Real Numbers

1.
Real Numbers
Exercise 1.1
1. Question
If a and b are two odd positive integers such that a > b, then prove that one of the two numbers
and is odd and the other is even.
Answer
Given: a and b are two odd positive integers such that a>b.
To prove: out of the numbers one is odd and other is even.
Proof: a and b both are odd positive integers,Since,
which is an odd number as "a" is given to be a odd number.Hence one of the number out of
must be even and other must be odd because adding two even numbers gives an
even number and adding two odd numbers gives an even number. Here, will give an odd
number and will give an even number.
EXAMPLE:
Take a = 7 and b = 3 such that a>b
Now, which is odd
And which is even
Conclusion: Out of out of the numbers , is an odd number and is
an even number.
2. Question
Prove that the products of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2.

Answer
Let the numbers are a and a-1
Product of these number: a(a - 1) = a2-a
Case 1: When a is even:
a=2p
then (2p)2 - 2p ⇒ 4p2 - 2p
2p(2p-1) ………. it is divisible by 2
Case 2: When a is odd:
a = 2p+1
then (2p+1)2 - (2p+1) ⇒ 4p2 + 4p + 1 - 2p – 1
= 4p2 + 2p ⇒ 2p(2p + 1) ………….. it is divisible by 2
Hence, we conclude that product of two consecutive integers is always divisible by 2
3. Question
Prove that the product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6.
Answer
Let a be any positive integer and b=6. By division lemma there exists integers q and r such that
a = 6q+r where 0≤r<6a = 6q , or a = 6q+1 or, a=6q+2 or, a=6q+3or a=6q+4 or a=6q+5 Let n is
any positive integer.
Since any positive integer is of the form 6q or, 6q + 1 or, 6q + 2 or, 6q + 3 or, 6q + 4 or, 6q + 5.
Case 1:
If n = 6q then
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = 6q (6q + 1)(6q + 2), which is divisible by 6.
Case 2:
If n = 6q + 1, then
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 1)(6q + 2) (6q + 3)
= (6q + 1)2(3q + 1)3(2q + 1)
= 6(6q + 1)(3q + 1)(2q + 1), which is divisible by 6.
Case 3:
If n = 6q + 2, then
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 2) (6q + 3)(6q + 4)
= 2(3q + 1)3(2q + 1)(6q + 4)

= 6(3q + 1)(2q + 1)(6q + 4), which is divisible by 6.
Case 4:
If n = 6q + 3, then
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 3) (6q + 4)(6q + 5)
= 3(2q + 1)2(3q + 2)(6q + 5)
= 6(2q + 1)(3q + 2)(6q + 5), which is divisible by 6.Case 5:
If n = 6q + 4, then
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 4) (6q + 5)(6q + 6)
= (6q + 4) (6q + 5)6(q + 1)
= 6(6q + 4) (6q + 5)(q + 1), which is divisible by 6.
Case 6:
If n = 6q + 5, then
n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 5) (6q + 6)(6q + 7)
= (6q + 5) 6(q + 1)(6q + 7)
= 6(6q + 5) (q + 1)(6q + 7), which is divisible by 6.
Hence, n(n + 1)(n + 2) is divisible by 6
4. Question
For any positive integer, prove that divisible by 6.
Answer
n3 – n = n(n2 – 1) = n(n – 1)(n + 1)
For a number to be divisible by 6, it should be divisible by 2 and 3 both,
Divisibility by 3:
n – 1, n and n + 1 are three consecutive whole numbers.
By Euclid’s division lemma
n + 1 = 3q + r, for some integer k and r < 3
As, r < 3 possible values of ‘r’ are 0, 1 and 2.
If r = 0
n + 1 = 3q
⇒ n + 1 is divisible by 3
⇒ n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 3

⇒ (n3 – n) is divisible by 3
If r = 1
⇒ n + 1 = 3q + 1
⇒ n = 3q
⇒ n is divisible by 3
If r = 2
⇒ n + 1 = 3q + 2
⇒ n + 1 – 2 = 3q
⇒ n – 1 = 3q
⇒ n - 1 is divisible by 3
Divisibility by 2:
If n is even
Clearly, n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 2
If n is odd
⇒ n + 1 is even
⇒ n + 1 is divisible by 2
Hence, for any value of n, n3 - n is divisible by 2 and 3 both, therefore n3 – n is divisible by 6.
5. Question
Prove that if a positive integer is of the form 6q + 5, then it is of the form 3q + 2 for some integer q,
but not conversely.
Answer
let A = 6q + 5, be any number, where q is any positive integer.
Part 1: To show A is in the form of 3q + 2, where q is another integerA= 6q + 5 = 6q + 3 + 2 = 3(2q

+ 1) + 2 = 3q' + 2As, q is any positive integer, q' = 3q + 2 is also a positive integerand hence 6q +
5, is in form of 3q' + 5
Part 2: To show converse is not true, i.e. if a no is in the form of 3q + 2, then it may or may not be in
the form of 6q + 5For example, consider:8 = 3(2) + 2 is in the 3q + 2 form, but it can't be expand in
6q + 5 form.
6. Question
Prove that the square of any positive integer of the form 5q + 1 is of the same form.
Answer
Let N = 5p + 1. Then,
According to the condition:
N2 = 25p2 + 10p + 1 ⇒ 5(5p2 + 2p) + 1 ⇒ 5A+1
Where A = 5p2 + 2p
Therefore N2 is of the form 5m + 1.
7. Question
Prove that the square of any positive integer is of the form 3m or, 3m + 1 but not of the form 3m +
2.
Answer
we know, that any positive integer N is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or, 3q + 2.
When N = 3q, then
N2 = 9q2 = 3(3q)2 = 3m where m = 3q2
And, as q is an integer, m = 3q2 is also an integer.
When N = 3q + 1,
then N2 = (3q + 1)2 = 9q2 + 6q + 1 ⇒ 3q(3q + 2) + 1 = 3m + 1 where m = q(3q + 2)And, as q is

an integer, m = q(3q + 2) is also an integer.
When N = 3q + 2, then N2 = (3q + 2)2 = 9q2 + 12q + 4 ⇒ 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) + 1
3m + 1 where, m = 3q2 + 4q + 1
And, as q is an integer, m = 3q2 + 4q + 1 is also an integer.
Therefore,
N2 is of the form 3m, 3m + 1 but not of the form 3m + 2
8. Question
Prove that the square of any positive integer is of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some integer q.
Answer
Since any positive integer n is of the form 2p or, 2p + 1

When n = 2p, then n2 = 4p2 = 4a where a = p2
When n = 2p + 1, then n2 = (2p + 1)2 = 4p2 + 4p + 1 ⇒ 4p(p + 1) + 1
⇒ 4m + 1 where m = p(p + 1)
Therefore square of any positive integer is of the form 4q or 4q + 1 for some integer q
9. Question
Prove that the square of any positive integer is of the form 5q, 5q + 1, 5q + 4 for some integer q.
Answer
Since any positive integer n is of the form 5p or 5p + 1, or 5p + 2 or 5m + 3 or 5p +4.
When n = 5p, then
n2 = (5p)2 = 25p2⇒ 5 (5p2) = 5a, where a =5p2
When n = 5p + 1,
then n2 = (5p + 1)2 = 25p2 + 10p + 1
⇒ 5p(5p + 2) + 1 ⇒ 5a + 1 Where a = p(5p + 2)
When n = 5p + 2,
then n2 = (5p + 2)2⇒ 25p2 + 20p + 4 ⇒ 5p(5p + 4) + 4
⇒ 5a + 4 where a = p(5p + 4)
When n = 5p + 3, then n2 = 25p2 + 30p + 9
⇒ 5(5p2 + 6p + 1) + 4 ⇒ 5a + 4 where a = 5p2 + 6m + 1
When n = 5p + 4, then n2 = (5p + 4)2 = 25p2 + 40p + 16 ⇒ 5(5p2 + 8m + 3) + 1 = 5a + 1 where a

= 5p2 + 8m + 3
Therefore from above results we got that n2 is of the form 5q or, 5q + 1 or, 5q + 4.
10. Question
Show that the square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8q + 1, for some integer q.
Answer
To show: the square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8q + 1, for some integer q.
Solution: Let a be any positive integer and b=4. Applying the Euclid's division lemma with a and b=4
we havea = 4p + r where 0≤r<4 and p is some integer,⇒ r can be 0,1,2,3⇒ a = 4p + 0 , a = 4p + 1
, a = 4p+ 2 , a = 4p + 3 , Since a is odd integer,So a = 4p + 1 or a = 4p + 3 So any odd integer is of
the form a = 4p+ 1 or a = 4p+ 3 .Since any odd positive integer n is of the form 4p + 1 or 4p + 3.
When n = 4p + 1,
then n2 = (4p + 1)2

Apply the formula (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
⇒ (4p + 1)2 = 16p2 + 8p + 1 ..... (1)
Take 8p common out of 16p2 + 8p ⇒ 8p
(2p+ 1) + 1 = 8q + 1 where q = p(2p + 1)
If n = 4p + 3, then n2 = (4p + 3)2
Apply the formula (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
⇒ (4p + 3)2 = 16p2 + 24p + 9
Now 16p2 + 24p + 9 can be written as 16p2 + 24p + 8 + 1
⇒ (4p + 3)2 = 8(2p2 + 3p + 1) + 1 = 8q + 1 where q = 2p2 + 3p + 1
From above results we got that n2 is of the form 8q + 1.
Note: To show that the square of an odd positive integer is of the form 8q + 1 We have started the
question from taking b=4 initially because whenwe take square of any form of 4 such as 4p+1 we end
up having the values which are the multiple of 8 as in (1).While attempting these types of questions
always remember to start with the value which would end up giving the value the question
demands.and follow the above steps.
11. Question
Show that any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or, 6q + 3 or, 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
Answer
To prove: any positive odd integer is of the form 6q + 1 or, 6q + 3 or, 6q + 5, where q is some
integer.
Solution:Let ‘a’ be any odd positive integer we need to prove that a is of the form 6q+1, or 6q+3, or
6q+5, where q is some integer.
Since a is an integer consider b = 6 another integer applying Euclid's division lemma there exist
integers q and r such that we get,
a = 6q + r for some integer q ≠ 0, and r = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 since 0 ≤ r < 6.
Therefore according to question:
a = 6q or 6q + 1 or 6q + 2 or 6q + 3 or 6q + 4 or 6q + 5
However since a is odd so ‘a’ cannot take the values 6q, 6q+2 and 6q+4
(since all these are even integers, hence divisible by 2)
Therefore a = 6q + 1 , a = 6q + 3 , a = 6q + 5
Exercise 1.2
1. Question
Define HCF of two positive integers and find the HCF of the following pairs of numbers:
(i) 32 and 54 (ii) 18 and 24
(iii) 70 and 30 (iv) 56 and 88
(v) 475 and 495 (vi) 75 and 243
(vii)240 and 6552(viii)155 and 1385
(ix) 100 and 190 (x) 105 and 120
Answer
Definition of HCF (Highest Common Factor): The largest positive integer which divides two or
more integers without any remainder is called Highest Common Factor (HCF) or Greatest Common
Divisor or Greatest Common Factor (GCF).
(i) Prime factorization of 32 and 54 are:
32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
54 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3
From above prime factorization we got that the highest common factor of 32 and 54 is 2
(ii) Prime factorization of 18 and 24 are:
18 = 2 × 3 × 3
24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
From above prime factorization we got that the highest common factor of 18 and 24 is 3×2 ⇒ 6
(iii) Prime factorization of 30 and 70 are:
30 = 2 × 3 × 5
70 = 2 × 5 × 7
(iv) Prime factorization of 56 and 88 are:
56 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 7
88 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 11
From above prime factorization we got that the highest common factor of 56 and 88 is 2×2×2 ⇒ 8
(v) Prime factorization of 475 and 495 are:
475 = 5 × 5 × 19
495 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 11
(vi) Prime factorization of 75 and 243 are:

75 = 3 × 5 × 5
243 = 3 × 3 x 3 × 3 × 3
(vii) Prime factorization of 75 and 243 are:
240 = 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 3 × 5
6552 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 x 3 × 7 × 13
From above prime factorization we got that the highest common factor of 240 and 6552 is 2×2×2×3
⇒ 24
(viii) Prime factorization of 155 and 1385 are:
155 = 5 × 31
1385 = 5 × 277
(ix) Prime factorization of 100 and 190 are:
100 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 5
190 = 2 × 5 ×19
(x) Prime factorization of 105 and 120 are:
105 = 3 × 5 × 7
120 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
2. Question
Use Euclid’s division algorithm to find the HCF of
(i) 135 and 225 (ii)196 & 38220
(iii) 867 & 255.
Answer
(i) Concept used : To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say c and d, with c > d,we followthe
steps below:Step 1 : Apply Euclid’s division lemma, to c and d. So, we find whole numbers, q and r
such that c = dq + r, 0 ≤ r < d.Step 2 : If r = 0, d is the HCF of c and d. If r ≠ 0, apply the division
lemma to d and r.Step 3 : Continue the process till the remainder is zero. The divisor at this stage will
be the required HCF.Now, We know that,
= 225>135
Applying Euclid’s division algorithm:(Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder)
225 = 135 ×1+90

Here remainder = 90,
So, Again Applying Euclid’s division algorithm
135 = 90×1+45
Here remainder = 45,
90 = 45×2+0
Remainder = 0,
Hence,
HCF of (135, 225) = 45
(ii) Concept used : To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say c and d, with c > d,we followthe
38220>196
So, Applying Euclid’s division algorithm
38220 = 196×195+0 (Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder)
Remainder = 0
Hence,
HCF of (196, 38220) = 196
(iii) Concept used : To obtain the HCF of two positive integers, say c and d, with c > d,we followthe
867>255
So, Applying Euclid’s division algorithm
867 = 255×3+102 (Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder)
Remainder = 102
255 = 102×2+51
Remainder = 51
102 = 51×2+0
Remainder = 0
Hence,
(HCF 0f 867 and 255) = 51
3. Question
Find the HCF of the following pairs of integers and express it as a linear combination of them
(i) 963 & 657 (ii) 592 & 252
(iii) 506 & 1155 (iv) 1288 & 575
Answer
(i) Using Euclid’s Division Lemma
a = bq + r, (o ≤r<b)
963 = 657×1 + 306
657 = 306×2 + 45
306 = 45×6+36
45 = 36×1+9
36 = 9×4+0
∴ HCF (657, 963) = 9
linear form:657a + 306b = 9The above equation have many solutions, one of them is a = -15, b =
22i.e. 9 = 657(-15) + 306(22)
(ii) Using Euclid’s Division Lemma
a = bq + r, (o ≤r<b)
592 = 252×2+88
252 = 88×2+76
88 = 76×1+12
76 = 12×6+4
12 = 4×3+0
∴ HCF (592, 252) = 4
linear form:592a + 252b = 4The above equation have many solutions, one of them is a = 77, b =
-20i.e. 4 = 592(77) + 252(20)
(iii) Using Euclid’s Division Lemma
a = bq + r, (o ≤r<b)
1155 = 506×2+143
506 = 143×3+77
143 = 77×1+66
77 = 66×1+11
66 = 11×6+0
∴ HCF (506, 1155) = 11
linear form:506a + 1155b = 11The above equation have many solutions, one of them is a = 16, b =
-7i.e. 11 = 506(16) + 1155(-7)
(iv) Using Euclid’s Division Lemma
a = bq + r, (o ≤r<b)
1288 = 575×2+138
575 = 138×4+23
138 = 23×6+0
∴ HCF (1288, 575) = 23
linear form:1288a + 575b = 23
The above equation have many solutions, one of them is a = 4, b = 9
i.e. 23 = 1288(4) + 575(9)
4. Question
Express the HCF of 468 and 222 as 468x + 222y where x, y are integers in two different ways.
Answer
HCF of 468 and 222 is found by division mehtod:
Therefore, HCF (468,222) = 6
Now, we need to express the HCF of 468 and 222 as 468x + 222y where x and y are any two
integers.
Now, HCF i.e. 6 can be written as,
HCF = 222 - 216 = 222 - (24 × 9)

Writing 468 = 222 × 2 + 24, we get,
⇒ HCF = 222 - {(468 – 222 x 2) × 9}
⇒ HCF = 222 - {(468 ×9) – (222 × 2 × 9)}
⇒ HCF = 222 - (468 × 9) + (222 × 18)
⇒ HCF = 222 + (222 × 18) - (468 × 9)
Taking 222 common from the first two terms, we get,
⇒ HCF = 222[1 + 18] – 468 × 9
⇒ HCF = 222 × 19 – 468 × 9
⇒ HCF = 468 ×(-9) + 222 ×(19)
Let, say, x = -9 and y =19
Then, HCF = 468 ×(x) + 222 ×(y)
Therefore the HCF of 468 and 222 is written in the form of 468x + 222y where, -9 and 19 are the two
integers.
5. Question
If the HCF of 408 and 1032 is expressible in the form 1032 m – 408 × 5, find m.
Answer
Prime factors of 408: 2 × 2 × 2 x 3 × 17
Prime factors of 1032: 2 × 2 ×2 × 3 × 43
HCF of 408 and 1032 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24
According to question:
24 = 1032 m – 408 × 5
24 = 1032 m – 2040
2064 = 1032 m
∴m= ⇒2
Therefore m = 2
6. Question
If the HCF of 657 and 963 is expressible in the form 657 x + 963 × -15, find x.
Answer
Prime factors of 657: 3 × 3 × 73
Prime factors of 963: 3 × 3 × 107
HCF of 657 and 963 = 3 × 3 = 9

According to question: the HCF of 657 and 963 is expressible in the form 657 x + 963 × -15
⇒ 9 = 657x + 963 × -15
⇒ 9 = 657x - 14445
⇒ 9 + 14445 = 657x
∴ x = 14454/657 = 22
Therefore x = 22
7. Question
Find the largest number which divides 615 and 963 leaving remainder 6 in each case.
Answer
To find: the largest number which divides 615 and 963 leaving remainder 6 in each case.
Solution:Let the HCF of 615 and 963 be x.
Since it is given remainder is 6 in each case, Therefore for the numbers to be completely divisible, 6
should be subtracted from both the numbers.
Therefore new numbers are:
615-6 = 609
963-6 = 957
Prime factors of 609 = 3 × 3 × 29
Prime factors of 957= 3 × 11 × 29
Therefore HCF of 609 and 957 is: 3 × 29 = 87
Hence the largest number which divides 615 and 963 leaving remainder 6 in each case is 87.
8. Question
Find the greatest number which divides 285 and 1249 leaving remainders 9 and 7 respectively.
Answer
The new numbers after subtracting remainders are:
285-9 = 276
1249-7 = 1242
Prime factors of 1242 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 23
Therefore HCF of 276 and 1242 is: 2 × 3 × 23 = 138
Hence the greatest number which divides 285 and 1249 leaving remainder 9 and 7 respectively is138
9. Question
Find the largest number which exactly divides 280 and 1245 leaving remainders 4 and 3, respectively.
Answer
280-4 = 276
1245-3 = 1242
Prime factors of 1242 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 23
Hence the greatest number which divides 280 and 1245 leaving remainder 4 and 3 respectively is138
10. Question
What is the largest number that divides 626, 3127 and 15628 and leaves remainders of 1, 2 and 3
respectively?
Answer
626-1 = 625
3127-2 = 3125
15628-3 = 15625
Prime factors of 625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
Prime factors of 3125 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5
Prime factors of 15625 = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 ×x 5
Therefore HCF of 625, 3125 and 15625 is: 5 × 5 × 5 × 5= 625
Hence the largest number which divides 626, 3127 and 15628 and leaves remainders of 1, 2 and 3
respectively is 625
11. Question
Find the greatest number that will divide 445, 572 and 699 leaving remainder 4, 5 and 6 respectively.
Answer
445-4 = 441
572-5 = 567
699-6 = 693
Prime factors of 441= 3 × 3 × 7 × 7

Prime factors of 567 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7
Prime factors of 693 = 3 × 3 × 7 ×11
Therefore HCF of 441, 567 and 693 is: 3 x 3 x7 = 63
Hence the greatest number that will divide 445, 572 and 699 leaving remainder 4, 5 and 6
respectively is 63
12. Question
Find the greatest number which divides 2011 and 2623 leaving remainder 9 and 5 respectively.
Answer
2011-9 = 2002
2623-5 = 2618
Prime factors of 2002= 2 × 7 × 11 × 13
Prime factors of 2618 = 2 × 7 × 11 × 17
Hence the greatest number which divides 2011 and 2623 leaving remainder 9 and 5 respectively is
154
13. Question
An army contingent of 616 members is to march behind an army band of 32 members in a parade.
The two groups are to march in the same number of columns. What is the maximum number of
columns in which they can march?
Answer
To find maximum number of columns we should find HCF of 616 and 32
Using Euclid’s algorithms:
Let a = 616 and b = 32
a = bq + r, (o ≤r<b)
616 = 32×19+8
32 = 8×4+0
∴ HCF of 616 and 32 is 8
Therefore the maximum number of columns in which army contingent to march is 8
14. Question
A merchant has 120 litres of oil of one kind, 180 litres of another kind and 240 litres of third kind. He
wants to sell the oil by filling the three kinds of oil in tins of equal capacity. What should be the
greatest capacity of such a tin?
Answer
To find greatest capacity of tin we should find HCF of 120 and 180 and 240
Prime factors of 120= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
Prime factors of 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
Prime factors of 240 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
Therefore HCF of 120, 180 and 240 is: 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60
Therefore the greatest capacity of a tin is 60 Liters
15. Question
During a sale, colour pencils were being sold in packs of 24 each and crayons in packs of 32 each. If
you want full packs of both and the same number of pencils and crayons, how many of each would
you need to buy?
Answer
For having the full packs of both and the same number of pencils and crayons, we need to find LCM of
24 and 32
Prime factors of 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
Prime factors of 32 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
Therefore LCM of 24 and 32 is: 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 96
Number of colour pencil packs = =4
Number of crayons packs = =3
Hence 4 packets of colour pencils and 3 packets of crayons would be bought.
16. Question
144 cartons of Coke Cans and 90 cartons of Pepsi Cans are to be stacked in a Canteen. If each stack
is of the same height and is to contain cartons of the same drink, what would be the greatest number
of cartons each stack would have?
Answer
To find greatest number of cartons each stack would have, we should find HCF of 144 and 90
Prime factors of 144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
Therefore the greatest number of cartons each stack would have is: 18
17. Question
Two brands of chocolates are available in packs of 24 and 15 respectively. If I need to buy an equal
number of chocolates of both kinds, what is the least number of boxes of each kind I would need to
buy?
Answer
Given : Two brands of chocolates are available in packs of 24 and 15 respectively.
To find : the least number of boxes of each kind.
Solution:
To find the least number of boxes of each kind.we need to find LCM of 24 and 15
Prime factors of 15 = 3 × 5
Therefore LCM of 24 and 15 is: 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 120
Number of boxes for first chocolate kind = =5
Number of boxes for second chocolate kind = =8
Hence 5 boxes of first kind and 8 boxes of second kind needed to buy.
18. Question
A mason has to fit a bathroom with square marble tiles of the largest possible size. The size of the
bathroom is 10 ft. by 8 ft. What would be the size in inches of the tile required that has to be cut and
how many such tiles are required?
Answer
Given: The size of the bathroom is 10 ft. by 8 ft.
To find: the size in inches of the tile required that has to be cut and how many such tiles are
required?
Solution:To find the largest size of tile, we should find HCF of 10 and 8
Therefore HCF of 10 and 8 is: 2 ftSince i ft = 12 inches
Therefore the largest size of tile is: 2 × 12 inches = 24 inches
Area of bathroom = length of bathroom × breadth of bathroom
= 10 × 8
= 80 sq. ftArea of 1 tile = length of tile × breadth of tile
=2×2
= 4 sq. ft
Number of tiles =
= 20 tiles
NOTE: Always find the HCF of the given values to find their maximum.
19. Question
15 pastries and 12 biscuit packets have been donated for a school fete. These are to be packed in
several smaller identical boxes with the same number of pastries and biscuit packets in each. How
many biscuit packets and how many pastries will each box contain?
Answer
To find the number of biscuit packets and pastries, we should find HCF of 15 and 12
Therefore HCF of 15 and 12 is: 3
Number of pastries = =5
Number of biscuit packets = =4
20. Question
105 goats, 140 donkeys and 175 cow have to be taken across a river. There is only one boat which
will have to make many trips in order to do so. The lazy boatman has his own conditions for
transporting them. He insists that he will take the same number of animals in every trip and they
have to be of the same kind. He will naturally like to take the largest possible number each time. Can
you tell how many animals went in each trip?
Answer
To find the largest number of animals, we should find HCF of 105, 140 and 175
Prime factors of 140 = 2 × 2 × 5 × 7
Therefore HCF of 105, 140 and 175 is: 5 × 7 = 35
Hence, 35 animals went in each trip
21. Question
The length, breadth and height of a room are 8 m and 25 cm, 6 m 75 cm and 4 m 50 cm,
respectively. Determine the longest rod which can measure the three dimensions of the room exactly.
Answer
Given: The length, breadth and height of a room are 8 m and 25 cm, 6 m 75 cm and 4 m 50 cm.
To find: the longest rod which can measure the three dimensions of the room exactly.
Solution:To find the length of largest rod, we should find HCF of 8m and 25 cm, 6 m 75 cm and 4 m
50 cmAs 1 m = 100 cm⇒ 8m and 25 cm = 8 × 100 cm + 25 cm
= 800 cm + 25 cm
= 825 cm⇒ 6 m and 75 cm = 6 × 100 cm + 75 cm
= 600 cm + 75 cm
= 675 cm
⇒ 4 m and 50 cm = 4 × 100 cm + 50 cm
= 400 cm + 50 cm
= 450 cm
Length = 825 cm; Breadth = 675 cm; Height = 450 cm
Prime factors of 825 = 3 × 5 × 5 × 11
Prime factors of 675 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
Prime factors of 450 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 5
Therefore HCF of 825, 675 and 450 is: 3 × 5 × 5 = 75
Hence, the length of rod is: 75 cm
NOTE: Always find the HCF of the given values to find their maximum.
Exercise 1.3
1. Question
Express each of the following integers as a product of its prime factors:
(i) 420 (ii) 468
(iii) 945 (iv) 7325
Answer
(i) Prime factor of 420 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7
(ii) Prime factor of 468 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 13
(iii) Prime factor of 945 = 3 × 3 × 5 × 7
(v) Prime factor of 7325 = 5 × 5 × 293
2. Question
Determine the prime factorization of each of the following positive integer:

(i) 20570 (ii) 58500
(iii) 45470971
Answer
(i) Prime factors of 20570 = 2 × 5 × 11 × 11 × 17
(ii) Prime factors of 58500 = 2 × 2 × 3 x 3 × 5 x 5 × 13
(iii) Prime factors of 45470971 = 7 × 7 × 13 x 13 × 17 × 17 × 19
3. Question
Explain why 7 × 11 × 13 + 13 and 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 are composite numbers.
Answer
Numbers are of two types - prime and composite. Prime numbers has only two factors namely 1 and
the number itself whereas composite numbers have factors other than 1 and itself.For example: 7 is a
prime number as it can be divided by 1 and 7 only whereas 14 is a composite number as it can be
divided by 7, 2 and 1 From the question it can be observed that,
7 × 11 × 13 + 13 = 13 × (7 × 11 + 1) = 13 × (77 + 1) [ taking 13 common ]
= 13 × 78
= 13 × 13 × 6
The given expression has 6 and 13 as its factors. Therefore, it is a composite number.
7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 + 5 = 5 × (7 × 6 × 4 × 3 × 2 x 1 + 1)
= 5 × (1008 + 1)
= 5 ×1009
In the above we observe that 1009 cannot be factorized further. Therefore, the given expression has
5 and 1009 as its factors. Hence, it is a composite number.
4. Question
Check whether 6n can end with the digit 0 for any natural numbers n.
Answer
If any number ends with the digit 0, it should be divisible by 10 or in other words its prime
factorization must include primes 2 and 5 both as 10 = 2 ×5
Prime factorization of 6n = (2 ×3) n
In the above equation it is observed that 5 is not in the prime factorization of 6n
By Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic Prime factorization of a number is unique. So 5 is not a prime

factor of 6n.
Hence, for any value of n, 6n will not be divisible by 5.
Therefore, 6n cannot end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Exercise 1.4
1. Question
Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that LMC × HCF = Product of the
integers:
(i) 26 and 91
(ii) 510 and 92
(iii) 336 and 54
Answer
(i) Prime factors of 26 = 2 × 13
Prime factors of 91 = 7 ×13
Hence LCM of 26 and 91 = 2 × 7 × 13 = 182
HCF of 26 and 91 is = 13
LCM × HCF = 182 × 13 = 2366
Product of two numbers = 26 × 91 = 2366
Hence from above result we got LCM × HCF = Product of the numbers
(ii) Prime factors of 510 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 17
Hence LCM of 92 and 510 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 17 × 23 = 23460
HCF of 92 and 510 is = 2
LCM × HCF = 23460 × 2 = 46920
Product of two numbers = 92×510 = 46920
(iii) Prime factors of 336 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 7
Hence LCM of 336 and 54 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 = 3024
HCF of 54 and 336 is = 2 × 3 = 6
LCM × HCF = 3024 × 6 = 18144
Product of two numbers = 336 × 54 = 18144
2. Question
Find the LCM and HCF of the following integers by applying the prime factorization method.
(i) 12, 15 and 21
(ii) 17, 23 and 29
(iii) 8, 9 and 25
(iv) 40, 36 and 126
(v) 84, 90 and 12
(vi) 24, 15 and 36
Answer
(i) Prime factors of 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
Hence LCM of 12, 15 and 21 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 420
HCF of 12, 15 and 21 = 3
(ii) Prime factors of 17 = 1 × 17
Hence LCM of 17, 23 and 29 = 11339
HCF of 17, 23 and 29 = 1
(iii) Prime factors of 8 = 1 × 2 × 2 × 2
Hence LCM of 8, 9 and 25 = 1800
HCF of 8, 9 and 25 = 1
(iv) Prime factors of 40 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5
Prime factors of 126 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7
Hence LCM of 40, 36 and 126 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 2520
HCF of 40, 36 and 126 = 2
(v) Prime factors of 12 = 2 × 2 × 3
Hence LCM of 12, 84 and 90 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 = 1260

HCF of 12, 84 and 90 = 2 × 3 = 6
(vi) Prime factors of 15 = 3 × 5
Hence LCM of 15, 24 and 36 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 = 360
HCF of 15, 24 and 36 = 3
3. Question
Given that HCF (306, 657) = 9, find LCM (360, 657).
Answer
We know that LCM × HCF = Product of the numbers
Therefore LCM = = = 22338
4. Question
Can two numbers have 16 as their HCF and 380 as their LCM? Give reason.
Answer
NO
LCM should be divisible by HCF since HCF is the common factor of both the numbers. But, in this case
380 is not divisible by 16 therefore, the two numbers are not possible which have 16 as their HCF and
380 as their LCM
5. Question
The HCF of two numbers is 145 and their LCM is 2175. If one number is 725, find the other.
Answer
Therefore Other Number = = = 435
6. Question
The HCF of two numbers is 16 and their product is 3072. Find their LCM.
Answer
Therefore Other Number = = = 192
7. Question
The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 180 and 6 respectively. If one of the numbers is 30, find the
other number.
Answer
Given: The LCM and HCF of two numbers are 180 and 6 respectively. One of the numbers is 30.
To find: The other number
Solution: We know that:LCM × HCF = Product of the numbers
LCM × HCF = a × b ...... (1)
Where a and b are numbersOne number i.e a is 30.LCM is 180.HCF is 6.
Substitute the values in eq. (1) to get the other number.
⇒ b = 6 × 6⇒ b = 36
Therefore, the other number is 36.
8. Question
Find the smallest number which when increased by 17 is exactly divisible by both 520 and 468.
Answer
To find the smallest number we should find LCM of 468 and 520
Prime factors of 468 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 13
Prime factors of 520 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 13
Hence LCM of 468 and 520 = 2 × 2 ×2 × 3 × 3 ×5×13 = 4680
Therefore the smallest number which when increased by 17 is exactly divisible by both 520 and 468=
LCM – 17 ⇒ 4680 – 17 = 4663
9. Question
Find the greatest number of 6 digits exactly divisible by 24, 15 and 36.
Answer
Greatest number of 6 digits is 999999.
For this number to be divisible by 24, 15 and 36,

Required number must be divisible by the LCM of 24, 15 and 36 i.e., by 360.Now on dividing six digit
greatest number by LCM we get 279 as remainder.
Therefore the greatest number of 6 digits exactly divisible by 24, 15 and 36
= Six digit greatest number – remainder
= 999999 – 279
= 999720
10. Question
Determine the number nearest to 110000 but greater than 100000 which is exactly divisible by each
of 8, 15 and 21.
Answer
To find : The number nearest to 110000 but greater than 100000 which is exactly divisible by each
of 8, 15 and 21
Solution : To be exactly divisible by each of 8, 15 and 21,the required number must be divisible by
the LCM of 8, 15 and 21 i.e.by 840.
Now on dividing 110000 by 840 we get 800 as remainder.
Therefore the number nearest to 110000 but greater than 100000 which is exactly divisible by each
of 8, 15 and 21 is 110000 – Remainder ⇒ 110000 – 800 = 109200
Now 109200 gives remainder 0 when divided by 8, 15 and 21 as it is completely divisible by their
LCM.
11. Question
Find the smallest number which leaves remainders 8 and 12 when divided by 28 and 32 respectively.
Answer
The smallest number would be the LCM of 28 and 32
LCM of 28 and 32 = 224
Therefore the required smallest number which leaves remainders 8 and 12 when divided by 28 and 32
respectively would be:
Number = LCM – (sum of the remainders)
⇒ 224 – (12 + 8)
⇒ 224 – 20 = 204
12. Question
What is the smallest number that, when divided by 35, 56 and 91 leaves remainders of 7 in each
case?
Answer
Therefore the required smallest number would be the LCM of the numbers
Prime factors of 56 = 2 × 2 × 2×7
LCM of 35, 56 and 91 ⇒ 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 7×13 = 3640
Number = LCM + Remainder
⇒ 3640 + 7 = 3647
13. Question
Find the least number that is divisible by all the numbers between 1 and 10 (both inclusive).
Answer
The least number would be the LCM of the numbers from 1 to 10
We want LCM(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10)We can ignore 1, since any counting number is divisible by 1.We
prime factor each of the counting numbers from 2 to 10 2 = 23 = 34 = 2×25 = 56 = 2×37 = 78 =
2×2×29 = 3×310 = 2×5 The LCM of all those must have as many factors ofeach prime that appears
in any factorization 2 appears at most 3 times as a factor of 83 appears at most 2 times as a factor of
95 appears at most 1 time as a factor if 5 and 107 appears at most 1 time as a factor of 7
So the LCM has 3 factors of 2, 2 factors of 3, and 1 factor each of 5 and 7 LCM = 2×2×2×3×3×5×7
= 2520
Hence, the least number that is divisible by all the numbers between 1 and 10 (both inclusive) is
2520
14. Question
A rectangular courtyard is 18 m 72 cm long and 13 m 20 cm broad. It is to be paved with square tiles

of the same size. Find the least possible number of such tiles.
Answer
Length of the courtyard = 18 m 72 cm= [18(100) + 72] cm [As, 1 m = 100 cm]= 1872 cm
The breadth of the courtyard = 13 m 20 cm= [13(100) + 20] cm = 1320 cm
To find the maximum edge of the tile we need to calculate HCF of length and breadth,
Using Euler’s division lemma: a = pq + r where 0≤r<p
1872 = 1320 × 1 + 552As 'r' is not equals to 0,So apply Euler's division on 1320 and 552,
1320 = 552 × 2 + 216
As 'r' is not equals to 0,So apply Euler's division on 552 and 216,
552 = 216 × 2 + 120
216 = 120×1 + 96
120 = 96 ×1 + 24
96 = 24 × 4 + 0
Therefore HCF of 1872 and 1320 is 24Maximum edge can be 24 cm.
Number of tile = = = 4290 tiles
15. Question
A circular field has a circumference of 360 km. Three cyclists start together and can cycle 48, 60 and
72 km a day, round the field. When will they meet again?
Answer
Given: A circular field has a circumference of 360 km. Three cyclists start together and can cycle 48,
60 and 72 km a day.
To find: When will they meet again
Solution:Circumference of the circular field is 36 km.Use the formula:
Time taken by first cyclist = = = 7.5 days As 1 day = 24 hours⇒ 7.5×24

= 180 Hrs
Similarly,
Time taken by second cyclist = = 6 days ⇒ 6×24 = 144 Hrs
Time taken by third cyclist = = 5 days ⇒ 5×24 = 120 we need to find the minimum time at which
they will meet.So we need to find LCM of the time they all take.
Now LCM of 180, 144 and 120 is 720 hours,
Therefore the time when all three will meet again = = 30 days
Note: To find the minimum of given values always find their L.C.M.
16. Question
In a morning walk three persons step off together, their steps measure 80 cm, 85 cm and 90 cm
respectively. What is the minimum distance each should walk so that he can cover the distance in
complete steps?
Answer
To calculate minimum distance Minimum distance we should calculate LCM
Prime factors of 80 = 2×2×2 × 2 ×5

Prime factors of 90 = 2×3×3×5
LCM of 80, 85 and 90 ⇒ 2 ×2 × 2 ×2 × 3×3 ×5 × 17 = 12240Minimum distance is 12240 cm,As 1 m

= 100 cmSo 12240 = 120 m 40 cm
Therefore the minimum distance each should walk so that he can cover the distance in complete steps
is 122 m 40 cm
Exercise 1.5
1. Question
Show that the following numbers are irrational.
(i) (ii)
(iii) 6 + (iv) 3 -
Answer
(i) Let assume that is rational
Therefore it can be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and q≠0
Therefore we can write =
√2 =
is a rational number as p and q are integers. Therefore √2 is rational which contradicts the fact that
√2 is irrational.
Hence, our assumption is false and we can say that is irrational.
(ii) Let assume that 7√5 is rational therefore it can be written in the form of
where p and q are integers and q≠0. Moreover, let p and q have no common divisor > 1.
7√5 = for some integers p and q
Therefore √5 =
is rational as p and q are integers, therefore √5 should be rational.
This contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational.
Therefore our assumption that 7√5 is rational is false. Hence 7√5 is irrational.
(iii) Let assume that 6 + √2 is rational therefore it can be written in the form of
where p and q are integers and q≠0. Moreover, let p and q have no common divisor > 1.
6 + √2 = for some integers p and q
Therefore √2 = -6
Since p and q are integers therefore - 6 is rational, hence √2 should be rational.
This contradicts the fact that √2 is irrational. Therefore our assumption is false. Hence, 6 + √2 is
irrational.
(iv) Let us assume that 3 - is rational
Therefore 3 - can be written in the form of where p and q are integers and q≠0
3- = ⇒ -3 =
⇒ =
Since p, q and 3 are integers therefore is rational number
But we know is irrational number, Therefore it is a contradiction.
Hence 3 - is irrational
2. Question
Prove that following numbers are irrationals:
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
Answer
(i) Let assume that is rational
√7=
is a rational number as p and q are integers.

This contradicts the fact that √7 is irrational, so our assumption is incorrect. Therefore is irrational
(ii) Let assume that is rational
√5=
This contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational, so our assumption is incorrect. Therefore is irrational
(iii) Let assume that is rational
√2= -4
-4 is a rational number as p and q are integers.
This contradicts the fact that √2 is irrational, so our assumption is incorrect. Therefore is
irrational.
(iv) Let assume that is rational
√2=
irrational.
3. Question
Show that is an irrational numbers.
Answer
Let assume that is rational
√3= 2 -
irrational.
4. Question
Show that is an irrational number.
Answer
√2= -3
irrational.
5. Question
Prove that is an irrational number.
Answer
5√2= -4

irrational.
6. Question
Show that is an irrational number.
Answer
To prove : is an irrational number.Solution:Let assume that is rational.
2√3= 5 - ⇒ √3 =
irrational.
Note: Sometimes when something needs to be proved, prove it by contradiction.Where you are asked
to prove that a number is irrational prove it by assuming that it is rational numberand then contradict
it.
7. Question
Answer
2√3= +1

irrational.
8. Question
Answer
Given:
To prove: is irrational.
Proof: Let assume that is rational
Therefore we can write
= √5
is a rational number as p and q are integers. This contradicts the fact that √5 is irrational, so our
assumption is incorrect. Therefore is irrational.
it.
9. Question
Prove that is irrational.
Answer
Therefore we can write √5 = - √3
(√5)2 = ( - √3)2
5= - +3
5-3= -
-2=
= √3
is a rational number as p and q are integers. This contradicts the fact that √3 is irrational, so
our assumption is incorrect. Therefore is irrational.
10. Question
Answer
Given:
To prove: is irrational.
Proof:Let assume that is rational
Therefore we can write,
Squaring both sides we get,
Apply the formula ( a - b )2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab in

irrational.
it.
11. Question
Prove that for any prime positive integer p, is an irrational number.
Answer
Let assume that √p is rational
Therefore it can be expressed in the form of , where a and b are integers and b≠0
Therefore we can write √p =
(√p)2 = ( )2
P=
a2 = pb2
Since a2 is divided by b2, therefore a is divisible by b.
Let a = kc
(kc)2 = pb2
K2c2 = pb2
Here also b is divided by c, therefore b2 is divisible by c2. This contradicts that a and b are co-primes.
Hence is an irrational number.
12. Question
If p, q are prime positive integers, prove that is an irrational number.
Answer
Since it is given that p and q are prime positive integer.Let us assume that is a
rational number of the form ,
Squaring both sides we get,
Apply the formula (a-b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab

Since p, q are integers therefore is rational number
But we know is irrational number, Therefore it is a contradiction.
Hence is irrational
Exercise 1.6
1. Question
Without actually performing the long division, state whether the following rational numbers will have
a terminating decimal expansion or a non-terminating repeating
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
(v)
Answer
(i) 8 = 23 since the denominator is of the form 2m therefore the expression is terminating.
(ii) 441 = 32 × 72 since the denominator is not in the form of 2m and 5n Therefore the given
expression is Non-terminating repeating
(iii) =
10 = 2×5 therefore the denominator is of the form 2m × 5n
Hence, the given expression is Terminating
(iv) = =
30 = 2×3×5
Since the denominator is not of the form 2m × 5n
Hence, the given expression is Non-terminating repeating Terminating
(v)
Since the denominator is not in the form 2m × 5n

Hence, the given expression is Non-terminating repeating Terminating
2. Question
Write down the decimal expansions of the following rational numbers by writing their denominators in
the form , where m, n are non-negative integers.
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
(v)
Answer
(i) = = the denominator is in the form of
⇒ = 0.375
(ii) = = the denominator is in the form of
⇒ = 0.104
(iii) = = the denominator is in the form of
⇒ = 0.0875
(iv) = = the denominator is in the form of
⇒ = 23.3408
(v) = = the denominator is in the form of
⇒ = 0.0004128
3. Question
What can you say about the prime factorizations of the denominators of the following rational?
(i) 43.123456789
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) 0.120120012000120000…
Answer
(i) 43.123456789 = =
Since Prime factorization of the denominator is in the form , where m, n are non-negative
integers.
(ii) Since has non-terminating repeating decimal expression, therefore Prime

factorization of the denominator contains factors other than 2 or 5.
(iii) Since has non-terminating repeating decimal expression, therefore Prime factorization
of the denominator contains factors other than 2 or 5.
(iv) Since has non-terminating repeating decimal expression, therefore Prime factorization
of the denominator contains factors other than 2 or 5.
CCE - Formative Assessment
1. Question
State Euclid’s division lemma.
Answer
Euclid’s Division Lemma: Given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r
satisfying a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b. (It is a technique to compute the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of
two given positive integers.)
2. Question
State Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic.
Answer
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a

product of primes, and this factorization is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors
occur.
3. Question
Write 98 as product of its prime factors.
Answer
98 = 49 × 2 = 72 × 2
98 is factorised as a product of primes i.e. 72 × 2.
4. Question
Write the exponent of 2 in the prime factorization of 144.

Answer
The prime factorization of 144 is as follows:
144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
⇒ 144 = 24 × 32
We know that the exponent of a number am is m.
The exponent of 2 in the prime factorization of 144 is 4.
5. Question
Write the sum of the exponents of prime factors in the prime factorization of 98.
Answer
98 = 2 × 7 × 7
⇒ 98 = 21 ×72
∴The sum of powers = 1 + 2 = 3
The sum of the exponents of prime factors in the prime factorization of 98 is 3.
6. Question
If the prime factorization of a natural number n is 23 × 32 × 52 × 7, write the number of consecutive

zeros in n.
Answer
If any number ends with the digit 0, it should be divisible by 10,
i.e. it will be divisible by 2 and 5.
Prime factorization of n is given as 23 × 32 × 52 × 7.
It can be observed that there is (2 × 5) × (2 × 5)
⇒ 10 × 10 = 100
Thus, there are 2 zeros in n.
The number of consecutive zeros in n is 2.
7. Question
If the product of two numbers is 1080 and their HCF is 30, find their LCM.
Answer
We know that for any two positive integers a and b, HCF (a, b) × LCM (a, b) = a × b.
Here a × b = 1080 and HCF = 30
∴ LCM = (a × b)/ HCF
⇒ LCM = 1080/30
⇒ LCM = 36
The LCM of given product of two numbers is 36.
8. Question
Write the condition to be satisfied by q so that a rational number has a terminating 9 decimal
expansion.
Answer
Let x = p/q be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2n 5m, where n,
m are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which terminates.
9. Question
Write the condition to be satisfied by q so that a rational number has a non-terminating terminating
decimal expansion.
Answer
Let x = p/q be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is not of the form 2n 5m,
where n, m are non-negative integers. Then x has a decimal expansion which is non-terminating
repeating (recurring).
10. Question
Complete the missing entries in the following factor tree.
Answer
Let us take the last factors of the tree 3 and 7.
Then 3 × 7 = 21
Now we get the factors in the next level as 21 and 2.
So, 21 × 2 = 42
The missing entries are 42, 21.
11. Question
The decimal expansion of the rational number will terminate after how many places of
decimals?
Answer
Let be a rational number, such that the prime factorization of q is of the form 2n 5m, where
n, m are non-negative integers. Then 'x' has a decimal expansion which terminates after n or m
places, whichever is maximum
The maximum power of 2 or 5 in the given rational number is 4.
So, it will terminate after 4 places of decimals.
The decimal expansion of the given rational number will terminate after 4 places of decimals.
12. Question
Has the rational number a terminating or a non terminating decimal representation?
Answer
Let be a rational number, then x is terminating if and only if, the denominator q has the
form 2n 5m
The denominator is not of the form 2n 5m as it has 72 as its factor.
Therefore, Given rational number has a non-terminating decimal representation.
13. Question
Write whether on simplification gives a rational or an irrational number.
Answer
Given: number
To find: Whether the given number is rational or irrational
Solution:Factorize 45 and 20.
⇒3+3=6
We know that a rational number is defined as the number which can be written in the form of p/q.As
6 can be written as 6/1.
So 6 is a rational number.
The given number after simplification gives a rational number.
14. Question
What is an algorithm?
Answer
An algorithm is a series of well-defined steps which gives a procedure for solving a type of problem.
The word algorithm comes from the name of the 9th-century Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi.
15. Question
What is a lemma?
Answer
A lemma is a proven statement used for proving another statement.
16. Question
If p and q are two prime numbers, then what is their HCF?
Answer
We know that HCF = Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
For any two prime numbers, one of the common prime factors will be 1.
17. Question
If p and q are two prime numbers, then what is their LCM?
Answer
We know that LCM = Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers.
If p and q are two prime numbers, then p × q is their LCM.
18. Question
What is the total number of factors of a prime number?
Answer
We know that the factors of a prime number are 1 and the number itself.
The total number of factors of a prime number is 2.
19. Question
What is a composite number?
Answer
Every composite number can be expressed (factorized) as a product of primes.
20. Question
What is the HCF of the smallest composite number and the smallest prime number?
Answer
Smallest composite number = 4
=2×2
Smallest prime number = 2
HCF (4, 2) = 2
The HCF of the smallest composite number and the smallest prime number is 2.
21. Question
HCF of two numbers is always a factor of their LCM (True/False).
Answer
True.
LCM of two or more numbers is always divisible by their HCF.
Example: Let us take two numbers 6 and 20.
The prime factorization of
6 = 21 × 31 and 20 = 22 × 51
HCF = 2
LCM = 22 × 3 × 5 = 60
∴ 2 is a factor of 60.
22. Question
π is an irrational number (True/False).
Answer
True
23. Question
The sum of two prime numbers is always a prime number (True/False).
Answer
False
Prime numbers are always odd numbers and the sum of odd numbers is even.
Example: Let two prime numbers be 3 and 5.
Sum of 3 and 5 = 3 + 5 = 8 which is not a prime number.
24. Question
The product of any three consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 6 (True/False).
Answer
True
Since n(n + 1)(n + 2) is divisible by 2 and 3, then it is divisible by 6.
Example: Let us take three consecutive numbers 10, 11, 12.
Product = 10 × 11 × 12 = 1320
∴ 1320 is divisible by 6.
25. Question
Every even integer is of the form 2m, where m is an integer (True/False).
Answer
True
Let a = bq + r. b = 2, q = m
r = 0.
a = 2m
26. Question
Every odd integer is of the form 2m - 1, where m is an integer (True/False).
Answer
True
Let a = bq + r: b = 2, q = m
-2<r<0 i.e., r = -1
a = 2m – 1 for odd integer.
27. Question
The product of two irrational numbers is an irrational number (True/False).
Answer
False
The product of two irrational is sometimes an irrational number.
Example: If we multiply an irrational number with 0 we will get the product as 0 which is a rational
number.
28. Question
The sum of two irrational numbers is an irrational number (True/False).
Answer
False
The sum of two irrational numbers is sometimes an irrational number.
Example: If the two irrational numbers have a sum zero, then the sum is a rational number.
29. Question
For what value of n, 2n x 5n ends in 5.
Answer
Let us take n = 1.
21 × 51 = 10
So, for no value of n, 2n × 5n ends in 5.
No value of n
30. Question
If a and b are relatively prime numbers, then what is their HCF?
Answer
For any two relatively prime numbers, one of the common prime factors will be 1.
31. Question
If a and b are relatively prime numbers, then what is their LCM?
Answer
If a and b are two prime numbers, then a × b is their LCM.
32. Question
Two numbers have 12 as their HCF and 350 as their LCM (True/False).
Answer
False
HCF of two numbers is always a factor of their LCM.
But 12 is not a factor of 350.
1. Question
The exponent of 2 in the prime factorisation of 144, is
A. 4
B. 5
C. 6
D. 3
Answer
144 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3
⇒ 144 = 24 × 32
∴ The exponent of 2 in the prime factorization of 144 is 4.
2. Question
The LCM of two numbers is 1200. Which of the following cannot be their HCF?
A. 600
B. 500
C. 400
D. 200
Answer
We know that LCM of two or more numbers is always divisible by their HCF.
1200 is divisible by 600, 200 and 400 but not by 500.
3. Question
If n = 23 × 34 × 54 × 7, then the number of consecutive zeros in n, where n is a natural number, is
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 7
Answer
If any number ends with the digit 0, it should be divisible by 10,
i.e. it will be divisible by 2 and 5.
Prime factorization of n is given as 23 × 34 × 54 × 7.

It can be observed that there is (2 × 5) × (2 × 5) × (2 × 5)
⇒ 10 × 10 × 10 = 1000
Thus, there are 3 zeros in n.
4. Question
The sum of the exponents of the prime factors in the prime factorisation of 196, is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 4
D. 6
Answer
196 = 2 × 2 × 7 × 7
⇒ 98 = 22 ×72
∴The sum of powers = 2 + 2 = 4
5. Question
The number of decimal places after which the decimal expansion of the rational number will
terminate, is
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer
The maximum power of 2 or 5 in the given rational number is 2.
6. Question
If p1 and p2 are two odd prime numbers such that p1 > p2, then p12 – p22 is
A. an even number
B. an odd number
C. an odd prime number
D. a prime number
Answer
Let us take p1 = 5 and p2 = 3
Then p12 – p22 = 25 – 9 = 16
16 is an even number.
7. Question
If two positive integers a and b are expressible in the form a = pq2 and b = p3 q; p, q being prime
numbers, then LCM (a, b) is
A. pq
B. p3 q3
C. p3 q2
D. p2 q2
Answer
So, LCM(a, b) = p3q2
8. Question
In Q. No. 7, HCF (a, b) is
A. pq
B. p3 q3
C. p3 q2
D. p2 q2
Answer
So, HCF(a, b) = pq
9. Question
If two positive integers m and n are expressible in the form m = pq3 and n = p3 q2 where p, q are
prime numbers, then HCF (m, n) =
A. pq
B. pq2
C. p3q3
D. p2q3
Answer
So, HCF(a, b) = pq2
10. Question
If the LCM of a and 18 is 36 and the HCF of a and 18 is 2, then a =
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 1
Answer
Here LCM = 36, HCF = 2 and b = 18
Then, 2 × 36 = a × 18
a = (2 × 36) / 18
a=4
11. Question
The HCF of 95 and 152, is
A. 57
B. 1
C. 19
D. 38
Answer
The prime factorization of
95 = 5 × 19
And 152 = 23 × 19
∴ HCF = 19
12. Question
If HCF (26, 169) = 13, then LCM (26, 169) =
A. 26
B. 52
C. 338
D. 13
Answer
Here HCF = 13, a = 26 and b = 169
Then,
13 × LCM = 26 × 169
LCM = (26 × 169) / 13
LCM = 338
13. Question
If a = 23 × 3, b = 2 × 3 × 5, c = 3n × 5 and LCM (a, b, c) = 23 × 32 × 5, then n =
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
Answer
Since the power of 3 in LCM is 2,
C = 32× 5
14. Question
The decimal expansion of the rational number 14587 / 1250 will terminate after
A. One decimal place
B. two decimal place
C. three decimal place
D. four decimal place
Answer
The denominator 1250 can also be written as 2 × 54.
The maximum power of 2 or 5 in 1250 is 4.
15. Question
If p and q are co-prime numbers, then p2 and q2 are
A. coprime
B. not coprime
C. even
D. odd
Answer
Given: If p and q are co-prime numbers.
To find: p2 and q2 are
Solution:Two numbers are co-prime if their HCF is 1 i.e they have no number common other than 1.
Let us take p = 4 and q = 5.As 4 and 5 has no common factor other than 1, p and q are co-prime.
Now p2 = 16 and q2 = 25,
As 16 and 25 has no common factor other than 1,
So p2 and q2 are also co-prime.
16. Question
Which of the following rational numbers have terminating decimal?
(i)16/225 (ii)5/18
(iii)2/21 (iv)7/250
A. (i) and (ii)
B. (ii) and (iii)
C. (i) and (iii)
D. (i) and (iv)
Answer
(i) Here q = 225

225 can be written as 32×52
Since it is in the form of 5m, it is a terminating decimal.
(ii) Here q = 18
18 can be written as 2 × 32
Since 3 is also there and it is not in the form of 2n5m, it is not a terminating decimal.
(iii) Here q = 21
Since it is not in the form of 2n5m, it is not a terminating decimal.
(iv) Here q = 250
Since it is in the form of 2n5m, it is a terminating decimal.
17. Question
If 3 is the least prime factor of number a and 7 is the least prime factor of number b, then the least
prime factor of a + b, is
A. 2
B. 3
C. 5
D. 10
Answer
The prime factors of a + b
= 3 + 7 = 10 = 2 × 5
So the least prime factor is 2.
18. Question
is
A. an integer
B. a rational number
C. a natural number
D. an irrational number
Answer
Since, the given number is non-terminating recurring,

It is a rational number.
19. Question
The smallest number by which should be multiplied so as to get a rational number is
A.
B.
C.
D. 3
Answer
If we multiply we will get a perfect square 9 which is a rational number.
20. Question
The smallest rational number by which 1/3 should be multiplied so that its decimal expansion
terminates after one place of decimal, is
A. 3/10
B. 1/10
C. 3
D. 3/100
Answer
So 1/3 should be multiplied by 3/10 so that it is in the form of 2n5m.
21. Question
If n is a natural number, then 92n – 42n is always divisible by
A. 5
B. 13
C. both 5 and 13
D. None of these
Answer
9 2n – 4 2n is of the form a 2n — b 2n.

It is divisible by both a - b and a + b.
So, 9 2n – 4 2n is divisible by both 9 - 4 = 5 and 9 + 4 = 13.
22. Question
If n is any natural number, then 6n – 5n always ends with
A. 1
B. 3
C. 5
D. 7
Answer
For any n ∈ N, e and 5n end with 6 and 5 respectively.
Therefore, 6n – 5n always ends with 6 - 5 = 1.
23. Question
The LCM and HCF of two rational numbers are equal, then the numbers must be
A. prime
B. co-prime
C. composite
D. equal
Answer
When numbers are equal, LCM and HCF of two rational numbers are equal.
24. Question
If the sum of LCM and HCF of two numbers is 1260 and their LCM is 900 more than their HCF, then
the product of two numbers is
A. 203400
B. 194400
C. 198400
D. 205400
Answer
Given:The sum of LCM and HCF of two numbers is 1260 and their LCM is 900 more than their HCF.
To find: The product of two numbers.
Solution: Let LCM be x and HCF be y.
Then, by given condition,Sum of LCM and HCFx + y = 1260 (1)

Also, LCM is 900 more than HCF i.e.x = 900 + y
Substituting x = 900 + y in equation (1)
900 + y + y = 1260
900 + 2y = 1260
2y = 360
y = 180
Then, x = 900 + 180 = 108
Thus, LCM = 1080 and HCF = 180
1080 × 180 = 194400
25. Question
The remainder when the square of any prime number greater than 3 is divided by 6, is
A. 1
B. 3
C. 2
D. 4
Answer
Any prime number greater than 3 is of the form 6k 1, where k is a natural number
and (6k 1)2 = 36k2 12k + 1 = 6k (6k 2) + 1
Thus, the remainder is 1.

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1.

To prove: out of the numbers one is odd and other is even.

Proof: a and b both are odd positive integers,Since,

number and will give an even number.

Take a = 7 and b = 3 such that a>b

Now, which is odd

And which is even

Conclusion: Out of out of the numbers , is an odd number and is

Prove that the products of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2.

Let the numbers are a and a-1

Product of these number: a(a - 1) = a2-a

Case 1: When a is even:

then (2p)2 - 2p ⇒ 4p2 - 2p

2p(2p-1) ………. it is divisible by 2

Case 2: When a is odd:

then (2p+1)2 - (2p+1) ⇒ 4p2 + 4p + 1 - 2p – 1

= 4p2 + 2p ⇒ 2p(2p + 1) ………….. it is divisible by 2

Hence, we conclude that product of two consecutive integers is always divisible by 2

Prove that the product of three consecutive positive integers is divisible by 6.

n(n + 1)(n + 2) = 6q (6q + 1)(6q + 2), which is divisible by 6.

n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 1)(6q + 2) (6q + 3)

= (6q + 1)2(3q + 1)3(2q + 1)

= 6(6q + 1)(3q + 1)(2q + 1), which is divisible by 6.

n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 2) (6q + 3)(6q + 4)

= 2(3q + 1)3(2q + 1)(6q + 4)

n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 3) (6q + 4)(6q + 5)

= 3(2q + 1)2(3q + 2)(6q + 5)

= 6(2q + 1)(3q + 2)(6q + 5), which is divisible by 6.Case 5:

n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 4) (6q + 5)(6q + 6)

= (6q + 4) (6q + 5)6(q + 1)

= 6(6q + 4) (6q + 5)(q + 1), which is divisible by 6.

n(n + 1)(n + 2) = (6q + 5) (6q + 6)(6q + 7)

= (6q + 5) 6(q + 1)(6q + 7)

= 6(6q + 5) (q + 1)(6q + 7), which is divisible by 6.

Hence, n(n + 1)(n + 2) is divisible by 6

For any positive integer, prove that divisible by 6.

n3 – n = n(n2 – 1) = n(n – 1)(n + 1)

For a number to be divisible by 6, it should be divisible by 2 and 3 both,

n – 1, n and n + 1 are three consecutive whole numbers.

By Euclid’s division lemma

n + 1 = 3q + r, for some integer k and r < 3

As, r < 3 possible values of ‘r’ are 0, 1 and 2.

⇒ n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 3

⇒ n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 3

⇒ n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 3

Clearly, n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 2

⇒ n(n – 1)(n + 1) is divisible by 2

Hence, for any value of n, n3 - n is divisible by 2 and 3 both, therefore n3 – n is divisible by 6.

let A = 6q + 5, be any number, where q is any positive integer.

Part 1: To show A is in the form of 3q + 2, where q is another integerA= 6q + 5 = 6q + 3 + 2 = 3(2q

According to the condition:

N2 = 25p2 + 10p + 1 ⇒ 5(5p2 + 2p) + 1 ⇒ 5A+1

Therefore N2 is of the form 5m + 1.

we know, that any positive integer N is of the form 3q, 3q + 1 or, 3q + 2.

When N = 3q, then

N2 = 9q2 = 3(3q)2 = 3m where m = 3q2

And, as q is an integer, m = 3q2 is also an integer.

then N2 = (3q + 1)2 = 9q2 + 6q + 1 ⇒ 3q(3q + 2) + 1 = 3m + 1 where m = q(3q + 2)And, as q is

When N = 3q + 2, then N2 = (3q + 2)2 = 9q2 + 12q + 4 ⇒ 3(3q2 + 4q + 1) + 1