UNI

T2
Feedmechani
sms

Feedmechani
sm Themov ementofthetoolrel
ati
vet otheworkpi
eceister
medas
“f
eed”
.Thelat
hetoolcanbegivent
hreet
y pesoffeed,namel
y,l
ongi
tudi
nal
,cr
ossand
angul
ar.

When the toolmoves par

all
elt
ot he axi
s oft
he l
athe,t
he mov
ementi
s cal
l
ed
l
ongit
udinalf
eed.
Thi
sisachievedbymovi
ngthecar
ri
age.

Whenthetoolmovesper
pendicul
artotheaxi
soft
hel
athe,t
hemov
ementi
scal
l
ed
cr
ossfeed.
Thi
sisachi
evedbymov
ingthecrosssl
i
de.

Whent hetoolmov
esatanangl
etot
heaxisoft
helat
he,themovementi
scal
ledangul
ar
feed.
Thisisachiev
edbymov i
ngthecompoundsli
de,af
terswiv
eli
ngitatanangletothe
l
atheaxis.

Feedr odThef eedrodisal ongshaf t

,usedtomov ethecarri
ageorcross-
sli
defor
turning,
facing, bor
ingandal
lotheroperat
ionsexceptt
hreadcut
ti
ng.Poweri
stransmit
tedfr
om
thelathespi ndl
etot
heaprongearst hr
oughthefeedr
odviaalar
genumberofgears.

Leadscrew Theleadscr ewislongt hr

eadedshaftusedasamast erscr
ewandbr ought
i
nto
operati
ononlywhent hreadshavetocut .I
nal
lotherti
mestheleadscrewi sdi
sengaged
fr
om t hegearboxandr emai
nsst ati
onar
y.Ther ot
ati
onoftheleadscrew isusedt o
tr
aversethetoolalongt heworkt oproducescrew.Thehal
fnutmakest hecarr
iaget o
engageordisengaget heleadscrew.

Thef eedmechani sm i susedt ot r

ansmi tpowerfrom thespindletot hecarriage.
Therefor
e, i
tconvertsr otarymot i
onofthespindl
eint
ol i
nearmot
ionoft hecarr
iage.The
feedcanbegi veneitherbyhandoraut omati
cal
ly
.Forautomati
cf eedi
ng,thefoll
owing
feedmechani smsar eused:
1.Tumbl ergearrev ersingmechanism.
2.Qui ck-
changegear box.
3.Tumbl ergearqui ck-changegearbox.
4.Apr onmechani sm.
5.Bev elgearfeedr eversi
ngmechani sm.

1Tumblergearrever
singmechanism
Tumblergearmechanism i
susedt ochangethedir
ect
ionofl
eadscrewandfeedrod.By
engagi
ngt umbl
ergear,t
hecarr
iagecanbemov edal
ongthel
atheaxisi
nei
therdi
rect
ion
duri
ngthreadcut
ti
ngorautomat i
cmachining.
Thet umblergearuni thast wopini
ons( AandB)ofsamesi zeandi smountedona
bracket.The
bracketispivotedatapoi ntandcanbemov edupanddownbyal everL.Thebracket
maybepl acedint hr
eeposi t
ionsi.e.
,upward,downwardandneut r
al.Gear‘C’isa
spindl
egearat t
achedtot helathespindl
e.Gear‘D’isthest
udgear.Thestudgeari s
connectedt otheleadscrewgearthroughasetofinter
mediat
egear
s.

Whent heleverisshiftedupwar dposi t

ion,t hegear‘A’isengagedwi thspi ndlegear‘
C’
andt he
poweri stransmitt
edt hroughC- A-D-
E-F.Dur ingthisposi
ti
on,leadscrewwi l
lrotatei
nthe
same
directi
onasspi ndlerotates( i
.e.bothant i
clockwise).Now,thecar r
iagemov estowards
theheadst ock.
Whent heleveri
sshifteddownwar d,t
hegear‘ B’isengagedwi t
hspindlegear‘ C’andthe
poweri stransmitt
edt hroughC- B-
A-D- E-
F.Hence,t heleadscr ew wi l
lr otateinthe
opposi t
edirecti
onoft hespi ndle.Now, thecar ri
agemov estowar dstail
stock.
When t he bracketisi n neut r
alposi ti
on,t he engagementoft umblergear si s
disconnectedwi t
hthe
spindlegear.Hence,ther eisnopowert ransmi ssiontoleadscrew.

2Qui ck-changegearbox
Qui ck-changegear boxi susedt ogetv ari
ouspowerfeedsi nt helathePowerf r
om the
l
at hespi ndl
eistransmi t
tedt of eedshaftthroughtumblergear ,changegeart r
ainand
quick- changegear box.Shaf tA( Conegearshaf t
)contains9di ffer
entsizesofgear s
key edwi thit
.ShaftB( Sli
dinggearshaf t
)hasagearandi treceives9di f
ferentspeeds
from shaf tAbyt heuseofsl i
dinggear.ShaftBisconnect edt oshaftC( Drivenshaft
)
through4coney ears.Theref ore,ShaftCcanget9X4=36di ffer
entspeeds.Theshaf t
Ci sconnect edtol eadscr ew byacl ut
chandf eedrodbyageart r
ain.Leadscr ew i
s
usedf ort hr
eadcuttingandf eedr odisusedforautomati
cf eeds.
3Tumblergearquick-
changegearbox
Thediff
erentspeedofthedrivi
ngshafti
sobt
ainedbyat
umbl
ergearandconegear
arr
angement.

schemat
icar
rangementoft
umbl
ergearqui
ck-
changegearbox.

Iti
ssi mplerthanqui ck-
changegear box.Atumblergearandaslidi
nggearareat t
ached
tothe
bracketasshowni nFig.2.7.Dri
vi
ngshaf thasaconegearmadeupofdi ffer
entsizesof
gears.Theslidinggeariskey edtothedrivenshaf
twhichisconnect
edbythel eadscrew
orfeedr od.Theslidinggearcanbemadet osli
deandengagedatanydesi r
edposi t
ion.
Byslidingthesl i
dinggeart ovari
ousposi ti
onsandengagingthetumblergear,vari
ous
speedscanbeobt ained.
4Apr onmechani sm
Leadscrew andfeedr
odisget
ti
ngpowerf r
om spindl
egearthr
ought
umbl
ergear
s.
Poweri
s
tr
ansmit
tedfrom f
eedr
odt
otheworm wheel
throughgear
sA,B,
C,Dandwor
m.

Aspl i
nedshaftisat
tachedwithworm wheel
.Thespli
nedshafti
salwaysengagedwith
thegears
FandGwhi char ekeyedtothefeedcheckshaft.Aknob‘E’i
sfit
tedwit
hf eedcheck
shaft.Feedcheckknob‘E’canbeplacedi
nthreeposi
ti
onssuchasneutr
al,push-
inand
pull
-out.

Whent hefeedcheckknob‘ E’i

si nneutralposi
ti
on,powerisnott r
ansmitt
edeithert o
crossfeed
screw ort ot hecar r
iagesincegear sFandG hav eno connectionwithH andK.
Therefore,handfeedisgi v
enasf oll
ows.Whent helongit
udi
nalfeedhandwheelrot ates,
pini
onIwi llalsober otatedthroughIandH.pi nionIwillmov eonr ackfort aking
l
ongitudinalfeed.Forgetti
ngcrossfeed,crosssl
idescrewwill
ber ot
atedbyusingcr oss
sl
idehandwheel .

Whent hef eedcheckknob‘ E’ispush-i

n,rotat
inggearGwi l
lbeengagedt oH.t henthe
power
willbetr
ansmi t
tedtopini
onI .pi
nionIwil
lrotat
eonr ack.So,aut
omat i
clongi
tudi
nalfeed
takesplace.Whent hefeedcheckknob‘ E’i
spul l
ed-out
,ther ot
ati
nggearFwi llbe
engagedt oK.Hence, t
hepowerwi l
lbetr
ansmi tt
edtocrossfeedscrewsthroughL.This
l
eadst oaut omati
ccrossfeed.

Forthreadcutt
ing,hal fnutisengagedbyhal fnutl everaft
erput t
ingknob‘E’neut
ral
posit
ion.
Halfnutisfi
rml
yat tachedwi ththecarri
age.Astheleadscrewr otat
es,thecarr
iagewil
l
automatical
l
ymov eal ongt heaxisofthelat
he.Bothlongit
udinalandcrossfeedcanbe
rev
ersedbyoper at
ingt hetumblergearmechanism.

5Bev
elgearf
eedr
ever
singmechani
sm
Thetumblergearmechani
sm being anon-rigid constr
ucti
on cannotbeused ina
modernheavy
dut
ylathe.Theclut
choperatedbevelgearfeedr ever
singmechanism incor
por
ated
bel
owtheheadstockori
napronprov
idessuff
icientrigi
dit
yinconst
ructi
on.

Themot i
oni scommuni catedf rom t hespindlegear2t ot hegearont hest udshaft
throught he
i
nt ermediategear.Thebev elgear8isat tachedt othegearont hestudshaf tandbot hof
them canf r
eelyrotateonshaf t7.Thebev elgear8mesheswi thbevelgear12and12
meshwi t
h10.12,10and8ar ehav ingequalnumberoft eeth.Thebev elgear10can
alsor otat
ef r
eelyonshaft7.Acl utch11i skey edtot heshaft7byaf eat
herkeyandmay
beshi ftedtoleftorri
ght,
byt helever9t obeengagedwi t
hthegear8or10ori tremains
i
nt heneut ralposit
ion.Whent heclutchengageswi thbevelgear8,gear3whi chi skeyed
tot heshaf t7andt heleadscr ew,r otatesint hesamedi recti
onast hegear2.The
directionofrotati
onisreversedwhent heclutch11engageswi thgear10.
Lat
heThr
eadi
ng
Threadcut
ti
ngont helatheisaprocesst
hatproducesahel
icalr
idgeofunifor
m sect
ion
ont hewor
kpiece.Thi
sisper f
ormedbyt aki
ngsuccessi
vecutswithathreadi
ngtoolbi
t
thesameshapeast hethreadfor
mr equi
red.

Pr
act
iceExer
cise:

1.Fort
hispract
iceexer
cisefort
hreadi
ng,
youwi
l
lneedapi
eceofr
oundmat
eri
al,
tur
ned
toanoutsi
detreadDiameter
.

2.Usi
ngei
therapart
ingtooloraspeci
all
ygr
oundt
ool
,makeanunder
cutf
ort
het
read
equal
toi
tssingl
edepthpl
us.005i
nch.

3.Thef
ormul
abel
owwi
l
lgi
vey
out
hesi
ngl
edept
hforunder
taki
nguni
fi
edt
hreads:

d=Px0.
750

Wher
ed=Si
ngl
eDept
h,P=Pi
tch,
n=Numberoft
hreadsperi
nch(
TPI
)

I
nfeedDept
h=.
75/n

Thr
eadCal
cul
ati
ons
Tocutacorrectt
hreadont hel
athe,i
tisnecessaryf
ir
sttomakecal
cul
ati
onssothatthe
thr
eadwi
llhaveproperdimensions.Thefol
lowingdi
agramsandfor
mulaswil
lbehelpful
whencal
culati
ngthreaddimensions.

Exampl
e:Cal
cul
atet
hepi
tch,dept
h,mi
nordi
amet
er,andwi
dthoff
latf
ora¾-
10NC
thr
ead.

P = 1/n = 1/10 = 0.
100i
n.

Dept
h = .
7500xPi
tch = .
7500x.
100 = .
0750i
n.

Mi
norDi
amet
er = Maj
orDi
amet
er–(
D+D) = .
750–(
.075+.
075) = 0.
600i
n.
Wi
dthofFl
at = P/8 = (
1/8)x(
1/10) = .
0125i
n.

Pr
ocedur
efort
hreadi
ng:

1.Sett
hespeedt
oaboutonequar
teroft
hespeedusedf
ort
urni
ng.

2.Sett
hequi
ckchangegear
boxf
ort
her
equi
redpi
tchi
nthr
eads.(
Thr
eadsperi
nch)

Fi
gur
e1.Thr
eadandFeedChar
t

Fi
gur
e2.Set
ti
ngGear
box
3.Sett
hecompoundr
estat29degr
eest
other
ightf
orr
ighthandt
hreads.

Fi
gur
e3.29Degr
ees

4.I
nst
all
a60degr
eet
hreadi
ngt
ool
bitandsett
hehei
ghtt
othel
athecent
erpoi
nt.

Fi
gur
e4.60Degr
eeThr
eadi
ngTool

5.Sett
het
ool
bitandar
ightangl
est
othewor
k,usi
ngat
hreadgage.
Fi
gur
e5.
 Usi
ngt
heCent
ergaget
oposi
ti
ont
het
ool
formachi
ningThr
eads 

6.Usi
ngal
ayoutsol
uti
on,
coatt
hear
eat
obet
hreaded.

Fi
gur
e6.Lay
out

7.Movet
hethr
eadingtooluptot
hepartusi
ngbot
hthecompoundandt
hecr
ossf
eed.
Sett
hemicr
ometertozeroonbot
hdi
als.
Fi
gur
e7.Compound                  
Figur
e8.Cr
ossFeed

8.Movecr
ossfeedt
ot hebacktoolof
fthewor
k,mov
ecar
ri
aget
otheendoft
hepar
t
andr
esett
hecr
ossfeedtozero.

Fi
gur
e9.
 Endoft
hepar
tandCr
ossf
eedt
oZer
o

9.Usi
ngonl
ythecompoundmi
cromet
er,
feedi
n.001t
o.002i
nch.
Fi
gur
e10:
Compoundf
eedi
n.002i
nch

10.Tur
nont
hel
atheandengaget
hehal
fnut
.

Fi
gur
e11:
On/
OffLev
erandHal
fNut
 

11.Takeascr
atchcutonthepartwi
thoutcutt
ingfl
uid.Disengagethehal
fnutatt
he
endofthecut
,stopthelat
heandbackoutt hetoolusingthecr ossf
eed.Ret
urnt
he
car
ri
agetot
hestart
ingposi
ti
on.
Fi
gur
e12.St
art
ingPosi
ti
on

12.Usi
ngascr
ewpi
tchgageorar
ulecheckt
het
hreadpi
tch.(
Thr
eadsperi
nch)

Fi
gur
e13.Scr
ewPi
tchGage     
    
Figur
e14.Scr
ewPi
tchGage(
10)

13.Feedthecompoundin.005to.020inchfort
hefi
rstpassusi
ngcut
ti
ngoi
l
.Asy
ou
getneart
hefi
nalsi
ze,r
educethedepthofcutto.
001t
o.002inch.

14.Cont
inuet
hispr
ocessunt
ilt
het
ool
iswi
thi
n.010i
nchoft
hef
ini
shdept
h.
Fi
gur
e15.Thr
eadi
ngoper
ati
on

15.Checkthesi
zeusi
ngascr
ew t
hreadmi
cromet
er,t
hreadgage,orusi
ngt
het
hree
wir
esystem.

Fi
gur
e16.Thr
eewi
remeasur
ement

16.Chamf
ert
heendoft
het
hreadt
opr
otecti
tfr
om damage.
Lat
heoper
ati
on:
Lathemachineperf
ormsthediff
erentoperat
ionsuchast ur
ning,faci
ng,t
apert
urni
ng,
knurl
ing,
groov
ing,
part
ingof
f,el
ectr
ictur
ning,
threadcut
ti
ng,reamingetc.

Let
’sdi
scussal
ll
athemachi
neoper
ati
onsonebyoneasf
oll
ows.

To per
form di
ff
erentl
athemachineoperat
ionson a l
athe,t
hewor
kpi
ecemaybe
suppor
tedanddri
venbyanyoneofthef
oll
owingmet
hods:

1.Workpi
eceheldbet
weencentresandt ooldr
ivenbycarr
ier
sandcatchplat
es.
2.Workpi
eceheldonamandr elwhichissuppor t
edbetweencentr
esanddr i
venby
car
ri
ersandcatchpl
ates.
3.Hel
danddrivenbychuckwiththeotherendsupport
edont hetai
l
stockcentr
e.
4.Hel
danddrivenbya chuckorafaceplateoranangleplat
e.

Theabov
emet
hodsofhol
dingt
hewor
kmaybecl
assi
fi
edundert
woheadi
ng:
 Wor
kpi
ecehel
dbet
weencentr
es.
 Wor
kpi
ecehel
dbyachuckoranyot
herf
ixt
ures.
Thel
athemachi
neoper
ati
onsar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
hreemai
ncat
egor
ies.

Lathemachi
neoper
ati
onsdoneei
therbyhol
dingt
hewor
kpi
ecebet
weencent
resorbya
chuckar
e:

1.Turning
1.Pl ainorStrai
ghtTur
ning
2.RoughTur ning
3.Shoul derTur ni
ng
4.TaperTur ning
5.Eccent ri
cTur ni
ng
2.Facing
3.Chamf er
ing
4.Knur l
ing
5.Threadcut ti
ng
6.Fil
i
ng
7.Polishing
8.Groov ing
9.Spinning
10.
SpringWi ndi
ng
11.
Formi ng

Lathemachineoperat
ionswhichar
eper
for
medbyhol
dingt
hewor
kbyachuckora
facepl
ateoranangl
eplatear
e:

1.Dri
ll
i
ng
2.Reami ng
3.Bori
ng
4.Counterboring
5.Taperbor i
ng
6.Tapping
7.Undercutti
ng
8.I
nternalthreadcut
ti
ng
9.Part
ing-off

Theoper
ati
onwhi
chi
sper
for
medbyusi
ngspeci
alat
tachment
sar
e:

1.Gr
inding
2.Mi
lli
ng
1.
 Lat
hemachi
neoper
ati
ons(
wor
kpi
ecebet
weencent
res)
 
donebyhol
dingt
hewor
kpi
ecebet
weencent
resorbyachuckar
e:

1.Tur
ning:
Iti
st hemostcommont y
peofoperat
ioninal
llat
hemachineoperat
ions.Tur
ningist
he
operati
onofremovi
ngtheexcessmater
ialf
rom thewor
kpiecet
opr oduceacy l
i
ndri
cal
surf
acet ot
hedesi
redl
ength.

The j
ob hel
d bet
ween t
he cent
re ora chuck and r
otat
ing ata r
equi
red speed.

Thet oolmovesi
nal ongi
tudinaldi
rect
iontogi
vethef
eedt
owar
dst
heheadst
ockwi
th
properdept
hofcut.Thesurfacefi
nishi
sv er
ygood.

1.
1St
rai
ghtTur
ning:

Theworkpi
eceisheldonthechuckandi tismadetor
otat
eaboutt
heaxis,andthetool
i
sf edpar
all
eltothelat
heaxis.Thestraightt
urni
ngpr
oducesacyl
indr
icalsur
faceby
removi
ngexcessmetalf
rom t
hewor kpi
ece.

1.
2RoughTur
ning:

I
tisthepr
ocessofremovalofexcessmater
ialf
rom theworkpi
eceinaminimum t
ime
byappl
yi
nghighr
atefeedandheavydept
hofcut .i
nroughturni
ngtheav
eragedept
hof
cut2mm t
o4mm canbegi
venandf
eedi
sfr
om 0.
3to1.
5mm perr
evol
uti
onoft
hewor
k.

1.
3Shoul
derTur
ning:

Whenawor kpi
ecehasdi f
ferentdiameter
sandistobeturned,t
hesurf
acefor
mi ng
stepsf
rom onediametertotheotheriscall
edt
heshoul
der
,andmachi
ningthi
spartof
theworkpi
eceiscal
ledshouldert
urning.

1.
4TaperTur
ning:
 A”taper
”istheuni
for
mi ncreaseordecr
easeinthedi
amet
eroftheworkpi
ece
andmeasuredal
ongwithi
tsl engt
h.
 Tapertur
ningmeanst o produceaconicalshapebyagradualr
educt
ionin
di
ameterfr
om acyl
i
ndri
cal workpi
ece.
Theamountoft
aperi
ntheworkpieceisusual
l
yspeci
fi
edont
hebasi
softhedi
ff
erence
i
ndiameteroft
hetapert
oit
sl ength.I
tisknownasaconeanditi
sindi
cat
edbyt he
l
ett
er 
K.

I
thast
hef
ormul
aK=D-
d/1t
opr
oducet
het
aperont
hewor
kpi
ece.

 D=Lar
gerdiameteroftaper
.
 d=Small
diameteroftaper.

I
ncaseoflathe,
thet
aperonagiv
enworkpi
eceisobt
ainedbytuni
ngthej
obandfeedi
ng
t
hetoolatanangletoproduceagr
aduali
ncreaseordecreasei
nthediamet
erofthe
wor
kpiece.

 Thetwoimpor tantt y
pesoft apersare,
o ” Moret aper”her e,t
heangl eisverysmal
landvar
iesfr
om 1.
4t o1.5°
.
o ” Metri
ct aper ”isav ailabl
ei nsevenstandar
dsizeswit
hst andardtaper
angles.
 Methodsoftapert urning,
o F ormt ool met hod
o Co mbi nedf eedsmet hod
o Co mpoundr estmet hodorswi vel
li
ngcompoundrestmet
hod
o Ta il
stocksetov ermet hod
o Ta pertur ni
ngat tachmentmet hod
1.
4.1For
mtool
met
hod

Her
e t
he t
aper l
engt
h obt
ain i
s equal t
o t
he wi
dth of t
he f
orm t
ool
.

Toobtai
ntherequi
redsizeoft
hetapert
he
for
m t ooli
sfed sl
owlystr
aighti
ntot
he workpi
ece byoperat
ing t
he cr
oss sl
i
de
perpendi
cul
art
othel
atheaxi
s.

Thi
sist
hesi
mpl
estmet
hodoft
apert
urni
ng.

I
tisl
imi
tedt
oobt ai
nsmal
ltaperlengt
hsuchaschamf
eri
ngt
hesi
deoft
hewor
kpi
ece.
Themet
hodisdoneataf
asterrat
e.

1.
4.2Combi
nedf
eedsmet
hod

Thecombinedf
eedi
smadewi t
hthemov ementofatooli
nlongi
tudi
nalandlat
eral
di
rect
ion si
mul
taneousl
y whi
l
e movi
ng the workpi
ece.
Thet
aper,whi
chwear egoingtoobt
ain,
isequal
tot
her
esul
tantt
othemagni
tude 
oft
he
l
ongi
tudi
nalandl
ater
alfeeds.

Changi
ngt
hef
eedsr
atesi
nbot
hdi
rect
ionscanchanget
hedi
rect
ionandt
het
aperangl
e.

1.
4.3Compoundr
estswi
vel
met
hod

Her
ethewor
kpi
ecer
otat
esandt
het
ool
isf
edatanangl
ebyswi
vel
l
edcompoundr
est
.

Thebaseoft
hecompoundr
esti
s gr
aduat
edi
ndegr
ees.

Thetaperanglei
stheangl
eatwhichthecompoundrestt
ober ot
atedi
scal
cul
atedby
usi
ngthef or
mulatanα=D-d/21,where,D=bi
ggerdi
ameter
, d=small
erdi
ameter
,l=
l
engthoftheworkpi
ece.

Compoundr
estcanbeswi
vel
l
edt
other
equi
redangl
e α.

Oncethecompoundr
esti
ssett
opar
ti
cul
arangl
ethent
het
ooli
smov
edbycompound
r
estandwheel
.

1.
4.4Tapert
urni
ngat
tachmentmet
hod

 Thi
smet hodi ssi
mi l
artot hecompoundr estmet hod.
 Herethej oborwor kpiecer ot
atesandthetool i
sf edatthetaperangle 
α.
 I
nt hi
s,ar rangement,whi chhasgui deblockgr aduat
edi ndegrees,wit
hthehel
p
ofthi
st hebl ockcanber equi
redtaperanglet
ot helatheaxis.
 Thet aperangl ei scal culat
edsi mil
arl
yt o compoundr estmet hodusingt
he
for
mul a:tanα=D- d/21.

1.
4.5Adv
ant
agesoft
apert
urni
ngat
tachmentmet
hod:

 I
nter
nal t
aperscanbeobtainedaccurately
.
 l
argesizetaperscanbeeasilyobtai
ned.
 Oncetheattachmentissetthetaperturni
ngoper
ati
oncandoatafast
err
ate.
 Bysett
ingthetaperangl
eto‘ zer
o’wecancar r
youtpl
aint
urni
ng.

1.
4.6Di
sadv
ant
agesoft
apert
urni
ngat
tachment
:
  I
trequi
resaddi
ti
onalmounti
ngfaci
li
ties.
 Fi
tt
ingandremovingat
tachmentconsumemor
eti
me.
 Theatt
achmenthastotakelar
geforces.

Tai
l
stocksetov
ermet
hod

Thet
ail
stocksetov
erar
rangementi
smadeasshowni
nthef
igur
e.

Her
etheworkpi
eceont
hej
obi
sti
l
tedatt
her
equi
redt
aperangl
e.Thet
ool
isf
edpar
all
el
t
otheaxi
s.

Thetil
ti
ngofthewor kpi
eceorthej
obtother equi
redt
aperangl
eisachi
evedbythe
movementoftailst
ockwi ththehel
poftai
lst
ocksetoverthescrew.Thi
smethodis
usef
ulforsmal
ltapers.

1.
5Eccent
ri
ctur
ning
Whenacyli
ndr
icalsur
facet
woseparat
eaxi
sofrot
ati
on,wit
hthefi
rstaxi
s,i
soffsetto
t
heotheraxi
st hensuchaworkpi
eceismachi
nedbyt heoper
ati
oncalledeccentr
ic
t
urni
ng.

Herethr
eeset
sofcent r
ehol esaredr i
l
led.
Byholdingtheworkpi
eceattheset
hree
cent
rest
hemachi
ningoperat
ionforeachofthesur
face 
canbecomplet
ed.

2.Faci
ng:
I
tisanoper
ationofr
educi
ngthelengt
hoft
heworkpiecebyf
eedi
ngtheperpendicul
art
o
t
helat
heaxis.Thi
soperat
ionofr
educi
ngafl
atsur
faceontheendoftheworkpiece.
Forthi
soper
ati
on,regul
art
urningtoolorf
aci
ngtoolmayuse.Thecut
ti
ngedgeoft
he
tool
shoul
dsettothesameheightasthecent
reoft
heworkpi
ece.

 Faci
ngconsistof2operat
ions
o Roughing:Her
ethedepthofcuti
s1.
3mm
o Fi
nishing:
 Her
ethedepthofcuti
s0.
2-0.
1mm.

3.Chamf
eri
ngoper
ati
on
I
tistheoperat
ionofget
ti
ngabev
ell
edsur
faceatt
heedgeofacy
li
ndr
icalwor
kpi
ece.
Thi
s oper ati
on is done i n case of bol t ends and shaf t ends.

Chamfer
inghel
pstoavoiddamagetotheshar
pedgesandprot
ectt
heoperat
ionget
ti
ng
hur
tduri
ngotheroper
ati
ons.Chamf
eri
ngonbolthel
pst
oscrewthenuteasi
ly
.

4.Knur
li
ngoper
ati
on
I
tisanoper
ati
onofobt
aini
ngadi
amondshapeont
hewor
kpi
ecef
ort
hegr
ippi
ng
pur
pose.

Thisisdonetoprovi
deabettergri
ppi
ngsur
facewhenoperat
edbyhands.I tisdone
usi
ngaknur l
i
ngtool.Thet
oolconsi
stsofasetofhar
denedsteelr
oll
er,anditi
sheld
ri
gidl
yonthetool
post.

Knurli
ngisdoneatthelowestspeedavai
labl
eonal at
he.I
tisdoneont
hehandlesand
alsoincaseofendsofgauges.Thefeedv ar
iesfrom 1to2mm perrev
olut
ion.Twoor
threecutmaybenecessaryt
ogivetheful
limpression.

5.Thr
eadcut
ti
ng
I
tistheimport
antoper
ati
onint hel
athetoobtai
nthecontinuous”hel
icalgrooves”or”
t
hreads’
‘.Whenthethr
eadsorhel i
calgroovesareformedont heoutsur f
aceoft he
workpi
eceiscall
edexter
nalthreadcutt
ing.Whent hethr
eadsorhel icalgroovesare
f
ormedont hei
nnersur
faceoftheworkpi
eceiscall
edint
ernalthr
eadcut t
ing.

Thewor kpi
eceisrotat
ingbetweent hetwocent r
esi.e.,li
vecentreanddeadcentreos
thel
athe.Herethetoolismovedlongitudi
nal
lytoobtaint herequi
redtypeoft
hethread.
Whent hetooli
smov edfrom r
ighttothelef
twegett hel eft
-handthr
ead.Si
mil
arl
y,when
thet
ool i
smov edfr
om leftt
other i
ghtwegett heri
ght-handt hr
ead.

Herethemoti
onofthecar
ri
ageispr
ovi
dedbytheleadscrew.Apairofchangegear
s
dr
ivesthel
eadscr
ewandbyrot
ati
ngt
hehandl
ethedepthofcutcanbecontr
oll
ed.
6.Fi
l
li
ng
I
tisthefinishi
ngoper at
ionper
for
medaftert
urni
ng.Thi
sisdoneonalat
hetor
emove
burr
s,sharpcorners,andfeedmarksonaworkpi
eceandalsotobr
ingi
ttot
hesi
zeby
removi
ngt heverysmal l
amountofmetal
.

Theoperat
ionconsist
sofpassi ngaf latsingl
ecutfil
eov erthewor
kpi
ecewhi
ch
rev
olv
esatahighspeed.Thespeedisusuall
ytwicet
hatoftur
ning.

7.Pol
i
shi
ng
Thi
soper at
ionisperfor
medaf t
erfi
li
ngtoimprov
ethesur
facequal
it
yoftheworkpi
ece.
Pol
ishi
ng wi t
hsuccessivel
yf i
nergradesofemeryclot
haf t
erfil
i
ng r
esul
tsinv ery
smooth,bri
ghtsurface.Thelat
heisrunathighspeedsf
rom 1500to1800m permin,
andoili
susedont heemer ycl
oth.

8.Gr
oov
ing

I
tisthepr
ocessofreduci
ngt hedi
ameterofawor kpieceoveraverynarrowsurf
ace.I
t
i
sdonebygroovetool.Agroovi
ngtooli
ssimilart
ot hepart
ing-
offtool
.Itisof
tendone
att
heendofathreadoradj
acenttoashouldertol
eav easmallmargin.
9.Spi
nni
ng
i
tisthepr
ocessoffor
mingathinsheetofmetalbyrevol
vi
ngthejobathighspeedand
pr
essingi
tagai
nstaheadst
ockspi
ndle.Asupporti
salsogiv
enfr
om thetail
stockend.

10.Spr
ingWi
ndi
ng
Spri
ngwi ndi
ngist hepr ocessofmakingacoi l
edspri
ngbypassingawirearounda
mandr elwhi
chisrevolvedonachuckorbet weencentr
es.Asmallhol
eisprov
idedon
thesteelbar
,whi
chi ssuppor t
edbyToolPostandthewi
rei
sal
lowedtopassthr
oughit
.

11.For
ming
I
tisthepr
ocessofturni
ngaconvex,concaveorofanyi
rr
egul
arshape.For
m-t
urni
ng
maybeaccompl
ishedbythef
oll
owi
ngmet hod:

1.Usingafor
mingtool
.
2.Combini
ngcrossandlongi
tudi
nal
feed.
3.Traci
ngorcopyi
ngatemplate.

Formingt ool
sar enotsupposedt
or emovemuchoft hemat
erialandi
susedmainlyfor
fi
nishingformedsur f
aces.Gener
all
y,twotypesoff
or mi
ngtoolsareusedst
rai
ghtand
ci
rcular.Str
aightty
peisusedforwidersur
faceandt
hecir
cul
art y
pefornar
rowsurf
aces.
2. 
Lathe machi
ne oper
ati
ons (
hol
ding t
he wor
k by a
chuck) 
per
for
medbyhol
dingt
hewor
kbyachuckoraf
acepl
ateoranangl
epl
atear
e:

1.Dr
il
li
ng
Dri
ll
ingistheoperati
onofproduci
ngacy l
indr
icalhol
einaworkpi
ece.I
tisdonebya
rot
atingt
ool,
therotat
ingsi
deofthecut
ter
,knownasdr i
ll
i
ngdr
il
l.

I
nthisoper
ati
on,Thewor kpieceisrevolvi
nginachuckoraf
acepl
ateandt
hedr
il
lis
hel
dint
hetail
stockdr
il
lholderordri
l
l chuck.

Thefeedingisadoptedisaffect
edbyt hemov ementofthet
ail
stockspi
ndl
e.Thi
s
methodisadopt
edforthedr
il
li
ngregul
arshapedworkpi
ece.

2.Reami
ng
Reami ngist
heoperati
onoff i
nishingandsizi
ngaholewhichhasbeenalreadydr
il
ledor
bored.Thetoolisusediscal l
edt hereamer,whichhasmulti
-pl
atecut
ti
ngedges.The
reamerisheldonthetail
stockspindle,
eit
herdir
ectl
yorthr
oughadr i
l
lchuckandisheld
stat
ionarywhil
etheworkisrevolvedatav er
yslowspeed.
3.Bor
ing
Bor
ingistheoperat
ionofenl
argi
ngt
hehol
ewhi
chi
sal
readydr
il
led,
punchedorf
orged.
I
tcannotproduceahole.

Bori
ngissimilartotheext
ernalt
urningoper
ati
onandcanbeper f
ormedinalathe.In
thi
soperat
ion,theworkpi
eceisrevolvedi
nachuckorafacepl
ateandthetool
swhi ch
arefi
tt
edtothet ool
posti
sfedintothework.

I
tconsistsofabor i
ngbarhav ingasinglepoi
ntcut
ti
ngtoolwhi
chenlar
gesthehol
e.It
al
socor r
ectsoutofr oundnessofahol e.Thi
smethodadoptedforbor
ingsmal
l-
sized
worksonly.Thespeedforthisprocessi
sslow.

4.Count
erbor
ing
Counterbor i
ngi stheoperati
onofenl argi
ngtheendoft hehol
et hr
oughacer t
ain
di
stance.itissimil
artoashoulderworki next
ernaltur
ning.Theoper
ati
onissi
milarto
bori
ngandpl ainbori
ngtool
soracount erboremaybeused.Thet ooli
susedcal
ledasa
counterbore.Thespeedissli
ghtl
ylessthandri
ll
ing.

5.TaperBor
ing
Theprinci
pleoftur
ningat aperedhol
eissimi
l
artotheexter
naltapert
urni
ngoperati
on
andiscompl et
edbyr ot
ati
ngt heworkonachuckorafaceplate.Thef
eedingtooli
sat
anangletot heaxi
sofr otati
onoftheworkpi
ece.
Abori
ngt oolismountedont hetool
postandbyswi vel
li
ngt hecompoundsl i
detothedesi
redangle,ashorttaperhol
ei s
machinedbyhandfeeding.

6.Tappi
ng
Tappi
ngi stheoper
ationofcuttingi
nter
nalthreadsofsmalldi
amet
erusi
ngamult
ipoint
cut
ti
ngt oolcal
ledthetap.I
nal athe,t
hewor kismountedonachuckoronafaceplate
andrevolvedatav eryslow speed.At apofr equi
redsi
zeheldonaspeci
alf
ixt
urei s
mountedont hetai
l
stockspindle.

7.Under
cut
ti
ng
Undercut
ti
ngi ssimil
art ogroov
ingoperati
onwhenper formedinsi
deahol e.I
tisthe
processofboringagr ooveoralargeholeataf i
xeddistancefr
om theendofahol e.
Thisissimilartothebor ingoper
ati
on,exceptthatasquar enosepart
ingisused.
Undercut
ti
ngi sdoneatt heendofani nt
ernalt
hreadoracount erbor
et oprov
ide
cl
earanceforthetooloranypart
.

3.
 Lat
hemachi
neoper
ati
ons(
usi
ngspeci
alat
tachment
s)
whi
char
eper
for
medbyusi
ngspeci
alat
tachment
sar
e:

1.Mi
l
li
ng
Mill
i
ngi st
heoper at
ionofremov i
ngmetalbyf eedi
ngt heworkagai nstarotatingcutt
er
havi
ngmul ti
plecutt
ingedges.Forcut
ti
ngkey waysorgr oov
es,thewor kissuppor t
edon
thecross-
sli
debyaspeci alat
tachmentandfedagai nstarotati
ngmi ll
ingcutterhel
dby
achuck.Thedept hofcuti sgivenbyvert
icaladjustmentoft hewor kprovidedbyt he
att
achment.Thedept hofcutisgiv
enbyverti
cleadjustmentoft heworkprovidedbyt he
att
achment.The f eedi
ng mov ementis provided by the carri
age and the v er
ti
cal
mov
ementoft
hecut
teri
sar
rangedi
ntheat
tachment
.

2.Gr
indi
ng
Gri
ndi
ngistheoperati
onofremovi
ngmet ali
nthefor
m ofminut
echipsbyf
eedi
ng
t
he wor
kagai
nstarotat
ingabr
asi
vewheel
knownasthegri
ndi
ngwheel
.

Bothinternalandexter
nalsurfaceofawor kpi
ecemaybegr oundbyusingaspecial
att
achmentmount edonthecrosssl
ide.Fort
hegri
ndi
ngexter
nalsur f
ace,t
hewor
kmay
berevolvedbet weencentr
esoronachuck.Fori nt
ernalgr
inding,theworkmustbe
rev
olvedonachuckorf aceplat
e.

Thefeedingisdonebythecarri
ageandthedept
hofcuti
sprovi
dedbyt
hecrosssli
de.
Gri
ndingi sperf
ormedinal athef orf
ini
shi
ngajob,shar
peni
ngacutter
,orsizi
ng
workpieceaf
teri
thasbeenhardened.

RECI
PROCATI
NG
TYPEMACHINE
TOOL
 SHAPER
PLANER
SLOTTER

SHAPER

Theshapermachineisareciprocati
ngtypeofmachinebasi
call
yusedforproduci
ngthe
hori
zontal
,ver
ti
calorfl
atsurfaces.Theshaperholdsthesingl
epointcutt
ingtooli
na
ram andworkpi
eceisfi
xed 
inthet abl
e.

Dur
ing the 
for
war
d str
oke,the r
am i s hol
ding t
he toolisreci
procati
ng ov
erthe
wor
kpiecetocuti
ntot
herequi
redshape.Duri
ngtheret
urnstr
oke,Nomet ali
scut
ti
ng.

I
ntheshapermachi
ne,t
her
otar
ymot
ionoft
hedr
ivei
sconv
ert
edi
ntor
eci
procat
ing
mot
ionofr
am hol
dingt
het
ool
.

Theref
orei
nordertoreducethetot
almachineti
me,Ital
l
owst heram holdingthet
ool
shouldmoveslowerduringfor
wardingcutt
ingstr
okeanditcomesf asterinret
urn
str
oke.Thi
scanbeachievedbyamechanism cal
l
edasquickr
etur
nmechani sm.

ShaperMachi
nePr
ocess
Theshaperpr ocesscanbedef i
nedasapr ocessforr
emovi
ngmet alfr
om thesurf
acein
hori
zontal,v
er t
icalandangularplanesbyt heuseofasingl
epointcutti
ngtoolhel
dina
ram thatreciprocatesthetoolinal ineardirect
ionacr
ossthewor kpi
eceheldont he
tabl
eoft hemachi ne.Thewor kisfedatr i
ghtanglestot
hedir
ecti
onoft heram i
nsmall
i
ncrement s,attheendofther et
urnstroke.

I
mpor
tantPar
tsofShaperMachi
ne
Thear
rangementofshapermachi
nei
smadeasshowni
nthef
igur
e.I
tconsi
stsoft
he
fol
l
owi
ngparts

.
1.Base

 Thebaseisthenecessarybedorsuppor
trequi
redforallmachi
nestool
s.
 Thebaseishollowcastingmadeofcastiront
or esi
stvibr
ati
onandonwhichall
part
softheshaperaremount ed.
 Iti
ssodesignedthati
scant akeuptheent
irel
oadoft hemachineandthef
orces
setupbycutti
ngtooloverthework.

2Col
umn

 Thisismadeofcasti r
on,whichisabox-l
ikeandismount
edonthebase.
 twoaccur atel
ymachi nedguideway sar
epr ovi
dedonthetopofthecol
umnon
whichther am reci
procat
es.
 Th ecolumnact sasacov ertot hedri
v emechani
sm andalsosupport
sthe
reci
procat
ingr am andthewor kt
abl
e.

3Cr
oss-
rai
l

 Crossr ai
lismountedont hefr
ontvert
icalsur
faceofthecolumnonwhi chsaddle
i
smount ed.
 Th everti
calmov ementisgiv
ent othetablebyrai
singorloweri
ngt hecrossrai
l
usingtheelevati
ngscrew.
 Th ehor i
zont
almov ementisgiventot hetabl
ebymov i
ngt hesaddleusingt
he
crossfeedscrew.

4Tabl
e

 Thetableisbolt
edt othesaddleandrecei
vescrosswiseandvert
icalmovements
fr
om saddlecrossrail
.
 T-bol
tsareusedforclampi ngontopandsides.
 Thetabl
ecanbeswi veledatanyrequi
redangle.
 I
nauni v er
salshaper,t hetabl
emaybeswi vel
edonahor i
zont
alaxi sandthe
upperpartofthetablemaybef it
tedupordown.
 I
nheav i
ertypeshaperthet abl
eclampedwithtablesuppor
ttomakei tmorer
igi
d.

5Ram

 Ther am reci
procat
esont hecolumngui deway sandcar ri
est oolheadwi t
ha
singlepointcutt
ingtool
.
 thet oolheadisi nt
heclapperbox,whi chcausescut ti
ngact iononlyinf or
war d
strokeoft heram andslidi
ngmov ementoft hetooli
nt her eversestrokeoft he
ram.
 thedept hofcutorfeedoft hetooli
sgivenbydownf eedscr ew.
 Th etoolheadhasswi velbasedegr eegraduati
ons,whichhel pstomov ethetool
head t o any desi
red incli
nati
on for machi ni
ng incl
ined sur faces on t he
wor kpieces.
Ty
pesofShaperMachi
nes
Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethe 
dif
fer
entt
ypesofshapermachi
nes.

1.Basedonthet ypeofdr i
vingmechani sm t
ypesofshapermachi
nes.
1.Crankt ypeshaper.
2.Gearedt ypeshaper .
3.Hydraulictypeshaper .
2.Basedonram t ravel
 t
ypesofshapermachi nes.
1.Horizontalshaper
2.Verti
cal shaper.
3.Basedonthet abledesign typesofshapermachines.
1.Standardshaper .
2.Universalshaper.
4.Basedoncut ti
ngst r
oke t
y pesofshapermachines.
1.Pushcutt y
pe
2.Drawcutt ype

1Basesont
het
ypeofdr
ivi
ngmechani
sm
1.
1Cr
ankTy
peShaperMachi
ne
Thesearever
ycommont ypesofshapermachines,whi
chisusingtohol
dtheworkpi
ece
onthetabl
e.Thetooli
sreci
procati
nginmoti
onequaltothelengt
hofthestr
okedesi
red
whil
etheworkisclampedinposit
iononanadjust
ablet
able.

I
n const
ruct
ion,thecrankshaperemploysacrankmechani
sm to changecircul
ar
moti
onofal argegearcal
led“bul
lgear
”incor
por
atedi
nthemachi
net oreci
procati
on
moti
onoftheram.

Ituses a crank mechani

sm to conv
ertthe ci
rcul
armot i
on ofthe bul
lgearinto
reci
procat
ingmotionofthe 
ram.Theram car
ri
esat oolheadatit
send&pr ov
idesthe
cutt
ingacti
on.

1.
2GearTy
peShaper
 Machi
ne

I
nthi
st ypesofshaper
 machines,t
heram i
srecipr
ocati
ng.Theram i
saffect
ingdueto
r
eci
procati
ngmot i
onwiththerackandpini
on.
 Therackteet
harecutdir
ectl
ybelowthe
r
am meshwi t
hthespurgear.
Thespeedandthedi
recti
oninwhi
chthemachinewil
ltr
aver
sedependonthenumberof
gear
sinthegeart
rai
n. 
Thist
ypeofshapermachi
nesisnotwidel
yusi
ngi
n anyi
ndust
ry.

1.
3 Hy
draul
i
c Shaper
 Machi
ne

I
nt hist
ypesofshaper
 machi
nes,t
herecipr
ocati
ngmotionoftheram i
sprovi
dedbyt
he
hydraul
i
cmechanism.TheHydraul
icshaperusestheoi
lunderhi
ghpressur
e.

Theendoft
hepi
stonrodi
sconnect
edtotheram.Thehigh-
pressur
eoilfi
rstact
son
onesi
deoft
hepi
stonandt
henontheot
hercausi
ngthepi
stontoreci
procat
ingandthe
mot
ioni
str
ansmi
tt
edt
other
am.

Oneofthemainadvant
agesoft
histypeofshapermachi
nei
st hatt
hecutt
ingspeed
andfor
ceoftheram dr
ivear
econst
ant.Fr
om star
ttoendofthecutwi
thoutmaking
noi
seandoper
atesqui
etl
y.

2BasedonRam t
rav
el
2.
1Hor
izont
alShaperMachi
ne

Int
histypesofshapermachi nes,t
heram i
sreci
procat
ing.Theram hol
dingthetooli
na
hor
izontalaxisandreci
procate.Thi
stypeofshaperisusingfortheproducti
onofflat
sur
faces,external
groov
es,keywaysetc.

2.
2Ver
ti
cal
ShaperMachi
ne

I
nt hi
stypesofshapermachines,theram r
eci
procat
inginver
ti
cleplane.I
nt hi
s,the
tabl
eholdstheworkpi
ece.Verti
cleshaper
smaybecr ankdri
ven,r
ack-dri
ven,scr
ew
dri
venorhydr
aul
i
cpowerdriv
en.

Thevert
icalshaperi
sveryconveni
entformachi
ningi
nternalsur
faces,
key way s,sl
otsor
groov
es.Thewor kpi
ececanmov einanygiv
endir
ecti
onssuchast hecr oss,longit
udinal
orrot
arymov ements.Thistypeofshaperissui
tabl
ef ormachininginternalsurfaces,
sl
ots&key
way
s.

3Basedont
het
abl
edesi
gn
3.
1St
andar
dShaperMachi
ne

I
nt histy
pesofshapermachi nes,thetablehasonlytwomov ement
s,vert
icaland
hori
zont
al,t
ogivethef
eed.That’swhyitknownasstandar
dshapermachi
ne.Herethe
tabl
eisnotsuppor
ti
ngatt
heout erend.

3.
2Uni
ver
sal
 
ShaperMachi
ne

I
nt hi
stypesofshapermachi
nes,i
naddi
ti
ont othetwomomentsi
.e.ver
ti
caland
hor
izont
al,t
het
abl
ecanbemov i
nginani
ncl
inedaxi
sandal
soi
tcanswiv
elonit
sown
axi
s.

Sincetheworkpi
ecemountedont hecanbeadjustedindi
ff
erentpl
anes,t
heshaperos
suitabl
efordi
ff
erentt
ypeofoperati
onsandisgiventhename“ Uni
ver
sal”
.Thi
stypeof
shaperiscommonlyusingt
hetoolroom wor
ks.

4Basedoncut
ti
ngst
roke
4.
1PushcutShaper
 Machi
ne

I
nthist
ypesofshapermachines,
themetal
isremovedi
nthef
orwar
dmot
ionoft
her
am.
Thi
siscommonlyused 
typesofshapermachi
nes.

4.
2Dr
awcutShaper
 Machi
ne

I
nt hi
stypesofshapermachines,themetalisremovedinthebackwardmoti
onofthe
ram.Inthisshaper,t
hetooli
sfixedinthetoolheadintherev
ersedir
ect
ionsothati
t
provi
desthecutti
ngacti
onint
her ever
sestr
okeoftheram.

Pl
aner Machi
ne and 
Types of Pl
aner
Machi
ne
Theplanermachi
neissimil
artoashapermachi
ne.I
tint
endedt
opr
oducepl
aneandf
lat
sur
facesbyasingl
epointcutt
ingt
ool
.

A planermachi
neisv eryl
argeandmassi
vecompar edtoashapermachine.I
tis
capableofamachi
ningheav
yworkpi
ece,
whi
chcannotbefi
tonashapert
abl
e.

Thef
undament
aldi
ff
erencebet
weenashaperandapl
aneri
sthat

 Inapl aner
,thewor kwhichissuppor t
edont hetabl
er eciprocatesoverthe
stati
onar
ycuttingtool.Andthefeedissuppli
edbythelater
almov ementofthe
tool.
 Inashaper,t
het oolwhichi
smount edupontheram r
eci
procates.Andt hef
eedis
givenbythecrosswisemov ementofthetabl
e.

Ty
pesOfPl
anerMachi
ne
Dif
fer
entcl
assesofworknecessi
tat
edesigni
ngthedi
ffer
entt
ypesofpl
anermachi
net
o
sui
tvari
ousrequi
rement
sofourpresent
-dayi
ndust
ry.

Fol
l
owi
ngar
ethedi
ff
erent
 t
ypesofpl
anermachi
newhi
char
emostcommonl
yused:

1.Standar
dorDoubl ehousi
ngpl
aner
.
2.opensideplaner.
3.Pitpl
aner.
4.Edgeorplateplaner
.
5.Divi
dedtabl
epl aner
.
1.St
andar
dorDoubl
eHousi
ngPl
aner
:
Thest andar
dordoublehousi
ngplanerismostwidel
yusedty
pesofplanermachinein
workshops.A double housi
ng planerhas a l
ong heav
y base on which a tabl
e
reci
procatesonaccur
ategui
deways.

 Thelength ofthebedi slit
tl
eov ertwicethelengthofthet abl
e.
 Twomassi vev ert
icalhousingsorupr ightsaremount edneart hemi ddl
eoft he
base,oneoneachsi deoft hebed.Toensur ether i
gidityofthestructur
e,these
twohousi ngsar econnectedatt hetopbyacasti ronmember .
 Thev ert
icalfacesoft hetwohousi ngar eaccuratel
ymachi nedsot hathorizontal
Crossrai
l car
ryingtwot oolheadsmaysl i
deuponi t.
 Thetool headswhi chholdt hetoolsaremount edupont heCrossrai
l
.

Thesetoolsmaybef eedei
therbypowerinCrossr
ailorv
erti
caldi
rect
ion.I
naddi
ti
onto
thesetoolheads,therearetwoothertoolheads 
whicharemounted uponthev
erti
cal
faceofthehousing.

Theycanalso 
bemovedeit
herinaverti
calorhori
zontaldi
recti
ontoappl
yfeed.The
pl
anertabl
emaybedr
ivenei
therbemechani
calorhydr
auli
cdev i
ces.
2.Opensi
dePl
aner
:
Anopensideplanerhasahousi
ngonlyononesideofthebase.AndtheCrossr
aili
s
suspendedfr
om thehousi
ngasacant i
l
ever
.Thisfeat
ureofthemachineal
lowsthe
l
argeandwidewor kpi
ecet
obeclampedonthetabl
eandreci
procat
edovert
hecutti
ng
tool
.

Onesideoft heplanerbei ngopened,lar

geandwidejobsmaypr oj
ectoutofthet able
andreci
procat ewithoutbeingi
nter
feredbyt
hehousing.Inadoubl
ehousingplaner,t
he
maxi
mum wi dthoft hejobwhichcanbemachi nedislimit
edbythedistancebetween
thet
wohousi ng.Ast hesingl
ehousinghastotakeupt heent
ir
eload,i
tismadeext ra-
massivet
or esisttheforces.

Onlythreet
oolheadsaremountedont
hismachine.Theconstr
uct
ionalanddr
ivi
ng
feat
uresoft
hemachinear
ethesameast
hatofadoublehousi
ngpl
aner.

3.Pi
tPl
aner
:
Api
tty
peplaneri
smassiv
einconst
ruct
ion.Itdi
ff
ersf
rom anordi
narypl
aner
.Int
hist
he
t
abl
eisstati
onaryand t
hecolumncar r
yingtheCrossr
ailreci
procat
esonmassive
hor
izont
alr
ail
smount
edonbot
hsi
desoft
het
abl
e.

Thi
stypesofpl
anermachine 
aresuit
ablef
ormachi
ningaveryl
argewor
kwhi chcannot
besuppor
tedonastandar
dplaner.Thi
smachi
nedesignsav
esmuchoffloorspace.

Thelengthoft
hebedr equir
edinapitty
peplaneri
sli
ttl
eovert
helengt
hoft het
abl
e.
Whereasinastandar
dplanerthel
engt
hofthebedisneartwi
cethel
engthofthet
abl
e.
Theupright
sandt heCrossr
ailar
emadesuffici
ent
lyr
igi
dtotakeuptheforceswhi
le
cut
ti
ng.

4.EdgeorPl
atePl
aner
: 
Thedesignofapl ateoredgeplaneristotal
l
yunliket
hatofanordinar
yplaner.I
tis
speci
all
yintendedforsquari
ngandbev el
l
ingtheedgesofst
eelpl
ates.Alsousedfor
di
ffer
entpressurev
esselsandshi
p-bui
l
dingworks.
Oneendofalongpl
atewhi chremainsstat
ionaryiscl
ampedwi ththemachi
nefr
ameby
alar
genumbersoairoperatedclamps.Thecut t
ingtooli
sattachedtoacar
ri
agewhi
ch
i
ssuppor
tedontwohorizontalwaysoftheplaneronitsfr
ontend.

Theoperatorcanstandonaplat
for
m ext
endingfr
om thecar
ri
age.Thecarr
iagehol
ding
thetoolr
ecipr
ocatesovert
heedgeoftheplat
e.Thefeedanddepthofcutareadj
usted
bythetoolhol
derwhichcanbeoperat
edfr
om theplat
for
m.

5.Di
vi
dedTabl
ePl
aner
:
Thistypeofpl
anerhast
wot
abl
esont
hebedwhi
chmayber
eci
procat
edsepar
atel
yor
toget
her.

Thist
ypeofdesi
gnsav esmuchofidl
eti
mewhi l
esett
ingthework.Theset
ti
ngupofa
l
argenumberofident
icalwor
kpi
ecesont hepl
aningmachinet
abletakesquit
ealong
ti
me.Itmayr
equi
reasmucht i
meforsett
ingupasmaynecessaryformachi
ning.
Tohav econti
nuousproducti
ononthet ablei
susedforset
ti
ngupt
hewor
k.Whilethe
otherr
eci
procatesoverthecut
ti
ngt
ool fi
nishi
ngt
hework.Whent
hewor
konthesecond
tabl
eisfi
nished,i
tisst
oppedandfi
nishedjobsar
eremoved.

Freshjobsarenow setupont histabl

ewhilet hefi
rsttabl
eholdi
ngthej obsnow
reci
procat
esovert
hetool.Whenaheav yandlargejobhast obemachined,botht
he
tabl
eareclampedt
ogetherandar
egiv
enrecipr
ocatingmovementundert
hetool.

Sl
ott
erMachi
ne
Theslott
ermachinefal
l
sunderthecategoryofthereci
procat
ingt
ypeofmachinetool
simil
artoashapert
oashaperoraplanner.I
toperat
esalmostonthesamepr
incipl
eas
thatofashaper
.

Themaj ordiff
erencebetweenasl ott
ermachineandashapermachi neisthatina
slot
tert
her am hol
dingthetoolreciprocat
esinthever
ti
calaxi
s.wher
easinashapert
he
ram hol
dingthetoolreci
procat
esi nahor i
zont
alaxi
s.
Av er
ti
cal
 shaperandslottermachi
nesar
eal
mostsi
mil
art
oeachot
herasr
egar
dst
hei
r
constr
uct
ion,operat
ion,anduse.

Theonl ydif
fer
encebei
ng,i
nthecaseofav er
ti
calshaper
,ther
am hol
dingt hetoolmay
alsorecipr
ocateatanangl
etot
hehori
zontalt
ableinaddi
ti
ontothever
ticalstr
oke.The
ram canbeswi vel
l
ednotmoret
han5°tothevert
ical
.

Thesl
ott
ermachi
nei
susedf
or

 Cutt
inggrooves,keywaysandsl otsofvari
ousshapes.
 Usedformakingr egul
arandi r
regularsurf
acesbot hi
nternal
andexternal
.
 Forhandli
nglargeandawkwar dwor kpi
ece.
 Forcutt
ingint
ernalorexternalgearsandmanyot heroperat
ionswhichcannotbe
easi
lymachinedinanyot hermachi netooldescr
ibedbefore.

Theslott
ermachi
newasdev
elopedbyBr
uneli
nthey
ear1800muchear
li
ert
hana
shaperwasi
nvent
ed.

Ty
pesofSl
ott
erMachi
ne
Ther
ear
emai
nlyt
wot
ypesofsl
ott
ermachi
ne.

1.Puncherslott
er.
2.Preci
sionslot
ter
.

1PuncherSl
ott
er
Thepunchersl
otter 
machineisaheavy,r
igi
dmachinedesignedforr
emovalofal
arge
amountofmet alfrom l
argefor
gingsorcasti
ngs.Thelengthofstr
okeofapuncher
sl
ott
eri
ssuffi
cientl
ylar
ge.Itmaybeaslongas1800to2000mm.

Thepunchersl
ott
erram i
susuall
ydr i
venbyaspi ralpini
onmeshingwit
hther ackteet
h
cutontheundersi
deoft heram.Thepi ni
oni sdriv
enbyav ari
abl
espeedr ever
sibl
e
el
ectr
icmotorsi
milart
othatofaplaner.Thefeedisalsocont
roll
edbyel
ectr
icalgears.

2.
2Pr
eci
sionSl
ott
er
Thepr
eci
sionsl
ottermachi
neisal i
ght
ermachi
neandisoperat
edathi
ghspeeds.The
machi
nei
sdesignedtotakel
ightcut
sgivi
ngt
heaccur
atef
ini
sh.

Usi
ngspeci
alj
i
gs,
themachi
necanhandl
eanumberofwor
ksonapr
oduct
ionbasi
s.

Thepr
ecisi
onslot
termachi
nesareal
sousedf
orgener
alpur
posewor
kandar
eusual
l
y
fi
tt
edwit
hWhitworthqui
ckr
etur
nmechani
sm.

Sl
ott
erSi
ze
Thesizeofaslottermachi
neli
kethatofashaperi
sspeci
fi
edbythemaxi
mum l
ength
ofstr
okeoft her am,expr
essedinmm.Thesi zeofageneralpur
poseorpr
eci
sion
sl
ott
erusual
l
yr angesfr
om 80to900mm.

Tospecifyaslottercorrectl
ythediamet erofthetablei
nmm.Amountofcr
ossand
l
ongit
udinaltr
aveloft het abl
eexpr essedinmm.Thenumberofspeedsandfeeds
avai
l
able,h.
p.ofthemot or,fl
oorspacer equi
redet
c.shoul
dal
sobest
ated.

Sl
ott
erMachi
nePar
ts
Thedi
ff
erentpar
tsofasl
ott
ermachi
near
e,

1.Base.
2.Column.
3.Saddle.
4.Crossli
de.
5.Rotati
ngt abl
e.
6.Ram andt oolheadassembl
y.
7.Ram drivemechanism.
8.Feed mechani
sm.

1BaseorBed

 Thebasei sri
gidlybui
lttotakeupallt hecut
ti
ngf orcesandenti
rel
oadoft
he
machine.
 Thetopoft hebedi saccurat
elyfi
nishedtopr ovi
deguidewaysonwhicht
he
saddl
eismount ed.
 Theguidewaysareperpendi
culart
othecol umnface.
2Col
umn

 Thecolumnist heverti
calmemberwhi chiscasti ntegr
all
ywit
hthebaseand
housesdri
vi
ngmechani sm oft
heram andfeedi
ngmechani sm.
 Thefrontv
ert
icalf
aceoft hecolumni
saccur at
elyf
inishedforpr
ovi
dingway
son
whichther
am reci
procates.

3Saddl
e

 Thesaddl eismount edupont hegui

deway sandmaybemov edtowardoraway
fr
om t hecolumneitherpowerormanualcontroltosuppl
ylongit
udinalf
eedtothe
wor k.
 Th etopf aceofthesaddl eisaccur
atel
yf i
nishedtoprovideguidewaysforthe
cross-sl
ide.Theseguidewaysareper
pendicul
artotheguidewaysont hebase.

4Cr
oss-
sli
de

 Thecr oss-
sli
deismounteduponthegui
dewaysofthesaddl
eandmaybemoved
parall
eltothefaceoft
hecolumn.
 Th emov ementofthesli
demaybecontrol
ledei
therbyhandorpowert
osuppl
y
crossfeed.

5Rot
aryTabl
e

 Ther otarytabl
ei saci r
cul artablewhichi smount edont hetopofthecr
oss-sli
de.
 Thet ablemayber otatedbyr ot
ati
ngawor m whi chmesheswi thawor m gear
connect edtotheunder sideoft hetable.
 Th erotationofthetablemaybeef f
ect edeitherbyhandorpower .I
nsome
 Insomemachi nes,thet ablei sgraduat edindegr eesthatenabl
et het
ablet obe
rotatedf ori
ndexingordi v i
ngt heperipheryofaj obi ntheequalnumberofpar ts.
 T-slotsar ecutont het opf aceoft het ableforhol dingthewor kbydifferent
clampi ngdev i
ces.Ther otarytableenabl esaci rcularorcontour
edsurfacet obe
gener atedonthewor kpiece.

6Ram andTool
headAssembl
y

 Theram i
sthereciprocat
ingmemberoft hemachinemountedont hegui
deways
oft
hecolumn.Itsupportsthetoolati
tsbottom endonatoolhead.
 Asloti
scutonthebodyoft heram f
orchangingtheposi
ti
onofstroke.
 I
nsomemachi nes,speci altypefortoolholder
sisprovi
dedt oreli
evet
hetool
dur
ingi
tsret
urnstroke.
7Ram Dr
iveMechani
sm

Aslott
erremovesmetaldur
ingdownwar
dcut
ti
ngst
rokeonl
ywher
easdur
ingupwar
d
r
eturnstr
okenometal
isremoved.

Thereducethei
dleret
urnti
mequickret
urnmechani
sm i
sincor
por
atedi
nthemachi
ne.
Theusualty
pesofram dr
ivemechani
sm ar
e,

1.Whit
wor t
hquickreturnmechanism.
2.Vari
ablespeedreversi
blemotordri
vemechani
sm.
3.Hydraul
icdri
vemechani sm.

1Whi
twor
thQui
ckRet
urnMechani
sm

AsimpleWhit
wort
hquickret
urnmechani
sm asshowninfi
g.Thebul
lgeari
smounted
onafixedhubatt
herearendofthemachineanditi
srot
atedbyadri
vi
ngpini
onf
rom
the mot
or.

Thedri
vi
ngplat
eisconnect
edtothemainshaftt
hrought
hef
ixedhub.Themai
nshaf
tis
pl
acedeccent
ri
cal
lywit
hrespectt
othebul
lgearcentr
e.

Thebullgearhol
dsthecrankpi
nwithsl
idi
ngblockandsli
desinadri
vi
ngplat
e.Sot hat
whenthebullgearr
otat
es,impart
srot
arymotiontothedr
ivi
ngpl
ateandshaftcausing
thedi
sctorotat
eattheendofthemainshaft
.

Thedisci
sconnect
edt ot
helowerendoftheconnect
ingrodeccent
ri
call
ybymeansof
apininaradi
alT-
slot
sont hef
aceofthedisc,whi
chconvert
stherotar
ymotionofthe
disci
ntor
ecipr
ocat
ingmotionoftheram connect
edtothetopendoft heconnect
ing
rod.
Thepr
inci
pleofaqui
ckr
etur
nmechani
sm

Thepr
inci
pleofqui
ckret
urnmechani
sm canbeexplai
nedsi
mpl
ybyl
i
nedi
agr
am.Aand
Baret
hefixedcent
resoft
hebul
lgearandthedr
ivi
ngplat
e.

Thecrackpinandthesli
deblockrot
atei
naci r
cularpathataconstantspeedi
na
dri
vi
ngplat
eaboutB.Thi
scausest
hedisct
orot
atethroughthemai
nshaft.

Thepin3ont hedi
scrotat
esi
naci r
cularpat
haboutthefi
xedpoi
ntB.Thelengt
hofthe
ram i
sequaltotwicethenar
row ofeccentr
ici
tyanditi
sequalt
o2x3B( 3B=throw of
eccent
ri
cit
y).

Whenthesl
idebl
ockisatC,theram i
satthemaximum upwardposi
ti
onoft
hest
roke
andwheni
tisatD,t
heram i
satthemaximum downwar
dpositi
on.

I
fthebullgearr
otat
esinananti
clockwi
sedir
ecti
onandt hesl
i
deblockr
otat
esthr
ough
anangleCAD,t heram per
for
msdownwar dcuttingstr
oke,wher
easwhent hebl
ock
rot
atest
hroughanangleDACtheram per
for
mr et
urnstr
oke.

Astheblockrotat
esataconst antspeedtherotati
onofsl i
debl
ockt hr
oughanangl
e
CADduringcutti
ngstroketakeslongerti
met hanther ot
ati
onthroughanangl
eDAC
dur
ingt
her et
urnstr
oke.Thusthequickret
urnmotionisobtai
ned.

Sl
ott
erOper
ati
ons
1.Machini
ngcy
li
ndri
calsurf
ace.
2.Fl
atsurf
aceMachi
ning.
3.Machini
ngi
rr
egul
arsurfaceandcam machi
ning.
 4.Machi
ningsl
ots,
key
way
sandgr
oov
es.

1Fl
atSur
facesMachi
ning

Theexternalandi nt
ernalfl
atsurfacesmaybegener atedonaworkpi
eceeasilyi
na
sl
ottermachine.Thewor ktobemachi nedissupport
edonparal
l
elst
ri
pssothatthet
ool
wil
lhaveclearancewi t
ht hetabl
ewheni ti
satt heextr
emedownwardposit
ionofthe
st
roke.

Theworkisthenclampedproper
lyont
hetabl
eandt heposit
ionandthelengt
hoft he
st
rokeisadj
usted.Aclear
anceof20to25mm isleftbefor
et hebegi
nni
ngofcut t
ing
st
roke,
sothatthefeedi
ngmovementmayt
akeplaceduri
ngthisidl
epar
tofthestr
oke.

Thetabl
eisclampedtopr
eventanylongi
tudinalorrotar
ytrav
elandthecuti
sst
art
ed
fr
om oneendofthework.Thecrossf
eedissuppl iedatthebegi
nni
ngofeachcut
ti
ng
str
okeandtheworki
scomplet
edbyusingar oughingandafini
shi
ngtool
.

Whi
lemachini
nganinter
nalsur
face,aholeisdri
l
ledint
othewor
kpi
ecet
hroughwhi
ch
t
heslot
tert
oolmaypassduri
ngthefir
stcutt
ingst
roke.

A secondsurfaceparal
lelt
ot hefi
rstmachi
nedsurfacecanbecompletedwit
hout
di
sturbi
ngtheset t
ingbysimpl yr
otati
ngthetabl
et hr
ough180°andadjust
ingthe
posi
tionofthesaddle.Asurf
aceperpendi
cul
artothefir
stmachi
nedsur
facemaybe
complet
edbyr
otat
ingt
het
abl
eby90°andadj
ust
ingt
heposi
ti
onoft
hesaddl
eand
crosssl
i
de.

2Machi
ningCi
rcul
arSur
faces

Theexter
nalandint
ernalsurf
aceofacy li
ndercanal sobemachinedi
nasl ot
ter
machi
ne.Theworkispl acedcent
ral
l
yont her otarytabl
eandpacki
ngpi
ecesand
cl
ampsareusedt
oholdtheworksecur
elyonthetable.

Thetooli
ssetr
adi
all
yont
hewor
kandnecessar
yadj
ust
ment
soft
hemachi
neandt
he
tool
aremade.

Thesaddl
eiscl
ampedi
nit
sposi
ti
onandt
hemachi
nei
sst
art
ed.

Whil
emachini
ng,t
hefeedi
ngisdonebytherotar
ytablef
eedscrew whi
chr
otat
est
he
abl
ethr
oughasmallar
catthebegi
nni
ngofeachcutt
ingst
roke.

3Machi
ningI
rr
egul
arSur
facesorCams

Thewor
kissetonthetableandnecessar
yadj
ust
ment
soft
het
oolandt
hemachi
near
e
madeasdet
ail
edinotheroperat
ion.
Bycombini
ngcr
oss,l
ongi
tudi
nalandrotar
yfeedmov
ement
soft
het
abl
eanycont
our
ed
sur
facecanbemachi
nedonawor kpi
ece.

4Machi
ningGr
oov
esorKey
way
s

I
nter
nal
andext
ernal
groov
esar
ecutv
eryconv
eni
ent
lymachi
ne.

Asl
ott
eri
sspeci
all
yint
endedf
orcut
ti
ngi
nter
nalgr
oov
eswhi
char
edi
ff
icul
ttopr
oduce
i
not
hermachi
nes.

Exter
nalorinter
nalgearteethcanalsobemachi
nedi
nasl
ott
erbycut
ti
ngequal
l
y
spacedgroovesontheper
ipheryoft
hework.

Theindexi
ngordi
vi
dingt
heper
ipher
yoft
hewor
kisdonebyt
hegr
aduat
ionsont
he
rot
arytabl
e.

Di
ff
erencebet
weenshaperandsl
ott
ermachi
ne
1.Inshapermachi nes, thedirectionofcut ti
ngst rokeishor izontalwithslowert han
ther eturnstroke.Buti nsl ottermachi nes,t hedirecti
onofcut ti
ngst rokei s
vertical wit
hslowert hant her etur nstr
oke.
2.Inshaper ,Ram hol dingt het oolr ecipr
ocatesi nahor izontalaxiswher eas,in
slotter,theram hol dingthet ool reci
procatesinav er
tical
axi s.
3.Shapermachi nei susedt opr oducehor izontal,vert
icalori ncli
nedf l
atsur faces.
Wher easi nslottermachi nei susedf orcuttingkey way s,groov esandsl otsof
variousshapes,f ormaki ngr egul arandi rr
egul arsur f
acesbot hext ernaland
i
nt ernal,forcutt
ingi nternalgear s,forhandli
ngl argeandf orawkwar djobs.