Topic 4 Structure and Properties of Materials, Ionic Bonding, Covalent Bonding

Name : _________________________
Date: _________________________
Combined Sciences (Chemistry): Ionic and Covalent Bonds
1. Ions
• An atom is most stable when the valence electron shell is completely filled.
• Atoms of elements either gain or lose electrons to attain a stable electronic configuration.
o Non-metals usually gain electrons to form negative ions (anions)
o Metals usually lose electrons to form positive ions (cations)
2. Ionic and covalent bonds

• Covalent compounds: Between two non-metal ions
• Ionic compounds: Between Metal and Non-metal ions
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3. Ionic Bonds
• Ionic bonds are formed between Metal and Non-metal ions.
• Ionic bonds are formed by electron transfer, where the metal atoms donate electrons to
non-metal atoms.
• The ions are arranged on an ionic lattice and held together by electrostatic forces of
attraction.
Examples:
• Sodium chloride:
• Magnesium chloride:
Characteristics of Ionic Bonds

• Electrons are transferred from atom to another
• Forms lattice structures
• High melting and boiling point
• Able to conduct electricity in the molten and aqueous state
Lattice structure
High melting and boiling point

• Opposite charges allow the solid lattice structures to form, resulting in strong attractive
forces.
• Thus, high heat (energy) is required to break the strong attractive forces holding the ions
together – high boiling and melting point (mainly from the lattice structure).
Electrical Conductivity
• In the solid state, the ions are held together strongly in the lattice structure and cannot move.
Thus, unable to conduct electricity.
• In the molten and aqueous state, ions are free to move and can thus conduct electricity
4. Covalent Bonds
• Covalent bonds are formed between Non-metal atoms.
• Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of at least two electrons between 2 atoms – where
one atom contributes on electron each.
• Covalent bonds can also be formed between atoms of the same elements. Hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen and halogens (Group VII) exist as diatomic molecules.
Examples
Characteristics of Covalent Bonds

• Electrons are shared between atoms
• Low melting and boiling point
• Not able to conduct electricity in any state
Boiling Points
• The bond is formed between two non-metal ions which electrons are shared.
• Thus, compounds are usually in gaseous state and would “repel” one another – low forces
of attraction between molecules = low boiling and melting point.
5. Summary – Fill in the blanks in the table shown below:
Ionic Bond Covalent Bond
Bond type
(Between non-metals? Or
metal & non-metal?)
Electrons
(Shared or transferred?)
Electricity
conductivity
Boiling/
Melting point
Example(s)
Name : _________________________
Date: _________________________
Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Worksheet 1)
Paper 1: MCQ
1. What happens to the atoms of oxygen when it reacts with magnesium?

A. Each oxygen atom gains one electron to fill its outer shell.
B. Each oxygen atom gains two electron to fill its outer shell.
C. Each oxygen atom shares two electrons with a magnesium atom.
D. Each oxygen atom loses two electrons to leave a full outer shell.
2. What happens to the atoms of oxygen when it reacts with another oxygen?
A. Each oxygen atom gains one electron to fill its outer shell.
B. Each oxygen atom gains two electron to fill its outer shell.
C. Each oxygen atom shares two electrons with the other oxygen atom.
D. Each oxygen atom loses two electrons to leave a full outer shell.
3. Which of the following compounds are formed by ionic bonding?

A. A hydrogen atom shares its electron with oxygen to form a hydroxide.
B. A carbon atom sharing its electrons with four hydrogens to form methane gas.
C. A calcium atom transferring its electrons to an oxygen atom to form a compound.
D. Two hydrogen atoms sharing one electron each to form a stable hydrogen gas (H2).
4. Which of the following is correct about the property of a ionic compound?

A. The electrons are shared between the atoms.
B. An ionic compound can conduct electricity in solid state.
C. An ionic compound has low boiling and melting point.
D. The ions of an ionic compound are held in a lattice form when in solid state
5. Which change occurs when an atom forms a negative ion?
A. It gains neutrons
B. It gains electrons
C. It loses protons
D. Its atomic mass increases
6. Which change occurs when an atom forms a cation?

A. Its atomic mass changes.
B. It gains electrons
C. It loses protons
D. Its loses electrons
7. Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are …..1……..

Most ionic compounds have a …..2…… boiling and melting point.
Which of the following words match the gaps 1 and 2?
1 2
A Shared Low
B Shared High
C Transferred Low
D Transferred High
8. Most ionic compounds conduct electricity in the …..1…… state and are held in the lattice
form when in the …..2…… state.
1 2
A Solid Aqueous
B Solid Solid
C Aqueous Aqueous
D Aqueous Solid
9. What happens to the atoms of potassium when it reacts with chlorine?
A. Each potassium atom loses one electron to leave a full outer shell.
B. Each potassium atom gain one electron to fill its outer shell.
C. Each potassium atom shares one electron with a chlorine atom.
D. Each potassium atom loses two electrons to leave a full outer shell.
10. Which of the following best represent oxygen gas?
A B C D
11. The table below shows the electronic configuration of four atoms.
Which atom would form an anion?
Electronic Structure
A 2, 8, 7
B 2, 8, 8
C 2, 8, 1
D 2, 8, 2
12. The table below shows the electronic configuration of four atoms.
Which atom would form a cation?
Electronic Structure
A 2, 8, 7
B 2, 8, 6
C 2, 8, 1
D 2, 8, 8
13. Which of the following best represent neon gas?
A B C D
14. Below shows the electron structures of two elements – the elements can be found in the
periodic table:
Element Element structure

R 2, 8, 6
S 2, 8, 7
What is the molecular mass for the compound formed between elements R and S? Refer to
the periodic table for the molecular mass of each element.
A. 67 B. 99 C. 103 D. 134
15. Which list contains elements that exist as diatomic molecules?

A. Oxygen, chlorine, nitrogen
B. Hydrogen, chlorine, helium
C. Oxygen, hydrogen, chlorine, neon
D. Nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide
16. The electronic configurations of the atoms E, F and G are given below.
E 2, 1 F 2, 6 G 2, 7
What are the formulae of the compounds formed between E and F, E and G?
E and F E and G
A EF E2G
B EF2 EG
C E2F EG
D E2F E7G
17. Element E has the electronic configuration 2, 8, 1.
Element Z has the electronic configuration 2, 6.
The compound formed between E and Z will probably:
A. Be covalent
B. Conduct electricity when molten
C. Be a gas at room temperature
D. Have a low boiling point
18. The table shows the number of protons in five elements.
atom of element number of protons

U 18
V 9
W 17
X 11
Y 4
Which pair of atoms forms a covalent molecule?

A. two atoms of U
B. two atoms of V
C. an atom of W and an atom of X
D. an atom of X and an atom of Y
19. Metal P and non-metal Q react together to form an ionic compound P3Q2.
Which of the following correctly describes the electrons gained and lost by each atom?
electrons lost by each atom of P electrons lost by each atom of Q

A 1 3
B 2 3
C 3 2
D 2 1
20. Element M has electronic configuration of 2, 8, 7
Element N has electronic configuration of 2, 6.
Which statement best describes the compound formed between element M and element N?
A. The particles in the compound are held by strong electrostatic forces of attraction.
B. The compound is able to conduct electricity at room temperature and pressure.
C. The compound has a chemical formula of MN2.
D. The compound is soluble in organic solvent.
21. A metal X and a non-metal Y react together to form an ionic compound X2Y3 .
Which row is correct?
electrons given away by each electrons received by each

atom of X atom of Y
A 1 3
B 2 3
C 3 1
D 3 2
22. The electrical properties of four substances W, X, Y and Z are shown below:
Substance Electrical Property

W Conducts electricity only in aqueous solution
X Conducts electricity when molten and in solid state
Y Conducts electricity when molten and in aqueous state
Z Does not conduct electricity under any conditions
What could these four substances be?

W X Y Z
A CaCl2 HCl P Pb
B HCl Pb CaCl2 P
C P CaCl2 HCl Pb
D Pb P CaCl2 HCl
23. Which of the following could be magnesium oxide?
24. The bonding in sulfuric acid can be represented by the structure below.
What is the total number of electrons in the covalent bonds surrounding the sulfur atom?
A. 6 C. 10
B. 8 D. 12
25. The diagram below shows the valence electrons in a molecule of a substance.
Which statement about the substance is true?
A. It can conduct electricity in solid state.

B. It has a low boiling point.
C. It is an ionic compound.
D. It is soluble in water.
Paper 2: Structured Questions
1. An atom of Beryllium has 4 electrons and an atom of Oxygen has 8 electrons.

(a) Draw a dot and cross diagram of a Beryllium atom and an oxygen atom.
Beryllium atom Oxygen atom
(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram of Beryllium Oxide.
Beryllium oxide
(c) Draw a dot and cross diagram of Beryllium Fluoride.
Beryllium fluoride
2. Three elements P, Q and R have proton numbers between 2 and 10. An atom of P has one
electron less than a noble gas. An atom of Q has three electrons less than a noble gas. An
atom of R has one electron more than a noble gas.
(a) State the electron arrangements in each atoms of P, Q and R.
P: _________________
Q: _________________
R: _________________
(b) Draw the cross and dot diagram of the compound formed between P and R. Show all
electrons.
(c) State and explain the type of bonding found in the compound formed between P and R.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) Which of the elements P, Q or R would conduct electricity at room temperature and
pressure? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Table 3.1 shows some information about substances G, H, J and K.
Table 3.1
(a) Which substance is most likely to be a metal? __________________
(b) Which substance is a liquid at room temperature? __________________
(c) (i) What type of bonding is present in substance H? __________________
(ii) Explain your answer to (c)(i) using information from Table 4.1
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
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4. Calcium metal reacts with chlorine to form calcium chloride, CaCl2.
Calcium chloride exists as a solid at room temperature and pressure, and is able to conduct
electricity when molten.
(a) Name the type of chemical bonding present in calcium chloride.
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Draw a 'dot-and-cross' diagram to show the arrangement of the outer shell electrons in
CaCl2.
(c) Explain why calcium chloride is able to conduct electricity when molten.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. The diagram below show the structure of gaseous hydrogen chloride.
(a) Explain why hydrogen chloride has a low melting point.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Use 'dot-and-cross' diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

hydrogen chloride.
Only the outer shells electrons need to be shown
6. Carbon disulfide, CS2, is a simple covalent compound used in manufacturing polymers and
fibres.
(a) Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in carbon disulfide. Show valence
electrons only.
(b) Using your understanding of chemical bonding and structure, suggest why carbon
disulfide has a low melting point of 46.3℃ .
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Sulfur reacts with magnesium to form an ionic compound called magnesium sulfide.
Write the chemical formula for magnesium sulfide.
_____________________________________________________________________
Name : _________________________
Date: _________________________
Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Worksheet 2)
Paper 1: MCQ
1. Elements X (proton number 3) and Y (proton number 17) combine to form compound Z.
Which of the following about compound Z is/are correct?
(1) The bonds in Z are formed by electron transfer

(2) Z is a liquid at room temperature and pressure
(3) The formula of Z is XY
A. (1) only B. (1) and (3) only

C. (2) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
2. Which statement is always true when two atoms join together by a covalent bond?
A. One atom is a metal, the other atom is a non-metal
B. One atom loses one electron, the other atom gains one electron
C. The two atoms share only one electron.
D. The two atoms share at least two electrons.
3. Which statement is true about the difference/similarity between a covalent compound and
a ionic compound?
A. Covalent compounds and ionic compounds can conduct electricity in any state.
B. Covalent compounds form by transferring electrons while ionic compounds form by
sharing electrons.
C. Covalent compounds have high boiling points while ionic compounds have low boiling
points.
D. Covalent compounds and ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity in the solid state.
4. Most ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity in the …..1…… state and are held in the
lattice form when in the …..2…… state.
1 2
A Solid Aqueous
B Solid Solid
C Aqueous Aqueous
D Aqueous Solid
5. A molecule of arsenic bromide, AsBr3, has the structure shown.
Which properties could be correct for arsenic bromide?
Melting point Electrical conductivity in room temperature

A 31°𝐶 does not conduct
B 39°𝐶 conducts
C 650°𝐶 conducts
D 759°𝐶 does not conduct
6. What happens when a bond is formed between a green gaseous element and a soft metallic
element?
A. The gaseous atoms gain an electron.
B. The gaseous atoms lose an electron.
C. The metal atoms gain an electron.
D. The two elements share a pair of electrons.
7. Element Q has four electrons in its outermost shell.
Element Q can combine with hydrogen and chlorine to form a compound 𝑄𝐻𝐶𝑙! .
The diagram below shows the outermost configuration structure of 𝑄𝐻𝐶𝑙! .
Which of these properties will this compound have?

A. It will be solid at room temperature
B. It will be readily soluble in water
C. It will be a good conductor of electricity
D. It will have low boiling point
8. The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown.
What is the formula of the covalent compound formed between X and Y?

A XY5
B XY3
C XY
D X3 Y
9. What happens to the atoms of chlorine when it reacts with magnesium?
A. Each chlorine atom loses one electron to leave a full outer shell.
B. Each chlorine atom gains one electron to fill its outer shell.
C. Each chlorine atom shares one electron with a chlorine atom.
D. Each chlorine atom loses two electrons to leave a full outer shell.
10. The figure below shows a compound formed by elements Q and R.
Which of the following is true?

A. The compound has a low boiling point.
B. The compound has mobile electrons and therefore can conduct electricity.
C. The atoms of R gain electrons from the atom of Q to form an ionic compound.
D. The atoms of Q and R share valence electrons to form a covalent compound with
formula Q2R.
11. Which statement is correct about all ionic compounds?

A. They are formed when metals share electrons with non-metals.
B. They conduct electricity in the molten state.
C. They conduct electricity in the solid state.
D. They dissolve in water.
12. Statement 1: Non-metals share electrons to attain electronic configuration of a noble gas.
Statement 2: Non-metals share electrons to form covalent compounds.
A. Both statements are correct, and statement 2 explains statement 1.

B. Both statements are correct, but statement 2 does not explain statement 1.
C. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D. Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.
13. Which change occurs when magnesium bonds with chlorine?
A. Chlorine loses seven electrons to form a noble gas configuration.
B. Chlorine shares electrons with magnesium to form a molecule of magnesium chloride.
C. Magnesium gains two electrons for form Mg2+ ions.
D. Magnesium loses two electrons to form Mg2+ ions.
14. Which statement is always true when two atoms form a ionic bond?
A. Both atoms are non-metals
B. One atom loses one electron, the other atom gains one electron
C. The two atoms share only one electron.
D. Both atoms are metals
15. What happens when a bond is formed between two non-metal element atoms?
A. One atom gains an electron, the other loses an electron.
B. The atoms share a pair of electrons.
C. The atoms lose one electron each.
D. The atoms gain one electron each.
16. How many pairs of electrons, in a molecule of tetrafluoromethane, CF4, are involved in
bonding?
A. 2 C. 8
B. 4 D. 16
17. The diagram shows the molecule of propene.
How many electrons are involved in bonding in this molecule?

C. 8 C. 16
D. 9 D. 18
Paper 2: Structured Questions
1. The figure below shows how the outer shell electrons are arranged in the compound.
(a) Put ticks ( √ ) in the boxes to show whether the following statements about the
compound are true or false.
True False
It could be ammonia, 𝑁𝐻!
It could be methane, 𝐶𝐻"
It is an ionic compound
It would have a low boiling point
(b) Suggest the electrical conductivity of the compound at room temperature.
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Draw a similar diagram to show the arrangements in a molecule of hydrogen chloride.
You only need to show the outer shell electrons.
2. Chlorine can form both ionic and covalent bonds when combined with other elements.
(a) Explain why chlorine can form both ionic and covalent compounds when combined
with other elements. Use the ‘dot and cross’ diagram to support your explanations.
(i) Ionic compound (E.g. Sodium chloride)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(ii) Covalent compound (E.g. Hydrogen chloride)
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) State two differences in the physical properties of ionic compound and covalent
compound.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Oxygen is a reactive non-metal.

Describe in terms of the number of electrons gained, lost or shared, what happens when
(a) an oxygen atom combines with magnesium atom(s).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) an oxygen atom combines with fluorine atom(s).
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram for oxygen gas
4. Details of the oxides of elements found in the Period 3 of the Periodic Table are shown in
Table 4.1.
Table 4.1
(a) Draw the ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the following compounds.

Show only the valence electrons.
(i) Na2O
(ii) Cl2O
(b) Na2O and Cl2O has boiling points 1950℃ and −123℃ respectively.
Using structure and bonding, explain the difference between the melting point of Na2O
and Cl2O.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________
5. The table below shows some information about four substances A to D.
(a) Which substance is most likely to be potassium chloride?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Using structure and bonding, explain the high melting point of potassium chloride.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Name the bond existing in substance A.
_____________________________________________________________________
Name : _________________________
Date: _________________________
Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Test)
Paper 1: MCQ
1. The diagrams below show the structure of the atoms of two elements
What is the relative molecular mass of the compound formed by these two elements?
A. 11 B. 14 C. 23 D. 30
2. Element Y has the electronic configuration of 2, 2.
Element Z has the electronic configuration of 2, 8, 7.
What is the formula of the compound formed between Y and Z.
A. YZ
B. YZ2
C. Y2Z
D. Y3Z2
3. Element Z has three electrons in the outer shell.
What is the formula of the chloride and oxide of element Z?
chloride of element Z oxide of element Z

A ZCl ZO
B ZCl3 Z2O3
C Z3Cl ZO3
D Z3Cl3 Z3O2
4. A molecule of aluminium oxide, Al2O3, has the structure shown.
Which properties could be correct for aluminium oxide?
Melting point Electrical conductivity in room temperature

A 2000°𝐶 conducts
B 54°𝐶 conducts
C 2500°𝐶 does not conduct
D 150°𝐶 does not conduct
5. Which statement is true about the difference/similarity between a covalent compound and
a ionic compound?
A. Covalent compounds and ionic compounds cannot conduct electricity in any state.
B. Covalent compounds and ionic compounds have low boiling points.
C. Covalent compounds can conduct electricity in the aqueous state while ionic
compounds cannot conduct electricity in any state.
D. Covalent compounds form by sharing electrons while ionic compounds form by
transferring electrons.
6. Statement 1: Covalent compounds have high boiling point.
Statement 2: Ionic compounds are able to conduct electricity in the solid state.
A. Both statements are correct.

B. Both statements are incorrect.
C. Statement 1 is correct but statement 2 is incorrect.
D. Statement 2 is correct but statement 1 is incorrect.
7. The diagram below shows the valence electrons in a molecule of a substance.
Which statement about the substance is true?

A. lt can conduct electricity in solid state.
B. lt has a high boiling point.
C. lt transfers electrons to other molecules.
D. lt is a covalent compound.
8. The diagram below shows bonding in carbon dioxide. The diagram is incomplete and only
outermost electrons are shown.
Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of electrons in the shaded areas of
the diagram?
Paper 2: Structured Questions [12 marks]
1. Chlorine is a reactive non-metal.
Describe in terms of the number of electrons gained, lost or shared, what happens when
(a) A chlorine atom combines with another chlorine atom. [2]
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) a chlorine atom combines with sodium atom(s). [2]
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(c) Which of the compound formed in (a) and (b) can conduct electricity in the molten
state? Why is the compound only able to conduct in the molten state and not in the solid
state? [2]
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(d) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram for chlorine gas [2]
2. The diagrams below (A and B) represent the particles in two substances.
(a) Comparing substances A and B, only one substance can conduct electricity.
Identify which substance is the electrical conductor and explain the difference in
electrical conductivity. [2]
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(b) Potassium oxide shares the same type of bonding as substances A and B.
Draw a 'dot and cross' diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in potassium oxide.
Only the outer shells of electrons need to be shown. [2]

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Name : _________________________

Combined Sciences (Chemistry): Ionic and Covalent Bonds

2. Ionic and covalent bonds

Characteristics of Ionic Bonds

High melting and boiling point

Characteristics of Covalent Bonds

Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Worksheet 1)

1. What happens to the atoms of oxygen when it reacts with magnesium?

3. Which of the following compounds are formed by ionic bonding?

4. Which of the following is correct about the property of a ionic compound?

6. Which change occurs when an atom forms a cation?

7. Ionic bonds are formed when electrons are …..1……..

10. Which of the following best represent oxygen gas?

Which atom would form an anion?

Which atom would form a cation?

Element Element structure

15. Which list contains elements that exist as diatomic molecules?

18. The table shows the number of protons in five elements.

atom of element number of protons

Which pair of atoms forms a covalent molecule?

electrons lost by each atom of P electrons lost by each atom of Q

Which row is correct?

electrons given away by each electrons received by each

Substance Electrical Property

What could these four substances be?

Which statement about the substance is true?

A. It can conduct electricity in solid state.

1. An atom of Beryllium has 4 electrons and an atom of Oxygen has 8 electrons.

Beryllium atom Oxygen atom

(b) Draw a dot and cross diagram of Beryllium Oxide.

(a) State the electron arrangements in each atoms of P, Q and R.

3. Table 3.1 shows some information about substances G, H, J and K.

(a) Which substance is most likely to be a metal? __________________

(b) Which substance is a liquid at room temperature? __________________

(c) (i) What type of bonding is present in substance H? __________________

(a) Name the type of chemical bonding present in calcium chloride.

(a) Explain why hydrogen chloride has a low melting point.

(b) Use 'dot-and-cross' diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

Only the outer shells electrons need to be shown

Ionic and Covalent Bonds (Worksheet 2)

(1) The bonds in Z are formed by electron transfer

A. (1) only B. (1) and (3) only

Which of the following words match the gaps 1 and 2?

5. A molecule of arsenic bromide, AsBr3, has the structure shown.

Which properties could be correct for arsenic bromide?

Melting point Electrical conductivity in room temperature

Which of these properties will this compound have?

8. The electronic structures of atoms X and Y are shown.

What is the formula of the covalent compound formed between X and Y?

10. The figure below shows a compound formed by elements Q and R.

Which of the following is true?

11. Which statement is correct about all ionic compounds?

Which of the following is true?

A. Both statements are correct, and statement 2 explains statement 1.

17. The diagram shows the molecule of propene.

How many electrons are involved in bonding in this molecule?

(b) Suggest the electrical conductivity of the compound at room temperature.

(ii) Covalent compound (E.g. Hydrogen chloride)

3. Oxygen is a reactive non-metal.