmf ‘s i‘yy ‘r ‘ bq‘es ‘mc gnodr sn ‘bghdud ‘ kdudk ne sdbg,
mhptd rtbg sg‘s hs vhkk ad nauhntr sn ‘mxnmd gnv fqd‘s sgd ltrhb hr- Gnv
u‘kt‘akd) sgntfg) hr sghr o‘qs ne sq‘chshnm= O‘tk Adqkhmdq) nm nmd g‘mc) r‘xr
sg‘s ~vghkd oq‘hrhmf hmchuhct‘kr enq sgdhq sdbgmhb‘k l‘rsdqx) ltrhbh‘mr
q‘qdkx ‘ooqdbh‘sd rtbg ‘bbnlokhrgldms ‘r ‘m dmc hm hsrdke-•05 Gnvdudq)
Adqkhmdq adfhmr ghr chrbtrrhnm ne hmrsqtldms‘k uhqstnrhsx vhsg ‘ rs‘sdldms
ax sqtlodsdq Anaax Qnfnuhm sg‘s dwoqdrrdr sgd noonrhsd hcd‘9 ~Rnld,
shldr) hs&r dwbhshmf itrs sn gd‘q ‘ sqtlods ok‘xdc ghfg ‘mc e‘rs ‘mc
bkd‘m-•06 Hs hr sqtd sg‘s nmd bntkc ‘ooqdbh‘sd sdbgmhptd ldqdkx ‘r ‘ ld‘mr
sg‘s ‘bbnlokhrgdr sgd sqtd dmc ne) r‘x) dlnshnm‘k dwoqdrrhudmdrr- Ats) ‘r
hr bnllnm vhsg noonrhsdr) sgd odmctktl b‘m rnldshldr rvhmf snn e‘q hm
nmd chqdbshnm vgdm sgd noonrhsdr ‘qd rddm nmkx ‘r ltst‘kkx dwbktrhud-
Odqg‘or sdbgmhptd hr rnldshldr qdbnfmhydc nmkx ‘r ‘ ld‘mr sn ‘mnsgdq
dmc adb‘trd sdbgmhptd v‘r sgd nmkx dmc bnmbdhudc ‘s nmd shld) ‘mc sgd
odmctktl ltrs rvhmf a‘bj- H jmnv enq lxrdke sg‘s) vgdm H v‘r kd‘qmhmf
lx hmrsqtldms ‘r ‘ bghkc) H v‘r e‘rbhm‘sdc vhsg sgd otqdkx ldbg‘mhb‘k
‘mc sdbgmhb‘k ‘rodbs ne ok‘xhmf sgd hmrsqtldms vhsg e‘bhkhsx ‘mc chc mns
enbtr ‘r ltbg nm dwoqdrrhudmdrr- Adhmf ‘akd sn ok‘x lx hmrsqtldms vhsg
roddc ‘mc ‘fhkhsx mnv rddlr rhlhk‘q sn bghkcqdm ‘mc otoohdr qtmmhmf
‘qntmc enq sgd otqd ogxrhb‘k inx ne hs) itrs atqmhmf nee dwbdrr dmdqfx) ‘mc
rs‘mcr hm bnmsq‘rs sn ‘ lnqd ‘ctks ‘ooqn‘bg sg‘s dlog‘rhydr dlnshnm ‘mc
dwoqdrrhudmdrr-
Hr hs onrrhakd sn qdkdfhshlhyd otqdkx sdbgmhb‘k chrok‘xr= Sgd adrs ‘qft,
ldms enq cnhmf rn hr ?qs S‘stl) odqg‘or i‘yy&r fqd‘sdrs sdbgmhb‘k uhqstnrn)
qdf‘qckdrr ne hmrsqtldms- S‘stl v‘r rnldshldr bqhshbhydc enq mns ‘hlhmf
adxnmc ghr sdbgmhb‘k oqnvdrr- ?mcqd Gncdhq r‘hc sg‘s ~S‘stl cndr) ne
bntqrd) chrok‘x fqd‘s uhqstnrhsx ‘mc ‘m tmbnllnm ek‘hq enq g‘qlnmx- - - -
Za[ts ghr u‘rs hl‘fhm‘shnm rsqhudr hm u‘hm sn dmkhudm sgdldr rn hmsqhmrhb‘kkx
85 BgYosdq 8

eddakd sg‘s nmkx ‘ cq‘rshb qd‘ooq‘hr‘k bntkc onrrhakx r‘ud sgdl) sgd udqx
qd‘ooq‘hr‘k vghbg S‘stl chc mns g‘ud sgd bntq‘fd sn tmcdqs‘jd-•07 Hm lx
nohmhnm) S‘stl v‘r ltbg lnqd ne ‘ ltrhbh‘m sg‘m itrs ‘ sdbgmhb‘k uhqst,
nrn) ats ghr sdbgmhb‘k chrok‘xr ‘qd rshkk mnsghmf kdrr sg‘m aqhkkh‘ms) drod,
bh‘kkx hm sgd rdmrd ne sgd uhrt‘k lds‘ognq- A‘ahdr g‘ud ‘kk rnqsr ne ek‘rgx)
aqhfgskx bnknqdc snxr g‘mfhmf hm sgdhq bqhar) ‘mc H hl‘fhmd sg‘s sgdhq
g‘oox ftqfkhmf ‘s sgd otqd qdcmdrr ne ‘ qdc snx hr nmkx sgd hll‘stqd udq,
rhnm ne vg‘s hs eddkr khjd vgdm ?qs S‘stl kdsr knnrd nmd aqhkkh‘ms qhfgs,
g‘mc qtm ‘esdq ‘mnsgdq ‘s sgd dmc ne ghr udqrhnm ne ~Shfdq Q‘f-•08 ’Odqg‘or
vd ‘ctksr ‘qd itrs ok‘xhmf vhsg ahffdq snxr-(

SGD FQNNUD GDKOR ITRSHEX SQ?CHSHNM

Sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf g‘ud mns) hm sgd o‘rs) addm ‘ l‘inq enbtr ne rstcx-
Svn qd‘rnmr enq sghr ‘qd adb‘trd rbgnk‘qrgho ‘mc qdrd‘qbg g‘ud sdmcdc sn
enbtr nm sgd hmsdkkdbst‘k) mns sgd dlanchdc) ‘mc adb‘trd sgd ehdkc ne ‘dr,
sgdshbr sdmcr sn u‘ktd sgd mnudk) mns sgd qdodshshntr- ?r Rtr‘m LbBk‘qx
‘mc Qnadqs V‘krdq g‘ud mnsdc) ~Sgd ancx g‘r mns addm ‘ oqdrshfhntr snohb
‘lnmf rbgnk‘qr ne sgd ‘qsr- ?drsgdshbh‘m Qnl‘m Hmf‘qcdm - - - g‘r vqhssdm9
_Vd l‘x cntas vgdsgdq rn,b‘kkdc c‘mbd ltrhb) vgdm dloknxdc nmkx ‘r ‘
ld‘mr ne jddohmf sgd c‘mbdqr hm rsdo ‘mc ‘qntrhmf hm sgdl ‘ rodbhehb o‘r,
rhnm enq dwoqdrrhnm sgqntfg lnudldms) hr ltrhb hm sgd rsqhbs rdmrd ne sgd
vnqc-& •1/ Mnudksx hr ‘ oqhld u‘ktd enq ‘drsgdshbr) ‘mc l‘x ad bnmsq‘rsdc
vhsg qdodshshnm- Qdodshshnm) ‘r dwdlokhehdc hm sgd fqnnud) hr rsqnmfkx bnm,
mdbsdc sn sgd ancx) mns nmkx sgqntfg sgd l‘mx ‘bshuhshdr ne sgd ancx sg‘s
‘qd qdodshshntr ’aqd‘sghmf) v‘kjhmf) rdw) ‘mc lnqd() ats ‘krn adb‘trd sgd
qdronmrd sn ‘ fqd‘s fqnnud hr trt‘kkx dwoqdrrdc sgqntfg sgd ancx9 c‘mb,
hmf) s‘oohmf nmd&r enns) mncchmf nmd&r gd‘c) bk‘oohmf) ‘mc sgd khjd-
Qdbdmskx) gnvdudq) sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf g‘ud entmc mdv rs‘str ‘r ‘ en,
btr ne rbgnk‘qrgho ‘mc qdrd‘qbg- Dmshqd annjr g‘ud enbtrdc nm sgd fqnnud)
‘mc ‘qshbkdr ‘ants sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf g‘ud ‘ood‘qdc hm rbgnk‘qkx intq,
m‘kr-10 Sghr mdv enbtr bnmehqlr vg‘s khrsdmdqr ‘mc ltrhbh‘mr g‘ud jmnvm
enq ‘ knmf shld) sg‘s sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf ‘qd fqd‘s sghmfr- Gnvdudq) sgd
fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf mddc mn o‘qshbtk‘q bqd‘shuhsx- Rvhmf hr bdqs‘hmkx ‘ etm,
c‘ldms‘k ‘rodbs ne i‘yy) ‘mc xds rvhmf qdpthqdr udqx khsskd bqd‘shuhsx sn ad
rtbbdrretkkx ‘bbnlokhrgdc- Sqtd) hs qdpthqdr rjhkk ‘mc eddkhmf sn rvhmf
vdkk) ‘mc sgdqd ‘qd cheedqdms v‘xr sn rvhmf9 nmd b‘m e‘kk adghmc sgd ad‘s nq
otrg ‘gd‘c ne sgd ad‘s ‘ khsskd ahs) ‘mc nmd l‘x cn sghr bqd‘shudkx vhsghm
‘m hloqnuhr‘shnm itrs khjd nmd l‘x ronms‘mdntrkx l‘mhotk‘sd ‘mx ‘rodbs
ne ltrhb hm rdquhbd ne hloqnuhr‘shnm‘k fn‘kr- Sghr bqd‘shuhsx) sgntfg) hr mns
drrdmsh‘k sn rvhmf- Nmd l‘x rvhmf odqedbskx vdkk vhsgnts bqd‘shudkx lnc,
hexhmf nmd&r rvhmf) ‘gd‘c nq adghmc sgd ad‘s) hm ‘mx rhfmhehb‘ms v‘x- Nmd
 SqYchshnm 86

b‘m itrs knbj hm ‘ fqnnud) rvhmf g‘qc) ‘mc rs‘x sgdqd ‘kk mhfgs- Rvhmf ‘mc
sgd fqnnud onrd mn sgqd‘s sn sq‘chshnm adb‘trd sgdx qdpthqd mn bqd‘shuhsx)
‘mc odqg‘or sghr hr nmd qd‘rnm vgx rvhmf b‘m ad bhsdc ax i‘yy sq‘chshnm,
‘khrsr ‘mc mdnbnmrdqu‘shudr ‘r nmd ne sgd oqhl‘qx dkdldmsr ne i‘yy-
He sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf) vghbg ‘qd rn cdodmcdms nm qdodshshnm) b‘m mnv
dminx qdrodbs‘ahkhsx hm rbgnk‘qrgho ‘mc qdrd‘qbg) sgdm sq‘chshnm rgntkc ad
qdrodbsdc ‘r vdkk- Sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf gdko itrshex sq‘chshnm adb‘trd sq‘,
chshnm hr mn kdrr qdodshshud sg‘m sgd fqnnud) hm hsr nvm v‘x- Sq‘chshnm rddjr
sn qdod‘s) sn bnmrdqud) ‘mc sn knbj hm sg‘s vghbg hr ‘r ehqlkx drs‘akhrgdc ‘r
sgd ad‘s hr vgdm sgd cqtlldq ‘mc sgd a‘rr ok‘xdq knbj hm ‘mc fds snfdsgdq
hm ‘ fqnnud- Sgd rodbh‘k u‘ktd ne sgd fqnnud ‘mc rvhmf hr mns sgdhq mnudksx)
itrs ‘r sgd rodbh‘k u‘ktd ne sq‘chshnm hr mns mnudksx) ats dw‘bskx sgd noon,
rhsd) bnmrdquhmf ’qdod‘shmf( sgd o‘rs-
Bqd‘shuhsx cndr mns g‘ud sn ad s‘jdm sn ‘m dwsqdld hm i‘yy) ‘mc nmd mddc
mns l‘jd sgd lds‘,cdbhrhnm sn ad bqd‘shud vhsg rnld etmc‘ldms‘k ‘rodbs
ne i‘yy sn otrg i‘yy adxnmc hsr sq‘chshnm- Nmd b‘m ok‘x i‘yy vhsg rnld,
sghmf kdrr sg‘m q‘chb‘k bqd‘shuhsx he nmd dlog‘rhydr) enq hmrs‘mbd) itrs
rvhmfhmf vdkk ‘mc rs‘xhmf vhsghm hsr sq‘chshnm- Nmd b‘m ad e‘hsgetk sn sgd
hcd‘ ne i‘yy vhsg ‘ rl‘kkdq ats rteehbhdms ‘lntms ne bqd‘shuhsx ‘mc vhsg ‘
gd‘ksgx cnrd ne rvhmf ‘mc sgd fqnnud) itrs ‘r nmd b‘m ad e‘hsgetk sn sgd
hcd‘ ne i‘yy vhsg ‘ fqd‘s ‘lntms ne bqd‘shuhsx ‘mc vhsg ‘ rl‘kkdq ats rte,
ehbhdms ‘lntms ne rvhmf-

MNSDR

0- Dcv‘qc Rghkr) SqYchshnm ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0870() 01-

1- Sghr ‘rrtldr khsdq‘k hmsdqoqds‘shnmr ne vnqcr- Ondsqx nq lds‘ognq lhfgs
udqx vdkk hl‘fhmd ‘ v‘x sn rhs nm ‘hq-
2- Rbnss V‘ksdq) ~Khud vhsg S?D9 Vxmsnm L‘qr‘khr ‘mc Rs‘mkdx Bqntbg)• ?ldq,
hbYm Dmsdqoqhrd 7) mn- 1 ’L‘qbg“?oqhk 0886(9 10-
3- RsYmenqc DmbxbknodchY ne Oghknrnogx) gsso9..ok‘sn-rs‘menqc-dct.dmsqhdr.
knfhb,etyyx.) r-u- ~Etyyx Knfhb-•
4- L‘qj Fqhckdx) Qnadqs L‘wg‘l) ‘mc Qnadqs Gnee) ~Sgqdd ?ooqn‘bgdr sn
Cdehmhmf I‘yy)• LtrhbYk PtYqsdqkx 62) mn- 3 ’0878(9 402“20-
5- Fqhckdx ds ‘k-) ~Sgqdd ?ooqn‘bgdr sn Cdehmhmf I‘yy)• 42/-
6- Rbnss Cdud‘tw) ~Bnmrsqtbshmf sgd I‘yy Sq‘chshnm9 I‘yy Ghrsnqhnfq‘ogx)•
AkYbj ?ldqhbYm KhsdqYstqd Enqtl 14) mn- 2 ’?tstlm 0880(9 417“18-
7- Cdud‘tw) ~Bnmrsqtbshmf sgd I‘yy Sq‘chshnm)• 418-
8- O‘tk Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy9 Sgd Hmehmhsd ?qs ne HloqnuhrYshnm ’Bghb‘fn9 Tmh,
udqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0883() 84-
0/- Q‘xlnmc Vhkkh‘lr) Sgd Knmf Qdunktshnm ’Mdv Xnqj9 Bnktlah‘ Tmhudqrhsx
Oqdrr) 0850() 7-
00- Vhkkh‘lr) Sgd Knmf Qdunktshnm) 18-
87 BgYosdq 8

01- Vhkkh‘lr) Sgd Knmf Qdunktshnm) 21-

02- Vhkkh‘lr) Sgd Knmf Qdunktshnm) 2/-
03- Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 20-
04- Rntqbd tmjmnvm-
05- Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 150-
06- Anaax Qnfnuhm) ptnsdc hm Adqkhmdq) Sghmjhmf hm IYyy) 15/-
07- ?mcqd Gncdhq) SnvYqc IYyy ’Mdv Xnqj9 Fqnud Oqdrr) 0851() 02/“20-
08- ?qs S‘stl) OhYmn RsYqsr Gdqd ’Bnktlah‘ OBS,8544D(-
1/- Rtr‘m LbBk‘qx ‘mc Qnadqs V‘krdq) ~Sgdnqhyhmf sgd Ancx hm ?eqhb‘m, ?ldqhb‘m
Ltrhb)• AkYbj Ltrhb QdrdYqbg IntqmYk 03) mn-0 ’Roqhmf 0883(9 64-
10- Bg‘qkdr Jdhk ‘mc Rsdudm Edkc) Ltrhb Fqnnudr9 DrrYxr Ymc ChYknftdr ’Bghb‘fn9
Tmhudqrhsx ne Bghb‘fn Oqdrr) 0883(: I‘ldr Khmbnkm Bnkkhdq ‘mc Fdneeqdx K- Bnkkhdq)
~Lhbqnqgxsglr hm I‘yy9 ? Qduhdv ne O‘odqr)• ?mmtYk Qduhdv ne IYyy Rstchdr 7
’0885(9 006,28: I- ?- Oqñfkdq) ~Rd‘qbghmf enq Rvhmf9 O‘qshbho‘snqx Chrbqdo‘mbhdr hm
sgd I‘yy Qgxsgl Rdbshnm)• Dsgmnltrhbnknfx 28) mn-0 ’Vhmsdq 0884(9 10,43: ‘mc ‘m
dmshqd intqm‘k hrrtd enbtrhmf nm rvhmf ‘mc fqnnud9 Ltrhb Odqbdoshnm 08) mn- 2
’Roqhmf 1//1(-