Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics 260 (2022) 168909

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Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron

Optics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijleo

Original research article

Optical recursion systems for the Hasimoto map and optical

applications with spherical frame
Talat Körpinar a , Ahmet Sazak a ,∗, Zeliha Körpinar b
a Muş Alparslan University, Mathematics Department, Muş, Turkey
b Muş Alparslan University, Administration Department, Muş, Turkey

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

MSC: In this research, we analyze the Hasimoto map and some flow equations for spherical frame
53A04 (𝑠-frame) in  2 spherical space. Here, we first obtain Hasimoto map, which we call the 𝑠-
76B47 Hasimoto map, for the 𝑠-frame in  2 . Then, we get some soliton equations with the help of
34A34
𝑠-Hasimoto map and vortex filament (Da Rios) equation. Later, by examining the effects of
Keywords: visco-Da Rios equation and visco-Landau Lifshitz equation on 𝑠-Hasimoto map, we obtain some
Spherical frame flow equations. Finally, we present some of the contributions that all our results will make to
Optical geometry
magnetic fluxes, fluid dynamics and, especially, optical motion.
Hasimoto map
Viscosity
Visco-Da Rios equation
Heisenberg ferromagnetism

1. Introduction

Optical movement of particle in space–time is a very important field of study in that it has wide optical applications. The
contribution of the soliton equation theory, which produces soliton solutions with the help of integrable and nonlinear equation
systems, is undeniable in the geometrical analysis of physical systems. In this sense, nonlinear optical systems, which have a great
contribution to optical physics and engineering applications, have an important role in the examination of optical motion [1–15].
Heisenberg ferromagnetic, geometric optic phase and Schrödinger equations can be given as examples of nonlinear optical systems
that have important applications in various fields, such as geometric mechanics, nonlinear optics, plasma physics, biophysics and
superconductivity [16–20]. In our study, we analyze the contributions of some soliton equations we obtained in the spherical frame
to the examination of the optical motion.
The study of the motion of fluids became a much larger area of interest after the middle of the 20th century and made great
contributions to the fields of physics such as water wave theory, ferromagnetism, fluid dynamics and non-linear optical systems [21–
26]. In 1909, Da Rios introduced the equation known as the vortex filament equation to the literature in order to describe the flow
motion of a homogeneous liquid in a vortex-shaped thin tube [27]. Da Rios equation is denoted as
𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝛼 𝜕 2 𝛼
= × .
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝜈 𝜕𝜈 2
Here, the curve 𝛼 represents the vortex filament motion along flow, and 𝜈 and 𝑡 denote arc length parameter and time parameter,
respectively. Along long years, this equation could not be included in physical studies due to insufficient information about the

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (T. Körpinar), [email protected] (A. Sazak), [email protected] (Z. Körpinar).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.168909
Received 17 November 2021; Accepted 14 March 2022
Available online 12 April 2022
0030-4026/© 2022 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

solutions of the equation. In 1972, Hasimoto obtained the solution of Da Rios equation by revealing its relationship with nonlinear
equations and opened the way for a wide range of studies in the fields of physics, differential geometry and applied mathematics [22].
In this paper, Hasimoto computed the Da Rios equation as
𝜕𝛼
= 𝜇𝐛
𝜕𝑡
for Serret–Frenet (S–F) frame in 3D Euclidean space. Here, 𝑏 is the binormal vector and 𝜇 is the curvature function of curve 𝛼. Using
the computation in the equation above, Hasimoto defines the transformation

𝛼 → 𝜙 = 𝜇𝑒𝑖 ∫ 𝜏𝑑𝑢
,

which was later called the Hasimoto map. Here, 𝜏 is the torsion function of curve 𝛼. Hasimoto map establishes the relationship
between the cubic(nonlinear) Schrödinger equation connected to 𝜙 and the Da Rios equation connected to 𝛼 [22]. Since the Da
Rios equation can be expressed with an integrable parameter 𝜙, soliton solutions of the Da Rios equation can be easily obtained.
Therefore, the Hasimoto map has an important place in the fields of physics, differential geometry and applied mathematics in terms
of obtaining soliton solutions of vortex filament flux in many different spaces. In our work, we obtain the equivalent of Hasimoto
map for the spherical-frame(𝑠-frame) in  2 spherical space and base our work on this.
In this paper, we first give the spherical-frame(𝑠-frame) formulas in  2 and flow equations in the 𝑠-frame as a preliminary
information. Then, we obtain 𝑠-Hasimoto map as the equivalent of Hasimoto map in the 𝑠-frame in  2 . Later, we obtain some
soliton equations with the help of 𝑠-Hasimoto map. In the next section, we examine the effect of visco-Da Rios(VDR) equation and
visco-Landau Lifshitz(VLL) equation on 𝑠-Hasimoto map. In the last section, with the help of some soliton equations we obtained
from here, we bring some meaningful interpretations to optical physic subjects and present these physical interpretations visually
and verbally.

2. Spherical frame

In this title, we present some preliminary information that forms the basis of our work.
Let 𝛼 = 𝛼(𝜈) be a curve in  2 . For 𝛼, spherical frame formulas are given in matrix form as

⎡ ∇𝜈 𝛼 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1 0 ⎤⎡ 𝛼 ⎤
⎢ ∇ 𝐓 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 0 𝜇 ⎥⎢ 𝐓 ⎥.
⎢ 𝜈 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∇𝜈 𝐒 ⎦ ⎣ 0 −𝜇 0 ⎦⎣ 𝐒 ⎦
Here, 𝜇 = det(𝛼, 𝐓, 𝐓𝜈 ) is the curvature function. The vector products of spherical vector fields among themselves are given in [28]

𝐓 = 𝐒 × 𝛼, 𝐒 = 𝛼 × 𝐓, 𝛼 =𝐓×𝐒 .

Let the curve 𝛼(𝜈, 𝑡) represent movement of a particle in  2 . Here, 𝜈 and 𝑡 is respectively arc length and time parameters. The
time derivative for curve 𝛼 is written as
𝜕𝛼
∇𝑡 𝛼 = = 𝑎1 𝐓 + 𝑎2 𝐒.
𝜕𝑡
Here 𝑎1 is the tangent velocities, and 𝑎2 is normal velocities. The time flow equations of 𝑠-frame are given as [29]

∇𝑡 𝛼 = 𝑎1 𝐓 + 𝑎2 𝐒,
𝜕𝑎2
∇𝑡 𝐓 = −𝑎1 𝛼 + (𝑎1 𝜇 + )𝐒, (2.1)
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑎2
∇𝑡 𝐒 = −(𝑎1 𝜇 + )𝐓 − 𝑎2 𝛼.
𝜕𝑣

3. The 𝒔-Hasimoto map

Hasimoto map has made an important geometric contribution to the physical applications of the subject by establishing the
relationship between the Schrödinger equation, which is one of the important examples of nonlinear equation systems and brings
soliton solutions to optical motion, and the vortex filament equation. Therefore, it has become important to study the Hasimoto
map in different frames in different space–times.
In this part, we give the formula of the Hasimoto map under 𝑠-frame in  2 . We call this formula the 𝑠-Hasimoto map and denote
it with 𝐇𝑠 (𝛼) = 𝜙𝑠 . Later, we get some results from which we can then derive meaningful interpretations with the help of 𝑠-Hasimoto
map.
For an arbitrarily chosen complex vector field 𝐀 = (𝐒 + 𝑖𝛼)𝜌 (𝜌 is a constant), we can give the equation

∇𝜈 𝐀 = −𝜙𝑠 𝐓.

We compute the derivative of 𝐀 as

∇𝜈 𝐀 = 𝜌(∇𝜈 𝐒+𝑖∇𝜈 𝛼) = −(𝜇 − 𝑖)𝜌𝐓.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

From the equation above, the 𝑠-Hasimoto map is obtained as

𝐇𝑠 (𝛼) = 𝜙𝑠 = (𝜇 − 𝑖)𝜌.
Let real-valued functions 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 and any vector field 𝐖 = 𝑎𝐓 + 𝑏𝐒 + 𝑐𝛼 be given. Then, the normalization operator is given
as

 𝐖 = ( (𝑏𝜇 − 𝑐)𝑑𝑢)𝐓 + 𝑏𝐒 + 𝑐𝛼. (3.1)

∫
with the help of equation 𝑎𝜈 = 𝑏𝜇 − 𝑐. Depending on this operator, the recursion operators 𝐖 and 2 𝐖 are given in
( )
𝐖 = − 𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐖 , (3.2)
and
( )
2 𝐖 = − 𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐖 . (3.3)
In this situation, the differential of 𝐇𝑠 is given in
⟨ ⟩
𝑑𝐇𝑠 (𝐖) = − 𝐒 + 𝑖𝛼, 2 𝐖 𝜌 + 𝑖𝑐𝜙𝑠 .
The equivalent of this equation is also shown as
( )
𝑑𝐇𝑠 (𝐖) ≡ (𝐖) mod 𝑖𝜙𝑠 . (3.4)
Here (𝐖) =< 𝐒 + 𝑖𝛼, −2 𝐖
> 𝜌.
Now, we obtain some meaningful results by considering the 𝑠-Hasimoto map together with a flow equation that we will choose
with the help of the vortex filament equation. We know that the vortex filament flow equation is 𝜕𝛼∕𝜕𝑡 = 𝜇𝐛 for the Serret–Frenet
frame in 3D Euclidean space [22]. The expression of this equation in the 𝑠 -frame is computed as
𝜕𝛼
= ∇𝑡 𝛼 = ∇𝜈 𝛼 × ∇2𝜈 𝛼 = 𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐓 = 𝐒 + 𝜇𝛼.
𝜕𝑡
In this case, as an analog of the vortex filament flow motion, we can choose the flow equation
𝐖 = 2(𝐒 + 𝜇𝛼).
To get the recursion operator 𝐖, we compute
𝜕𝜇
𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐖 = −2 𝐒.
𝜕𝑣
With help of (3.1) and (3.2), we obtain
𝜕𝜇
𝐖 = 𝜇 2 𝐓 + 2 𝐒. (3.5)
𝜕𝑣
To get the recursion operator 2 𝐖, we compute
𝜕2 𝜇
𝐓 × ∇𝜈 𝐖 = (𝜇 3 + 2 )𝛼 + 𝜇 2 𝐒.
𝜕𝑣2
Using (3.1) and (3.3), we obtain
𝜕2 𝜇 𝜕𝜇
2 𝐖 = −(𝜇 3 + 2 )𝛼 + 2 𝐓 − 𝜇 2 𝐒.
𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣
Finally, using the Eq. (3.4), we get
𝜕2 𝜇
(𝐖) = [𝜇 2 + 𝑖(𝜇 3 + 2 )]𝜌.
𝜕𝑣2
Moreover, the differential of 𝑠-Hasimoto map is also computed as
𝜕 𝜕𝜇
𝑑𝐇𝑠 (𝐖) = ((𝜇 − 𝑖)𝜌) = 𝜌.
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Hence, using the equivalent of (𝐖) and 𝑑𝐇𝑠 (𝐖), we obtain equations
𝜕𝜇
= 𝜇2 ,
𝜕𝑡
and
𝜕2 𝜇 −𝜇 3
= .
𝜕𝑣2 2
Using these equations, we get the equation
𝜕𝜇 −2 𝜕 2 𝜇
= . (3.6)
𝜕𝑡 𝜇 𝜕𝑣2
The Eq. (3.6) is the geometric expression of a vortex filament-like flow motion on a spherical roof. Therefore, we call this equation
the   2 equation. The relationship of the   2 equation with optical physics and their geometrical contributions to the subject
will be interpreted in the last section.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

4. Some flow equations and soliton solutions

The Da Rios equation, which describes the motion of the vortex filament mathematically, and the Hasimoto map, which expands
its application areas by transforming this equation into a nonlinear equation, has made significant contributions to different fields of
physics such as fluid mechanics and ferromagnetism [30]. In this title, we examine the effects of equations the visco-Da Rios(VDR)
and the visco-Landau Lifshitz(VLL) on 𝑠 -Hasimoto map. Here, VDR and VLL equations are mathematically express the effects of
the viscosity constant on the vortex filament flow and Heisenberg ferromagnetic flow, respectively [30,31]. As a result of these
investigations, we obtain some flow equations, which are important equations that allow us to bring physical interpretations to the
subject.

4.1. Visco-Da Rios equation

We know that the Da Rios equation(vortex filament equation) represents the motion of a homogeneous fluid inside a thin vortex-
shaped tube. The visco-Da Rios equation mathematically expresses the effect of the viscosity of the fluid on this movement during
the flow. Here, the viscosity of vortex filament in the tangent direction is computed throughout the movement. In that, the VDR
equation is given as

∇𝑡 𝛼 = ∇𝜈 𝛼 × ∇2𝜈 𝛼 + 𝜗∇𝜈 𝛼,

where 𝜗 ≥ 0 is the viscosity coefficient and 𝛼 represent the vortex filament flow. As will be noticed, when the viscosity coefficient
is equal to zero (𝜗 = 0), the Da Rios equation is obtained [30]. In this subtitle, we examine a specific effect of the VDR equation on
the 𝑠-Hasimoto map and obtain some soliton equations that allow for physical interpretations.
Let us assume that the recursion operator 𝐖 obtained in the Eq. (3.5) satisfies the VDR equation. In this situation, this equation
turns into equation

∇𝑡 𝐖 = ∇𝜈 𝐖 × ∇2𝜈 𝐖 + 𝜗∇𝜈 𝐖. (4.1)

With help of the Eq. (2.1), the left side of this equation is computed as
𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇
∇𝑡 𝐖 = −(2𝑎2 + 𝑎1 𝜇 2 )𝛼 + 2( 𝜇 − 𝑎1 𝜇 (4.2)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑎2 𝜕𝜇 𝜕 𝜕𝜇 3 𝜕𝑎2 2
− )𝐓 + (2 ( ) + 𝑎1 𝜇 + 𝜇 )𝐒.
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
On the other hand, we obtain following equations
𝜕2 𝜇
∇𝜈 𝐖 = −𝜇2 𝛼 + (𝜇 3 + 2 )𝐒,
𝜕𝑣2
and
𝜕𝜇 𝜕2 𝜇 𝜕3 𝜇
∇2𝜈 𝐖 = −2 𝜇𝛼 − (𝜇 4 + 2𝜇 2 + 2 𝜇)𝐓 + (3𝜇 2 + 2 )𝐒.
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣3
As a result, the right side of the Eq. (4.1) is got as
𝜕2 𝜇
∇𝜈 𝐖 × ∇2𝜈 𝐖 + 𝜗∇𝜈 𝐖 = [(2 𝜇 + 2𝜇 2
𝜕𝑣2
𝜕2 𝜇 𝜕3 𝜇 𝜕𝜇
+𝜇4 )(𝜇 3 + 2 ) − 𝜗𝜇2 ]𝛼 + [2𝜇 2 −4 𝜇 (4.3)
𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝜇 4 2 𝜕2 𝜇
6 4 3𝜕 𝜇 3
+ 𝜇 ]𝐓 + [𝜇 + 2𝜇 + 2𝜇 + 𝜗(𝜇 + 2 )]𝐒.
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣2
Using the equality of Eqs. (4.2) and (4.3), we get the following soliton equations
𝜕𝜇 𝜕2 𝜇 𝜕2 𝜇
𝑎1 𝜇 2 + 2𝑎2 = 𝜗𝜇2 − (2𝜇 2 + 2 𝜇 + 𝜇 4 )(𝜇 3 + 2 ),
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣2

𝜕𝜇 1 𝜕𝜇 3 1 𝜕𝑎2 𝜕𝜇 𝜕3 𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇
= 2
𝜇 + 𝜇
+𝜇 −2 + 𝑎1 ,
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
and
𝜕 𝜕𝜇 𝜕2 𝜇 1 6 𝜕𝑎 𝜕2 𝜇
2 ( ) = 𝜇4 + 𝜇3 + 2 (𝜇 − 𝑎1 𝜇 3 − 2 𝜇 2 + 𝜗(𝜇 3 + 2 )).
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2
These motion equations obtained are the equations that help define the vortex filament motion in which the viscosity effect is
calculated in the 𝑠-frame.

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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

4.2. Visco-Landau Lifshitz equation

The geometrical study of magnetic flow motion has an important place in physics and applied mathematics in terms of
understanding the dynamics of magnetism. To describe the motion of the Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain, Landau and
Lifshitz defined the Heisenberg ferromagnetic equation [32]. The equation is also called as Landau Lifshitz equation. Visco-Landau
Lifshitz(VLL) equation describes the effect of its viscosity coefficient on the Heisenberg ferromagnetic flow. In this equation describe
the viscosity of the Heisenberg ferromagnetic flow in the tangent direction along the motion. Therefore The VLL equation is given
as

∇𝑡 𝛼 = 𝛼 × ∇2𝜈 𝛼 + 𝜗∇𝜈 𝛼.

Here, 𝛼 represent the Heisenberg ferromagnetic flow and 𝜗 ≥ 0 is the viscosity of the flow [31]. In this title, we study a certain
impact of the VLL equation on the 𝑠-Hasimoto map, and as a result we get some soliton equations.
Let the recursion operator 𝐖 represent a VLL flux. Then, from the VLL equation, we write

∇𝑡 𝐖 = 𝐖 × ∇2𝜈 𝐖 + 𝜗∇𝜈 𝐖. (4.4)

We get the right hand of the Eq. (4.4)

𝜕𝜇 4 𝜕𝜇 𝜕 2 𝜇 𝜕𝜇
𝐖 × ∇2𝜈 𝐖 + 𝜗∇𝜈 𝐖 = [5 𝜇 + 4 𝜇2 + 4 𝜇 (4.5)
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕3 𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕2 𝜇
+2𝜇2 − 𝜗𝜇2 ]𝛼 − 4( )2 𝐓 + [2𝜇 3 + 𝜗(𝜇 3 + 2 )]𝐒.
𝜕𝑣3 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2
Using the equality of Eqs. (4.2) and (4.5), we get
𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕 2 𝜇 𝜕𝜇 𝜕3 𝜇
𝑎1 𝜇 2 + 2𝑎2 = 𝜗𝜇2 − 5 𝜇 4 − 4 𝜇 2 − 4 𝜇 − 2𝜇 2 ,
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2
𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣3
𝜕𝜇 1 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝑎2 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇
= 𝜇
(2( )2 − ) − 𝑎1 ,
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
and
𝜕 𝜕𝜇 𝜕𝜇 1 𝜕𝑎 𝜕2 𝜇
( ) = 𝜇3 − (𝑎 𝜇 3 + 2 𝜇 2 − 𝜗(𝜇 3 + 2 )).
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 2 1 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣2
As a result, we obtain these equations with the help of Heisenberg ferromagnetic equation, which is an important example of
nonlinear optical systems, and Hasimoto map, which has a significant contribution to the theory of soliton equations, in 𝑠-frame.

5. Physical applications

The form of the space–time fractional   2 equation

𝜕𝜇𝛼 −2 𝜕 2𝛼 𝜇
𝛼
= , (5.1)
𝜕𝑡 𝜇 𝜕𝑣2𝛼
𝜕𝜇 𝛼 𝜕 2𝛼 𝜇
where 𝜇 = 𝜇(𝑣, 𝑡), the fractional derivative 𝜕𝑡𝛼
, 𝜕𝑣2𝛼
are of conformable-type .

5.1. Exact solution of the space–time fractional   2 equation by using conformable derivative

The our aim in this section is to get exact solutions for the space–time fractional   2 equation with the aid of Khater
method [33].
Supposed that traveling wave transformation in the form of

𝜇(𝑣, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝜙), (5.2)

𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜙 = −𝑝
𝜃 𝜃
Putting (5.2) into (5.1), we get,

2𝑢′′ (𝜙) − 𝑝𝑢′ (𝜙)𝑢(𝜙) = 0, (5.3)

By balancing the highest order of derivative and nonlinear part, we get 𝑁 = 1; therefore, the solution will be in the form

𝑢(𝜙) = 𝐴0 + 𝐴1 𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) (5.4)

where 𝐴0 , 𝐴1 are constants and to be determined, and also second ordinary differential equation satisfy 𝛹 (𝜙),
1
𝛹 ′ (𝜙) = (𝛼𝐴−𝛹 (𝜙) + 𝛽 + 𝜎𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) ). (5.5)
ln 𝐴
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T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

When 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 < 0 and 𝜎 ≠ 0;

√ √
−𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼) −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + tan(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.6)
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
−𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼) −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼) 𝜃 𝜃
𝑣 𝑡
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + cot(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛽 2 + 𝛼𝜎 < 0 and 𝜎 ≠ 0;
√ √
−𝛽 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + tanh(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.7)
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
−𝛽 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝜃 𝜃
𝑣 𝑡
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = − coth(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛽 2 + 𝛼𝜎 > 0, 𝜎 ≠ 0 and 𝜎 ≠ −𝛼;
√ √
𝛽 𝛽 2 + 𝛼2 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + tanh(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.8)
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
𝛽 𝛽 2 + 𝛼2 𝛽 2 + 𝛼2 𝜃 𝜃
𝑣 𝑡
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + coth(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛽 2 + 𝛼𝜎 < 0, 𝜎 ≠ 0 and 𝜎 ≠ −𝛼;
√ √
𝛽 −(𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 ) −(𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + tan(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.9)
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2 + 𝛼2 ) 2 + 𝛼2 ) 𝜃
𝛽 −(𝛽 −(𝛽 𝑣 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + cot(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 < 0 and 𝜎 ≠ −𝛼;
√ √
−𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + tan(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.10)
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼2 ) −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼2 ) 𝜃 𝜃
𝑣 𝑡
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + cot(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 > 0 and 𝜎 ≠ −𝛼;
√ √
−𝛽 (𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) (𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = + tanh(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.11)
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
𝛹 (𝜙) −𝛽 (𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) (𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴 = + coth(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛼𝜎 < 0, 𝜎 ≠ 0 and 𝛽 = 0;
√ √
−𝛼 −𝛼𝜎 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = tanh(( )( − 𝑝 )), (5.12)
𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
−𝛼 −𝛼𝜎 𝑣 𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = coth(( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
When 𝛽 = 0 and 𝛼 = −𝜎;
√
𝑣𝜃 𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜃
−𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
𝛹 (𝜙) −(1 + 𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 )± 2(1 + 𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 )
𝐴 = 𝜃 𝜃
, (5.13)
2𝛼( 𝑣𝜃 −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
𝑒 −1
√
√ √
𝜃 𝜃 √
𝑣 𝑡 √ 4𝛼( 𝑣𝜃𝜃 −𝑝 𝑡𝜃𝜃 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
−(1 + 𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 ) ) √ (𝑒 ) + 2(1 + 𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 ) )
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = ±√ ,
𝑣𝜃 𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜃
−𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
2𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 2𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃

When 𝛽 2 = 𝛼𝜎;
𝜃 𝜃
−𝛼(𝛽( 𝑣𝜃 − 𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) + 2)
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = 𝜃 𝜃
, (5.14)
𝛽 2 ( 𝑣𝜃 − 𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )

When 𝛼 = 0;
𝑣𝜃 𝜃
−𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
𝛹 (𝜙) 𝛽𝑒𝛽( 𝜃
𝐴 = , (5.15)
𝑣𝜃 𝜃
−𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
1 + 𝜎2 𝑒𝛽( 𝜃

6
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

Fig. 1. The 3D graphics of the space–time fractional   2 equation (a) 𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 1, 𝜃 = 0.5), (b) 𝜇2 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 1, 𝜃 = 0.5),
(c) 𝜇3 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = −2, 𝜎 = 1, 𝜃 = 0.5), (d) 𝜇5 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.5).

When 𝜎 = 0;
𝑣𝜃 𝜃
−𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) 𝛼
𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) = 𝑒𝛽( 𝜃 − . (5.16)
2𝛽

By substituting (5.5) and its derivatives into (5.4), and equating the coefficients for different powers of 𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) to zero, we get
algebraic equations and finally, solving these equations with the help of Mathematica software, we get,
2𝛽 4𝜎
𝐴0 = , 𝐴1 = . (5.17)
𝑝 𝑝
Now by substituting the values in (5.17) into (5.4) the exact traveling wave solution of   2 will be
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛹 (𝜙)
𝑢(𝜙) = + 𝐴 . (5.18)
𝑝 𝑝
There are many different solutions of 𝜇(𝑣, 𝑡) as 𝐴𝛹 (𝜙) takes different values from (5.6) to (5.17). We can express these solutions as
follows,
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼) −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + tan( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2 2 𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 −(𝛽 − 𝛼) −(𝛽 − 𝛼) 𝑣 𝑡𝜃
𝜇2 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + cot( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 𝜎 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇3 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + tanh( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝛽 2 − 𝛼𝜎 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇4 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( − coth( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽 𝛽 2 + 𝛼2 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇5 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + tanh( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃

7
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

Fig. 2. The 3D graphics of the space–time fractional   2 equation (a) 𝜇6 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 2, 𝜃 = 0.5), (b) 𝜇9 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 1, 𝜃 = 0.5),
(c) 𝜇10 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 1, 𝜃 = 0.5), (d) 𝜇13 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = −1, 𝜃 = 0.5).

√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽𝛽 2 + 𝛼2 𝛽 2 + 𝛼 2 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇6 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + coth( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2 2 2 2 𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽 −(𝛽 + 𝛼 ) −(𝛽 + 𝛼 ) 𝑣 𝑡𝜃
𝜇7 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + tan( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2 2 2 2 𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽 −(𝛽 + 𝛼 ) −(𝛽 + 𝛼 ) 𝑣 𝑡𝜃
𝜇8 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + cot( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃

√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) −(𝛽 2 − 𝛼 2 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇9 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + tan( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽 2
−(𝛽 − 𝛼 )2 2 2
−(𝛽 − 𝛼 ) 𝑣 𝜃 𝜃
𝑡
𝜇10 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + cot( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 2 2
(𝛽 − 𝛼 ) 2 2
(𝛽 − 𝛼 ) 𝑣 𝜃 𝜃
𝑡
𝜇11 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + tanh( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2 2 2 2 𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛽 (𝛽 − 𝛼 ) (𝛽 − 𝛼 ) 𝑣 𝑡𝜃
𝜇12 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( + coth( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃

√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛼 −𝛼𝜎 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇13 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( tanh( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√ √
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛼 −𝛼𝜎 𝑣 𝜃 𝑡𝜃
𝜇14 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( coth( )( − 𝑝 )),
𝑝 𝑝 𝜎 2 𝜃 𝜃
√
𝜃 𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝜃
2𝛼( 𝑣𝜃 −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
2𝛽 4𝜎 −(1 + 𝑒 )± 2(1 + 𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 )
𝜇15 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( 𝜃 𝜃
),
𝑝 𝑝 𝑣 𝑡
𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 ) −1

8
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909

Fig. 3. The 3D graphics of the space–time fractional   2 equation (a) 𝜇14 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = −1, 𝜃 = 0.5), (b) 𝜇15 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = −2, 𝜃 = 0.5),
(c) 𝜇16 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 0, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = −2, 𝜃 = 0.5), (d) 𝜇18 (𝑣, 𝑡) (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 2, 𝛼 = 0, 𝜎 = 3, 𝜃 = 0.5).

Fig. 4. The 2D graphics for solution 𝜇1 (𝑣, 𝑡) of the space–time fractional   2 equation with distinct 𝜃. (𝑝 = 2, 𝛽 = 1, 𝛼 = 2, 𝜎 = 1).

9
T. Körpinar et al. Optik 260 (2022) 168909
√
√ √
𝜃 𝜃 √
2𝛼( 𝑣𝜃 −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) √ 4𝛼( 𝑣𝜃 −𝑝 𝑡𝜃𝜃 ) 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 −(1 + 𝑒 ) √ (𝑒 𝜃 ) + 2(1 + 𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 ) )
𝜇16 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( ± √ ),
𝑝 𝑝 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃 𝑣𝜃 𝑡𝜃
2𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 ) 2𝑒2𝛼( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 )

𝑣 𝑡𝜃 𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 −𝛼(𝛽( 𝜃 − 𝑝 𝜃 ) + 2)
𝜇17 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( 𝜃 𝜃
),
𝑝 𝑝 𝛽2( 𝑣 − 𝑝 𝑡 )
𝜃 𝜃
𝑣 𝜃 𝑡 𝜃
2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽𝑒𝛽( 𝜃 −𝑝 𝜃 )
𝜇18 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + ( ),
𝑝 𝑝 𝑣𝜃 𝜃
−𝑝 𝑡𝜃 )
1 + 𝜎2 𝑒𝛽( 𝜃

2𝛽 4𝜎 𝛽( 𝑣𝜃 −𝑝 𝑡𝜃 ) 𝛼
𝜇19 (𝑣, 𝑡) = + (𝑒 𝜃 𝜃 − ).
𝑝 𝑝 2𝛽

5.2. Physical reviews

Here, we give some pictures to analyze physical behavior of the obtained solutions of the space–time fractional   2 equation.
We also demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of Khater method in 2D and 3D graphics (see Figs. 1–4).

6. Conclusion

The geometric expression of optical flow motion is a very important field of study in terms of the solutions it brings to various
application areas such as geometric mechanics, nonlinear optics, biophysics and superconductivity. In this sense, Da Rios and
Landau–Lifshitz equations, which are examples of nonlinear optical equation systems, have brought many geometrical solutions
and models to these application fields [34–51].
In this paper, we examined what kind of results can be obtained when the 𝑠 -Hasimoto map we obtained for the 𝑠-frame is
considered together with the flow equations mentioned above. First, we given the definition of the Hasimoto map (𝑠-Hasimoto
map) in spherical space and examined the effects of the 𝑠-Hasimoto map on a flow equation we have chosen, similar to vortex
filament motion. We think that the definitions given here and the equations we have obtained will contribute to future studies in
the modeling of flow movements in spherical space. Then, we obtained flow equations with soliton solutions by considering VDR
and VLL equations, which bring soliton solutions to many important areas of physics, especially ferromagnetism and fluid dynamics,
together with the s-Hasimoto map. At the end of our study, we have given some graphs that give the modeling of these optical flow
movements.
In summary, we obtained optical modeling examples by examining the effect of viscosity on some optical flow movements with
the help of Hasimoto map and nonlinear equation systems in the space we studied. We think that this study will set an example
for studies on optical modeling in different spaces and with the help of different soliton equations. In our next article, we intend to
study the modeling of some flow motions with the help of different soliton equations that give viscosity effect calculations.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.

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