Chemistry Lab Manual
Chemistry Lab Manual
Chemistry Lab Manual
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai.)
UG - CSE, EEE & MECH Programs Accredited by NBA, New Delhi.
TRICHY – PUDUKKOTTAI ROAD, TIRUCHIRAPPALLI – 620 007.
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Website: - www.miet.edu
Ph: 0431 – 2660 303
A chemistry laboratory is essentially a place where you learn to determine the qualitative and
quantitative analysis. It gives greater insight into the knowledge of science and true implications of its
broad working principles.
Laboratory practice gives you through training in honest and efficient work culture. It develops
in you habit applications of understanding in industry. It is the laboratory where the remarkable
inventions have been made.
John Dalton and Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and so many others devotees of science point out
clearly to the fact that notable discoveries have all been made in a laboratory.
A laboratory is in fact, a place of worship where young engineers should equip themselves for
something higher and nobler-a search for truth and discovering of the mysteries of nature.
Genuine laboratory practice should produce a scientific consciousness among our students,
induce them to harder and systematic work, discipline their mind, regulate their thinking, develop in
them a keen sense of observation and thus increase their efficiency manifold.
Hence all the first year B.E/B.Tech students are advised to do the chemistry laboratory more
effectively and efficiently and try to acquire more knowledge.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
Students are instructed to follow the guidelines given below while doing the chemistry lab experiments.
1. Study the experiment very carefully and understand the steps in carrying out the work
2. Check that all the required apparatus are available.
3. Keep a notebook for record the observation of the experiment. In the notebook, Write the title of the
Experiment, Experiment No. and the date.
4. Write the working formula with a clear explanation of the symbols.
5. Do the work neatly and methodically.
6. Record all the data in your notebook systematically in a tabular form as far as possible.
7. If a mistake is made in recording a value, strike off and write the new value by it side and avoid
over writing.
8. Do all the calculations neatly and enter the result in the notebook with units in the final result.
Note: The students must be carried out at least Seven experiments per semester as per Anna
University, Chennai requirements.
Page 2
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Page 3
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. No Date Experiment Page No Marks Sign
1.
2.
3.
4.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Page 4
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION-I
STANDARDISATION OF HCl
1. 20 0
Methyl Orange
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of HCl V 2 = ml
Strength of HCl N2 = ?
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of HCl = N
Page 5
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
CO32- + H+ HCO3-
(ii) Methyl Orange end point
Bicarbonate neutralization occurs during methyl orange end point
HCO3- + H+ CO2 + H2O
From the two titre values the different alkalinity are calculated.
Page 6
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION-II
ESTIMATION OF ALKALINITY
ALKALINITY TABLE
1 P=0 0 0 M
2 P=M P or M 0 0
3 P=1/2 M 0 2P or M 0
4 P>1/2 M 2P-M 2M-2P 0
5 P<1/2 M 0 2P M-2P
Page 7
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE:
TITRATION-I
Standardisation of HCl
The burette is washed and rinsed with the given hydrochloric acid. Then the burette is filled
with Hydrochloric acid. 20 ml of std. Na2CO3 is pipetted out in a clean conical flask. A drop of methyl
orange indicator is added. Pink colour is observed. This solution is titrated against the standard acid until
pink colour is disappeared. The end point is noted. The titration is repeated for concordant value.
TITRATION-II
Determination of Alkalinity
(With phenolphthalein indicator)
The burette is washed and rinsed with the given hydrochloric acid. Then the burette is filled
with Hydrochloric acid. 20 ml of water sample is pipetted out in a clean conical flask. A drop of
phenolphthalein indicator is added. Pink colour is observed. This solution is titrated against the standard
acid until pink colour is disappeared. The end point is noted. This titre value corresponds to
phenolphthalein end point (P).
Page 8
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
20
5. When P<1/2M
(M-2P) x N1 x 50 x 1000
For HCO3 = -
_____________________ = ______________ppm
20
2P x N1 x 50 x 1000
For CO3 =
2-
_____________________ =_______________ppm
20
RESULT:
Page 9
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
STRUCTURE OF EDTA
Page 10
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
To determine the total hardness, permanent hardness and temporary hardness in the given sample
of hard water by EDTA method. Standard hard water and EDTA solution are provided.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
PRINCIPLE:
Water is said to be hard, when it contains Ca2+and Mg2+ ions or any other heavy metal ions(other
than alkali metal ion).
Disodium salt of EDTA is used to estimate the various hardness of the given hard water
containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. When EDTA is added to hard water, it reacts with calcium and
magnesium ions present in hard water to form stable EDTA metal complexes. From the volume of
EDTA consumed the hardness can be calculated. Eriochrome Black-T is used as an indicator. The
indicator forms a weak complex with the metal ions present in the hard water and gives wine red colour.
pH=8-10
[ Ca2+ / Mg2+ ] + EBT [Ca2+ / Mg2+ - EBT]
Hard water Indicator Wine red coloured complex
(Unstable)
When EDTA is added into the hard water, the metal ions form a stable metal complex with
EDTA by leaving the indicator. When all the metal ions are taken by EDTA from the indicator metal ion
complex, the wine red colour changes into steel blue, which denotes the end point. The metal EDTA
complex is stable at pH 8-10. This pH range can be maintained by adding ammonia buffer
(NH4Cl + NH4OH).
pH=8-10
[Ca / Mg - EBT ] + EDTA
2+ 2+
[Ca2+ / Mg2+ - EDTA] + EBT
Wine red colour Stable complex Steel blue
Page 11
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION-I
STANDARDISATION OF EDTA
STANDARD HARD WATER Vs EDTA
STEP:1
1. 20 0
EBT
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of EDTA V2 = ml
Strength of EDTA N2 = ?
N2 = V1N1
V2
Strength of EDTA = N
PROCEDURE:
Page 12
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION-I
Standardisation of EDTA
Step-I:
The burette is washed well with the distilled water and then rinsed with a little amount of the
given EDTA solution. It is then filled with the same EDTA solution upto the zero level without air
bubbles. Initial reading of the burette is noted. 20ml of standard hard water solution is pipetted out into a
clean conical flask. 5ml of ammonia buffer solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator are
added. The solution turns wine red in colour and it is then titrated against EDTA taken in the burette.
The change of wine red colour to steel blue colour is the end point. The final reading in the burette is
noted. The difference in the burette reading gives the volume of the EDTA solution. The titration is
repeated to get concordant value.
Page 13
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION- II
STEP: 2
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Concordant
hard water Initial Final EDTA Value
sample (ml) (ml) (ml) Indicator
(ml)
1. 20 0
EBT
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of EDTA V1 = ml
Strength of EDTA N1 = N
N2 = V1N1
V2
=_____________ ppm
Page 14
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Step-II:
TITRATION-II
20 ml of the given hard water sample is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. 5 ml of ammonia
buffer solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator are added. The solution turns wine red in
colour. This solution is titrated against EDTA solution taken in the burette. The change of wine red
colour into steel blue colour is the end point. The titration is repeated to get concordant value.
Page 15
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION- III
STEP: 3
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Concordant
Boiled hard Initial Final EDTA Value
water sample (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) Indicator
(ml)
1. 20 0
EBT
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of EDTA, V1 = ml
Strength of EDTA, N1 = N
N2 = V1N1
V2
=_____________ ppm
Page 16
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Step-III:
TITRATION-III
20 ml of the given Boiled hard water is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. 5 ml of ammonia
buffer solution and 2 drops of Eriochrome Black-T indicator are added. The solution turns wine red in
colour. This solution is titrated against EDTA solution taken in the burette. The change of wine red
colour into steel blue colour is the end point. The titration is repeated to get concordant value.
= ……………… ppm.
RESULT:
1. The amount of Total hardness of the given sample of water = ________ ppm
2. The amount of Permanent hardness of the given sample of water = ________ ppm
3. The amount of Temporary hardness of the given sample of water = ________ ppm
Page 17
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION- I
STANDARD NaCl Vs AgNO3
1. 20 0
K2CrO4
2. 20 0
Calculation :
N2 = V1N1
V2
= 20 x 0.01
……ml
Page 18
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Chloride present in the given water sample in ppm, being supplied
with standard solution of sodium chloride of strength 0.01N and a link solution of silver nitrate.
CHEMICALS REQUIRED:
1. Sodium chloride
2. Silver nitrate
3. Potassium chromate
4. Water sample
PRINICIPLE:
Generally water contains chloride ions (Cl-) in the form of NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The
concentration of chloride ions more than 250 ppm is not desirable for drinking purpose. The total
chloride ions can be determined by argentometric method (Mohr’s Method).
In this method Cl- ions solution is directly titrated against AgNO 3 using potassium chromate
(K2CrO4) as the indicator.
At the end point, when all the Cl- ions are removed. The yellow colour of chromate changes into
reddish brown due to following reaction.
2AgNO3 + K2CrO4 Ag2CrO4 + KNO3
(yellow) (Reddish brown)
Page 19
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION- II
Calculation :
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume of Concordant
water sample Initial Final AgNO3 Value
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) (ml) Indicator
1. 20 0
K2CrO4
2. 20 0
N2 = V1N1
V2
Amount of Cl- ion present one litre of water sample = Eq.Wt.of Cl- ion x strength of water sample
PROCEDURE:
Page 20
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Step-I:
TITRATION-1
Standardisation of AgNO3
The burette is washed well with distilled water and rinsed with the small amount of AgNO 3
solution. It is then filled with the same solution upto the zero mark without any air bubbles.
The pipette is washed with distilled water and rinsed with the small amount of standard NaCl
solution. 20 ml of this solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask 1 ml of 2% K 2CrO4 indicator
solution is added and titrated against AgNO 3 solution taken in the burette. The end point is the change of
colour from yellow to reddish brown. The titration is repeated for concordant value.
Step-II:
TITRATION-II
20 ml of the given water sample is pipetted out into a clean conical flask and 1 ml of 2% K 2CrO4
indicator solution is added. It is then titrated against standardized AgNO 3 solution taken in the burette.
The end point is the change of colour from yellow to reddish brown.
RESULT:
The amount of chloride ion present in the whole of the given water sample = _______ ppm
TABLE
Page 21
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
HCl Vs NaOH
Expt.No:4
Page 22
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Date:
AIM:
To determine the strength of given HCl by pH metry, a standard solution of NaOH of 0.5 N is
provided.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
i.) pH meter
ii.) Glass electrode
iii.) Beaker
iv.) Standard N/20 NaOH
v.) Approximately N/10 HCl
vi.) Burette, pipette, Glass rod, distilled water etc.,
PRINCIPLE:
Since the pH of the solution is related to the H+ ion concentration by the following formula.
pH= -log[H+]
Measurement of pH of the solution gives the concentration of H + ions in the solution. When NaOH is
added slowly from the burette to the solution of HCl, the fast moving H + ions are progressively replaced
by slow moving Na+ ion. As a result pH of the solution increases.
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
The increase in pH takes place until all the H + ion are completely neutralized (upto the end point).
After the end point, further addition of NaOH increases pH sharply as there is an excess of fast moving
OH- ion.
Page 23
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Graph-II
Calculation:
Volume of HCl V2 = 40 ml
= ________ x36.45
= _________g.
Page 24
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE:
The burette is washed with water and then filled with Std.NaOH solution. Exactly 40 ml of the
given HCl solution is pipette out into a clean 100 ml beaker. The pH electrode is dipped in it and
connected with a pH meter.
TITRATION
The titration is carried out by adding std.NaOH solution in portions of 1 ml from the burette to the
HCl solution taken in the beaker and pH of the solution is noted for each addition. This process is
continued until at least 5 readings are taken after the end point, and the range at which the end point lies
is found out by plotting volume of NaOH added against pH(graph-I).
The accurate end point is found out by plotting ΔpH/ΔV against volume of NaOH added (graph II).
From the end point, the strength of HCl solution and hence the amount of HCl can be calculated.
RESULT:
Page 25
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Table-I
(HCl + CH3COOH) Vs NaOH
Model Graph
Page 26
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Expt.No:5
Date:
AIM:
To determine the amount of a strong acid and a weak acid (HCl & CH 3COOH) present in one
litre of the given mixture of acid solution by conductometric method using standard (0.2N) NaOH
solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Conductivity bridge
2. Conductivity cell
3. 100 ml beaker
4. Standard N/20 NaOH
5. Approximately N/10 HCl & CH3COOH
6. Burette, Pipette, Glass rod, Distilled water etc.
PRINCIPLE:
Solution of electrolytes conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. The specific conductance
of a solution is proportional to the concentration of ions in it, conductance of the solution is measured
during titration.
When a mixture of acids is titrated with a strong base, the acids are neutralized one by one,
strong acid first and weak acid next.
The neutralization reactions can be represented as
After the complete neutralization of all HCl, the neutralization of CH3COOH starts.
Since CH3COONa is stronger electrolyte than CH3COOH, conductivity slowly increases until all
CH3COOH is completely neutralized. When the end point is reached, addition of NaOH will cause
sudden increase in the conductance. This is due to the presence of fast moving hydroxide ions.
Page 27
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
N1 = V2N2/ V1
= …………..ml x 0.2N
____________
40
Strength of HCl =………………..N
Calculation of amount of HCl
The amount of HCl present
in 1000 ml of the given solution} = Strength of HCl x Eq.wt.of HCl
= …………….N x 36.5
= ……………..g.
Calculation of Strength of CH3COOH
N1 = V2N2/ V1
…………..ml x 0.2N
= _____________
40
Strength of CH3COOH =………………..N
Calculation of amount of CH3COOH
The amount of CH3COOH present
in 1000 ml of the given solution} = Strength of CH3COOH x Eq.wt.of CH3COOH
= ……………..g.
Page 28
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE:
The burette is washed well with water and rinsed with the given standard NaOH solution. It is
then filled with NaOH solution upto the zero level. 40 ml of the given mixture of acids (HCl +
CH3COOH) is pipetted out into a clean 100 ml beaker. The conductivity cell is placed in it, so that the
electrodes are well immersed in the solution. The two terminals of the cell are connected with a
conductivity bridge.
Now 1 ml of NaOH from the burette is added to the solution, taken in the beaker, stirred for
some time and then conductivity is measured (The conductivity is going on decreasing upto the end
point). This process is repeated until at least five readings are taken after the end point (A) has been
reached. After the end point, again NaOH is gradually added, which causes increase in conductance.
This increase in conductance is observed until the end point (B) is reached.
After the second end point, sudden increase in conductance is observed on further addition of
NaOH. The reading (conductivity) is continuously measured for each addition of NaOH and are
tabulated. Now the graph is plotted between the volume of NaOH Vs conductivity. From the graph then
first end point (A) and the second end point (B) are noted. From the end points the amount of HCl and
CH3COOH present in 1 litre of the mixture of solution is calculated.
RESULT:
Page 29
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Table
1 0
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 4
6 5
7 6
8 7
9 8
10 9
11 10
12 11
13 12
14 13
15 14
16 15
17 16
18 17
19 18
20 19
ESTIMATION OF IRON CONTENT OF THE GIVEN SOLUTION USING
POTENTIOMETER.
Page 30
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Expt.No:6
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of ferrous ion present in whole of the given solution by
potentiometrically. A standard solution of potassium dichromate of strength 0.1020 N is provided.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. Potentiometer
2. Pt electrode
3. Saturated Calomel electrode
4. Standard K2Cr2O7 (0.2 N)
5. Given ferrous ion solution.
6. Burette, pipette, glass rod, Distilled water etc.,
7. Dilute sulphuric acid
PRINICIPLE:
Potentiometric titration depends on measurement of emf between reference electrode and an
indicator electrode. When a solution of ferrous iron is titrated with a solution of potassium dichromate,
the following redox reaction takes place.
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
During this titration Fe2+ is converted into Fe3+, whose concentration increases. At the end point,
there will be a sharp change due to sudden removal of all Fe3+ ions.
The cell is set up by connecting this redox electrode with a calomel electrode as shown below.
Model Graph :
Page 31
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Calculation :
Volume of K2Cr2O7 solution V1 = __________ml (From graph)
N2 = V1N1
V2
= ________ x 55.85 g
= _________g.
Page 32
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE:
The given ferrous iron solution is made up to 100 ml in a standard flask. 40 ml of this made up
solution is pipetted out into a clean 100 ml beaker. About 10 ml of dil. H 2SO4 is added in it. A platinum
electrode is dipped into the solution. This electrode is then coupled with a saturated calomel electrode
and the cell is introduced into potentiometric circuit. The std. K 2Cr2O7 solution is taken in the burette and
is added.
TITRATION
First a preliminary titration is carried out by adding std. K 2Cr2O7 solution in portions of 1 ml and the
emf of the cell is measured after each addition. The addition of K2Cr2O7 is continued even after the end
point and the range at which end point lies is found out by plotting volume of K 2Cr2O7 added against
emf(graph -1).
The accurate end point is determined by plotting ΔE/ΔV Vs Volume of K2Cr2O7 added (graph-2).
From the end point, the strength of ferrous ion solution and hence its amount can be calculated.
RESULT:
2. The amount of Ferrous ion present in 1000 ml of the given solution = _______ g.
Page 33
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Titration: I
Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate
Std.K2Cr2O7 Vs Na2S2O3 Indicator: Starch
Sl.No Volume of Burette Reading (mL) Volume of Concordant
K2Cr2O7 Na2S2O3 (mL) value (mL)
(mL) Initial Final
1 20 0
2 20 0
3 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of K2Cr2O7 solution, V1 = 20 mL
Strength of K2Cr2O7 solution, N1 = 0.01 N
Volume of Na2S2O3 solution, V2 = mL
Strength of Na2S2O3 solution, N2 =?
Page 34
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Expt.No:7
Date:
AIM:
To estimate the amount of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the given water sample by Winkler’s
method. You are provided with a standard solution of 0.01N K2Cr2O7 and Na2S2O3 solution as link.
PRINCIPLE:
Oxygen dissolves in water to the extent of 7 - 9 mg/L at 25 – 30 0C. The DO content is not only
important with respect to the species of aquatic life which can survive in the water, but is also a measure
of its ability to oxidize organic impurities in water. The concentration of DO decreases with increase in
impurity because of aerobic oxidation. The estimation of DO in water is useful in studying corrosion
effects of BFW (Boiler Feed Water) and in water pollution. The amount of DO in water is estimated by
using Winkler’s reagent [MnSO4 + alkali-iodide + Con.H2SO4]. The water sample collected is
preserved carefully in ground stoppered Iodine flask thus avoiding aeration. Oxidation of KI to I 2 takes
place by DO present in water sample. The liberated I 2 is titrated against standardized Na2S2O3 using
starch indicator.
Initially MnSO4 and alkali iodide are added into the water sample and reacts with DO forming a
brown precipitate of basic manganic oxide.
I2 ↑ + 2 Na2S2O3 → Na2S4O6 + 2
NaI
It is clear that amount of I2 liberated is indirectly equal to the amount of O2.
i.e., one eq. of O2 is equal to one eq.wt of I2 which is equal to one Mol.wt of Na2S2O3.
Page 35
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Titration: II
Standardised Na2S2O3 Vs Tap Water sample
DO Ξ MnO(OH)2 Ξ I2↑ Vs Na2S2O3
Indicator: Starch
Volume of Burette Reading (mL)
Sl.No. water Initial Final Volume of
Concordant
sample Na2S2O3 (mL) value (mL)
(mL)
1 50 0
2 50 0
CALCULATION:
Volume of Na2S2O3 solution, V1 = mL
Strength of Na2S2O3 solution, N1 = N
Volume of water sample, V2 = 50 mL
= x 8 x 1000
= ppm or mg/L
Note: Starch is not added at the beginning. This will form a blue precipitate as stable adsorption
complex, from which liberation of iodine is difficult.
Page 36
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Procedure:
Result:
The amount of DO content in the given water sample = ppm mg/L
Page 37
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
)
o
h
(m
e
c
n
a
t
c
u
d
n
o
C
Volume of Na2So4(ml)
Page 38
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Expt. No. 8
Date:
AIM
To determine the amount of BaCl2 present in one litre of the given solution by conductometric
titration using standard Na2SO4 of 0.1 N.
PRINCIPLE
Solution of electrolytes conducts electricity due to the presence of ions. Since specific conductance
of a solution is proportional to the concentration of ions in it, conductance of the solution is measured
during titration.
In the precipitation titration, the ions are converted into insoluble precipitate, which will not
contribute to the conductance.
When Na2SO4 is added slowly from the burette the solution BaCl2, BaSO4 gets precipitated while the
chloride ions remain unchanged.
The Ba2+ ions in the solution are replaced by free Na+ ions. Since the mobility of Na+ ions are less
than that of Ba 2+ ions, the conductance of the solution decreases.
After the end point, when all the Ba 2+ ions are replaced, further addition of Na2SO4 increases the
conductance. This is due to the increase of Na + and SO42- ions in the solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Conductivity bridge
2. Conductivity cell
3. 100 ml beaker
Page 39
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
7.Distilled water
Calculation :
Volume of Na2SO4 solution V1 = __________ml (From graph)
N2 = V1N1
V2
= ________ x 122.14 g
= _________gms/L
Page 40
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE
TITRATION
The burette is washed well with water and rinsed with the given Na2SO4 solution. It is then filled
with the same Na2SO4 solution upto the zero level 20 ml of the given BaCl2 solution is pipetted out into
a clean 100 ml beaker. The conductivity cell is placed in it and then diluted to 50 ml by adding
conductivity water. The two terminals of the cell are connected with a conductivity bridge.
Now 1 ml of Na2SO4 from the burette is added to the solution, taken in the beaker, stirred, and
then conductivity is measured. This is continued upto the end point. (The conductivity is going on
decreasing upto the end point). After the end point, again Na2SO4 is gradually added and few more
readings are noted.
Thus, the conductivity is continuously measured for each addition of Na2SO4 and are tabulated.
Now the graph is plotted between the volume of Na2SO4 and conductivity. The end point is the
intersection of the two curves. From the volume of Na2SO4, the strength and hence the amount of BaCl2
present in 1 litre is calculated.
RESULT
The amount of BaCl2 present in 1 litre of the given solution =……………………gms.
Page 41
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
TITRATION-I
STEP:1
1. 20 0
Methyl Orange
2. 20 0
Calculation:
Volume of HCl V 2 = ml
Strength of HCl N2 = ?
N2 = V1N1
V2
N2 =
Page 42
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
AIM
To estimate the amount of HCl present in the give sample using standard Na2CO3 solution.
PRINCIPLE
The basic principle involved in this titration is neutralization of HCl using standard Na2CO3 solution
using methyl orange as an indicator.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. Burette,
2. Pipette
3. Conical flask
4. Std.Na2CO3 solution
5. Given HCl
6. Methyl Orange.
Preparation of Na2CO3 :
Normality = weight / equivalent weight ×1000/ 100
0.53g of Na2CO3 is accurately weighed in an electronic balance. It is then transferred into a 100ml
standard measuring flask using distilled water. It is rinsed with several times using distilled water. It is
then made upto the mark 100ml. This solution contains 0.1N solution of
Na2CO3 .
Page 43
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE
Estimation of HCl
The burette is washed and rinsed with the small amount of HCl. It is then filled with the same upto
zero mark. 20 ml of the standard Na 2CO3 solution is pippetted out in to a clean conical flask. 2 – 3 drops
of methyl orange indicator is added. The solution turns into yellow colour. It is then titrated against HCl
taken in the burette. The end point is the change of colour from yellow to reddish orange. The titration is
repeated to get concordant values. From the titre value, the normality and hence the amount of HCl is
calculated.
RESULT
Page 44
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
1. 20 0
starch
2. 20 0
STEP:1
Calculation:
N2 = V1 N1
V2
N2 =
Page 45
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
AIM
To estimate the amount of copper present in the given solution by iodometric titration. You are
provided with standard ………..N K2Cr2O7 solution.
PRINCIPLE
Copper ion occurs naturally in drinking water and is a micronutrient required for the metabolism of
living beings. But the presence of copper in water, in quantities more than 1.3 mg/l, will cause stomach
ache, intestinal distress and digestive problems. High concentration of copper will also impart a metallic
bitter taste to water. Occurrence of copper ions in drinking water may be due to corrosion in plumbing
materials and faulty water treatment processes. Copper is also known to cause toxicity to aquatic
organism.
Titrimetric estimation of copper is done through a redox reaction in which stoichiometric quantity
of iodine is liberated on reaction with potassium iodide. The liberated iodine can be titrated against
standardised sodium thiosulphate solution.
When KI is added to the copper ion solution, copper ions react with KI and liberates I2.
2Cu²+ = I2 = 2Na2S203
Page 46
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
STEP:1
S.No Volume of Burette Reading Volume Concordant
given copper Initial Final of sodium Value Indicator
solution(V1) (ml) (ml) thiosulphate(V2) (ml)
(ml) (ml)
1. 20 0
starch
2. 20 0
Calculation:
N2 = V1 N1
V2
N2 =
Page 47
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
PROCEDURE
TITRATION 1
Standardisation of sodium thiosulphate
20 ml of standard potassium dichromate solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask.
About 10 ml of dilute H2SO4 and 10 ml of 10% KI are added to it. The liberated iodine is immediately
titrated against sodium thiosulphate solution taken in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow,
about 1 ml of freshly prepared starch is added and the titration is continued. The end point is the
disappearance of blue colour. Titration is repeated for concordant values.
TITRATION II
Estimation of copper ion content of the given solution
20 ml of the given copper ion solution is pipetted out into a clean conical flask. About 10 ml
of dil. H2SO4 and 10 ml of 10% KI solutions are added to this solution and the liberated iodine is titrated
against standardised sodium thiosulphate taken in the burette. When the solution turns pale yellow,
about 1 ml of freshly prepared starch indicator is added and the titration is continued. The disappearance
of blue colour is the end point. The titration is repeated for concordant values.
RESULT
1. Strength of the given copper ion solution = ………………..N
2. The amount of copper in the given copper ion solution = ………..g/lít
Page 48
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
= 63.05 × ………..
= …………….gms/lit
SHORT PROCEDURE
1. DETERMINATION OF ALKALINITY IN WATER SAMPLE
Pipette Solution Std .Hard water Sample Hard water(Tap) Boiled hard water
Reagent added Ammonia Buffer Ammonia Buffer Ammonia Buffer
Indicator EBT EBT EBT
Temperature Room temperature Room temperature Room temperature
Endpoint Wine red to Steel Wine red to Steel blue Wine red to Steel blue
blue color color color
Page 49
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Vol of NaOH
Vol of NaOH
Page 50
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
)
o
h
m
(
e
c
n
a
t
c
u
d
n
o
C
Volume of Na2SO4(ml)
Page 51
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Page 52
CHEMISTRY LAB MANUAL
Page 53