Note 10

3) Magnalium
 It is made by melting the aluminium

82 with 2 to 10% magnesium in a
vacuum and then cooling it in a vacuum or under a pressure of 100 to
200 atmospheres.
 It also contains about 1.75% copper.
 Due to its light weight and good mechanical properties, it is mainly
used for aircraft and automobile components.
4) Hindalium
 It is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium with a small quantity of
chromium.
 It is produced as a rolled product in 16 gauge, mainly for anodized
utensil manufacture.
Dr. Aung Ko Latt

Copper
 It is one of the most widely used non-ferrous
83
metals in industry.
 It is a soft, malleable and ductile material with a reddish-brown appearance.
 Its specific gravity is 8.9 and melting point is 1083°C.
 The tensile strength varies from 150 MPa to 400 MPa under different
conditions.
 It is a good conductor of electricity.
 It is largely used in making electric cables and wires for electric machinery
and appliances, in electrotyping and electroplating, in making coins and
household utensils.
 It may be cast, forged, rolled and drawn into wires.
 It is non-corrosive under ordinary conditions and resists weather very
effectively.
 Copper in the form of tubes is used widely in mechanical engineering.
 It is also used for making ammunitions.
 It is used for making useful alloys with tin, zinc, nickel and aluminium.
Dr. Aung Ko Latt
Copper Alloys
1) Copper-zinc Alloys (Brass)
84
 The most widely used copper-zinc alloy is brass.
 There are various types of brasses, depending upon the proportions of
copper and zinc.
 This is fundamentally a binary alloy of copper with zinc each 50%.
 By adding small quantities of other elements, the properties of brass
may be greatly changed.
 For example, the addition of lead (1 to 2%) improves the machining
quality of brass.
 It has a greater strength than that of copper, but have a lower thermal
and electrical conductivity.
 Brasses are very resistant to atmospheric corrosion and can be easily
soldered.
 They can be easily fabricated by processes like spinning and can also
beAungelectroplated
Dr. Ko Latt with metals like nickel and chromium.
85
Dr. Aung Ko Latt

86
Dr. Aung Ko Latt

2) Copper-tin Alloys (Bronze)
87
 The alloys of copper and tin are usually termed as bronzes.
 The useful range of composition is 75 to 95% copper and 5 to 25% tin.
 The metal is comparatively hard, resists surface wear and can be

shaped or rolled into wires, rods and sheets very easily.
 In corrosion resistant properties, bronzes are superior to brasses.
Dr. Aung Ko Latt

i) Phosphor Bronze
 When bronze contains phosphorus, it is called phosphor bronze.
88
 Phosphorus increases the strength, ductility and soundness of
castings.
 The tensile strength of this alloy when cast varies from 215 MPa
to 280 MPa but increases up to 2300 Mpa when rolled or drawn.
 This alloy possesses good wearing qualities and high elasticity.
 The metal is resistant to salt water corrosion.
 The composition of the metal varies according to whether it is to
be forged, wrought or made into castings.
 Copper = 87–90%, Tin = 9–10%, and Phosphorus = 0.1–3%.
 It is used for bearings, worm wheels, gears, nuts for machine lead
screws, pump parts, linings and for many other purposes.
 It is also suitable for making springs.
Dr. Aung Ko Latt
ii) Silicon Bronze
89
 It contains 96% copper, 3% silicon and 1% manganese or zinc.
 It has good general corrosion resistance of copper combined with

higher strength.
 It can be cast, rolled, stamped, forged and pressed either hot or cold
and it can be welded by all the usual methods.
 It is widely used for boilers, tanks, stoves or where high strength and
good corrosion resistance is required.
Dr. Aung Ko Latt

iii) Beryllium Bronze
90 about 97.75% copper and 2.25%

 It is a copper base alloy containing
beryllium.
 It has high yield point, high fatigue limit and excellent cold and hot
corrosion resistance.
 It is particularly suitable material for springs, heavy duty electrical

switches, cams and bushings.
 Since the wear resistance of beryllium copper is five times that of

phosphor bronze, it may be used as a bearing metal in place of
phosphor bronze.
 It has a film forming and a soft lubricating property, which makes it

more suitable as a bearing metal.
Dr. Aung Ko Latt

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3) Magnalium

 It is made by melting the aluminium

Dr. Aung Ko Latt

Dr. Aung Ko Latt

Dr. Aung Ko Latt

 The useful range of composition is 75 to 95% copper and 5 to 25% tin.

 The metal is comparatively hard, resists surface wear and can be

 In corrosion resistant properties, bronzes are superior to brasses.

Dr. Aung Ko Latt

 It has good general corrosion resistance of copper combined with

Dr. Aung Ko Latt

90 about 97.75% copper and 2.25%

 It is particularly suitable material for springs, heavy duty electrical

 Since the wear resistance of beryllium copper is five times that of

 It has a film forming and a soft lubricating property, which makes it

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