International Rules For Seed Testing 2015 (PDFDrive)
International Rules For Seed Testing 2015 (PDFDrive)
International Rules For Seed Testing 2015 (PDFDrive)
Chapter 2: Sampling
Contents
Preface to the 2015 Edition of the ISTA Rules ................. iii 2.5.4.7 Storage of submitted samples after
testing ................................................................... 2-9
Chapter 2: Sampling ....................................................... 2-1 2.6 Calculation and expression of results ..................... 2-11
2.1 Object ....................................................................... 2-1 2.7 Reporting of results ................................................ 2-11
2.2 Definitions ................................................................ 2-1 2.8 Tables for lot size and sample sizes ........................ 2-11
2.2.1 Seed lot ............................................................... 2-1 Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes:
2.2.2 Primary sample .................................................. 2-1 agricultural and vegetable seeds ..................... 2-12
2.2.3 Composite sample .............................................. 2-1 Table 2A Part 2. Lot sizes and sample sizes:
2.2.4 Subsample .......................................................... 2-1 tree and shrub seeds ........................................ 2-19
2.2.5 Submitted sample ............................................... 2-1 Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes:
2.2.6 Duplicate sample ................................................ 2-1 flower, spice, herb and medicinal species ....... 2-24
2.2.7 Working sample ................................................. 2-1 2.9 Heterogeneity testing for seed lots in multiple
2.2.8 Sealed ................................................................. 2-1 containers .................................................................. 2-33
2.2.9 Self-sealing containers ....................................... 2-1 2.9.1 The H value test ............................................... 2-33
2.2.10 Marked/labelled ............................................... 2-1 2.9.1.1 Definitions of terms and symbols .............. 2-33
2.2.11 Treated seed ...................................................... 2-1 2.9.1.2 Sampling the lot ......................................... 2-34
2.2.12 Coated seeds ..................................................... 2-2 2.9.1.3 Testing procedure ....................................... 2-34
2.3 General principles ..................................................... 2-2 2.9.1.4 Use of Table 2D ......................................... 2-35
2.4 Apparatus .................................................................. 2-2 2.9.1.5 Reporting results ........................................ 2-35
2.5 Procedures ............................................................... 2-2 2.9.2 The R value test ................................................ 2-35
2.5.1 Procedures for sampling a seed lot .................... 2-2 2.9.2.1 Definitions of terms and symbols .............. 2-35
2.5.1.1 Preparation of a seed lot and conditions 2.9.2.2 Sampling the lot ......................................... 2-35
for sampling ......................................................... 2-2 2.9.2.3 Testing procedure ....................................... 2-35
2.5.1.2 Sampling intensity ....................................... 2-2 2.9.2.4 Use of tables .............................................. 2-36
2.5.1.3 Taking primary samples ............................... 2-3 2.9.2.5 Reporting results ........................................ 2-36
2.5.1.4 Obtaining the composite sample .................. 2-4 2.9.3 Interpretation of results .................................... 2-36
2.5.1.5 Obtaining the submitted sample .................. 2-4
2.5.1.6 Dispatch of the submitted sample ................ 2-4
2.5.1.7 Storage of submitted samples before
testing ................................................................... 2-5
2.5.2 Procedures for obtaining the submitted and
working sample ........................................................ 2-5
2.5.2.1 Minimum size of working sample ............... 2-5
2.5.2.2 Sample reduction methods ........................... 2-5
2.5.2.2.1 Mechanical divider method ................... 2-5
2.5.2.2.2 Modified halving method ...................... 2-6
2.5.2.2.3 Spoon method ........................................ 2-6
2.5.2.2.4 The hand halving method ...................... 2-7
2.5.3 Storage of samples after testing ......................... 2-7
2.5.4 Conditions for issuing Orange International
Seed Lot Certificates ............................................... 2-7
2.5.4.1 Seed lot size ................................................ 2-7
2.5.4.2 Large herbage seed lots of Poaceae ........... 2-8
2.5.4.2.1 Definitions ............................................. 2-8
2.5.4.2.2 Approval ................................................ 2-8
2.5.4.2.3 Check sampling and testing .................. 2-8
2.5.4.2.4 Withdrawal of approval ......................... 2-8
2.5.4.2.5 Responsibility ........................................ 2-8
2.5.4.3 Marking/labelling and sealing of
containers ............................................................. 2-9
Contents
Since 2014, the International Rules for Seed Testing (ISTA Details of changes
Rules) are primarily available in electronic form only. The
ISTA Rules can be downloaded as a complete PDF file or The 2015 changes are editorial corrections or Rules
as individual chapters from: changes adopted at the Ordinary General Meeting held at
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ista/rules Edinburgh, United Kingdom, in June 2014.
The changes in the text content from the previous edi-
If required, users of the ISTA Rules can print their own tion of the ISTA Rules are listed below. They can be dis-
copies. For further information on the ISTA Rules, see: played as yellow highlighted text as a ‘layer’ within the
http://www.seedtest.org/rules electronic copy with comments on what has changed.
For the previous history of amendments to the ISTA
Rules, see the Prefaces for 2003 to 2013 on the ISTA web
Seed health testing methods site.
Previously, the seed health testing methods were pub- Dr. Steve Jones, ISTA Rules Committee Chair
lished as a separate Annexe to Chapter 7 of the ISTA
Rules. They are now available as separate method sheets Craig McGill, ISTA Rules Committee Vice-Chair
from the ISTA web site at:
http://www.seedtest.org/seedhealthmethods ISTA Secretariat
Chapter 2: Sampling
The object of sampling is to obtain a sample of a size suit- The working sample is the whole of the submitted sample
able for tests, in which the probability of a constituent be- or a subsample thereof, on which one of the quality tests
ing present is determined only by its level of occurrence described in these ISTA Rules is made and must be at least
in the seed lot. the weight prescribed by the ISTA Rules for the particular
test.
2.2 Definitions
2.2.8 Sealed
2.2.1 Seed lot
Sealed means that a container in which seed is held is
A seed lot is a specified quantity of seed that is physically closed in such a way, that it cannot be opened to gain ac-
and uniquely identifiable. cess to the seed and closed again, without either destroy-
ing the seal or leaving evidence of tampering. This defini-
tion refers to the sealing of seed lots, as well as of seed
2.2.2 Primary sample samples.
Table 2.2. Minimum sampling intensity for seed lots in chaffiness or any other quality trait. All sampling appara-
containers of more than 100 kg, or from streams of seed tus must be clean before use to prevent cross contamina-
entering containers tions. Triers must be long enough so that the opening at
the tip reaches at least half of the diameter of the con-
Seed lot size Number of primary samples to be taken tainer. When the container is not accessible from opposite
Up to 500 kg At least five primary samples sides, the trier must be long enough to reach the opposite
501–3 000 kg One primary sample for each 300 kg, side. Sampling seed lots may be done by one of the meth-
but not less than five ods listed below.
3 001–20 000 kg One primary sample for each 500 kg,
but not less than 10
a) Automatic sampling from a seed stream. Seed may
20 001 kg and One primary sample for each 700 kg,
above but not less than 40 be sampled by automatic sampling devices, provided
that the instrument uniformly samples the cross sec-
tion of the seed stream and the material entering the
instrument does not bounce out again. It may be op-
When sampling a seed lot of up to 15 containers, regard- erated either under manual or automatic control. The
less of their size, the same number of primary samples intervals between taking primary samples should be
must be taken from each container. constant but may also vary randomly.
Sampling intensity for coated seeds is as described in
Tables 2.1 and 2.2. b) Manual sampling from a seed stream. Seed streams
may also be sampled by using manual instruments
when fulfilling the requirements listed under a).
2.5.1.3 Taking primary samples
c) Sampling stick. The sampling stick (e.g. stick trier,
When defining the number and/or the size of primary sleeve type trier, spiral trier) consists of two parts,
samples, the seed sampler needs to ensure (besides meet- one of which fits loosely inside the other, but tightly
ing the minimum sampling intensity) that the minimum enough so that seed or impurities do not slip between
amount of seed required for the requested test(s) is sent to them. The outer part has a solid pointed end. Both
the testing laboratory and enough seed remains available parts have slots in their walls so that the cavity of the
for obtaining duplicate samples if requested. inner part can be opened and closed by moving the two
Primary samples of approximately equal size must be parts against each other by either a twisting or a push-
taken from a seed lot, irrespective of where in the lot or pull motion.
container the primary sample is taken. The sampling stick may be used horizontally, diago-
When the seed lot is in containers, the containers to nally or vertically. The spiral trier has slots in a spiral
be sampled must be selected at random or according to a arrangement for their subsequent opening from the tip
systematic plan throughout the seed lot. Primary samples to the handle and may only be used for seeds of a size
must be drawn from the top, middle and bottom of con- smaller than Triticum aestivum.
tainers, but not necessarily from more than one position However, when used vertically or diagonally down-
in any container, unless so specified in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. wards, the sampling stick must either have partitions
When the seed is in bulk or in large containers, the dividing the instrument into a number of compart-
primary samples must be drawn from random positions. ments or have slots in a spiral arrangement. The mini-
Containers must be opened or pierced for abstraction mum inside diameter should be about 25 mm for all
of primary samples. The sampled containers must then be species.
closed or the contents transferred to new containers. When using the sampling stick, insert it in the closed
When seed is to be packed in special types of contain- position into the container, gently push it so that the
ers (e.g. small, not penetrable, or moisture-proof contain- point reaches the required position, open the sampling
ers), it should be sampled, if possible, either before or dur- stick, agitate it slightly to allow it to fill completely,
ing the filling of the containers. gently close and withdraw it and empty the primary
Sampling seed lots of seed tapes and seed mats should sample into a container. Care should be exercised
Chapter 2: Sampling
be done by taking packets or pieces of tape or mat. in closing the sampling stick so that seeds are not
The instruments being used must neither damage the damaged.
seed nor select according to seed size, shape, density,
d) Nobbe trier. The Nobbe trier (dynamic spear) is a sert the open hand into the container to the required
pointed tube with an opening near the pointed end. position, close and withdraw the hand, taking great
Seed passes through the tube and is collected in a con- care that the fingers remain tightly closed about the
tainer. The minimum internal diameter of the Nobbe seeds so none may escape, and empty the hand into a
trier should be about 10 mm for clovers and similar receiving pan.
seeds, about 14 mm for cereals and about 20 mm for
maize.
When using the Nobbe trier, insert it at an angle of 2.5.1.4 Obtaining the composite sample
about 30° to the horizontal plane with the opening fac-
ing down, push the trier until it reaches the required Where possible, the primary samples are compared with
position and revolve it through 180°. Withdraw it with each other during sampling. The primary samples can
decreasing speed from the container, gently agitating only be combined to form the composite sample if they
the trier to help maintain an even flow of seed, and col- appear to be uniform. If not, the sampling procedure must
lect the seed sample coming from the trier in a suitable be stopped. When primary samples are collected directly
container. into one container, the content of this container may be
regarded as the composite sample only if it appears uni-
e) Cargo sampler. The cargo sampler (bulk sampler) form. If not, it must not be used for obtaining a submitted
consists of a special type of chamber that is fixed to sample.
a shaft. The lower part of the chamber is cone-shaped
with a pointed end. To reach a greater depth, the shaft
may be lengthened by screwing on successive exten- 2.5.1.5 Obtaining the submitted sample
sions. There is a closing system in the chamber that
may be a collar on the outside of the instrument, a wing The submitted sample must be obtained by reducing the
connected to a door or a valve with a spring. Some car- composite sample to an appropriate size by one of the
go samplers can be closed before they are drawn back methods referred to in 2.5.2.2. Obtaining subsamples such
from the sampling position; others cannot be closed, as for moisture testing must be carried out in such a way
so that the filled chamber is open during withdrawal. that changes in moisture content are minimal.
For all species, the minimum inside diameter can be The composite sample can be submitted to the seed
about 35 mm and the depth 75 mm. When using the testing laboratory if it is of appropriate size or if it is dif-
cargo sampler, insert it in the closed position into the ficult to mix and reduce the composite sample properly
container, gently push it vertically into the seed so under warehouse conditions.
that the point reaches the required position, pull the Duplicate samples, which were requested not later
cargo sampler back about 10 cm or turn it (depending than at the time of sampling, must be prepared in the same
on the closing system), agitate it slightly to allow it to way as the submitted sample.
fill completely, gently close if possible and withdraw
it and empty the primary sample into a container. Care
should be exercised in closing the cargo sampler, so 2.5.1.6 Dispatch of the submitted sample
that the seeds are not damaged.
The submitted sample must be marked with the same
f) Sampling by hand. This method can be used for all identification as the seed lot. For an Orange International
species and may be the most suitable method for seed Seed Lot Certificate, the sample must be sealed. The ad-
that may be damaged by the use of triers, seeds with ditional information required according to 1.4.2 as well
wings, seeds with low moisture content, seed tapes and as the name of any chemical treatment applied must be
seed mats. provided.
For hand sampling seed in containers, all positions Submitted samples must be packed so as to prevent
inside the containers must be accessible. Containers damage during transit. Submitted samples should be
with layers which are not accessible from the regular packed in breathable containers.
opening may have to be cut open, sampled and repack- Subsamples for moisture testing, and samples from
Chapter 2: Sampling
aged. Containers may also be partially or completely seed lots which have been dried to low moisture content,
emptied during the sampling process to gain access to must be packed in moisture-proof containers which con-
all positions in the containers. For sampling by hand, tain as little air as possible. Submitted samples for germi-
clean the hand and roll the sleeve up if necessary, in- nation tests, viability tests and health tests may only be
packed in moisture-proof containers if suitable storage procedure. When using one of the dividers described for
conditions can be assured. seed pellets the distance of fall must not exceed 250 mm.
Submitted samples must be dispatched to the seed test- Except in the case of seed health, the method of hand
ing laboratory without delay. halving must be restricted to certain genera listed in
2.5.2.2.4. Only the spoon method and the hand halving
method may be used in the laboratory to obtain working
2.5.1.7 Storage of submitted samples before samples for seed health testing where other samples or
testing equipment may be contaminated by spores or other propa-
gating material.
Every effort must be made to start testing a submitted For seed tapes and mats take pieces of tape or mat at
sample on the day of receipt. Storage of orthodox seeds, random, to provide sufficient seeds for the test.
when necessary, should be in a cool, well-ventilated room. After obtaining a working sample or half-working
Non-orthodox (i.e. recalcitrant or intermediate) seeds sample the remainder must be re-mixed before a second
should be tested as soon as possible after obtaining the working sample or half-working sample is obtained.
submitted sample from the composite sample without any To obtain the submitted sample for moisture content
storage. Handling of the submitted sample and, if neces- determination (2.5.4.4 a), subsamples must be taken in
sary, storage should be done under species specific opti- the following way: first, mix the composite sample. Then,
mum conditions. take a minimum of three samples from different positions
and combine them to create the subsample for moisture
of the required size. The subsample for moisture must be
2.5.2 Procedures for obtaining the taken as soon as possible to avoid changes in moisture
submitted and working sample content.
To obtain the working sample for moisture content de-
2.5.2.1 Minimum size of working sample termination (9.1.5.2) subsamples must be taken in the fol-
lowing way: before taking the subsample, mix the sample
Minimum sizes of working samples are prescribed in the by either stirring the sample in its container with a spoon
appropriate chapter for each test. The working sample or by placing the opening of the original container against
weights for purity analyses given in Table 2A are calcu- the opening of a similar container and pour the seed back
lated to contain at least 2 500 seeds. These weights are and forth between the two containers. Take a minimum
recommended for normal use in purity tests, see 3.5.1. of three subsamples with a spoon from different positions
The sample weights in column 5 of Table 2A, Part 1, and combine them to create the subsample of the required
for counts of other species are 10 times the weights in col- size. The seed must not be exposed to the air during sam-
umn 4, subject to a maximum of 1000 g. ple reduction for more than 30 s.
Working samples of all coated seeds except those de-
fined as treated seed in 2.2.11 must contain at least the
number of pellets, seeds or granules indicated in column 2.5.2.2.1 Mechanical divider method
3 of Table 2B, Part 1 and Part 2. If a smaller sample is
used, the actual number of pellets, seeds or granules in the This method is suitable for all kinds of seeds except some
sample must be reported. very chaffy seeds. The apparatus divides a sample passed
through it into two or more approximately equal parts.
The submitted sample can be mixed by passing it through
2.5.2.2 Sample reduction methods the divider, recombining the parts and passing the whole
sample through a second time, and similarly, a third time
If the seed sample needs to be reduced to a size equal to if necessary. The sample is reduced by passing the seed
or greater than the size prescribed, the seed sample must through repeatedly and removing parts on each occasion.
first be thoroughly mixed. The submitted/working sample This process of reduction is continued until a working
must then be obtained either by repeated halving or by sample of approximately, but not less than, the required
abstracting and subsequently combining small random size is obtained.
Chapter 2: Sampling
portions. The apparatus and methods for sample reduction The dividers described below are examples of suitable
are described in 2.5.2.2.1 to 2.5.2.2.4. One, two or more equipment.
of these methods may be used in one sample reduction
a) Conical divider. The conical divider (Boerner type) e) Variable sample divider. The variable sample divid-
consists of a hopper, cone, and series of baffles direct- er consists of a pouring hopper and a tube underneath
ing the seed into two spouts. The baffles form alternate that rotates with about 40 rpm. The tube distributes the
channels and spaces of equal width. They are arranged seed stream from the pouring hopper onto the inner
in a circle and are directed inward and downward, the surface of a further hopper, which is well fitted into a
channels leading to one spout and the spaces to an op- third hopper all being concentric. In the second and the
posite spout. A valve or gate at the base of the hopper third hopper there are slots that comprise 50 % of the
retains the seed. When the valve is opened the seed perimeter of the hoppers. 50 % of the seed will pass
falls by gravity over the cone where it is evenly distrib- through the two hoppers into a collecting pan. The
uted to the channels and spaces, then passes through other 50 % will stay within the hoppers and will then
the spouts into the seed pans. go into a second collecting pan. The two hoppers can
The following dimensions are suitable: About 38
be twisted against each other resulting in more narrow
channels, each about 25 mm wide for large seeds and slots. The effect is that a smaller percentage will pass
about 44 channels, each about 8 mm wide for small through the slots. Either the smaller sample outside the
free-flowing seeds. hoppers or the bigger sample inside the hoppers can be
used as the required sample. The position of the two
b) Soil divider. The soil divider (riffle divider) consists hoppers in relation to each other can be adjusted ac-
of a hopper with about 18 attached channels or ducts curately, resulting in pre-determined subsample sizes.
alternately leading to opposite sides. A channel width
of about 13 mm is suitable.
In using the divider the seed is placed evenly into a 2.5.2.2.2 Modified halving method
pouring pan and then poured in the hopper at approxi-
mately equal rates along the entire length. The seed The apparatus comprises a tray into which fits a grid of
passes through the channels and is collected in two equal-sized cubical cells, open at the top and every al-
receiving pans. ternate one having no bottom. After preliminary mixing,
the seed is poured evenly over the grid. When the grid is
c) Centrifugal divider. In the centrifugal divider lifted, approximately half the sample remains on the tray.
(Gamet type) the seed flows downward through a hop- The submitted sample is successively halved in this way
per onto a shallow cup or spinner. Upon rotation of the until a working sample, of approximately but not less than
spinner by an electric motor the seeds are thrown out the required size, is obtained.
by centrifugal force and fall downward. The circle or
area where the seeds fall is equally divided into two
parts by a stationary baffle so that approximately half 2.5.2.2.3 Spoon method
the seeds fall in one spout and half in the other spout.
The centrifugal divider tends to give variable results The spoon method is recommended for sample reduction
unless the spinner is operated after having poured the for seed health testing (7.4.1). For other tests it is restrict-
seed centrally into the hopper. ed to species with seeds smaller than Triticum spp., to the
genera Arachis, Glycine and Phaseolus, and to tree genera
d) Rotary divider. The rotary divider comprises a rotat- Abies, Cedrus and Pseudotsuga. A tray, a spatula and a
ing crown unit with 6 to 10 attached subsample con- spoon with a straight edge are required. After preliminary
tainers, a vibration chute and a hopper. In using the di- mixing, pour the seed evenly over the tray; do not shake
vider the seed is poured into the hopper and the rotary the tray thereafter. With the spoon in one hand, the spatula
divider is switched on so that the crown unit with the in the other, and using both, remove small portions of seed
containers rotates with approx. 100 rpm and the vibra- from not less than five random places. Sufficient portions
tion chute starts to feed the seed into the inlet cylinder of seed are taken to constitute a subsample of the required
of the rotating crown. The feeding rate and therefore size.
the duration of the dividing operation can be adjust-
ed by the distance between the funnel of the hopper
Chapter 2: Sampling
2.5.2.2.4 The hand halving method should be stored under cool and dry conditions. For such
tests in recalcitrant and intermediate seeds of tropical and
This method is restricted to the following genera of chaffy subtropical species, long term storage is not possible. For
seeds: such seed of temperate species storability depends on the
Agrimonia, Andropogon, Anthoxanthum, Arrhenath fungal status and to some extent whether the seed is dor-
erum, Astrebla, Beckmannia, Bouteloua, Brachiaria, mant or not. All factors pertaining to storage need to be
Briza, Cenchrus, Chloris, Dichanthium, Digitaria, Echi determined on a species basis. Protection against insects
nochloa, Ehrharta, Elymus, Eragrostis, Gomphrena, Gos and rodents may be necessary.
sypium (linted seed only), Melinis, Oryza, Pennisetum To provide for re-testing by the original or by anoth-
(non glaucum), Psathyrostachys, Scabiosa, Sorghastrum, er seed testing laboratory, samples on which ISTA Cer-
Stylosanthes (non guianensis), Trisetum; tificates have been issued must be stored at least for one
year from the receipt of the sample. Submitted samples
to the following genera of easily damaged fragile seeds: in moisture proof containers, and samples of recalcitrant
Arachis, Glycine and Phaseolus; or intermediate species, must be stored under appropriate
conditions for as long as it can be expected that the results
and to the following genera and species of tree and shrub of a re-test are not affected by the storage.
seeds: When a re-test in a different testing laboratory is re-
Acer, Aesculus, Ailanthus, Castanea, Cedrela, Cory quired, a portion must be drawn from the stored sample
lus, Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Liriodendron, Pinus cem in accordance with 2.5.2.2, and submitted to the desig-
bra, Pinus pinea, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, Salix, Tec nated testing laboratory. The remainder must be retained
tona, Ulmus. in store.
The hand halving method can also be used with the spe-
cies where all other dividing methods are extremely dif- 2.5.4 Conditions for issuing Orange
ficult or impossible to use. International Seed Lot Certificates
For all other species it can be used only to obtain work-
ing samples in the laboratory for seed health tests (7.4.1). The sampling methods laid down in the ISTA Rules must
For applying the hand halving method, pour the sam- be followed when seed samples are drawn for the issue of
ple evenly onto a smooth clean surface, thoroughly mix Orange International Seed Lot Certificates. Further condi-
the seed into a mound with a flat-edged spatula, divide tions have to be fulfilled as listed below.
the mound into half and halve each half again – giving
four portions – and halve each portion again – giving
eight portions, arrange the portions in two rows of four, 2.5.4.1 Seed lot size
combine and retain alternate portions: e.g. combine the
first and third portions in the first row with the second and The seed lot must not exceed the quantity indicated in col-
fourth in the second row, remove the remaining four por- umn 2 of Table 2A, subject to a tolerance of 5 % with the
tions. Repeat the procedure using the retained portions exception of:
until obtaining the required sample size. a) herbage and amenity seed being transported loose in
bulk containers. The conditions under which this ex-
ception may be permitted are laid down in Chapter 17.
2.5.3 Storage of samples after testing b) seed pellets, seed granules, seed tapes or seed mats.
The maximum number of seeds that a seed lot of seed
The primary aim of storage of samples after testing is to pellets, seed granules, seed tapes or seed mats may
be able to repeat the original tests carried out on the sub- contain is 1 000 000 000 (10 000 units of 100 000)
mitted sample. Therefore, storage conditions should be except that the weight of the seed lot, including the
such that changes in the seed quality traits tested are mini- coating material may not exceed 40 000 kg subject to a
mal. For example, in the case of the purity test or other tolerance of 5 % (42 000 kg). When seed lot size is ex-
seed count, the sample should be stored in such a way pressed in units the total weight of the seed lot must be
Chapter 2: Sampling
that the physical identity is kept. In the case of germina- given on the Orange International Seed Lot Certificate.
tion, viability or health test of orthodox seeds the sample
2.5.4.3 Marking/labelling and sealing of b) For verification of species and variety, as prescribed in
containers Chapter 8.
The seed lot must be in marked/labelled containers which c) For all other tests, at least the weight prescribed in
are self-sealing, sealed (or capable of being sealed) or un- column 3 of Table 2A. As long as a determination of
der the control of the seed sampler. other seeds by number is not requested, the submitted
Where the seed lot is already marked/labelled and sample must weigh at least the amount indicated for
sealed before sampling, the seed sampler must verify the working sample for purity analysis in column 4 of
marking/labelling and sealing on every container. Oth- Table 2A. In the case of coated seeds, the submitted
erwise the sampler has to mark/label the containers and samples must contain not less than the number of pel-
must seal every container before the seed lot leaves his/ lets or seeds indicated in column 2 of Table 2B, Part 1
her control. and Part 2. As long as a determination of other seed by
The samplers are personally responsible for the seals, number or size grading is not requested, the submitted
labels and bags supplied to them and it is their duty to sample need only contain as a minimum the number
ensure that primary, composite or submitted samples must of seeds indicated for the working sample for purity
never be left in the hands of persons not authorised by the analysis in column 3 of Table 2B Parts 1 and 2.
seed testing laboratory unless they are sealed in such a
way that they cannot be tampered with. If the submitted sample is smaller than prescribed, the
sampler must be notified accordingly and analysis with-
held until sufficient seed is received in a single submitted
2.5.4.4 Sampling from the seed lot sample; except that in the case of very expensive seed,
the analysis may be completed to the extent possible and
For sampling from the seed lot methods listed under 2.5.1 the following statement inserted on the certificate: ‘The
must be used. Automatic seed samplers must be approved sample submitted weighed only ..... g [or in the case of
by the ISTA seed testing laboratory. pelleted seeds ‘contained only .... pellets (seeds)’] and is
An Orange International Seed Lot Certificate issued on not in accordance with the International Rules for Seed
a seed lot (see 2.2.1) is still valid after re-packaging the Testing.’
seed lot in new containers provided that: The submitted sample must be sealed and labelled or
marked.
a)
The identity of the seed in the initial seed lot is
preserved.
2.5.4.6 Sample reduction
b) The seed lot designation (see 2.2.10) is not changed.
For sample reduction, methods listed under 2.5.2.2 must
c) The moving of the seed into the new containers is done be used.
under the control of an ISTA seed sampler.
d) There is no processing of the seed during filling of the 2.5.4.7 Storage of submitted samples after
new containers. testing
START
Yes
Approval granted
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
Yes Yes
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
Yes Yes
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
Yes Yes
No
Check sample Check sample APPROVAL
WITHDRAWN
No
Check sample
Homogeneous? Homogeneous?
(3 random samples from 100 large lots)
APPROVAL
Yes Yes Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
3 % check sampling
No Yes
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
Yes Yes
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
Yes Yes
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? No Homogeneous? No
2 % check sampling
WITHDRAWN
Chapter 2: Sampling
Yes Yes
APPROVAL
Homogeneous? No Homogeneous? No
WITHDRAWN
Yes Yes
APPROVAL RETAINED
Figure 2.1. Flow chart describing the approval procedure and check-sampling programme with regard to large herbage
seed lots (2.5.4.2.2–4).
2.6 Calculation and expression of 2.8 Tables for lot size and sample
results sizes
No specific calculation or expression of results required Table 2A is referred to in various chapters of the ISTA
except under 2.9 for heterogeneity tests. Rules and indicates weights of lots and samples for differ-
ent species, and the specific names to be used in reporting
test results. Each sample size is derived from a nominal
2.7 Reporting of results thousand-seed weight (TSW) for each species which, on
the available evidence, is expected to be adequate for the
No specific calculation or expression of results required majority of samples tested.
except under 2.9 for heterogeneity tests. Where a weight is not given in the table and a count
of other species is requested, the submitted sample must
contain a minimum of 25 000 seeds.
Chapter 2: Sampling
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds (continued)
Medicago arabica (L.) Huds. (out of burr) 10 000 50 5 50
Medicago italica (Mill.) Fiori (includes Medicago tornata (L.) 10 000 100 10 100
Mill.)
Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Loisel. 10 000 70 7 70
Medicago lupulina L. 10 000 50 5 50
Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bartal. 10 000 80 8 80
Medicago polymorpha L. 10 000 70 7 70
Medicago rugosa Desr. 10 000 180 18 180
Medicago sativa L. 10 000 50 5 50
Medicago scutellata (L.) Mill. 10 000 400 40 400
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 1. Lot sizes and sample sizes: agricultural and vegetable seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 2. Lot sizes and sample sizes: tree and shrub seeds
Table 2A Part 2. Lot sizes and sample sizes: tree and shrub seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 2. Lot sizes and sample sizes: tree and shrub seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 2. Lot sizes and sample sizes: tree and shrub seeds (continued)
Table 2A Part 2. Lot sizes and sample sizes: tree and shrub seeds (continued)
Chapter 2: Sampling
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Table 2A Part 3. Lot sizes and sample sizes: flower, spice, herb and medicinal species (continued)
Chapter 2: Sampling
Table 2B Part 1. Sample sizes (numbers of seeds) for pelleted seeds, encrusted seed and seed granules
Table 2B Part 2. Sample sizes (number of seeds) for seed tapes and mats
2.9 Heterogeneity testing for seed Mean of all X values determined for the lot in respect of
lots in multiple containers the adopted attribute:
Table 2D. Sampling intensity and critical H values. Number of independent container samples to be drawn as depend-
ing on the number of containers in the lot and critical H values for seed lot heterogeneity at a significance level of 1 %
probability
Number of Number of inde- Critical H value for purity and Critical H value for other seed
containers in pendent container germination attributes count attributes
the lot samples
non-chaffy seeds chaffy seeds non-chaffy seeds chaffy seeds
5 5 2.55 2.78 3.25 5.10
6 6 2.22 2.42 2.83 4.44
7 7 1.98 2.17 2.52 3.98
8 8 1.80 1.97 2.30 3.61
9 9 1.66 1.81 2.11 3.32
10 10 1.55 1.69 1.97 3.10
11–15 11 1.45 1.58 1.85 2.90
16–25 15 1.19 1.31 1.51 2.40
26–35 17 1.10 1.20 1.40 2.20
36–49 18 1.07 1.16 1.36 2.13
50 or more 20 0.99 1.09 1.26 2.00
2.9.1.2 Sampling the lot grasses. The working sample should be of such weight
as is estimated to contain 1000 seeds counted from
The number of independent container samples must be not each container-sample. Each working sample is sepa-
less than presented in Table 2D. rated into two fractions: the selected component and
Sampling intensity has been chosen such that in a lot the remainder.
containing about 10 % deviating containers, at least one b) Any kind of seed or seedling determinable in a stand-
deviating container is selected with a probability of p = ard germination test may be used, e.g. normal seed-
90 %. Since the detection of a deviating container is con- lings, abnormal seedlings or hard seeds. From each
ditional on selection, the power of both tests to detect het- container-sample a germination test of 100 seeds is set
erogeneity is at best close to equal, but usually lower than up simultaneously and completed in accordance with
the chosen selection probability. (Reference: Steiner, A. conditions specified in Table 5A.
M. and Meyer, U. (1990), H value and R value heteroge- c) The seed count may be of any component that can be
neity testing of seed lots; properties, sampling intensity counted, e.g. a specified seed species, or all other seeds
and precision. Agribiological Research 43, 103–114.) together. Each working sample must be of a weight
The containers to be sampled are chosen strictly at estimated to contain about 10 000 seeds and a count is
random. The sample taken from the container must ad- made in it of the number of seeds of the kind selected
equately represent the whole contents, e.g. the top, middle (i.e. other seed count).
and bottom of a bag. The weight of each container-sample
must be not less than half that specified in the Table 2A,
column 3.
2.9.1.4 Use of Table 2D deviation was calculated by the standard deviation due to
random variation according to the binomial distribution
Table 2D shows the critical H values which would be ex- in the case of purity and germination, and to the Poisson
ceeded in only 1 % of tests from seed lots with an ac- distribution in the case of the other seed count, multiplied
ceptable distribution of the attribute adopted as indica- by the square root of the factor f given in Table 2C, respec-
tor. If the calculated H value exceeds the critical H value tively. The spread between containers is characterized by
belonging to the sample number N, the attribute and the the calculated range to be compared with the correspond-
chaffiness in Table 2D, then the lot is considered to show ing tolerated range.
significant heterogeneity in the in-range, or possibly also
the off-range sense. If, however, the calculated H value is
less than or equal to the tabulated critical H value, then the 2.9.2.1 Definitions of terms and symbols
lot is considered to show no heterogeneity in the in-range,
or possibly off-range sense with respect to the attribute No number of containers in the lot
being tested. N number of independent container-samples
n number of seeds tested from each container-sample
(1 000 for purity, 100 for germination and 10 000 for
2.9.1.5 Reporting results other seed count, see 3.3)
X test result of the adopted attribute in a container-sample
The result of the H value heterogeneity test for seed lots in ∑ symbol for sum of all values
multiple containers must be reported under ‘Other deter-
minations’, as follows: Mean of all X values determined for the lot in respect of
– X: mean of all X values determined for the lot in the adopted attribute:
respect of the adopted attribute;
– N: number of independent container samples; ∑X
X =
– No: number of containers in the lot; N
– the calculated H value;
– the statement: ‘This H value does/does not indicate Range found as maximum difference between independ-
significant heterogeneity.’ ent container samples of the lot in respect of the adopted
attribute:
Note: the H value must not be calculated or reported if X
is outside the following limits: R = Xmax – Xmin
– purity components: above 99.8 % or below 0.2 %;
– germination: above 99.0 % or below 1.0 %; Note: for precision of X for the R value test, see 2.9.1.1
– number of specified seeds: below two per sample. ‘Remarks’ to the H value test.
The object of this test is to detect off-range heterogeneity Sampling for the R value test is the same as for the H
of the seed lot using the attribute adopted as an indicator. value test (see 2.9.1.2); the same samples must be used.
The test for off-range heterogeneity involves comparing
the maximum difference found between samples of simi-
lar size drawn from the lot with a tolerated range. This tol- 2.9.2.3 Testing procedure
erated range is based on the acceptable standard deviation,
which is achievable in good seed production practice. The same testing procedures of purity, germination and
Each independent container-sample is taken from a the other seed count are used for the R value test as are
different container, so that heterogeneity within containers used for the H value test (see 2.9.1.3). For calculations,
is not directly involved. Information about heterogeneity the same set of data must be used.
Chapter 2: Sampling
Seed lot off-range heterogeneity is tested by using the ap- The result of the R value heterogeneity test for seed lots in
propriate table for tolerated, i.e. critical range: multiple containers must be reported under ‘Other deter-
– Table 2E for components of pure seed analyses, minations’, as follows:
– Table 2F for germination determinations, and
– Table 2G for numbers of other seeds. – X: mean of all X values determined for the lot in
respect of the adopted attribute;
Find the value X in the ‘Average’ columns of the appropri- – N: number of independent container samples;
ate table. When entering the table, round averages follow- – No: number of containers in the lot;
ing the usual procedure; read off the tolerated range which – the calculated R value;
would be exceeded in only 1 % of tests from seed lots with – the statement: ‘This R value does/does not indicate
an acceptable distribution of the attribute: significant heterogeneity.’
– in columns 5–9 for cases when N = 5 to 9,
– in columns 10–19 for cases when N = 10 to 19, or
– in column 20 when N = 20. 2.9.3 Interpretation of results
If the calculated R value exceeds this tolerated range, then Whenever either of the two tests, the H value test or the R
the lot is considered to show significant heterogeneity in value test, indicates significant heterogeneity, then the lot
the off-range sense. If, however, the calculated R value is must be declared heterogeneous. When, however, neither
less than or equal to the tabulated tolerated range, then the of the two tests indicates significant heterogeneity, then
lot is considered to show no heterogeneity in the off-range the lot must be adopted as non-heterogeneous, having a
sense with respect to the attribute being tested. non-significant level of heterogeneity.
When using the tables, round averages to the next tab-
ulated value (if in the middle, then downwards).
Chapter 2: Sampling
Table 2E Part 1. Maximum tolerated ranges for the R Table 2E Part 2. Maximum tolerated ranges for the R
value test at a significance level of 1 % probability using value test at a significance level of 1 % probability using
components of purity analyses as the indicating attribute in components of purity analyses as the indicating attribute in
non-chaffy seeds. chaffy seeds.
Average % of the compo- Tolerated range for number of Average % of the compo- Tolerated range for number of
nent and its complement independent samples (N) nent and its complement independent samples (N)
5–9 10–19 20 5–9 10–19 20
99.9 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.6 99.9 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.6
99.8 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.8 99.8 0.2 0.7 0.8 0.9
99.7 0.3 0.8 0.9 1.0 99.7 0.3 0.9 1.0 1.1
99.6 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.2 99.6 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.2
99.5 0.5 1.1 1.2 1.3 99.5 0.5 1.1 1.3 1.4
99.4 0.6 1.2 1.3 1.4 99.4 0.6 1.2 1.4 1.5
99.3 0.7 1.3 1.4 1.6 99.3 0.7 1.3 1.5 1.6
99.2 0.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 99.2 0.8 1.4 1.6 1.7
99.1 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.8 99.1 0.9 1.5 1.7 1.8
99.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.9 99.0 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.9
98.5 1.5 1.9 2.1 2.3 98.5 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.4
98.0 2.0 2.1 2.4 2.6 98.0 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.7
97.5 2.5 2.4 2.7 2.9 97.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 3.1
97.0 3.0 2.6 2.9 3.2 97.0 3.0 2.7 3.0 3.3
96.5 3.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 96.5 3.5 2.9 3.3 3.6
96.0 4.0 3.0 3.4 3.7 96.0 4.0 3.1 3.5 3.8
95.5 4.5 3.2 3.5 3.9 95.5 4.5 3.3 3.7 4.1
95.0 5.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 95.0 5.0 3.5 3.9 4.3
94.0 6.0 3.6 4.1 4.5 94.0 6.0 3.8 4.2 4.6
93.0 7.0 3.9 4.4 4.8 93.0 7.0 4.1 4.6 5.0
92.0 8.0 4.1 4.6 5.1 92.0 8.0 4.3 4.8 5.3
91.0 9.0 4.4 4.9 5.4 91.0 9.0 4.6 5.1 5.6
90.0 10.0 4.6 5.1 5.6 90.0 10.0 4.8 5.4 5.9
89.0 11.0 4.8 5.4 5.9 89.0 11.0 5.0 5.6 6.1
88.0 12.0 5.0 5.6 6.1 88.0 12.0 5.2 5.8 6.4
87.0 13.0 5.1 5.8 6.3 87.0 13.0 5.4 6.0 6.6
86.0 14.0 5.3 5.9 6.5 86.0 14.0 5.5 6.2 6.8
85.0 15.0 5.4 6.1 6.7 85.0 15.0 5.7 6.4 7.0
84.0 16.0 5.6 6.3 6.9 84.0 16.0 5.8 6.6 7.2
83.0 17.0 5.7 6.4 7.0 83.0 17.0 6.0 6.7 7.4
82.0 18.0 5.9 6.6 7.2 82.0 18.0 6.1 6.9 7.5
81.0 19.0 6.0 6.7 7.4 81.0 19.0 6.3 7.0 7.7
80.0 20.0 6.1 6.8 7.5 80.0 20.0 6.4 7.1 7.8
78.0 22.0 6.3 7.1 7.8 78.0 22.0 6.6 7.4 8.1
76.0 24.0 6.5 7.3 8.0 76.0 24.0 6.8 7.6 8.4
74.0 26.0 6.7 7.5 8.2 74.0 26.0 7.0 7.8 8.6
72.0 28.0 6.9 7.7 8.4 72.0 28.0 7.2 8.0 8.8
70.0 30.0 7.0 7.8 8.6 70.0 30.0 7.3 8.2 9.0
68.0 32.0 7.1 8.0 8.7 68.0 32.0 7.4 8.3 9.1
66.0 34.0 7.2 8.1 8.9 66.0 34.0 7.5 8.5 9.3
64.0 36.0 7.3 8.2 9.0 64.0 36.0 7.6 8.6 9.4
62.0 38.0 7.4 8.3 9.1 62.0 38.0 7.7 8.7 9.5
Chapter 2: Sampling
60.0 40.0 7.5 8.4 9.2 60.0 40.0 7.8 8.8 9.6
58.0 42.0 7.5 8.4 9.2 58.0 42.0 7.9 8.8 9.7
56.0 44.0 7.6 8.5 9.3 56.0 44.0 7.9 8.9 9.7
54.0 46.0 7.6 8.5 9.3 54.0 46.0 7.9 8.9 9.8
52.0 48.0 7.6 8.6 9.4 52.0 48.0 8.0 8.9 9.8
50.0 50.0 7.6 8.6 9.4 50.0 50.0 8.0 8.9 9.8
Table 2F Part 1. Maximum tolerated ranges for the R Table 2F Part 2. Maximum tolerated ranges for the R
value test at a significance level of 1 % probability using value test at a significance level of 1 % probability using
components of germination tests as the indicating attribute components of germination tests as the indicating attribute
in non-chaffy seeds. in chaffy seeds.
Average % of the compo- Tolerated range for number of Average % of the compo- Tolerated range for number of
nent and its complement independent samples (N) nent and its complement independent samples (N)
5–9 10–19 20 5–9 10–19 20
99 1 5 6 6 99 1 6 6 7
98 2 7 8 9 98 2 8 8 9
97 3 9 10 11 97 3 9 10 11
96 4 10 11 12 96 4 10 12 13
95 5 11 12 13 95 5 11 13 14
94 6 12 13 15 94 6 12 14 15
93 7 13 14 16 93 7 13 15 16
92 8 14 15 17 92 8 14 16 17
91 9 14 16 17 91 9 15 17 18
90 10 15 17 18 90 10 16 17 19
89 11 16 17 19 89 11 16 18 20
88 12 16 18 20 88 12 17 19 21
87 13 17 19 20 87 13 17 20 21
86 14 17 19 21 86 14 18 20 22
85 15 18 20 22 85 15 18 21 23
84 16 18 20 22 84 16 19 21 23
83 17 19 21 23 83 17 19 22 24
82 18 19 21 23 82 18 20 22 24
81 19 19 22 24 81 19 20 23 25
80 20 20 22 24 80 20 21 23 25
79 21 20 23 25 79 21 21 24 26
78 22 20 23 25 78 22 21 24 26
77 23 21 23 25 77 23 22 24 27
76 24 21 24 26 76 24 22 25 27
75 25 21 24 26 75 25 22 25 27
74 26 22 24 26 74 26 23 25 28
73 27 22 25 27 73 27 23 26 28
72 28 22 25 27 72 28 23 26 28
71 29 22 25 27 71 29 23 26 29
70 30 23 25 28 70 30 24 26 29
69 31 23 26 28 69 31 24 27 29
68 32 23 26 28 68 32 24 27 29
67 33 23 26 28 67 33 24 27 30
66 34 23 26 29 66 34 24 27 30
65 35 24 26 29 65 35 25 27 30
64 36 24 26 29 64 36 25 28 30
63 37 24 27 29 63 37 25 28 30
62 38 24 27 29 62 38 25 28 31
61 39 24 27 29 61 39 25 28 31
60 40 24 27 30 60 40 25 28 31
59 41 24 27 30 59 41 25 28 31
58 42 24 27 30 58 42 25 28 31
Chapter 2: Sampling
57 43 24 27 30 57 43 25 28 31
56 44 24 27 30 56 44 26 29 31
55 45 25 27 30 55 45 26 29 31
54 46 25 27 30 54 46 26 29 31
53 47 25 28 30 53 47 26 29 31
52 48 25 28 30 52 48 26 29 31
51 49 25 28 30 51 49 26 29 31
50 50 25 28 30 50 50 26 29 31
Table 2G Part 1. Maximum tolerated ranges for the R value test at a significance level of 1 % probability using compo-
nents of other seed count analyses as the indicating attribute in non-chaffy seeds.
Average Tolerated range for number Average Tolerated range for number Average Tolerated range for number
count of of independent samples count of of independent samples count of of independent samples
other seeds (N) other seeds (N) other seeds (N)
5–9 10–19 20 5–9 10–19 20 5–9 10–19 20
1 6 7 7 51 39 44 48 101 55 62 68
2 8 9 10 52 40 45 49 102 55 62 68
3 10 11 12 53 40 45 49 103 56 62 68
4 11 13 14 54 40 45 50 104 56 63 69
5 13 14 15 55 41 46 50 105 56 63 69
6 14 15 17 56 41 46 51 106 57 63 69
7 15 17 18 57 42 47 51 107 57 64 70
8 16 18 19 58 42 47 51 108 57 64 70
9 17 19 21 59 42 47 52 109 57 64 70
10 18 20 22 60 43 48 52 110 58 65 71
11 19 21 23 61 43 48 53 111 58 65 71
12 19 22 24 62 43 49 53 112 58 65 71
13 20 23 25 63 44 49 54 113 58 65 72
14 21 23 26 64 44 49 54 114 59 66 72
15 22 24 26 65 44 50 54 115 59 66 72
16 22 25 27 66 45 50 55 116 59 66 73
17 23 26 28 67 45 50 55 117 59 67 73
18 24 26 29 68 45 51 56 118 60 67 73
19 24 27 30 69 46 51 56 119 60 67 73
20 25 28 30 70 46 52 56 120 60 67 74
21 25 28 31 71 46 52 57 121 60 68 74
22 26 29 32 72 47 52 57 122 61 68 74
23 27 30 33 73 47 53 58 123 61 68 75
24 27 30 33 74 47 53 58 124 61 68 75
25 28 31 34 75 48 53 58 125 61 69 75
26 28 32 35 76 48 54 59 126 62 69 76
27 29 32 35 77 48 54 59 127 62 69 76
28 29 33 36 78 49 54 60 128 62 70 76
29 30 33 37 79 49 55 60 129 62 70 76
30 30 34 37 80 49 55 60 130 63 70 77
31 31 34 38 81 49 55 61 131 63 70 77
32 31 35 38 82 50 56 61 132 63 71 77
33 32 36 39 83 50 56 61 133 63 71 78
34 32 36 39 84 50 56 62 134 64 71 78
35 33 37 40 85 51 57 62 135 64 71 78
36 33 37 41 86 51 57 62 136 64 72 78
37 34 38 41 87 51 57 63 137 64 72 79
38 34 38 42 88 52 58 63 138 64 72 79
39 34 39 42 89 52 58 64
40 35 39 43 90 52 58 64
41 35 40 43 91 52 59 64
42 36 40 44 92 53 59 65
43 36 41 44 93 53 59 65
Chapter 2: Sampling
44 37 41 45 94 53 60 65
45 37 41 45 95 54 60 66
46 37 42 46 96 54 60 66
47 38 42 46 97 54 61 66
48 38 43 47 98 54 61 67
49 39 43 47 99 55 61 67
50 39 44 48 100 55 62 67
Table 2G Part 2. Maximum tolerated ranges for the R value test at a significance level of 1 % probability using compo-
nents of other seed count analyses as the indicating attribute in chaffy seeds.
Average Tolerated range for Average Tolerated range for Average Tolerated range for
count of number of independent count of number of independent count of number of independent
other seeds samples (N) other seeds samples (N) other seeds samples (N)
5–9 10–19 20 5–9 10–19 20 5–9 10–19 20
1 7 8 9 51 49 55 60 101 69 77 85
2 10 11 12 52 50 56 61 102 69 78 85
3 12 14 15 53 50 56 62 103 70 78 86
4 14 16 17 54 51 57 62 104 70 79 86
5 16 18 19 55 51 57 63 105 70 79 86
6 17 19 21 56 52 58 63 106 71 79 87
7 19 21 23 57 52 58 64 107 71 80 87
8 20 22 24 58 52 59 64 108 71 80 88
9 21 23 26 59 53 59 65 109 72 80 88
10 22 25 27 60 53 60 65 110 72 81 88
11 23 26 28 61 54 60 66 111 72 81 89
12 24 27 30 62 54 61 66 112 73 81 89
13 25 28 31 63 55 61 67 113 73 82 90
14 26 29 32 64 55 62 68 114 73 82 90
15 27 30 33 65 56 62 68 115 74 83 90
16 28 31 34 66 56 63 69 116 74 83 91
17 29 32 35 67 56 63 69 117 74 83 91
18 29 33 36 68 57 64 70 118 75 84 92
19 30 34 37 69 57 64 70 119 75 84 92
20 31 35 38 70 58 65 71 120 75 84 92
21 32 36 39 71 58 65 71 121 76 85 93
22 33 36 40 72 58 65 72 122 76 85 93
23 33 37 41 73 59 66 72 123 76 85 93
24 34 38 42 74 59 66 73 124 76 86 94
25 35 39 42 75 60 67 73 125 77 86 94
26 35 40 43 76 60 67 74 126 77 86 95
27 36 40 44 77 60 68 74 127 77 87 95
28 37 41 45 78 61 68 75 128 78 87 95
29 37 42 46 79 61 69 75 129 78 87 96
30 38 42 46 80 62 69 75 130 78 88 96
31 38 43 47 81 62 69 76 131 79 88 96
32 39 44 48 82 62 70 76 132 79 88 97
33 40 44 49 83 63 70 77 133 79 89 97
34 40 45 49 84 63 71 77 134 79 89 98
35 41 46 50 85 63 71 78 135 80 89 98
36 41 46 51 86 64 71 78 136 80 90 98
37 42 47 51 87 64 72 79 137 80 90 99
38 43 48 52 88 65 72 79 138 81 90 99
39 43 48 53 89 65 73 80
40 44 49 54 90 65 73 80
41 44 50 54 91 66 74 80
42 45 50 55 92 66 74 81
43 45 51 55 93 66 74 81
Chapter 2: Sampling
44 46 51 56 94 67 75 82
45 46 52 57 95 67 75 82
46 47 52 57 96 67 75 83
47 47 53 58 97 68 76 83
48 48 54 59 98 68 76 83
49 48 54 59 99 68 77 84
50 49 55 60 100 69 77 84