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da kanoni
redaqtori
nino ZiZiguri
redaqtoris TanaSemwe
irma beqauri
nomerze muSaobdnen:
beqa Wedia
leila koSkaZe
marine vasaZe
dizaini:
besik danelia
fotouzrunvelyofa:
daviT xizaniSvili
saredaqcio sabWo:
diana berekaSvili
Tamar zambaxiZe
inga kvaWantiraZe
konstantine kublaSvili
zaza meiSvili
valeri cercvaZe akrZalulia aq gamoqveynebuli masalebis
gadabeWdva, gamravleba an gavrceleba
Editorial Board: komerciuli mizniT, saqarTvelos
DIANA BEREKASHVILI mosamarTleTa asociaciisa da saqarTvelos
TAMAR ZAMBAKHIDZE uzenaesi sasamarTlos werilobiTi
INGA KVACHANTIRADZE nebarTvisa da wyaros miTiTebis gareSe.
KONSTANTINE KUBLASHVILI
ZAZA MEISHVILI
VALERI TSERTSVADZE
Editor:
NINO DZIDZIGURI
Assistant to Editor:
IRMA BEKAURI
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maia ivaniZe
religiuri danaSauli Zveli qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebis mixedviT
TinaTin CaCaniZe
36
irma merebaSvili
giorgi Tordia
ekaterine qardava
66
giorgi TumaniSvili
ilona gagua
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsiT
mixeil gabunia
elene gvencaZe
daviT wulaia
134
Temur cqitiSvili
4
Zvirfaso megobrebo!
nino ZiZiguri
mTavari redaqtori
Dear Friends,
We believe that you are the ones who can best evaluate the importance of the
periodical law journals Justice and Justice and Law, issued by the Georgian
Judges Association and by the Supreme Court of Georgia, for the development of
legal science in Georgia. Variety of the articles published in these journals are
interesting practitioners as well as scholars and PHD students. Crucial interviews as
well as legislative novelties published in these journals provide the information update
interested persons regarding the developments within the judiciary. High demand on
the editions of the journals within the country as well as abroad is a good prove of
that.
Merger of these two journals has to be welcomed. Group of highly competent
editors was formed and we believe that the new edition will be even more advanced.
We would like to believe that the journal Justice and Law, through your support
and active cooperation will become a solid edition among other legal editions.
Respectfuly,
NINO DZIDZIGURI
Editor in Chief
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6
`uvadod daniSnul
mosamarTles
damoukideblobis
da stabilurobis
meti gancda aqvs~
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8
darwmunebuli var, pirvelive procesi na- buli mtkicebulebebiT unda gamovidnen
fic msajulTa monawileobiT sasamarTlo- procesze da mosamarTle mxolod maTi mtki-
Si warmatebulad Catardeba. cebulebebis safuZvelze miiRebs gadawy-
vetilebas da Tu rogors, es mxareebze iq-
nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo procesebs neba damokidebuli. saproceso kodeqsSi Za-
sasamarTlo Zalze momzadebuli xvdeba, lian mkveTradaa gansazRvruli mxareebis
ori wlis manZilze mosamarTleebi inten- Tanaswori ufleba-movaleobebi. es iqneba
siur treningebs gadiodnen, rogorc qarT- sruliad axali procesi, asi procentiT gan-
vel, ise ucxoel eqspertebTan. amitomac, sxvavebuli Zveli procesisagan. mosamar-
darwmunebuli var procesis warmarTvas Tle mxolod arbitris rolSi iqneba pro-
mosamarTleebi Tavs gaarTmeven, miT ume- cesze da Seafasebs mxareebis mier ward-
tes, TbilisSi, sadac Zalze maRali kvali- genil mtkicebulebebs.
fikaciis profesionali mosamarTleebi
gvyavs da am mxriv problema ar arsebobs. mosamarTleebma didi yuradReba zogadad,
axali wesebis mimarT unda gamoiCinon, rad-
axali saproceso kodeqsis miRebiT mTli- ganac sisxlis samarTlis axali saproceso
anad icvleba sisxlis samarTalwarmoeba kodeqsiT faqtobrivad, yvelaferi icvle-
da gadadis SejibrebiTobis principze. ba. axali kodeqsis implementacia sakmaod
procesi mxareebis kvalifikaciaze iqneba rTuli procesia da mas mosamarTleebi Zal-
damokidebuli. isini myari, argumentire- ze yuradRebiT unda moekidon. nebismieri
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saproceso darRvevac ki, mxarisaTvis Se- kidev erTi mimarTuleba iyo, axali mosa-
saZloa saziano aRmoCndes. Tumca, Cveni mo- marTleebis momzadeba. wels 4 axali mosa-
samarTleebi maTi profesionalizmidan da marTle davniSneT da iusticiis skolaSi
kvalifikaciidan gamomdinare, am siaxli- Cairicxa 6 axali kandidati. noemberSi ki-
saTvis mzad arian da Tavs gaarTmeven mas. dev Catardeba mosamarTleTa sakvalifika-
cio gamocda da vvaraudobT, rom am gamoc-
dis Sedegad SerCeuli 5-6 axali kandidati
batono kote, gasuli wlis bolos, kvlav Cairicxeba skolaSi, romelic marT-
wlis Sedegebis Sejamebisas, 2010 lac saukeTeso kadrebs amzadebs. es da sxva
wlis programis prezentaciac moax- mimarTulebebi, romelzec vmuSaobT, Cveni
dineT, marTalia, wlis bolomde sami yoveldRiuri saqmianobaa, rasac kvlav
Tve darCa, magram mainc, rogor fiq- aqtiurad gavagrZelebT.
robT, ganaxorcieleT am wlis prog-
rama?
Tqven ambobdiT xolme, rom mosa-
_ mimdinare wels, ramdenime mimarTulebiT marTleTa sruli damoukideblobis
vmuSaobdiT, pirveli, ra Tqma unda, Seexe- erT-erTi garanti maTi uvadod da-
boda nafic msajulTa sasamarTlosaTvis niSvnaa, sainteresoa Tqveni az-
mzadebas, axali saproceso kodeqsis amoq- ri sakonstitucio cvlilebasTan
medebas da mgoni es gavakeTeT warmatebu- dakavSirebiT, romelic mosamarT-
lad mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT, radga- leTa uvado daniSvnas iTvaliswi-
nac Tu nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo am nebs.
etapze mxolod TbilisSi imuSavebs, axali
kodeqsi mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT _ Cveni ori warmomadgeneli, batoni zaza
amoqmeddeba. meiSvili da batoni valeri cercvaZe sakon-
stitucio komisiis wevrebi iyvnen da am
meore mimarTuleba iyo sasamarTloebis cvlilebis miRebaSi aqtiurad monawileob-
gaerTianeba _ sul cota xnis winaT, Seiqmna dnen. am cvlilebas komisia mxars uWerda,
magistrati sasamarTloebi baRdadSi, wyal- is misaRebia parlamentisTvisac. msjeloba
tubosa da tyibulSi, isini quTaisis gaer- modelze da umniSvnelo detalebze mimdi-
Tianebuli sasamarTlos farglebSi imoq- nareobs, Tumca, sakamaTo ar aris, rom mo-
medeben. samarTle uvadod unda dainiSnos. uvadod
daniSnul mosamarTles damoukideblobis,
aRsaniSnavia, rom quTaisis sasamarTlos principulobis da stabilurobis ufro me-
reitingi yovelTvis Zalze maRali iyo, Ca- ti gancda aqvs.
tarebuli gamokiTxvebiT, moqalaqeTa ndo-
bis maCvenebeli quTaisis saqalaqo sasamar-
Tlos mimarT 60 procentze meti iyo. darw- kamaTi gamoiwvia 3-wliani gamosac-
munebuli var, rom am gaerTianebis Semdeg deli vadis gasvlis Semdeg uvadod
ukeTesi situacia Seiqmneba. daniSvnis sistemam.
10
_ mosamarTle sami wliT dainiSneba gamo- aRsaniSnavia, rom ukve moqmedebs specia-
sacdeli vadiT, sami wlis Semdeg ki, uva- luri sistema, romlis meSveobiTac sxdo-
dod. ramdenime qveyanas msgavsi praqtika maTa darbazebSi keTdeba audioCawera, am-
aqvs da es sistema Zalze kargad muSaobs. jerad, gadavdivarT axal sistemaze _ au-
sami weli swored is droa, roca mosamar- diooqmebze, rac daaCqarebs process da ki-
Tle bolomde srulyofilad Camoyalibde- dev ufro gamWvirvales gaxdis.
ba profesionalad. garda iusticiis umaR-
les skolaSi miRebuli unar-Cvevebisa, mis- momavali wlidan ramdenime sasamarTloSi
Tvis praqtikuli gamocdileba Zalze mniS- amoqmeddeba saqmeTa warmoebis eleqtro-
vnelovania. nuli programa. am programis danergviT
aRmoifxvreba furclebiT saqmiswarmoeba.
msgavsi praqtika moqmedebs germaniaSi, sa- am programis gamarTulad amoqmedebas ori
dac gamosacdel vadad miCneulia 5 weli, weli dasWirdeba, raTa TanamSromlebma
aseve, iaponiaSi, rumineTSi, SvedeTSi da srulyofilad Seiswavlon sistemis muSao-
ungreTSi. sxvadasxva qveynebSi gamosac- bis wesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom es sistema bevr
del vadad sxvadasxva periodia dawesebu- qveyanaSi ar aris. iseT ganviTarebul qveya-
li _ zogan erTi, zogan 5 weli. es aprobi- naSi rogoricaa magaliTad, norvegia, es
rebuli sistemaa da moqmedebs warmatebu- sistema mxolod samoqalaqo saqmeebze moq-
lad. medebs, amerikaSi ki, zogierT StatSi.
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JUDGES APPOINTED
WITH LIFE TIME TENURE
HAVE HIGHER SENSE OF
INDEPENDENCE AND
STABILITY
I believe that that the jury trial will be well established in the
judiciary as well as in justice system in General. Participation of
public in administration of justice at this stage of development is
quite possible and I believe that public can render fair decision,
statement of the Chairman of the Supreme Court of Georgia,
Konstantine Kublashvili. In this interview, you will get introduced to the
implemented and expected novelties within the judiciary.
The purpose of this merge was to transform this journal into more scien-
tific, diverse and more interesting. Taking into account that these two jour-
nals were prepared in the same community, merging the resources of both,
will obviously end up in a better product. Professionals contribute to both
journals, with the merge of these two edition will be higher quality.
12
Mr. Kote, we have to ask the question regard- Besides the jury trial, completely new admin-
ing October 1, when the jury trial will be en- istration of justice shall be enforced starting
forced. You were always optimistic regard- October 1. Are judges ready for this?
ing this novelty. Do you think your optimism
will be justified? Shall the Georgian society I can say that we are fully prepared for the new pro-
accept this novelty? cess and Im quite confident that the very first jury trial
shall be held very successfully.
Im still optimistic and quite confident that this insti-
tute will function successfully. I believe that even in Court is very well prepared for the jury trial, during two
Georgia, when we do not have any similar experience, years, judges were taking intensive trainings, delivered
jury trial will become integral part of the court system by Georgian as well as foreign experts. Thus, Im quite
and the entire justice. At this stage of development, confident that judges will handle this trail very well, es-
public participation in justice system is quite possible pecially in Tbilisi where we have very competent judges
and I believe public can render a far decision. and have no problems in this regard.
This will be a huge transformation in the society, the Through adopting the new Criminal Procedural Code,
legal education of public will increase and they will have the entire criminal proceeding is change and is trans-
amore objective judgment on the processes taking place formed into adversarial principle. The trail will com-
in the courts as well as in the entire country. They will pletely depend on the competence of the parties. Their
realize how difficult and what a big responsibility it is to evidences have to be reasoned at the trial and accord-
make decision. This is direct participation of public in ingly judge renders decision based on the evidences and
the administration of justice, without the involvement this decision will be determined by the parties. The Pro-
of a judge, prosecutor and an attorney. I believe that cedural Code very clearly defined the equal rights and
this system will be successful. First of all, it will be good duties of the parties. This will be completely new pro-
for citizens, as they will sense their responsibility towards cess, 100 % different from the old one. Judge will have
the country and society. Public representatives will real- the role of arbiter at the trial and will evaluate the evi-
ize that their opinion is counted and they can decide dences submitted by the parties.
many things. A citizen shall understand that responsi-
bility before the state is not only taking care of yourself Judge should focus on the new rules because the new
and your family. Criminal Procedure Code practically changes everything.
Implementation of the new Code is quite complicated
We did a lot to provide maximum information to the process and judges should be very careful. Any proce-
public regarding this novelty and we achieved this. Public dural violation might damage the party. However, our
already knows very well what is the change about. This is judges due to their professionalism and qualification,
also proved in the public opinion surveys, that shows that are ready for this novelty and will handle it well.
population has quite comprehensive information regard-
ing this institute and the relevant responsibility.
Mr. Kote, last year, when summarizing the
We will continue to work in this direction and public annual results, you presented the programs
can receive the detailed information at any time to en- of 2010. Although there are still three months
sure they are well updated on the ongoing processes. left before the end of the year, but still, do
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you think you have implemented the whole tional Commission and actively participated in the in-
program? troduction of these change. Commission supported this
change, it is acceptable for the Parliament. Discussion is
We have been working in several directions during this held regarding the few details, however, its not disput-
year. First, obviously was the jury trial and the relevant able that judge should be appointed for life. These judges
preparation and enforcement of the new Procedure will have the higher sense of independence, stability and
Code and I believe we were successful throughout Geor- responsibility.
gia. At this stage, the jury trail will be introduced in Tbilisi
only, as for the Code, it will be enforced throughout The dispute was caused with the 3 years pro-
Georgia. bation period before the life-time appoint-
ment.
The second direction was the merge of the courts
very recently we have established the magistrate courts Judge shall be appointed for probation period, after 3
in Bagdadi, Tskaltubo and Tkibuli. They will operate years for life. Several countries have similar practice
under the merged court of Kutaisi. and it works well. Three years is the time when judge
will become the real professional. Besides the skills re-
Its worth mentioning that the rating of the Kutaisi Court ceived in High School of Justice, practical experience
has been always high. According to the surveys, the rate will be very important for him / her.
of public trust towards the Kutaisi City Court was more
than 60%. Im sure that after the merge, the situation Similar practice is applied in Germany, probation pe-
will improve. riod there is 5 years, as well as in Japan, Romania, Swe-
den and Hungary. The probation period in different
One more direction was the preparation of judges. This countries varies from 1 to 5 years. This is an established
year, we appointed 4 judges and 6 candidates were admit- practice and works quite well.
ted to the High School of Justice. There will be another
qualification exam for judges held in November and we
assume that 5-6 candidates selected through this exam And finally, Mr. Kote, it is interesting to find
will be also admitted to the School, that indeed prepares out about the future plans, what kind of
the best cadre. This and other directions, are our daily novelties you plan to introduce to the judi-
activities and we aim to continue it very actively. ciary?
14
It is worth mentioning that the special system of audio
recording in the court rooms is already functioning. At
this stage, we aim to shift to the system of audio proto-
cols. This will speed up the process and will ensure even
higher level of transparency.
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religiuri
danaSauli Zveli
qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebis mixedviT
maia ivaniZe
Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos mosamarTle,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis asocirebuli profesori
16
eklesiisa da saxelmwifos mWidro urTierTobaa asaxuli qarTuli samarTlis Zegleb-
Si, romlis ZiriTadi amosavalia Semdegi sityvebi: `nu sji TvalebiT, aramed samarTliT
sajeT.~ aq RvTisa da qveynis risxvis Zala, maTi zegavlena imdenad erwymoda erTmaneTs,
rom vaxtangis samarTlis 222-e muxlis mixedviT, `vinc qveyanasa da rjuls uorgulos
mosisxleobas Cadis da mosisxled aris Seracxuli~.4
amave samarTlis ZeglSi calke Tavi aqvs daTmobili qveynis da rwmenis Ralatis Sem-
cvel danaSaulobebs. sagulisxmoa, rom mefe da kaTolikosi erTnairi uflebebiT sar-
gebloben, vinaidan `erTi xorcis xelmwife ars da meore sulisa~, amitom `mefisa da
kaTalikozis saqme ukadrisi Tu rac ram feri, orsav swori ars~.
Zveli qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebis mixedviT, mefe da kaTolikosi uzenaes mosamar-
Tled arian aRiarebulni, vinaidan mefisa da kaTolikosis `samarTali aravisgan moiSle-
bis~. `uwyodeT, rameTu, rodesac mefe samarTalsa iqms, igi araodes ar moiSleba sxvaTa
mosamarTleTagan... viTarca erTa zeda mefe yofs samarTalsa, egre samRvdeloTa zeda
_ patriarqi~.5
aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom RvTisa da miwis samarTali bevr SemTxvevaSi erTna-
irad asamarTlebs, erTnairad miuzRavs, magram iseTi mniSvnelovani samarTlis sferos
mowesrigeba, rogoric sisxlis samarTalia, mxolod xelmwifes eqvemdebareba.
`sisxlis samarTali xelmwifisa ars da man unda qnas, sxvas aravis SeuZlia maTi gari-
geba~. es debuleba moxseniebulia vaxtang VI-is krebulSi Sesul somxur samarTalSi.6
saxelmwifos gazrdil uflebebze miuTiTebs agreTve, e.w. `ganweseba sjulisa~, rac
niSnavs mefis mier mowonebuli adaTis, saqmis e.w. rjulad, anu saRvTo wesad qcevas:
`romelica moewonos mefeTa da brZanos sityua, igica mtkice unda iyos da imas ewodos
ganweseba sjulisa~.
maSasadame, SesaZlebeli iyo, rom mefis mier mowonebuli sajaro, saqveyno saqme da-
kanonebuliyo rogorc saRvTo wesi.
saerTod, `sjuli aris igi, romelica mefeTa brZanes da ganaweses~.
qronologiurad Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglTagan mniSvnelovania `kaTalikozTa
samarTali~, romelic TavadTa, aznaurTa da glexTa mier episkoposis winaaRmdegobas
sastikad SeaCvenebda. `kaTalikozTa samarTlis~ me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, `vinc kaTali-
kozs da episkoposs, mRvdelTa urigo kadros da aginos
imrigad ganipatiJos~.7
aRbuRas samarTlis mixedviT, sasuliero pirTa mimarT cudad mopyroba damnaSaves
SeaCvenebda.
rac Seexeba somxur samarTals, igi mosamarTlisa da mRvdlis Tanasworuflebianobas
qadagebda, vinaidan `vinc mRvdelsa da mosamarTles avi uTxras da ara gaugonos ra,
erTnairad ganikiTxeba~.8 samagierod, eriskaci sasuliero pirs mxolod iseTi mZime da-
naSaulisaTvis ganikiTxavda, rogoric mkvleloba iyo. sxva danaSaulisaTvis RmrTis-
msaxurni mxolod samRvdeloebis wesebis Sesabamisad isjebodnen.
metad sainteresod gveCveneba aseve, qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moxseniebuli
faqti, Tu raoden didi iyo ara marto eklesiis, aramed saeklesio dResaswaulTa gavlena
samarTalze, rameTu didmarxvis Jams rigi danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgebloba saerTod
ixsneboda da mxolod `mkvlelni da avazakni ganikiTxodnen~.
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yovlisSemZle da xelSeuvali Zala aqvs eklesias, wminda saxls, `sadac Tu kaci iara-
RiT Sekazmuli mivides, eklesiaTa moweseTa saydridam gareT gamoagdon~.
maSasadame, eklesiaSi SeiaraRebuli Sesvla gansakuTrebiT isjeboda, aseve akrZa-
luli iyo eklesiaSi urigod moqceva, misi wesebis daumorCilebloba.
mokle mimoxilvis Sedegad, SeZlebisdagvarad, warmovaCineT religiisa da samarTlis
urTierTdamokidebulebis is Taviseburi niSnebi, rac asaxulia qarTuli samarTlis
ZeglebSi da qarTvel xalxs, rogorc morwmune da maRali samarTlebrivi kulturis
erad warmoaCens.
rac Seexeba Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi asaxul uSualod rwmenis da reli-
giis xelmyof danaSaulobebs, isini TavianTi Semadgenlobis, Sinaarsis, sasjelis saxis
mixedviT TaviseburebiT gamoirCevian da qarTveli xalxis ZvelTaZvel Cveulebebs sa-
ukeTesod warmoaCenen. maTze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia imdroindel saeklesio da saxe-
lisuflebo urTierTobebze vismjeloT. wminda sasuliero xasiaTis codvisaTvis sa-
magieros eklesia uzRavda, xolo sasuliero cxovrebis simSvidisa da wesrigis damrR-
vevebs Sesabamis sasjelebs saxelmwifo ufardebda.
religiuri danaSaulis saxeebidan qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moZiebul masalebze
dayrdnobiT, saqarTveloSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli gaxldaT iseTi danaSaulo-
bebi, rogoric iyo mkrexeloba, rjulis gardamavloba da mwvalebloba.
mkrexeloba ZiriTadad, eklesiaSi da wminda adgilebze saeklesio sagnebis, wminda
nivTebis gatacebas niSnavda. Tumca, igive Semadgenlobad iyo miCneuli eklesiis dawva,
wminda adgilebze jvarisa da xatis dazianeba-ganadgureba.
vaxtang VI-is krebulSi moTavsebuli berZnuli samarTali mkrexelobis Camdens sxva-
dasxvagvarad sjida, imisda mixedviT, dRisiT Caidenda danaSauls, Tu RamiT.
`eklesiis mkrexelni, romelnica wavlen RamiTa, wmidasa trapezsa Sevlen da mis sam-
kauls moiparaven, dabrmavdes. ukeTu siRaribiTa TvisiTa dRisiT moipara vinme, is
gamoerTvas, asi joxi dakran da gaagdon~ (mux. 257).
`kaTalikozTa samarTalSi~ sagangebod aris gamoyofili Tavi `eklesiis mkrexelTaT-
vis~, romelic mkacrad sjis:
1. `vinc eklesiasa Sigan Sevides da saqoneli gamoitanos, eklesiasa misi saqoneli
miezRos da kaci daSavdes~.
2. `vinca qurdoba qnas, rarigadac pirvelad wesi yofiliyos, isre gardaaxdevinon~.
3. `vinca eklesia gatexos da xati ganZarcos ukanonod, Zels mieces~.9
rogorc vxedavT, mkrexelobad eklesiaSi arsebuli qonebis gatacebaa miCneuli,
Tumca, iqvea ganxiluli qurdoba. saintereso faqtia, rom mkrexeloba da qurdoba
gatacebuli qonebis xasiaTis mixedviT, imTaviTve gansxvavdeboda. qurdobad iTvleboda
wminda adgilebze da eklesiaSi mibarebuli qonebis gataceba, xolo mkrexelobad _ Tavad
eklesiis kuTvnili qonebis gataceba. magaliTad, `erT kacs raime amanaTad mibarebuli
qondes rame da iman saydarSi Seinaxos, imisi qurdi eklesiis mkrexveli ar aris, aramed
qurdia~.10
vaxtangis samarTlis wignis mixedviT, saydris gatexva, jvris da xatis dazianeba mkre-
xelobad miiCneoda da amgvari saqcielis Camdeni mefisa da kaTolikosis mier unda gasa-
marTlebuliyo.
18
mwvaleblobis Sesaxeb aseve SeiZleba vimsjeloT qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi (dab.
mux. 8) moZiebuli masalebiT, romelTac `rjulis gardamavlobisa, mwvaleblisa da rju-
lis dagdebisa~ ewodeboda.
saerTod, Zvel qarTul samarTalSi mwvalebloba da rjulis gardamavloba erTna-
irad iyo ganxiluli.
`vin Seiqnas sjulis gardamvali da mwvalebeli~. iqvea mocemuli ganmarteba, rom
mwvaleblebi `qristeanTa Tana ver daimkuidreben~.
qristians ekrZaleboda mwvalebelze daqorwineba an qalis Txova. `mwvalebelTa Tana
qristianTa SeuRlebas nurvin yofen. nurca Svilsa Sensa miscem, nurca qalsa Sensa
miscem mwvalebels~, _ aseTi Seubralebelia kanoni mwvalebelTa mimarT.
rac Seexeba rjulis gardamavlobas, igi uflis cnebebis uaryofas niSnavda da RmrTis
winaSe borotebis CadenaSi gamoixateboda. `mamakaci gina dedakaci, romelman qmnes
boroti winaSe uflisa RmrTisa Senisa da gardahxdes mcnebaTa misTa~ _ iTvleboda
`sjulis gardamavlad~ da mkacrad isjeboda. Zveli qarTuli samarTlis ZeglebSi moce-
muli religiuri danaSaulobebis gacnobis Semdeg SesaZlebeloba gveZleva igive dana-
Saulobebi `didi sjulis kanonis~ mixedviT ganvixiloT.
masSi mocemuli masalebi religiuri danaSaulis istoriul xasiaTs asabuTeben da
Sesabamis cnobebs gvawvdian zemoT ganxiluli Semadgenlobebis, kerZod, mwvaleblobisa
da mkrexelobis Sesaxeb.
`kanoni mamaTani konstantinepolis SekrebulTanis~ mixedviT mwvalebeli _ eresis
mimdevars niSnavs, maSasadame, Tavad wvaleba _ eress. `wvaleba ukue yovlad yovliTurT
ganWrilTa da TviT sarwmunoebiTa ucxoqmnulTa uwodes~. 11
maSasadame, mwvalebeli `sarwmunoebisagan gandgomili, `gaWrili~ pirovnebaa. amitom
misTvis `anaTema~ _ SeCveneba metad seriozulia.
`didi sjulis kanonSi~ calke nawili eTmoba `mwvalebelT~. aq mocemulia Tu `rai
ars wvalebai da rai ganxeTqilebai da rai kide _ Sesakreblobai~.
gansakuTrebiT mZimed SeaCvenebdnen im episkoposs, romelic mwvalebels aziarebda.
aseve, mkacrad isjeboda pirovneba, romelic mwvalebels mowmed daudgeboda.
sainteresoa cnobebi mwvalebelTa marTlmadideblad moqcevisa da maTi ganaTvlis Se-
saxeb.
kerZod, maTTvis, `romelnic mwvalebelTagan moiqcen marTlmadideblobad da uku-
eTu SesaZlebel ars egeviTaraT maT moyuas yofiT eklesiisai da romelni maTgani naTel
iReben anu romelTa mxolod ecxebis oden~.
kanoni `mamaTni konstantinepolis Sekrebilni~ adgens, rom mwvalebelis Sewynareba
episkoposis mier saeklesio saqmisaTvis sastikad ikrZaleba. `xolo mwvalebeli Zuelve
sadve ganyrila eklesiisagan da Semdgomad Cven mier SeCvenebula~.
rac Seexeba `ruis-urbnisis Zeglisweras~, is adgens, rom `yovelni mwvalebelni sauku-
nodmca SeCuenebul arian~. `yovelTa mwvalebelTa saukunomsca ars wyevai da dausru-
lebeli SeCuenebai~.
mkrexeloba yvela samarTlis ZeglSi ganxilulia, rogorc wminda adgilidan nivTebis
gataceba; `didi sjulis kanonSi~ calke aris moxseniebuli saflavis Sebilwva da iqvea
ganmartebuli, rom aseTi pirovneba saflavis mZarcvelia.12
19
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marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni
bibliografia
SeniSvnebi
1
Íèêîäèì Ì. Ì., "Ïðàâîñëàâíîå öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî", Ì., 1987, c. 668.
2
Êðàñíîÿñåíü Ì., "Öåðêîâíîå ïðàâî. ñî÷èíåíèå", Ì., 1906, c. 68.
3
Áåðäíèêîâ È.Ñ., "Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå ïîëîæåíèå ðåëèãèè â ðèìñêî-
âèçàíòèéñêîé èìïåðèè", Êàçàíü, 1881, ñ. 16.
4
is. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi _ samarTali batoniSvili vaxtangisa,
Tb., 1963, gv. 539.
5
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963, gv. 174.
6
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963, gv. 386.
7
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali somxuri, Tb., 1963, gv. 396.
8
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963, gv. 317.
9
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali kaTalikozTa, Tb., 1963, gv. 394.
10
is. doliZe, dasax. naSromi, samarTali berZnuli, Tb., 1963, gv. 189.
11
didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 121.
12
didi sjulis kanoni, Tb., 1975, gv. 533.
20
RELIGIOUS CRIME
ACCORDING TO ANCIENT
MONUMENTS OF
GEORGIAN LAW
MAIA IVANIDZE
Judge of Tbilisi Court of Appeals ,
Associated Professor Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
21
3
da
N
marTlmsajuleba
kanoni
saxelSekrulebo
Tavisufleba da
saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianoba
Tanamedrove
saxelSekrulebo
samarTalSi
TinaTin CaCaniZe
samarTlis doqtori,
Tbilisis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa saxelmwifo
universitetis samarTlis fakultetis asistent-profesori
22
saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principi gulisxmobs, rom mxareebi Tavad gansazRv-
raven, Tu ra surT da rogor miaRwion sasurvel Sedegs. amisaTvis ki, maT kanoni gark-
veul CarCoSi aTavsebs _ `saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba samarTlebriv faseulobaTa
wesrigis farglebSia SesaZlebeli~.5 kanonmdebeli imperatiuli normebiT adgens samar-
Tlebriv wesrigs. samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobaSi imperatiuli normebis mizania uflebaTa
borotad gamoyenebisagan sxvaTa Tavisuflebis dacva.6 saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeq-
si (SemdgomSi ssk) imperatiul normebs socialur funqcias aniWebs da isini gansxvave-
bul interesTa dabalansebas emsaxurebian. aqedan gamomdinare, kerZo samarTalSi im-
peratiuli normebis arseboba stabiluri samoqalaqo brunvis damyarebisa da misi Se-
narCunebis xelSewyobiT aris gamarTlebuli, Tumca, maTi roli mkacrad unda ganisazR-
vros da gamomdinareobdes mxolod aucileblobidan. roca kanonmdebeli igrZnobs, rom
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis mowesrigeba mis gareSec SesaZlebelia, man gza sa-
xelSekrulebo Tavisuflebas unda dauTmos. kerZo samarTlis farglebSi yoveli sa-
marTlebrivi sakiTxi SeiZleba da sasurvelia kidec, gadawydes konkretuli SemTxvevis
dros arsebuli konfliqturi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.7 ganzogadebuli daskvnebi
zogjer konkretul situaciaSi problemis adekvaturi an ufro efeqtiani gadawyveti-
saTvis, SeiZleba nakleb sasargeblo iyos. kontrahentTa avtonomia gamoixateba maTi
moqmedebis konkretuli situaciisaTvis yvelaze Sesabamis mowesrigebaSic. am mxriv gan-
sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa grZelvadiani valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi. kerZosamarT-
lebrivi urTierTobebis subieqtebs esaWiroebaT `moqnili saxelSekrulebo samarTali~,
romelic maT urTierTobebs moawesrigebs kidec da Tan dautovebs farTo SesaZleb-
lobas, rom dasaxul miznebs miaRwion.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisuflebis principis dabadebas Tavis
mxriv, xeli Seuwyo sabazro ekonomikamac.8 am mosazrebaSi SeiZleba saxelSekrulebo
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mcdari warmodgena an masze sabazro urTierTobebis gavlenis
gadaWarbebuli gavlena igrZnobodes. Tumca erTi ram cxadia _ saxelSekrulebo Ta-
visuflebis mniSvneloba gansxvavebulia me-19 saukunesa da Tanamedrove epoqaSi. ker-
Zod, Tu adre igi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda individis mier gakeTebul arCe-
vans, dRes Tanamedrove samarTali kerZo arCevanze metad yuradRebas uTmobs bazars.
am ukanasknelisaTvis xelSekruleba instrumentia, romelic bazris subieqtTa valde-
bulebebis struqturas gansazRvravs.9 bazarze konkurenciis arseboba TavisTavad
moiazrebs, rom bazris subieqtebisaTvis moqmedebis mTavari principi saxelSekrulebo
Tavisuflebaa.
23
N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni
24
samarTali eris suls asaxavs.20 savinis moZRvreba, SeiZleba, srulad ver exmianebodes
21-e saukuneSi mimdinare globalizaciis process, magram vfiqrobT, swored kultu-
ruli individualizmi ganapirobebs samarTlianobis cnebis gansxvavebulad aRqmas
msoflios sxvadasxva nawilSi, rac yvelaze metad aisaxeba sasamarTlo praqtikasa da
xelSekrulebaTa ganmartebis procesze.
25
N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni
26
uTanasworobiT warmoSobili iZuleba scildeba dasaxelebuli normis mowesrigebis
sagans. igi arc ZaladobaSi gamoixateba da arc muqaraSi. am dros `iZuleba~ informaci-
ul xasiaTs atarebs.34
ssk specialur muxls uTmobs Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebiT dadebuli garige-
bebis baTilobas.35 kanonmdebeli 55-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT ewinaaRmdegeba araekvi-
valentur garigebebs. garigeba orive mxarisaTvis Tanabrad unda iyos sargeblis mom-
tani, Tu erTi mxare mxolod sargebels naxavs, xolo meore mxarisaTvis tvirTi iqneba,
maSin saxelSekrulebo wonasworoba ara Tu dairRveva, aramed arc warmoiSoba da Ta-
visTavad arc saxelSekrulebo samarTlianoba damyardeba. ekvivalenturoba ar niSnavs
absolutur ekvivalenturobas, aramed Sesrulebis Sinaarsze mianiSnebs. `xelSekrule-
bis erTi mxare ver SeiboWeba meore mxaris iseTi moqmedebiT, rac misTvis zianis mom-
tania. dauSvebelia ormxrivi xelSekruleba, romelic erTi mxarisaTvis Tavisufleba
iqneba da meorisaTvis ki, am Tavisuflebis SezRudva~.36 magaliTad, frenSaizingis xel-
Sekrulebebis misamarTiT xSirad gaismis sayveduri, rom erTi mxare ZiriTadad, uf-
lebebiT aris aRWurvili, xolo meore mxares umetesad, valdebulebebi akisria, rac
xelSekrulebaSi Warbad CarTuli zogadi debulebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.37
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevisaTvis sayuradReboa zneobrioba da masTan
xelSekrulebis Sesabamisoba. `zneoba arapozitiuri samarTlis wyaroc aris~38 da mis sa-
winaaRmdego garigebebs ssk baTilad miiCnevs.39 `garigeba ewinaaRmdegeba zneobas, roca
zneobiT akrZaluli moqmedebis Sesrulebas iTvaliswinebs anda abrkolebs zneobis Se-
satyvisi moqmedebis ganxorcielebas~.40 zneoba SefasebiTi kategoriaa da sazogadoebis
istoriuli ganviTarebisa da msoflmxedvelobis mixedviT gansxvavdeba damokidebuleba
am cnebisadmi.
27
N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni
debaa, xolo meore mxare mxolod aqcepts akeTebs SeTavazebul pirobebze. amgvari gziT
iqmneba standartuli saxelSekrulebo debulebebi.
faqtobrivad, qarTveli kanonmdebeli aRiarebs, rom standartuli pirobebiT dade-
buli xelSekruleba SeiZleba, meore mxarisaTvis saziano Sedegis momtani iyos. stan-
dartuli debulebebis baTilobis safuZvelTa vrceli nusxa ssk-Si swored amgvari Se-
degebis prevenciasa da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba.
maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdego stan-
dartuli debulebis baTilobis daweseba. `kanonmdebeli yvela SemTxvevas ver gaiTva-
liswinebs. amitom 346-e muxlSi ganmtkicebulia zogadi norma, romelic mosamarTles
uflebas aZlevs, baTilad miiCnios standartuli pirobebis is debulebebi, romlebic
ndobisa da keTilsindisierebis principis sawinaaRmdegod sazianoa xelSekrulebis me-
ore mxarisaTvis~.46 ssk-is 346-e norma socialur funqcias atarebs da misi Rirseba swo-
red zogad mowesrigebaSia. xelSekrulebis yvela mxares, romelsac daeufleba gancda,
rom misTvis SeTavazebuli standartuli piroba ewinaaRmdegeba keTilsindisierebis
princips da saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis darRvevis magaliTia, aqvs kanoniT ganmt-
kicebuli ufleba, sasamarTlos meSveobiT moiTxovos standartuli pirobis baTiloba
346-e muxlze miTiTebiT. aRniSnuli norma exmianeba evropul doqtrinaSi arsebul mo-
sazrebas, rom standartul pirobebs samarTlianoba moeTxovebaT da Tanabar mdgoma-
reobaSi unda ayenebdnen mxareebs.47
28
saxelSekrulebo samarTlianobis miRwevis gzebi
29
N
marTlmsajuleba
3
da kanoni
30
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelSekrulebo Tavisufleba izRudeba Unidroit-is saxelSekrulebo
normebiTac, rac samuSao jgufis mier ekonomikuri miznebiT aris gamarTlebuli.68
faqtobrivad, es aris kidev erTi dadastureba im garemoebisa, rom saxelSekrulebo
samarTlianobisaTvis erT-erT mTavar winaaRmdegobas ekonomikuri uTanasworoba war-
moadgens.
daskvna
31
3
da
N
marTlmsajuleba
kanoni
SeniSvnebi:
1
H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract Law, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 5.
2
l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba, xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebu-
leba, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,
Tb., 2001, gv. 57.
3
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi (miRebulia 1997 wlis 26 ivniss), muxli 319,
pirveli nawili.
4
l. Wanturia, Sesavali saqarTvelos samoqalaqo samarTlis zogad nawilSi,
gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., gv. 60.
5
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 273.
6
ssk, muxli 10, meore nawili.
7
B. Gomard, H. Skovgaard, The Law of Contracts and the Pools, Scnadinavian Studies in Law, Vol.
25, 1981, p. 56.
8
ix. U. Bernitz, Market as a Legal Discipline, Scandinavian Studies In Law, Vol. 23, 1979, p. 58.
9
ix. H. Collins, The Law of Contract, Published by LexisNexis, Ed. 4, 2003, p. 21-22.
10
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 279.
11
r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, meaTe gadamuSavebuli gamo-
cemis qarTuli Targmani, GTZ, 2009, gv. 13.
12
Ê. Öâàéãåðò, Õ. ʸòö. Ââåäåíèå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå â ñôåðå ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà, Òîì II,
èçä. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, Ì., 1998, ñ. 18.
13
ix.: J. Gordley, Foundations of Private Law, Property, Tort, Contract, Unjust Enrichment, Oxfor
University Press, 2006, p. 7.
14
ix.: O. O. Cherednychenko , Fundamental Rights and Private Law: A Relationship of Subordina-
tion or Complementarity?, Utrecht Law Review, Vol.3, Issue 2 (December), 2007, p. 1-25.
15
ix.: J. Zekoll, M. Reimann, Introduction to German Law, 2nd Ed. Kluwer Law International, 2005, p. 4.
16
H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract Law, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 5.
17
Æ. Äå Ëà Ìîðàíäüåð. Ãðàæäàíñêîå ïðàâî ôðàíöèè, èçä. Èíàñòðàííîé ëèòåðàòóðû, Ì., 1960, ñ. 29.
18
B. Gomard, Law and Society, Scandinavian Studies in Law, Vol. 37, 1993, p. 37.
19
B. Gomard, Law and Society, Scandinavian Studies in Law, Vol.37, 1993, p. 37.
20
ix.: O. Lando, Culture and Contract Laws, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 3.
21
ix.: s. jorbenaZe, Sesavali debulebani, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni
pirveli, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2002, gv. 29.
22
g. xubua, samarTlis Teoria, gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tb., 2004, gv. 76.
23
magaliTad, amgvari viTareba iqmneba frenSaizingis xelSekrulebis dros.
24
G. Teubner: Global private regimes: Neo-spontaneous law and dual constitution of autonomous
sectors in world society? (Paper prepared for the Workshop on Globalisation and Public Governance
17/18 March 2000 European University Institute, Florence. Appeared in: Karl-Heinz Ladeur (ed.),
Globalization and Public Governance, Ashgate, Aldershot 2004, 71-87), p.1 http://papers.ssrn.com/
sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=894423 (November, 2008).
25
H. Collins, The Law of Contract, Published by LexisNexis, Ed. 4, 2003, p. 110.
26
R. Amissah, The Autonomous Contract, Reflecting the Borderless Electronic-Commercial Environ-
ment in Contracting, http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/amissah2.html (July, 2008).
27
G. Eidenmüller, Exerting Pressure in Contract Negotiations, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 21-22.
28
Th. Wilhelmson, Contract and Equality, Scandinavian Studies in Law, 2000, p. 146.
29
Stefan Haupt, An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection of Inequality of Barggaining Power,
German Law Journal, Vol.04, No11, 2003, p. 1137.
30
Gillian Hadfield/Robert Howse/Michael J. Trebilcock, Rethinking Consumer Protection Policy:
Remarks to the University of Toronto Faculty of Law (20 June 1996), miTiTebulia S. Haupt,
An Economic Analysis of Consumer Protection of Inequality of Bargaining Power, German Law
Journal, Vol.04, No11, 2003, p. 1138.
31
E. Croonen. Strategic Interations in Franchise Relationship, Labyrinth Publications, 2005, p. 45.
32
T. CaCaniZe, frenSaizingul urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi regulireba, gamom-
cemloba `bona-kauza~, Tb., 2010, gv. 88.
33
ssk, muxli 85.
34
G. Eidenmüller, Exerting Pressure in Contract Negotiations, ERCL, 1/2007, p. 22.
32
35
ssk, muxli 55. 1. garigeba SeiZleba CaiTvalos baTilad, Tu garigebiT gansaz-
Rvrul Sesrulebasa da am SesrulebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebul anazRaurebas
Soris aSkara Seusabamobaa da garigeba daido mxolod imis wyalobiT, rom erT-
erTma mxarem borotad gamoiyena Tavisi sabazro Zalaufleba an isargebla
xelSekrulebis meore mxaris mdgomareobiT an gamocdilebiT (gulubryvilo-
biT).
36
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 266.
37
ix.: G. K. Hadfield, Problematic Realtions: Franchising and the Law of Incomplete Contracts,
Stanford Law Review, Vol.42:927, April, 1990. p. 978.
38
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb., 2005, gv. 215.
39
ssk, muxli 54.
40
b. zoiZe, garigebani, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari. wigni pirveli, gamom-
cemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2002, gv. 181.
41
b. zoiZe, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia saqarTveloSi, sagamomcemlo
saqmis saswavlo centri, Tb. 2005, gv. 283.
42
M. E. Storme, The Binding Character of Contracts Causa and Consideration, From: Towards a
European Civil Code (eds. A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius), Second revised and ex-
panded edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.
pdf (July, 2008).
43
ix.: Ê. Öâàéãåðò, Õ. ʸòö. Ââåäåíèå â ñðàâíèòåëüíîå ïðàâîâåäåíèå â ñôåðå ÷àñòíîãî ïðàâà, Òîì
II, èçä. Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, Ì., 1998, ñ. 19.
44
ix.: M. Zhang, Contractual Choice of Law in Contracts of Adhesion and Party Autonomy, Akron
Law Review, Vol.41, 2007- 2008, p. 124.
45
M. E. Storme, The Binding Character of Contracts Causa and Consideration, From: Towards a
European Civil Code (eds. A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius), Second revised and
expanded edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.
pdf (July, 2008).
46
l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis standartuli pirobebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis
komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb. 2001, gv. 194.
47
Th. Wilhelmson, Standard Form Conditions in :Towards a Eropean Civil Code, Ed. By A. S.
Hartkamp, E. H. Hondius, Kluwer Law International, 2004, p. 432.
48
T. zarandia, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebis Sesrulebis adgili da vadebi,
gamomcemloba `jisiai~, Tb. 2005 gv. 97.
49
ssk, muxli 398.
50
b. zoiZe, xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebebisadmi, samoqalaqo
kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~, Tb., 2001, gv. 400.
51
mxareebi, jer unda Seecadon, rom xelSekruleba miusadagon Secvlil gare-
moebebs. Tuki SeuZlebelia, xelSekrulebis misadageba Secvlili garemoebe-
bisadmi, an meore mxare amas ar eTanxmeba, maSin im mxares, romlis interesebic
dairRva, SeuZlia, uari Tqvas xelSekrulebaze.
52
ix.: F. Kaulbach, Experiment, Perspektive und Urteilskraft bei der Rechtserkenntnis, ARSP, 1989,
S. 455, vuTiTeb: r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, meaTe gadamu-
Savebuli gamocemis qarTuli Targmani, GTZ, 2009, gv. 18.
53
H. Kötz, A. Flessner, T. Weir, European Contract Law, Vol. 1, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1997, p. 12.
54
H. Collins, Regulating Contracts, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 13.
55
Ph. Selznick, Law, Society and Industrial Justice, New York, Russell Sage Foundation, 1969, p.52-
62, vuTiTeb: H. Collins, Regulating Contracts, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 14.
56
M. E. Storme, The Binding Character of Contracts causa and Consideration, From: Towards a
European Civil Code (eds. A.S. Hartkamp, M.W. Hesselink, E.H. Hondius), Second revised and
expanded edition, Kluwer / Ars aequi 1998, http://webh01.ua.ac.be/storme/bindingcharactercontracts.
pdf (June,2009).
57
`valdebuleba iseTi kavSiria, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, moiTxovs pirTa
urTierTndobas~ _ T. juReli, moraluri valdebulebebis adgili samoqalaqo
samarTalSi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005, gv. 66.
58
ix.: St. Jørgensen, Contract as a Form, Scandinavian Studies In Law, Vol. 10, 1966, p.104.
59
H. Collins, Regulating Contracts, Oxford University Press, 1999, p.110.
33
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d. kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, eSsi, Tb., 2009,
gv. 92.
61
al. ioseliani, keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi
(SedarebiT samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~,
specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, gv. 32.
62
d. kereseliZe, kerZo samarTlis uzogadesi sistemuri cnebebi, eSsi, Tb., 2009,
gv. 86.
63
al. ioseliani, keTilsindisierebis principi saxelSekrulebo samarTalSi (Se-
darebiT samarTlebrivi gamokvleva), Jurn. `qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~,
specialuri gamoSveba, 2007, gv. 12.
64
O. Lando, Some Features of the Law of Contract in the Third Millennium, Scandinavian Studies
In Law, Vol. 40, 2000 p. 381.
65
ix.: M. W. Hesselink, The Concept of Good Faith, The paper was published in: A.S. Hartkamp, E.H.
Hondius, C.A. Joustra, C.E. du Perron, M. Veldman (eds), Towards a European Civil Code, 3rd ed
(The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International 2004), http://ssrn.com/abstract=1098856
(August, 2009).
66
Arndt Teichmann, in: Soergel Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch mit Einführungsgesetz und Nebengesetzen,
Vol. 2 Schuldrecht I (§§ 241-610), 12 th ed., Stuttgart, Berlin and Köln 1990, § 242, no. 4; C. Massimo
Bianca, Diritto Civile, III, Il contratto, Milano 1987 (reprinted in 1992), no. 224; A.S. HARTKAMP,
Verbintenissenrecht (in: Asser series), Vol. II, Algemene leer der overeenkomsten, 11th ed., Deventer
2001, no. 300; M. P. Stathopoulos, Contract law in Hellas, The Hague, London and Boston, Athens
1995, no. 51. miTiTebulia: M. W. Hesselink, The Concept of Good Faith, The paper was published
in: A.S. Hartkamp, E.H. Hondius, C.A. Joustra, C.E. du Perron, M. Veldman (eds), Towards a Euro-
pean Civil Code, 3rd ed. (The Hague, London, Boston: Kluwer Law International 2004), http://
ssrn.com/abstract=1098856 (August,2009).
67
l. Wanturia, xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba. xelSekrulebis dadebis valdebu-
leba, samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, gamomcemloba `samarTali~,
Tb., 2001, gv. 63.
68
Unidroit Priciples of International Commercial Contracts, Rome, 2004, p. 9.
69
l. Wanturia, evropuli kerZo samarTlis recepcia _ evropuli integraciis
wina piroba, gamoxmaureba prof. b. zoiZis wignze `evropuli kerZo samarTlis
recepcia saqarTveloSi~, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2005, gv. 187.
34
CONTRACTUAL FREEDOM
AND CONTRACTUAL
EQUITY IN MODERN
CONTRACTUAL LAW
TINATIN CHACHANIDZE
Doctor of Law,
Tbilisi State University of Economic IssuesAssistant Professor
35
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saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebi
gansjadobis
institutSi
irma merebaSvili
samarTalmcodneobis doqtori,
aibi evro-kavkasiuri universitetis asocirebuli profesori
36
maSinac, rodesac igi kompetenturi ar aris, aseTi kategoriis saqmeebis ganxilva-
ze.2
sasamarTloTa saerTaSoriso gansjadobis gansazRvrisaTvis, sxvadasxva saxelmwi-
foSi sxvadasxva kriteriumebis gamoyenebam, sruliad SesaZlebelia, Seqmnas iseTi situa-
cia, rodesac erTi da igive samoqalaqo saqme, erTsa da imave dros, sxvadasxva qveynis
sasamarTlos gansjadobas daeqvemdebaros. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, sakiTxi unda
mowesrigdes rogorc qveynis Sida, ise saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT.
rusi mecnieri a. p. anufrieva ayalibebs Sexedulebebs im saerTaSoriso xelSekru-
lebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic moqmedebs sasamarTloebis mier samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa
ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT. maTSi igi gamoyofs kategoriebs. mecnieris azriT, pirveli
kategoriis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis magaliTebia: 1952 wlis 10 maisis konvencia
zogierTi wesis unifikaciis Sesaxeb, romelic exeba sasamarTloTa Sejaxebis Sesaxeb
saqmeTa samoqalaqo iurisdiqcias; 1961 wlis 5 oqtombris konvencia arasrulwlovanTa
dacvis Sesaxeb saqmeebze gamosayenebeli samarTlisa da kompetenturi organoebis Sesa-
xeb; 1956 wlis 19 maisis konvencia saavtomobilo transportiT tvirTebis gadazidvis
saerTaSoriso molaparakebis Sesaxeb da sxva. xelSekrulebaTa meore kategoriis ricx-
vSia evrosabWos qveynebis briuselis 1968 wlis 27 seqtembris konvencia samoqalaqo da
savaWro saqmeebis gansjadobis, gadawyvetilebaTa cnobisa da aRsrulebis Sesaxeb; 1988
wlis 16 seqtembers, luganoSi dadebuli konvencia samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze
iurisdiqciis, gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis cnobisa da aRsrulebis Se-
saxeb; 1992 wlis 20 martis SeTanxmeba sameurneo saqmianobis ganxorcielebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli davebis gadawyvetis wesis Sesaxeb; 1993 wlis 22 ianvars, minskSi dadebuli dsT-s
qveynebis konvencia, aseve, 1998 wlis 6 martis SeTanxmeba Tanamegobrobis wevri qveynebis
teritoriaze saarbitraJo, sameurneo da ekonomikuri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetile-
bebis urTierTaRsrulebis wesis Sesaxeb.3
am konvenciaTagan udavod did yuradRebas imsaxurebs e. w. luganosa da briuselis
konvenciebi, romlebic xasiaTdeba analogiuri suliskveTebiTa da erTnairi principe-
biT. luganos konvenciam gaimeora ra, briuselis konvenciis rigi debulebebi, daazusta
Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociaciis wevr qveynebs Soris Sesabamisi urTierTo-
bebis mowesrigebis sakiTxebi.
aRniSnul konvenciebSi erovnuli sasamarTloebis kompetenciis gamijvnis TiTqmis
gabatonebul niSnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxareTa da upirvelesad, mopasuxis sacxov-
rebeli adgili. luganos konvenciam SesaniSnavi samarTlebrivi pirobebi Seqmna evropu-
li wevri-qveynebis ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisaTvis, gamijna ra, samoqalaqo da sa-
vaWro saqmeebze sasamarTloTa iurisdiqcia saxelmwifoTaSoriso masStabiT; uzrun-
velyo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis urTierTaRsruleba, dadgenili wesebis dacviT;
amasTan, saxelmwifoebs aacila zedmeti formalobebi da winaaRmdegobebi oficialuri
dokumentebisa da sasamarTlo mtkicebulebebis cnobisa da erTi saxelmwifodan me-
oreSi gadacemisas.
luganos konvenciis mier wingadadgmul nabijad unda CaiTvalos briuselis konven-
ciisagan gansxvavebuli debuleba, romlis mixedviTac, es konvencia Riaa nebismieri sa-
37
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cxovrobs, iurisdiqcia ekuTvnis aseve mopasuxis sacxovrebeli saxelmwifos sasamar-
Tlos. im sarCelebSi, romlebSic dava gamomdinareobs ganaTlebis miRebis iuridiuli
namdvilobidan, kompaniebis an sxva iuridiuli pirebis, an iuridiuli pirebisa da
fizikuri pirebis gaerTianebis ararad cnobis an likvidaciidan _ gansjadad iTvleba
im saxelmwifos sasamarTlo, sadac mdebareobs kompania, iuridiuli piri an gaerTianeba.
xolo im sarCelebSi, romelTa obieqtia Canaweris namdviloba da sajaro reestrebi,
gansjadoba ekuTvnis im qveynis sasamarTlos, romelic awarmoebs reestrebs. sarCeleb-
Si, romlebic dakavSirebulia patentis registraciasTan an mis namdvilobasTan, savaWro
markebTan, samrewvelo modelTan an sxva msgavs uflebebTan, romlebic moiTxovs re-
gistracias, an patentis gacemas, gansjadoba aqvs im qveynis sasamarTlos, romelSic
Setanili iyo gancxadeba registraciis an dapatentebis Taobaze, moxda registracia,
an saerTaSoriso koncefciis wesebis Sesabamisad, igulisxmeba aseTi registracia. sar-
Celebi, romlebic exeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiT aRsrulebas, im qveynis
sasamarTlos gansjadia, romelSic sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sevida an unda
mosuliyo sisruleSi. briuselisa da luganos konvenciebis debulebaTa Sesabamisad,
romlebic exeba sasamarTloTa gansakuTrebul kompetencias, es sasamarTloebi upir-
velesad, valdebulni arian sakuTari iniciativiT, ganixilon TavianTi kompetenciis
sakiTxi konkretul saqmesTan mimarTebaSi, romlebic mocemulia konvenciebis me-16 mux-
lebSi. aRniSnuli debulebebidan raime saxis gadaxra ar daiSveba da igulisxmeba, rom
am wesiT gansazRvruli sasamarTlo organoebi im davisaTvis yvelaze ufro Sesabamisia.7
saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sferoSi aris kidev erTi friad mniSvnelovani aspeqti,
romelsac sasamarTlo procesebis urTierTkavSiris TvalTaxedviT, didi mniSvneloba
aqvs samarTlis sferoSi saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobisaTvis, aseve, konkretulad
calkeuli moqalaqis, iuridiuli pirisa da organizaciis samarTlebrivi mdgomareobi-
saTvis.
sasamarTlo procesebis urTierTkavSiris sakiTxs exeba zemodasaxelebuli minskis
1993 wlis dsT-s qveynebis konvencia, romlis 22-e muxlis Sesabamisad, _ im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu saqmiswarmoeba dawyebulia erTsa da imave mxareebs Soris, igive sagnis mimarT da
imave safuZvlebiT, ori xelSemkvreli mxaris sasamarTloSi, romlebic kompetenturni
arian ganixilon es saqme _ mogvianebiT CarTuli sasamarTlo, kerZod, romelmac ufro
gvian aRZra saqme, wyvets mis warmoebas.8 es problema aisaxa briuselis 1968 wlis konven-
ciaSic, romlis mixedviTac erT-erTi monawile qveynis sasamarTlom Tavi arakompeten-
turad unda gamoacxados, Tu gairkva, rom meore xelSemkvreli qveynis sasamarTloSi,
romlis kompetenturoba eWvs ar iwvevs, ukve mimdinareobs am saqmesTan dakavSirebiT
warmoeba. arakompetenturobis Taobaze erT-erTi qveynis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas
iRebs sakuTari iniciativiT an mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze. sayuradReboa, rom
konvenciis 21-e muxlis mixedviT, aseve, SesaZloa da dasaSvebia saqmiswarmoebis SeCereba
im sasamarTlos mier, romelmac sarCeli warmoebaSi ufro gvian miiRo. saqmiswarmoeba
Cerdeba, vidre ar dadgindeba im sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia, romelmac sarCeli pirvelma
miiRo gansaxilvelad. rogorc ki, am ukanaskneli sasamarTlos iurisdiqcia dadgindeba,
nebismieri meore sasamarTlo Tmobs Tavis iurisdiqcias pirvelis sasargeblod.9
39
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gansjadobis dadgenaze SeTanxmeba unda daidos werilobiTi an im formiT, romelic
Seesatyviseba mxareTa Soris Camoyalibebul Cveulebebs, anda saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi
im saxiT, romelic Seesabameba saerTo praqtikas, ris Taobazec mxareebs unda scod-
nodaT an ician da rac aseT vaWrobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba da regularuladaa daculi.
Tu SeTanxmeba miRweulia mxareTa Soris, romelTagan arcerTi ar cxovrobs konven-
ciaTa xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi, sxva xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos sasamarTloebi ar
aris aRWurvili maT Soris warmoSobil davaze iurisdiqciiT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom
mxareTa mier arCeulma sasamarTlom an sasamarTloebma uari ar Tqves gansjadobaze.
Tu SeTanxmeba romelime sasamarTlosaTvis gansjadobis miniWebis Taobaze, dadebu-
li iyo mxolod erTi mxaris sasargeblod, es mxare inarCunebs uflebas, Seitanos sar-
Celi nebismier sxva sasamarTloSi, romelic briuselis konvenciis Sesabamisad, aRWur-
vilia iurisdiqciiT aseT saqmeebze.11
briuselis konvenciis sxva debulebebidan warmoSobili iurisdiqciisgan damouki-
deblad, xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos sasamarTlo, romelSic gamocxadda mopasuxe, iqneba
iurisdiqciis mqone. es wesi ar gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac es gamocxadeba dafiqsirda
iurisdiqciis gasasaCivreblad an rodesac am konvenciis me-16 muxlis Sesabamisad, sxva
sasamarTlos hqonda am saqmeze gansakuTrebuli gansjadoba.12
saerTaSoriso aqtebis principebis Sesabamisad, zogierTi qveynis samarTlebrivi
aqtebi detalur reglamentacias akeTebs davaTa gadawyvetisaTvis sasamarTlos SerCe-
vis an iurisdiqciis sakiTxebze. maT ricxvSi, SeiZleba, vigulisxmoT Cveni qveynis sapro-
ceso kanonmdeblobac. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis
21-e muxli uTiTebs, rom: `Tu ar aris dadgenili erTmniSvnelovnad gansjadi sasamar-
Tlo, maSin mxareebs SeuZliaT, SeTanxmebis gziT daadginon sasamarTlos gansjadoba.
SeTanxmeba formdeba werilobiT. aragansjadi sasamarTlo SeiZleba gansjadi gaxdes
im SemTxvevaSic Tu mopasuxe winaaRmdegi ar aris, rom saqme ganixilos aragansjadma
sasamarTlom da Tanaxmaa, monawileoba miiRos saqmis ganxilvaSi.~
kodeqsi imave muxlSi uTiTebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe aucileblad warmodgeni-
li unda iyos advokatiT, sxva SemTxvevaSi, mas unda mieces ganmarteba, rom konkretuli
sasamarTlo aragansjadia, aseve, ganemartos, rom ufleba aqvs aragansjadobis winaaR-
mdeg sarCelis Sesagebeli waradginos.13
rac Seexeba SeTanxmebas saerTaSoriso kompetenciis Taobaze, saqarTveloSi es sakiT-
xi daregulirebulia saqarTvelos kanoniT saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb,
romlis me-18 muxlis Sesabamisad, mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen saqarTvelos
sasamarTlos saerTaSoriso kompetenciaze im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac igi kompetenturi
ar aris. kanonis es muxli mxareebs uflebas aZlevs, kompetenciaze SeTanxmeba namdvilad
gamoacxados im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igive kanonis Sesabamisad, aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso
kompetenciis principi, kompetenciis konkretuli SemTxvevebi da saqarTvelos sasamar-
Tloebis gansakuTrebuli saerTo kompetencia irRveva.14
sayuradReboa, rom rigi evropuli qveynebis samarTali did mniSvnelobas aniWebs
SeTanxmebiTi gansjadobis sakiTxs. es gasakviri arcaa, radgan SeTanxmebis Sedegad mi-
41
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damokidebulebaSi, 59-e muxlSi acxadebs, rom: `saqarTveloSi moqmedi diplomatiuri
misiis warmomadgenlebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi, agreTve misiebis momsaxure personali,
Tavisufldebian saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadobisagan `diplomatiur urTi-
erTobaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1961 wlis 18 aprilis konvenciis mixedviT~. aRniSnuli kanoni
am wess avrcelebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu diplomatiuri misiis saqarTveloSi momavline-
beli qveyana am konvenciis monawile mxare ar aris. aRniSnuli kanoni igive damokidebu-
lebas aRiarebs saqarTveloSi moqmedi sakonsulo warmomadgenlobebis Tanamdebobis
pirebsa da sakonsulos mosamsaxureebis mimarT da aTavisuflebs maT saqarTvelos sasa-
marTloebis iurisdiqciisagan `sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb~ venis 1963 wlis 24
aprilis konvenciis mixedviT. am wess saqarTvelo avrcelebs im SemTxvevaSic, Tu momav-
linebeli qveyana am konvenciis monawile mxare ar aris.
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, ganixilavs eqsterito-
riulobis sxva SemTxvevebsac da acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadoba
ar vrceldeba saqarTveloSi samsaxurebrivi mowveviT myof ucxo qveynebis warmomadgen-
lebze da maT Tanmxleb pirebze. `saqarTvelos sasamarTloebis gansjadoba ar vrcel-
deba pirebze, romlebic saerTaSoriso samarTlis zogadi wesebis an samarTlis sxva
normebis Sesabamisad, Tavisufldebian saqarTvelos gansjadobisagan.~ miuxedavad ka-
nonis 61-e muxlis me-2 punqtis am normis humanurobisa, vfiqrobT, kanoni unda azus-
tebdes zogadi wesebisa da normebidan konkretulad, ra SemTxvevebi unda iqnas miCneuli
saqarTvelos sasamarTloTa iurisdiqciisagan pirTa gaTavisuflebis safuZvlad.18
z. gabisonia uTiTebs, rom xSirad, gansjadobasa da saerTaSoriso gansjadobas Soris
mkveTri zRvaris gavleba sakmaod rTulia. sxvadasxva qveynebSi, zogjer es terminebi
erTi da igive sityvebiTac ki ixsenieba. ucxo qveynis suverenitetisadmi pativiscema
ar gulisxmobs mxolod ucxo qveynis iurisdiqciaSi SeWrisagan Tavis Sekavebas. igi mo-
icavs, aseve, qveynis SigniT saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sakiTxis gadawyvetisas, garkve-
uli SezRudvebis dawesebas.19
udavoa, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani, mainc samoqalaqo saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebaa da uflebis dasacavad sasamarTloSi misuli pirisaTvis, araviTari
mniSvneloba ara aqvs, ra wesebsa da saSualebebs gamoiyenebs sasamarTlo am mizniT, _
misTvis, mTavari amocanaa sadavod gamxdari an darRveuli uflebis dacva an aRdgena.
aqve, SeuZlebelia ar SevniSnoT, rom Cveni qveynis ganviTarebis perspeqtiva da sabazro
ekonomikaSi arsebuli realoba mudmivad qmnis fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebisaTvis
TanamSromlobis aucileblobas, aramxolod qveynis SigniT, aramed, ucxo qveynis pireb-
Tan da sxvadasxva organizaciebTan. aRniSnul urTierTobebSi gaCenili sadavo sakiT-
xebis mogvarebisas, xSirad Cndeba problemebi, romlebic gonivrul da kanonier reguli-
rebas saWiroebs. am mimarTulebiT ki, rogorc zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvidanac
naTlad Cans, Seudarebeli daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZlia saxelmwifoTa Soris gaforme-
bul saerTaSoriso aqtebs. albaT, davasac aRar iwvevs is aucilebloba, rom droa, sa-
qarTvelom izrunos yvela im saerTaSoriso konvenciasa Tu xelSekrulebasTan mierTe-
baze, romlebic realur berketebs qmnis sasamarTloTa saerTaSoriso gansjadobis sfe-
roSi da Sesabamisad, xels uwyobs sasamarTloSi samoqalaqo xasiaTis saqmeTa droul da
kompetentur gadawyvetas.
43
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faqtia, rom saqarTvelo ar aris am sferoSi bevri iseTi saerTaSoriso aqtis xel-
Semkvreli mxare, romelic xels Seuwyobs qveynebs Soris rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise
ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelos monawileoba msgavsi Sinaarsis
xelSekrulebebSi am etapze mxolod dsT-s qveynebiT Semoifargleba, rac uTuod ara-
sakmarisia. vfiqrobT, warmodgenili naSromidan kargad Cans, rom ganxiluli `luganos~
da `briuselis~ konvenciebi (ra Tqma unda, sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebTan paralelurad)
seriozul berketebs Seicavs qveynebs Soris samarTlebrivi da ekonomikuri TanamS-
romlobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac Cveni azriT, saqarTvelom unda gamoiyenos. aucile-
belia, moxdes yvela im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da konvenciis srulyofili Ses-
wavla, romlebic moqmedebs samoqalaqo saproceso sferoSi da uzrunvelyofil iqnas
saqarTvelos maTTan mierTeba, rac xels Seuwyobs moqnili institutebisa da normebis
arsebobas darRveuli an sadavod gamxdari samoqalaqo uflebebis sasamarTlos mier
dacvis saqmeSi, rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saxelmwifoTSoris urTierTobebSi.
44
SeniSvnebi:
1
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 18. Tb. 1998.
2
T. liluaSvili, saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tb., 2001, gv. 134.
3
À. Ï. Àíóôðèåâà, Ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ÷àñòíîå ïðàâî, ò. 3, Ì., 2001, gv. 312.
4
Êîíâåíöèÿ Î þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèâåäåíèè â èñïîëíåíèå ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì è
êîììåð÷åñêèì äåëàì, Ëóãàíî,16.09.1988, ñòàòüÿ 62. SeniSvna: briuselis konvencia ZalaSi
Sevida 1973 wlis 1 Tebervals, xolo luganos konvencia _ 1992 wlis 1ianvars.
5
r. kniperi, statia _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa cnoba(aRiareba) da aRsru-
leba evrokavSiris samarTalTan SesabamisobaSi, bremeni, 2002, saiubileo kre-
buli Tengiz liluaSvili 75, Tb., 2005, gv. 38-39.
6
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è óãîëîâíûì
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 20.
7
Êîíâåíöèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèíóäèòåëüíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé â
îòíîøåíèè ãðàæäàíñêèõ è êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñïîðîâ. Áðþññåëü, 27.09.1968. ñòàòüÿ 16. óãîëîâíûì
äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 22.
8
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è
9
Êîíâåíöèÿ ïî âîïðîñàì þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèíóäèòåëüíîãî èñïîëíåíèÿ ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé â
îòíîøåíèè ãðàæäàíñêèõ è êîììåð÷åñêèõ ñïîðîâ, Áðþññåëü, 27.09.1968, ñòàòüÿ 21.
10
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 19. Tb., 1998.
11
Êîíâåíöèÿ î þðèñäèêöèè è ïðèâåäåíèè â èñïîëíåíèå ñóäåáíûõ ðåøåíèé ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì è
êîììåð÷åñêèì äåëàì, Ëóãàíî,16.09.1988, ñòàòüÿ 17.
12
SeniSvna: briuselis da Semdeg, luganos konvenciebis Seqmnis safuZveli gaxda
evrokomisiis 1959 wlis mimarTva evropis Tanamegobrobis qveynebisadmi, ro-
melSic saubari iyo am qveynebis Sida bazris Camoyalibebaze, romelic SeuZle-
belia, Sedges Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi dacvis gareSe. mimarTva samarTlianad
usvamda xazs ekonomikur cxovrebaSi darRvevebisa da garTulebebis gaCenis
saSiSroebaze, Tu ar iqneba mogvarebuli sxvadasxvagvari urTierTobebidan
gamomdinare, uflebamosilebaTa dadgenisa da realizebis samarTlebrivi me-
qanizmi; ramdenadac samoqalaqo da savaWro saqmeebze marTlmsajulebis gan-
xorcieleba wevri qveynebis iurisdiqciaSi Sedis da sasamarTlo aqtebis moq-
medeba Sesabamisi saxelmwifos teritoriiTaa SemosazRvruli, samarTlebrivi
dacva da saerTo bazris samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebac, mniSvnelovanwilad
wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebis sworad ganxorcielebul saqmianobazea damo-
kidebuli. ase rom, wevri qveynebis sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa efeqti-
anoba da Tanamegobrobis mTel teritoriaze maTi aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa,
ganixileboda procesualuri samarTalurTierTobebis sferoSi integraciis
umniSvnelovanes problemad.
13
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsi, muxli 21, Tb., 1997.
14
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxli 18, Tb., 1998.
15
Êîíâåíöèÿ î ïðàâîâîé ïîìîùè è ïðàâîâûõ îòíîøåíèÿõ ïî ãðàæäàíñêèì, ñåìåéíûì è óãî-
ëîâíûì äåëàì, Ìèíñê, 1993, ñòàòüÿ 22. SeniSvna: gansakuTrebul gansjadobas konven-
ciis me-20 muxlis Sesabamisad, mikuTvnebulia sakuTrebis uflebisa da uZrav
qonebaze sxva sanivTo uflebebidan warmoSobili davis ganxilvaze qonebis ad-
gilsamyofelis sasamarTlos kompetenciis gamocxadeba; aseve, gadazidvasTan,
gadayvanasTan dakavSirebuli davebi gansakuTrebuli iurisdiqciiT eqvemde-
bareba im satransporto organizaciaTa adgilmdebareobis sasamarTloebs, ro-
melTa mimarT wardgenilia pretenzia.
16
konvencia diplomatiur urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, muxlebi 34-37, vena, 1961.
17
konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, vena, 1963.
18
saqarTvelos kanoni saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb, muxlebi 59-61,
Tb., 1998.
19
z. gabisonia, qarTuli saerTaSoriso kerZo samarTali, Tb., 2006, gv. 368.
45
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INTERNATIONAL
TREATIES IN THE INSTITUTE
OF COGNIZANCE
IRMA MEREBASHVILI
JD, Associated professor of IB Euro-Caucasian University
46
In accordance with the principles of international acts, legal acts of certain states provide detailed regulation
on the issues of selection of the court for the adjudication of disputes or jurisdiction. Among them we may name
procedural laws of our country as well. As regards the agreement on international competence, in Georgia this
issue is regulated by the Law of Georgia on International Private Law
It is worth mentioning that laws of certain European countries grant solid importance to the issue of agreeable
cognizance. And this is not a surprise, as in result of agreement, adopted decision defines international cognizance
of the relevant court and also affects the recognition and execution of the decision of a foreign court outside the
country of ruling. Relation of agreeable and extraordinary cognizance is also important, as the agreement of the
parties cannot change the extraordinary cognizance of relevant state in relation to the given case.
When examining the issue of court jurisdiction, significant place shall be undoubtedly granted to the defining
of competence over the consideration of cases of persons enjoying immunity. In the process of resolving contro-
versial issues in the mentioned relations, very often problems in need of reasonable and legal regulation arise. In
this direction, as clearly showed by the above discussed issues, international acts among the states may be of
invaluable assistance. Probably, beyond dispute is the necessity that it is time that Georgia takes measures to
become party to all those international conventions or treaties that generate real leverages in the area of interna-
tional cognizance of courts and therefore, are instrumental in timely and competent review of civil cases in the
courts.
The fact is that Georgia is not a party to many such international acts that would facilitate the development of
legal, as well as economic relations among the states. Georgias participation in such treaties, at this stage, would be
limited only to the CIS area, which is clearly not enough. I believe, from the presented work, it is easy to see that the
discussed Lugano Convention and Brussels Convention (of course, in parallel with other international acts) incor-
porate significant leverages for the development of legal and economic relations among the states, which from my
point of view, shall be certainly used by Georgia. It is necessary to fully examine all those international treaties
and conventions in force in the area of civil procedures and ensure that Georgia becomes party to the mentioned
acts that will facilitate the flexibility of institutes and norms in the case of protecting the violated or disputed civil
rights by the court domestically, as well as internationally.
47
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mmarTvelobis
naxevradsaprezidento
modeli saqarTveloSi
mimdinare
sakonstitucio
cvlilebebis WrilSi
giorgi Tordia
kiolnis universitetis samarTlis magistranti
48
gens aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTaurs, mas SeunarCunda maqsimaluri saregulacio
uflebebi: saqarTvelos prezidenti `niSnavs premier-ministrs, Tanxmobas aZlevs
premier-ministrs mTavrobis wevris _ ministris daniSvnaze~ (saqarTvelos konsti-
tucia, muxli 73, 1 punqti, b) qvepunqti); saqarTvelos prezidenti `uflebamosilia
sakuTari iniciativiT an konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva SemTxvevebSi gadaaye-
nos mTavroba, Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisuflos saqarTvelos Tavdacvis, Sinagan saq-
meTa da iusticiis ministrebi~ (muxli 73, 1 punqti, g) qvepunqti); Tavad premier-minis-
tris daniSvnasTan erTad prezidenti monawileobs mTavrobis dakompleqtebis proces-
Si, gaaCnia uflebamosileba daiTxovos mTavroba da eqskluziuri uflebamosileba Za-
lovani struqturebis ministrebis daniSvna/gadayenebisa, raSic premier-ministri ar
monawileobs.
2004 wlis miRebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad mTavrobas sWirdeba prezi-
dentis Tanxmoba saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis parlamentSi warsadgenad. amgvarad,
prezidenti monawileobs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi uf-
lebamosilebis _ biujetis proeqtis Sedgenis procesSic. veneciis komisiis mier saqar-
TvelosaTvis gaweul rekomendaciebSic xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom konstituciam mkafiod
unda gamijnos aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da prezidentis instituti erTmaneTisagan.
2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT prezidentis uflebamosileba gazrdilia
sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebaSic. saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e muxlis, 1
punqtis, p) qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti `daiTxovs parlaments konstituciiT
dadgenil SemTxvevebSi da wesiT~; ase rom prezidents aqvs rogorc mTavrobis, ise par-
lamentis daTxovnis uflebamosileba.
amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi 2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT
naxevradsaprezidento mmarTvelobis modelis pirobebSi mkveTrad gaizarda preziden-
tis uflebamosilebebi, rasac logikurad mohyva mTavrobisa da parlamentis rolis
Semcireba saxelmwifos marTvis meqanizmSi.
saqarTveloSi, 2009 wlis politikuri krizisisa da masobrivi saprotesto aqciebis
Semdeg, qveynis xelmZRvanelobam, piradad, qveynis prezidentma miiRo gadawyvetileba
dawyebuliyo muSaoba konstituciaSi cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisaTvis. daisaxa mizani,
rom SerCeuliyo imgvari sakonstitucio modeli, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdida moma-
valSi qveyanas Tavidan aecilebina msgavsi krizisi. am samuSaos Sesasruleblad Seiqmna
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia, romlis amocana iyo xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris
ZalTa balansis miRweva, prezidentis Zalauflebis Semcireba da misTvis arbitris funq-
ciis miniWeba. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba warmovadginoT, Cveni azriT, mniSv-
nelovani nawili cvlilebebisa, rac gaTvaliswinebulia saxelmwifo sakonstitucio
komisiis mier warmodgenil proeqtSi.
cvlilebebi
49
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bebSi, magram igi saxelmwifos erTpirovnulad veRar marTavs. sagareo da saSinao poli-
tikis ganxorcielebaSi prezidenti iRebs monawileobas, Tumca, ZiriTadad, sagareo ur-
TierTobebs axorcielebs mTavroba, rogorc es poloneTisa da safrangeTis konsti-
tuciebSia gansazRvruli. saqarTvelos mTavroba iqneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
umaRlesi organo, romelic ganaxorcielebs saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas
da pasuxismgebeli iqneba parlamentis winaSe, xolo prezidents ar eqneba uflebamosi-
leba sakuTari iniciativiT daiTxovos mTavroba da daSalos parlamenti; prezidenti
premier-ministris kandidaturas waradgens im politikuri jgufis SeTavazebiT, rome-
lic saukeTeso Sedegs aCvenebs saparlamento arCevnebSi. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sapar-
lamento arCevnebSi pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri partia ver agrovebs saparla-
mento umravlesobas, gaTvaliswinebulia premier-ministris kandidaturis wardgenis
Semdegi meqanizmi: arCevnebSi gamarjvebul politikur gaerTianebas eZleva 14-dRiani
vada, raTa parlamentSi Sesul politikur ZalebTan awarmoos konsultaciebi premier-
ministris kandidaturis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT, koaliciebisa Tu sxvagvari SeTan-
xmebis gziT, miiRos umravlesoba parlamentSi, rac saSualebas miscems warudginos pre-
zidents premier-ministris kandidatura. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saparlamento arCevnebSi
pirvel adgilze gasuli politikuri organizaciis mier wamoyenebul premier-ministrsa
da mTavrobis Semadgenlobas parlamenti ndobas ar ucxadebs, prezidenti 7 dRis vadaSi
premier-ministrobis kandidatad wamoayenebs parlamentis wevrTa siiTi Semadgenlobis
aranakleb ori mexuTedis mier mxardaWeril kandidaturas. Tu parlamenti am SemTxveva-
Sic ar gamoucxadebs ndobas premier-ministris kandidaturasa da mTavrobis Semadgen-
lobas, prezidenti daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs riggareSe arCevnebs. amrigad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saxezea naxevradsaprezidento modelis qvetipi premier-sapre-
zidento sistema. rogorc premier-saprezidento qvetipis SemmuSaveblebma Sugertma
da kerim gansazRvres, premier-saprezidento sistema gulisxmobs, rom premier-mi-
nistri mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos winaSea pasuxismgebeli. es niSnavs, rom rodesac
parlamenti premier ministrad irCevs prezidentTan opoziciaSi myof pirs, prezidentma
unda miiRos daniSvna. Sugertis terminologiiT, am procesis Sedegia, rom daniSnuli
kabineti, romelic saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, eqvemdebareba
ara prezidents, aramed parlaments da amgvarad, prezidentsa da premiers Soris ur-
TierTobebi metad saqmiania.1 am SemTxvevaSi, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saparlamento
arCevnebSi gamarjvebas, radgan realurad am sistemis mixedviT mTavrobas eqskluzi-
urad daakompleqtebs saparlamento arCevnebSi gamarjvebuli partia, an politikur
ZalTa koalicia, romelic moipovebs saparlamento umravlesobas.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis mier momzadebuli proeqtis
Tanaxmad, mTavrobas ekisreba eqskluziuri uflebamosileba biujetis proeqtis parla-
mentisaTvis wardgenisa, prezidentis Tanxmobis gareSe. biujetis proeqtis Sedgenisa
da parlamentisaTvis wardgenis mTavrobisaTvis uflebamosilebis srulad gadacemiT
Zlierdeba mTavrobis roli da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kompetencia imijneba
prezidentis institutisagan, rac agreTve, veneciis komisiis rekomendaciaa. gamonak-
lisis saxiT, prezidentis Tanxmobas saWiroebs mxolod mTavrobis gadawyvetileba, sa-
50
qarTvelos prezidentisaTvis wina welTan SedarebiT gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis Sem-
cirebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos prezidentis gansazRvruli samarTlebrivi aqtebi saWiroebs premier-
ministris kontrasignacias. kontrasignacia aris saxelmwifos meTauris aqtis premier-
ministris an/da Sesabamisi dargis ministris xelmoweriT gamyareba, rac gulisxmobs
saxelmwifos meTauris aqtis aRsrulebaze iuridiuli da politikuri pasuxismgeblobis
Tanaxelmomwer subieqtze gadatanas. kontrasignacia formalurad aixsneba imiT, rom
saxelmwifos meTauri iuridiulad ar aris pasuxismgebeli Tavis qmedebebze (prezi-
dentis SemTxvevaSi, gamonaklisia konstituciis darRveva da sisxlis samarTlis dana-
Sauli). kontrasignacia saxelmwifo meTauris uflebamosilebebis SezRudvis proce-
sualuri formaa. Tanamedrove konstituciur-samarTlebriv sistemebSi kontrasigna-
ciis instituti damkvidrebulia aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis funqcionaluri dua-
lizmis pirobebSi, anu im saparlamento da Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis modelebSi,
romlebSic saxelmwifos meTaurs SenarCunebuli aqvs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogierTi uflebamosileba. aseve, konstituciiT saWiroa amom-
wuravad ganisazRvros prezidentis is samarTlebrivi aqtebi, romelnic ar eqvemdeba-
rebian kontrasignacias.
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani siaxle, romelsac iTvaliswinebs aRniSnuli pro-
eqti aris undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis instituti. undoblobis konstruq-
ciuli votumi mTavrobis meTaurisadmi gamoxatuli undoblobis votumis gansakuT-
rebuli formaa. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi gaTvaliswinebulia germaniis,
sloveniis da sxva saxelmwifoebis konstituciebiT. undoblobis konstruqciuli vo-
tumi mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad parlamentisagan moiTxovs
mTavrobis meTauris axali kandidaturis wamoyenebas. undoblobis konstruqciuli vo-
tumis meqanizmi, gansxvavebiT tradiciuli undoblobis votumisagan, warmoadgens mTav-
robis stabilurobis elements. am proceduris gansxvavebuloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
premier-ministrisadmi undoblobis gamomxatveli rezolucia miRebuli unda iqnas
axali premier-ministris kandidaturis wamoyenebasTan erTad. undoblobis konstruq-
ciuli votumis instituti is meqanizmia, romelic konstituciurad aZlierebs mTav-
robis politikur simyares, icavs im opoziciuri fraqciebisagan, romlebsac aerTianebT
mxolod premier-ministris Secvlis survili da ara alternatiuli samTavrobo prog-
rama. undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi saSualebas iZleva Tavidan iqnes acilebuli
qveyanaSi xSiri samTavrobo krizisebi.
am institutis meSveobiT garda mTavrobisaTvis stabilurobis miniWebisa myar-
deba prezidentis, rogorc arbitris funqciac. parlamentis mier mTavrobisaTvis
undoblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad prezidenti dgeba arCevanis winaSe _ gadaayenos
mTavroba, Tu daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos axali saparlamento arCevnebi.
prezidentisaTvis amgvari uflebamosilebis miniWebis wyalobiT mTavroba daculia
parlamentis mier undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis xSirad gamoyenebisagan,
romelic, rogorc aRvniSneT, SeiZleba qveyanaSi xSiri politikuri krizisebis wya-
ro gaxdes. parlamenti srulad unda iyos Camoyalibebuli da gaaCndes mkafio politi-
51
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SeniSvna:
1
Elgie Robert, Two Cheers for Semi-presidentialism, 2003, Dublin, p. 7.
52
SEMI-PRESIDENTIAL
MODEL OF GOVERNANCE
IN THE SCOPE OF
CONSTITUTIONAL
REFORMS TAKING PLACE
IN GEORGIA
GIORGI TORDIA
LLM candidate of the University of Cologne
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eign relations, the commander in chief of the armed forces and also performs the functions of an arbiter. The
president deploys its authority to dissolute the Parliament only in one case: when the Parliament is incapable of
forming the government.
The government of Georgia will be the highest body of executive power, which will administer domestic and
foreign policy of the state and will be accountable before the Parliament, while the President will have no authority
to dismiss the government and the dissolute the Parliament upon his/her personal initiative;
According to the draft law the role of the Parliament in the mechanism of running the country is enhanced.
The parliament is granted exclusive authority to elect the prime-minister and government. The Parliament is also
granted the authority to declare non-confidence to the government and dismiss it.
54
mmarTvelobis cneba
da kerZo da sajaro
samarTlis mimarTeba
mmarTvelobis
ganxorcielebis
procesSi
ekaterine qardava
samarTlis doqtori,
saqarTvelos universitetis asocirebuli profesori
I. Sesavali
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56
organo, romelic amyarebs administraciulsamarTlebriv urTierTobas moqalaqeebTan.
mmarTveloba uSualoa, rodesac mmarTveloba xorcieldeba uSualod saxelmwifos
mier misi centraluri an adgilobrivi organoebis meSveobiT. umetes SemTxvevaSi, uSu-
alo mmarTvelobis dros TvalsaCinoa administraciuli organoebis instanciuroba.
saxelmwifos SeuZlia mmarTveloba ara mxolod misi organoebis meSveobiT ganaxorci-
elos, aramed aseve, sxva organizaciuli warmonaqmnebis meSveobiTac. am SemTxvevaSi,
mmarTvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi SeiZleba iyvnen sajaro samarTlis iuri-
diuli pirebi, kavSirebi da fondebi, rac SualobiTi mmarTvelobaa. magaliTad, saxelm-
wifo umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi mmarTvelobas axorcielebs saxelmwifo universi-
tetebis meSveobiT, romlebic warmoadgenen sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebs. aseve,
igive ganaTlebis sferoSi, mmarTveloba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kerZo samarTlis
iuridiuli pirebis meSveobiTac. magaliTad, kerZo universitetebi.
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I. dasaSveboba
manjaviZe moiTxovs zianis anazRaurebas avtosagzao SemTxvevis dadgomis gamo, rom-
lic moxda gamafrTxilebeli niSnebis ararsebobis gamo. pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba
dadges zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 208-e muxlis Sesabamisad, Tu dadgindeba,
rom saxezea administraciuli organos brali avtosagzao SemTxvevis dadgomaSi.
1.zianis arseboba
avtosagzao SemTxveva gamoiwvia im faqtma, rom faliaSvilis quCaze ar iyo moxsnili
calmxrivi moZraobis niSani da mis nacvlad ar iyo dadgmuli ormxrivi moZraobis maniS-
58
nebeli. zogadad, moZraobis maniSneblebis ganTavseba da gzebis keTilmowyobaze kont-
roli administraciuli, mmarTvelobiTi funqciaa. manjaviZisa da gabunias avtomanqane-
bis Sejaxeba gamoiwvia swored im garemoebam, rom manjaviZis avtomanqanis moZraobis
mxridan ar iyo gamafrTxilebeli niSani calmxrivi moZraobis moxsnisa da ormxrivi
moZraobis nebadarTulobis Sesaxeb. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, saxezea ziani,
romelic dadga ara manjaviZis gaufrTxileblobiT, aramed sagzao moZraobis wesebis
arasworad ganlagebis gamo.
II. dasabuTebuloba
Tu kazusis amoxsnis dros dadginda, rom sarCeli ar aris dasaSvebi, ra Tqma unda,
aRar vmsjelobT mis dasabuTebulobaze.
zemoaRniSnuli kazusis Tanaxmad, manjaviZem zianis anazRaureba unda moiTxovos
administraciuli kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.
kerZo pirebis mier, iqneba es fizikuri Tu iuridiuli pirebi, mmarTvelobiTi funq-
ciebis ganxorcieleba xdeba mxolod maSin, rodesac maT kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze,
eniWebaT sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba. am SemTxvevaSi,
isini warmoadgenen administraciul organoebs funqcionaluri gagebiT da ufleba
aqvT, kompetenciis farglebSi, gamoscen individualuri administraciul-samarTleb-
rivi aqtebi.
magaliTad: akreditaciis mqone kerZo universiteti, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas
studentis statusis Sewyvetis Taobaze, funqcionaluri gagebiT warmoadgens adminis-
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saqmianobis ganxorcielebis dros aqvs arCevanis Tavisufleba imoqmedos kerZosamarT-
lebrivad an sajarosamarTlebrivad. swored am dros, aucilebelia administraciuli
organoebis kerZosamarTlebrivi da sajarosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis gamijvnis krite-
riumebis moSvelieba.
1. gamijvnis Teoriebi
samecniero literaturaSi Zalian didi adgili aqvs daTmobili sajaro da kerZo
samarTlis urTierTmimarTebis problemas da Teoriebs, romlebic am ori dargis gamij-
vnas axdenen. rac Seexeba praqtikasa da kazusebis amoxsnis meTodikas, am dros gamijvnis
problematika ufro naklebmniSvnelovania. unda aRiniSnos, rom kazusebis amoxsnisas
iSviaTad, Tumca mainc iCens xolme Tavs es problema. gansakuTrebiT es aris is SemTxveva,
roca gaurkvevelia administraciulma organom kerZosamarTlebrivad Tu sajarosamar-
Tlebrivad imoqmeda. aRniSnulis naTelsayofad moviyvanoT Semdegi kazusi.
kazusi _ `sportis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad, sportuli kompleqsebis
asaSeneblad sportis kavSirebsa da gaerTianebebs Sesabamisi miwis farTobebi gadaece-
maT adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier. amasTan miwis gadacema xdeba usasyidlod
da uZravi qonebis safasuri gadaixdeba raionuli biujetidan.
Telavis raionSi arsebulma sportulma kavSirma gancxadebiT mimarTa raionis gam-
geobas da moiTxova maT gamgeblobaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis gadacema sportuli
kompleqsis aSenebis mizniT. sakrebulom gadawyvita, rom daekmayofilebina sportis
kavSiris moTxovna da Semdegi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna uflebamosili piris xelmo-
weriT: `Tqvens mier moTxovnili uZravi qoneba Tqvens gankargulebaSia. gTxovT, Segvat-
yobinoT, rodis gsurT qonebis miReba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.~ roca gamgeobam raionis
sakrebulos mimarTa TxovniT gadasacemi uZravi qonebis safasuris anazRaurebis moT-
xovniT, sakrebulom uari ganacxada im motiviT, rom igi ar cnobda uZravi qonebisaTvis
dadgenil fass anu ar eTanxmeboda Rirebulebas. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Telavis
gamgeobam uari ganacxada qonebis sportuli kavSirisaTvis gadacemaze.
gansazRvreT, aqvs Tu ara ufleba sportul kavSirs moiTxovos qonebis gadacema?
I. dava SeiZleba iyos administraciulsamarTlebrivi xasiaTis, Tu TviTmmarTve-
lobis organos werilobiTi Setyobineba warmoadgens individualur administraciul-
samarTlebriv aqts da aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sportul kavSirs SeiZleba hqondes
qonebis gadacemis moTxovnis ufleba.
1. individualuri administraciulsamarTlebrivi aqti saxezea, Tu igi akmayofilebs
zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis me-2 muxlis d) qvepunqtis moTxovnebs. individualu-
ri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti erTmniSvnelovnad saxezea, rodesac Ronis-
Zieba ganxorcielda administraciulsamarTlebriv sferoSi. Tu formac ganxorciele-
buli RonisZiebisa administraciulsamarTlebrivia miuxedavad misi Sinaarsisa, saxezea
individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti. winamdebare kazusSi erTmniSvne-
lovnad administraciulsamarTlebrivi saqmianobis forma TvalnaTliv saxeze ar aris.
amitom aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT Tu ra Sinaarsis kanonis safuZvelzea ganxorci-
elebuli konkretuli qmedeba.
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sakiTxia, rom saxelmwifo SeiZleba iyos kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqti
da gamovides urTierTobebSi rogorc kerZo samarTlis subieqti. Tu saxelmwifo orga-
noebis mier ganxorcielebul nebismier saqmianobas da samarTlebriv urTierTobas
sajarosamarTlebrivad miviCnevT, maSin saxelmwifos kerZosamarTlebrivi saqmianobis
ufleba aRar darCeba, rac ra Tqma unda, winaaRmdegobaSia samoqalaqo samarTlis nor-
mebTan da debulebebTan. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, modificirebuli subieqtebis Teo-
riis problematika Tavs iCens im SemTxvevaSi, roca administraciul organos kerZosa-
marTlebrivi saqmianobis uflebac hqonda da sajarosamarTlebrivic.
gansaxilveli kazusis mimarTebaSi, subieqtebis Teoriis Tanaxmad, vinaidan samarT-
lebrivi urTierTobis monawile TviTmmarTvelobis organoa, saxeze gvaqvs sajaro-
samarTlebrivi urTierToba.
aRniSnuli Teoriebis mimoxilvis Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom konkretuli ka-
nonis kerZo Tu sajaro samarTlisadmi kuTvnilebis dasadgenad, aucilebelia TiToe-
uli gamijvnis Teoriis gansazRvra da urTierTSejereba, rac saboloo daskvnamde mig-
viyvans. mocemul kazusTan dakavSirebiT, aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom `spor-
tis ganviTarebisa da xelSeywobis Sesaxeb~ kanonis samarTlebrivi buneba subordinaciis
principis Sesabamisad, gaurkveveli gaxda, subieqtebisa da interesTa Teoriebze
dayrdnobiT, gamoikveTa misi sajaro samarTlisadmi kuTvnileba.
3. kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes aris Tu ara TviTmmarTvelobis
organos werilobiTi dokumenti individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti.
amasTan, unda gavarkvioT, saxezea Tu ara mowesrigeba anu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
damdgeni xasiaTi. aRniSnuli saxezea, vinaidan werilobiTi dokumentis Sinaarsi TviT-
mmarTvelobis organosa da sportis kavSirs Soris qonebis gadacemis sakiTxs exeba,
rac erTmniSvnelovnad metyvelebs werilobiTi dokumentis Sinaarsis momwesrigeblur
bunebaze, anu samarTlebrivi urTierTobis damdgen xasiaTze.
4. amasTan, saxezea individualursamarTlebrivi bunebac, rogorc individualuri
administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis elementi. TviTmmarTvelobis organos werilo-
biTi dokumenti warmoadgens individualur administraciul samarTlebriv aqts, vi-
naidan igi akmayofilebs individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqtis kanoniT
dadgenil elementebs.
I I . mocemuli individualuri administraciuli samarTlebrivi aqti SeiZleba baTi-
lad iqnes cnobili formis daucvelobis gamo. kerZod, uZravi nivTebis gasxviseba samo-
qalaqo kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saWiroebs sanotaro formas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom
sanotaro forma ZiriTadad, saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebisaTvis aris dadgenili da
rodesac qonebis gadacema xdeba sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosilebebis farglebSi
sanotaro forma savaldebulo ar aris da mas cvlis administraciuli organos kanonm-
deblobis Sesabamisad gamocemuli individualuri administraciuli aqti.
kazusis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier gamocemuli indi-
vidualursamarTlebrivi aqti formis daucvelobis gamo, ar SeiZleba miviCnioT baTi-
lad, vinaidan mas hqonda uflebamosili piris xelmowera. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
sportis kavSirs ufleba aqvs moiTxovos TviTmmarTvelobis organosagan uZravi qonebis
gadacema kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
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III. daskvna
SeniSvnebi:
1
Hartmut Mauer, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, S. 3.
2
Ulrich Battis, Allgemeines Verwaltungsrecht, 202, S.3.
3
Ossenbuehl, Staatshaftungsrecht, S. 21.
4
Pietzcker, Der Staatsauftrag als Instrument des Verwaltungshandelns, S. 362.
5
turava, wkeplaZe, zogadi administraciuli samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 24.
64
THE CONCEPT OF
GOVERNANCE AND
RELATION OF PRIVATE
AND PUBLIC LAW IN THE
PROCESS OF
ADMINISTERING THE
GOVERNANCE
EKATERINE KARDAVA
JD, Associated Professor of the University of Georgia
State is a complex entity. Its activities are diverse and different legal norms
lie at the basis of the tasks the state faces and the functions it performs. The
purpose of administrative law is to examine and organize legal relations among
the state bodies and the citizens that emerge in the process of governance.
Exactly to define what is the purpose of administrative law and to dwell into
the deep of the administrative law, it is necessary to first understand the
concept of governance and the process of governance. The purpose of the
present article is to explain to the reader the concept of governance and the
opportunities for the administration of governance. In addition, the article
portrays the administration of governance based on the examples of specific
cases of administrative bodies in their performance of public-legal and private-
legal activities. Stemming from the said-above, the article will help the students
and persons interested in administrative law to come to the particulars of the
process of governance during the private-legal and public-legal activities.
65
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`gaidlainebis~
marTlmsajulebis
sistemaSi gamoyenebis
sakiTxisaTvis
giorgi TumaniSvili
samarTlis doqtori (berlinis Tavisufali universiteti)
samarTlis magistri (LL.M.), saqarTvelos universitetis
asocirebuli profesori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori
66
saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, maT iu-
ristTa erTi nawili kritikulad afasebs da `gaidlainebis~ konstituciasTan Seusaba-
mobas usvams xazs. erTi SexedviT, maTi pretenzia savsebiT misaRebia, radgan saqarT-
velos konstituciis 84-e muxlis I nawilis Tanaxmad, `mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi
damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod konstitucias da kanons~. imave muxlis me-4
nawili baTilad acxadebs yvela aqts, romelic zRudavs mosamarTlis damoukideblobas.
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis qveS moiazreba, rogorc personaluri, ise sagnobrivi
damoukidebloba. sagnobrivi damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom mosamarTle konkretul
saqmeze yovelgvari miTiTebebis gareSe damoukideblad iRebs gadawyvetilebas. gadawy-
vetilebis miRebis procesSi igi xelmZRvanelobs mxolod konstituciiTa da kanonebiT.
zemoxsenebuli saxelmZRvanelo principebi ki, mosamarTleebs miuTiTebs, Tu ra sasjeli
unda daniSnos man ama Tu im muxliT piris msjavrdebis dros Sesabamisi garemoebebis
arsebobis an ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, amiT garkveulwilad izRudeba mosamar-
Tlis sagnobrivi damoukidebloba sasjelis gansazRvris da ganaCenis dadgenisas. mosa-
marTlis damoukideblobis principis darRveva amavdroulad samarTlebriv saxelmwi-
fos principze dafuZnebul sisxlis samarTlis procesSi konstituciursamarTleb-
rivad gaumarTlebel Carevas niSnavs.
kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad, Tu ramdenad misaRebia e.w. `gaidlainebis~ gamoyenebis
praqtikis danergva qarTuli marTlmsajulebis sistemaSi, saWiroa, rom saqarTvelos
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis momzadebuli saxelmZRvanelo winada-
debebi da rekomendaciebi ufro detalebSi ganvixiloT da saqarTvelos konstituciis
moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi saTanadod SevafasoT.
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lebsac rekomendaciebis safuZvelze winaswar ecodinebaT, Tu rogor wydeba esa Tu is
saproceso sakiTxebi konkretul saCivarTan Tu SuamdgomlobasTan mimarTebaSi, ra val-
debulebebi akisriaT sasamarTlos aparatis TanamSromlebs da procesis monawileebs.
maSasadame, konstituciursamarTlebrivi xedviT, aRniSnuli praqtikuli rekomendaci-
ebi araTu problematuri, aramed misasalmebelia, radgan igi mniSvnelovnad xels uwyobs
efeqtiani da swrafi marTlmsajulebis principis praqtikul realizacias da amcirebs
procesualuri normebis arasworad gamoyenebis gziT pirovnebis konstituciiT dacul
da garantirebul uflebebSi ukanonod Carevis albaTobas.
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Teben im garemoebaze, rom identur sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze sasjelis daniSvnis
dros aSkara araerTgvarovneba da uTanasworoba arsebobs. mosamarTlis mier sasjelis
daniSvnas klasikuri sistemis mixedviT, mravali gamoCenili mecnieri afasebs, rogorc
`mosamarTlis araracionalur TviTnebobas da ganwyobas~1 da akritikebs sasjelis da-
niSvnis sasamarTlo praqtikis araerTgvarovnebas2. kritikosebi miiCneven, rom aRniSnu-
li araerTgvarovneba sasjelis daniSvnis dros iuridiulad miuRebeli da `sisxlis
samarTlis dogmatikisaTvis did dartymas~ niSnavs3. marTlac, araviTari sisxlissa-
marTlebriv-dogmaturi gamarTleba ara aqvs imas, rom araerTgvarovani sasjelebi
dainiSnos identuri qmedebisaTvis, romelTac ar axasiaTebT erTmaneTisagan gansxvave-
buli sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis mniSvnelovani faqtorebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sisxlis sa-
marTlis normebis araerTgvarovnad gamoyeneba normis konfuzias uwyobs xels da sa-
marTlebrivi sistemis simyares uqmnis safrTxes. garda amisa, samarTlis normebis ara-
erTgvarovnad gamoyenebis Sedegad daniSnuli sasjeli usamarTlod aRiqmeba da amiT
safrTxe eqmneba, rogorc sisxlis samarTlis socialur-fsiqologiur aRiarebas, ise
zogadad, samarTlianobis gancdas. maSin, rodesac pirovneba saxelmwifos reaqcias mis
mier Cadenl danaSaulze zedmetad mkacrad an usamarTlod aRiqvams, es xels SeuSlis
agreTve mis resocializaciasac, rac sasjelis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi mizania. sa-
yuradReboa, rom `sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis erTgvarovneba~
samarTlianobis principis moTxovnas warmoadgens da amitom, sasjelis daniSvnis ara-
erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtika ewinaaRmdegeba aRniSnuli principis moTxovnebs.
amgvari sasamarTlo praqtika winaaRmdegobaSi modis agreTve, saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis 14-e muxlSi aRiarebul Tanasworobis principTanac. Tanasworobis principis dar-
Rvevas swored maSin aqvs adgili, roca identuri urTierTobebi uTanasworod ganixi-
leba. amrigad, Tanasworobis principi, romelis mixedviTac, arsebiTad Tanaswori unda
ganixilos Tanasworad, dakavSirebulia konstituciur moTxovnasTan, rom danaSaulisa
da dasaniSni sasjelis SefasebisaTvis SemuSavdes praqtikaSi erTiani masStabebi. ro-
gorc ukve aRiniSna, ssk-is 53-e muxli formulirebulia Zalze zogadad da ver uzrun-
velyofs aRniSnuli miznis miRwevas.
aRniSnuli problemis gadaWris erT-erT alternatiul gzas `gaidlainebis~ SemuSa-
veba warmoadgens. `gaidlainebis~ idea swored isaa, rom moxdes sasjelis daniSvnis prin-
cipebis sistematizacia da erTiani meqanizmis SemuSaveba, rac sasjelis gansazRvris
erTgvarovan sasamarTlo praqtikas Seuwyobs xels. man unda uzrunvelyos, rom mosa-
marTleebma sasjelis daniSvnisas ixelmZRvanelon samarTlebrivad relevanturi erTi-
ani kriteriumebiT, romelebsac calkeuli sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas Tanabari mniSvneloba mieniWebaT. samosamarTleo praqtikaSi samarTlebrivi
Tanasworobis miRweva amavdroulad, samarTlianobis principis realizaciasac warmo-
adgens. amasTan, sasjelis daniSvnisaTvis samarTlebrivad relevanturi erTiani krite-
riumebis SemuSaveba, zemdgomi instanciebis sasamarTloebs gauadvilebda qvemdgomi
instanciis sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvlianobis Semowmeba.
gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom `sasjelis daniSvnis erTgvarovneba~, rogorc
`gaidlainebis~ meSveobiT misaRwevi mizani, konkurirebs iseT konstituciursamarT-
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lebiT ssk-is konkretuli muxlis sanqciis farglebSi. is rom, `gaidlainebi~ ssk-is sxva-
dasxva muxlebTan mimarTebiT iZleva samarTlebriv-dogmatur ganmartebebs, es samo-
samarTleo samarTlis nawils warmoadgens, rac samarTlis Semecnebasa da ganviTarebas
uwyobs xels. konstituciursamarTlebrivad miRebulia samosamarTleo samarTlis far-
glebSi sasamarTloebis mier mosamarTleebisaTvis savaldebulo zogadi samarTlebrivi
principebis aRiareba. amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom normis ganmartebis dros
samosamarTleo samarTali arsebiTad ar unda scildebodes kanonmdeblis mizans konk-
retul normasTan mimarTebiT da ar unda cvlides mis Sinaarss da ar unda aZlevdes
normas axlebur, sruliad gansxvavebul datvirTvas da Sinaarss. am mxrivadac, saerTo
sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis Seqmnili saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da reko-
mendaciebi savsebiT Tavsdebian normis ganmartebisaTvis daSvebul farglebSi. `gaid-
lainebis~ avtorebi ganmartebul sisxlis samarTlis normebs ar aniWeben gansxvavebul
Sinaarss, isini normaTa ganmartebisas iTvaliswineben kanonmdeblis nebas da wlebis
ganmavlobaSi dagrovili samosamarTleo praqtikis analizidan gamomdinare, ayalibeben
problematur samarTlebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul samosamarTleo xedvas. gamo-
ricxuli ar aris, rom samosamarTleo samarTalma droTa ganmavlobaSi konkretul
problematur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Secvalos Tavisi Zveli xedva da Camoayalibos
gansxvavebuli pozicia, rac samarTlis ganviTarebasa da Semecnebas kidev ufro Seuw-
yobs xels.
sabolood, daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo
praqtikis Seswavlis, ganzogadebisa da saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebisaTvis
saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebis ganmsazRvreli mudmivmoqmedi komisiis mier SemuSave-
buli `praqtikuli rekomendaciebi sisxlis samarTlis procesis ZiriTad sakiTxebze
magistrati mosamarTleebisaTvis~ da `saxelmZRvanelo winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi
sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo praqtikis problematur sakiTxebze~ winaaRmdegobaSi
ar modis saqarTvelos konstituciis moTxovnebTan, radgan `mosamarTlis damoukideb-
lobis~ principi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis miRebisas kvlavindeburad
ZalaSi rCeba. e.w. `gaidlainebi~ mosamarTleebs did daxmarebas gauweven mTeli rig pro-
cedurul sakiTxebTan da sasjelis daniSvnasTan mimarTebaSi. amasTan, saxelmZRvanelo
winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebas sasjelis SefardebasTan
dakavSirebiT gaxdian bevrad ufro gamWirvales da zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis
mier advilad gadasasinjs, rac sabolood, Tavidan agvacilebs `araTanabari da TviT-
neburi sasjelebis~ sasamarTlo praqtikas da xels Seuwyobs samarTlianobisa da
Tanasworobis principze damyarebul erTgvarovani sasamarTlo praqtikis Camoyali-
bebasa da ganviTarebas.
SeniSvnebi:
1
ix.: Streng, F., strafrechtliche Sanktionen-Grundlagen und Anwendung-, 1991, 154; Stratenwerth, G.,
Tatschuld und Strafzumessung, 1972, 4; Schünemann, B., summum ius = summa iniura in der Strafzumessung,
in: Pönometrie, Rationalität oder Irrationalität der Strafzumessung, 1977, 73.
2
Henkel, H., die ,,richtige Strafe, Gedanken zur richterlichen Strafzumessung, 1969, 3.
3
Schöch, H., kriminologische Aspekte der Strafzumessungslehre, in: C. Pfeiffer/M. Oswald, Strafzume-
ssung, empirische Forschung und Strafrechtsdogmatik im Dialog, 1989, 132.
73
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REGARDING
THE APPLICATION OF
THE GUIDELINES WITHIN
THE ADMINISTRATION OF
JUSTICE
GIORGI TUMANISHVILI
Doctor of Law (Free University of Berlin), LLM, Associated Professor of
the University of Georgia, Assistant Professor of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University
74
saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso
kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebuli
mtkicebis tvirTis
inovaciuri ganawilebis
TaviseburebaTa
analizi
ilona gagua
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
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mxareebma waradginon ganmartebebi da Sesabamisi Suamdgomlobebi. sasamarTlos akisria
valdebuleba, misces mxareebs ganmartebebi, romliTac isini gadalaxaven dispozici-
urobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebidan gamomdinare siZneleebs.
SejibrebiTobis principis paralelurad, sasamarTlos gadacemuli aqvs procesis
materialuri xelmZRvanelobis uflebamosileba. Tumca, aq dgeba am ori principis, mxa-
reTa SejibrebiTobisa da sasamarTlos aqtiurobis principebis proporciis sakiTxi.
sainteresoa, ra doziT unda moxdes am ori principis Serwyma da gamoyeneba saqmis gan-
xilvisas.
mxareTa SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli ukiduresi formiT da
sasamarTlom ise unda miaRwios piris uflebebisa da interesebis dacvas, rom ar gascdes
dainteresebuli piris neba-survils, ar unda scados pirTa im uflebebis realizacia,
rac ar yofila moTxovnili.
amasTan, SejibrebiTobis principi ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc sasamarTlos uki-
duresi pasiuroba. saproceso kanonmdeblobiT sasamarTlos SeuZlia Tavisi iniciati-
viT Seagrovos mtkicebulebebi, Tu amas saqmis garemoebebi moiTxovs an mxareebi amis
Taobaze Suamdgomloben. mtkicebis tvirTis mxareebze ganawilebisas, sasamarTlos ar
erTmeva ufleba, SesTavazos mxareebs, warmoadginon damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi.
amdenad, sakiTxi unda gadawydes SejibrebiTobisa da inkviziciurobis principebs
Soris zomieri balansis sasargeblod. Sesabamisad, mxareebi arc SezRuduli iqnebian
sasamarTlos aqtiurobiT da arc daiCagrebian imis gamo, rom sasamarTlos neitraluri
roli eqneba miniWebuli saqmis garemoebebis gamokvlevaSi.
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom saojaxosamarTlebrivi urTierTobidan warmoSobili saq-
meebis ganxilvisas gamoiyeneba dispoziciurobisa da SejibrebiTobis principebi da am
principebis paralelurad, am kategoriis saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebis gamo, agreTve, gamoiyeneba samZebro, anu inkviziciuri principi.
samZebri principis moqmedebis farglebSi saojaxo saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasa-
marTlos materialuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeuZlia Tavisi iniciativiT gansazRv-
ros dasadgen garemoebaTa wre (mtkicebis sagani) da mxareTa axsna-ganmartebebis Semdeg
TviTon gamoiTxovos mtkicebulebebi, romlebzedac mxareebs ar miuTiTebiaT, rac erT-
gvari inovaciaa sasarCelo warmoebaSi. ganqorwinebis saqmeTa momzadebis stadiaze sasa-
marTlo gansazRvravs mtkicebis sagans, kerZod:
_ sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebul faqtebs;
_ Sesageblis faqtebs, e.i. faqtebs, romlebsac mosarCelis mier aRZruli moTxovnebis
sawinaaRmdegod emyareba mopasuxe;
_ sxva faqtebs, romlebsac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT saqmis gadawyvetisaTvis.
zogjer saqmis obieqturad ganxilvas sWirdeba damatebiTi masalebis Sekreba sasamar-
Tlos mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, ar SeiZleba bavSvis datoveba saTanado materialuri uz-
runvelyofis gareSe. am mizniT, ganqorwinebisa da Svilebis sasargeblod alimentis
gadaxdevinebis saqmis ganxilvisas, mosamarTlem Tavisi iniciativiT unda gamoarkvios,
monawileobs Tu ara mopasuxe Svilebis rCenaSi. Tu sasamarTlo daadgens, rom mopasuxe
ar asrulebs am valdebulebas saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 355-e mux-
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a) mocemuli saqmis maregulirebeli materialuri samarTlis norma;
b) sarCelisa da Sesageblis safuZvlebi.
saojaxo saqmeTa ganxilvis Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, mosamarTle gansazRvravs
Tu romel garemoebebs aqvT saqmisaTvis mniSvneloba. amasTan, sasamarTlo uflebamosi-
lia miuTiTos mxareebs (meuRleebs) mtkicebis saganSi Semavali ama Tu im garemoebebis
damtkicebis aucileblobaze.
am zogadi wesidan gamonakliss warmoadgens prezumfciis moqmedeba, romelic erT-
erT an orive mxares aTavisuflebs ama Tu im faqtebis damtkicebisagan. ase magaliTad,
saojaxo samarTalSi moqmedebs bavSvis daqorwinebuli mSoblebisagan warmoSobis faqti.
aRniSnuli magaliTi migvaniSnebs kanonismieri prezumfciis gansakuTrebul mniSvne-
lobaze. es ukanaskneli mosamarTles miuTiTebs, Tu riT unda ixelmZRvanelos man im
SemTxvevaSi, roca mas ar ZaluZs simarTlis garkveva. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa orien-
tiris aReba mtkicebis tvirTze. TiToeulma mxarem unda warmoadginos da daamtkicos
is faqtebi, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxovnasa da Sesagebels. aq igulisxmeba
is faqtebi, romlebic aucilebelia da saWiroa normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis Semad-
geneli calkeuli elementebis Sesavsebad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, kanoni cvlis am wess:
garkveuli faqtebi iTvleba miCneulad da mowinaaRmdege mxarem isini sadavo ar unda
gaxados. kanonismier prezumfciebs ori funqcia aqvT: saproceso da materialursa-
marTlebrivi. pirveli, es prezumfciebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi, cvlian saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxlis pirveli nawiliT gaTvaliswinebul mtkice-
bis wess da mtkicebis tvirTs akisreben meore mxares, rac am ukanasknelisaTvis dakavSi-
rebulia riskTan, rom man SeiZleba waagos procesi, Tu mtkicebuleba ar iqna miRebuli.
meore, materialur-samarTlebrivi funqciiT normis aRwerilobiTi nawilis erT-erTi
Semadgeneli elementi konkretul procesTan mimarTebaSi da konkretul mxareTa Soris
maSinac mocemulad CaiTvleba, roca obieqturad ver moxerxda am garemoebis dadgena.
ganqorwinebis sasamarTlo wesiT ganxilva rTul procedurasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
saWiro xdeba saqmis detalurad Seswavla, meuRleTa Soris warmoSobil urTierTobaTa
SinaarsSi garkveva, mowmeTa dakiTxva, dokumentebis gamoTxova. ganqorwinebis saqmeze
mosamarTlem unda gansazRvros mtkicebis sagani, kerZod:
_ daqorwinebis faqti;
_ ganqorwinebaze erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmobis ararsebobis faqti;
_ meuRleTa Semdgomi erTad cxovrebisa da ojaxis SenarCunebis SeuZleblobis faqti;
_ sxva faqtebi, romlebic saqmis konkretuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, Sedian
mtkicebis saganSi.
Tu ar arsebobs ganqorwinebaze erT-erTi meuRlis Tanxmoba, maSin sasamarTlos sxva
roli ekisreba, radgan kanonmdebeli adgens mxolod ganqorwinebis zogad safuZvlebs.
kerZod, sasamarTlom unda daaskvnas, rom SemdgomSi meuRleTa erTad cxovreba da ojaxis
SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia. saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebis gamorkvevis dros sasamar-
Tlo ar unda dasjerdes erT romelime mtkicebis saSualebas, rameTu gansaxilveli
kategoriis saqmeebze kanonmdebeli ar adgens SezRudvebs am sferoSi.
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mtkicebis sagans Tavisi specifika aqvs, rodesac sasamarTloSi aRZrulia saqme gan-
qorwinebis moTxovniT colis orsulobis dros da bavSvis dabadebidan erTi wlis gan-
mavlobaSi. mosamarTlem msgavsi saqmis ganxilvisas mtkicebis saganSi unda Seitanos:
_ daqorwinebis faqti;
_ ganqorwinebaze meuRlis Tanxmobis arsebobis faqti.
_ meuRlis orsulobis anda bavSvis dabadebis faqti araugvianes erTi wlisa
(miuxedavad mkvdari bavSvis dabadebisa an bavSvis erT wlamde asakis miuRwevlad
gardacvalebisa).
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi problemuri sakiTxia, gavrceldeba Tu ara es wesi im SemTx-
vevaze, rodesac coli orsuladaa an mas hyavs erT wlamde asakis bavSvi sxva pirisagan.
kanoni amis Taobaze ar Seicavs pirdapir miTiTebas, iseve rogorc araferia naTqvami imis
Sesaxeb, rom coli qmrisgan unda iyos orsulad. kanonis mizania ara mamakacis uflebis
SezRudva, aramed qalisa da bavSvis janmrTeloba. Sesabamisad, am kategoriis saqmeze
iuridiuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs im faqts, bavSvi warmoSobilia Tu ara daqorwinebuli
mSoblebisagan.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 354-e muxlis miznidan gamomdinare,
mosamarTlem Tavisi iniciativiT, dasadgen garemoebaTa wris gansazRvrisa da mtkicebu-
lebaTa gamoTxovisas, col-qmars unda ganumartos, rom TiToeuli maTgani valdebulia
daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac isini amyareben TavianT moTxovnebsa da Sesage-
bels.
amdenad, ganqorwinebis saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesi.
sainteresoa, qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeebis ganxilvisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
Taviseburebebi.
saproceso kanonmdebloba qorwinebis baTilad cnobas iTvaliswinebs mxolod sasa-
marTlos mier.
am kategoriis saqmeebze mtkicebis saganSi Sedis Semdegi faqtebi, kerZod:
_ daqorwinebis faqti;
_ faqtebi, romlebic adastureben piris uflebamosilebas aRZras saqme qorwinebis
baTilad cnobis moTxovniT da aRniSnuli SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes:
_ mSoblis uflebamosilebidan, rodesac sarCeli wardgenilia erT-erTi
arasrulwlovani meuRlis mSoblis mier;
_ sxva saqorwino urTierTobidan, Tu sarCeli wardgenilia kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
qorwinebaSi myofi sxva meuRlis mier;
_ kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebidan, romliTac dadgenilia
erT-erTi an orive meuRlis qmeduunaroba, daniSnulia meurve da sarCeli
wardgenilia qmeduunaro meuRlis meurvis mier;
_ sxva pirTa da dainteresebuli pirebis uflebebisa da interesebis darRvevidan,
Tu sarCeli wardgenilia am pirTa mier.
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb warmoebul yovel konkretul saqmeze mtkicebis
sagani ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT, Tu ris safuZvelzea dayenebuli moTxovna qorwi-
nebis baTilad cnobis Sesaxeb.
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qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 102-e muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo
wesi. kerZod, ganmcxadebeli valdebulia daamtkicos qorwinebis baTilad cnobis moT-
xovniT sarCelis aRZvris uflebamosilebis arseboba, daqorwinebis faqti da qorwinebis
baTilad cnobis safuZveli (sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebuli faqtebi). mopasuxe amtki-
cebs, im garemoebas rom qorwinebis registraciis momentSi ar arsebobda qorwinebis
damabrkolebeli garemoebebi an isini aRar arsebobs saqmis ganxilvis momentSi.
Tu meuRle, romlis uflebebic dairRva daqorwinebiT da moiTxovs sarCos daniSvnas,
materialuri an moraluri zianis anazRaurebas, maSin man pirvel rigSi unda daam-
tkicos, rom igi warmoadgens keTilsindisier meuRles, xolo Semdeg ki, unda amtkicos
moTxovnis safuZvlad miTiTebuli garemoebebi.
qorwinebis baTilad cnobis saqmeSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs prezumfcia. praq-
tikaSi gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca meuRleebma araferi icodnen im garemoebaTa
Sesaxeb, romlebic krZalaven qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. magaliTad, SesaZlebelia qor-
winebis registraciis dros maT ar icodnen, rom araRviZli da-Zma yofilan, rac qorwi-
nebidan gansazRvruli drois gasvlis Semdeg gaxda cnobili. aseT SemTxvevaSi, moqmedebs
qorwinebis namdvilobis prezumfcia da qorwineba wydeba sasamarTloSi am garemoebis
dadgenis momentidan. am dromde gasuli periodisaTvis qorwineba warmoSobs yvela im
samarTlebriv Sedegs, rac namdvili qorwinebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarad, qor-
winebis namdvilobis prezumfciis Sinaarsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gansakuTrebul Sem-
TxvevebSi, meuRleTa erTad cxovrebis periodSi maTTvis moulodnelad, marTalia, aR-
moCndeba maTi qorwinebis damabrkolebeli garemoebis arseboba, rac kanonis mixedviT
qorwinebis gabaTilebis safuZvelia, magram mas, saojaxosamarTlebriv urTierTobaTa
subieqtebis interesebidan gamomdinare, faqtobrivad qorwinebis gabaTileba ki ar mohy-
veba, aramed _ misi Sewyveta.
saalimento movaleobebs eTmoba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis mexuTe Tavi (1182-e-
1186-e muxlebi), mesame Tavi (1212-e-1222-e muxlebi), meoTxe Tavi (1223-e-1231-e muxlebi),
romlebic Seexeba meuRleTa urTierTrCenis movaleobas, mSoblebisa da Svilebis saali-
mento movaleobebs, ojaxis sxva wevrebis saalimento movaleobebs.
am kategoriis saqmeebze moqmedebs saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 102-e
muxliT dadgenili mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis saerTo wesi. amdenad, TiToeuli
mxare valdebulia daamtkicos garemoebani, romlebzedac igi amyarebs Tavis moTxov-
nebsa da Sesagebels.
sasarCelo moTxovnasa da SesagebelSi miTiTebuli garemoebebis dasamtkiceblad mxa-
reebs SeuZliaT gamoiyenon mtkicebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebebi yovelgvari SezRud-
vis gareSe. Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom alimentis moTxovnis Taobaze
aRZrul saqmeebze mtkicebis saganSi Semavali faqtebis umetesoba, SeiZleba dadgindes
mxolod werilobiTi mtkicebulebebiT, kerZod, sxvadasxva dokumentebiT, cnobebiT,
mowmobebiT, gadawyvetilebebiT da sxva.
kanoni amJamad, alimentis odenobis gansazRvras miakuTvnebs sasamarTlos kompe-
tencias. sasamarTlo ki, amas gansazRvravs gonivruli da samarTliani Sefasebis
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XXI saukunis dasawyisSic ki, saqarTveloSi korufciam moicva iseTi sferoebi, rogo-
ricaa ganaTleba, politika, ekonomika, xelovneba da sxva, ramac ganapiroba sazogado-
ebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im wamyvani sferoebis ara Tu ganviTareba, aramed ukan svla _
regresi.
zemoaRniSnuli saqmianobisaTvis pasuxs aravin agebda, rac gamowveuli iyo saTanado
normatiuli aqtebis ararsebobiT. saxelmwifoSi ukanono Semosavlebis zrdam ganapi-
roba mis winaaRmdeg brZolis normatiuli aqtis miReba.
msoflio kanonmdeblobasTan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis Seuqce-
vadma procesma dRis wesrigSi daayena demokratiuli xelisuflebis mier antikoruf-
ciuli da antireketuli sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna. 2004 wlis 24 ivniss, saqarTvelos
parlamentma miiRo kanoni `organizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ da Sesabamisi
cvlilebebi da damatebebi iqna Setanili saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2005 wlis 20 dekembers ZalaSi Sesuli
XLIV1 Tavi Seexeba reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris,
adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTve-
los sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavr-
debuli piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebul
warmoebas.
82
am TavSi gansazRvrulia ukanono da dausabuTebeli qonebis mopovebis arasamarT-
lebrivi da arasaxelmwifoebrivi gzebis aRkveTis RonisZiebebi sasamarTlos meSveobiT.
aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi saqarTveloSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis msof-
lioSi mimdinare globalizaciasTan harmonizebisa da unificirebis winapiroba gaxda.
upirvelesad, erTmaneTisagan gavmijnoT reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris,
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmeva qonebis konfiskaciisagan.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis sasjelTa sistemidan amoRebulia qonebis
konfiskacia. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 1997 wlis 21 ivlisis gadawyve-
tilebiT, arakonstituciurad iqna cnobili sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 23-e muxlis
mexuTe nawilis pirveli punqti da amave kodeqsis 96-e muxlis meore nawilis sanqciis
is monakveTi, sadac damatebiTi sasjelis saxiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo qonebis konfis-
kacia.
konfiskacia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta, rogorc msjavrde-
bulis piradi sakuTrebis _ mTeli qonebis an misi nawilis iZulebiTi usasyidlo Camor-
Tmeva. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani iyo konfiskacia
imgvari SinaarsiT, rodesac dasaSvebi iyo damnaSavisaTvis mTeli qonebis CamorTmeva,
Tundac igi kanonieri gziT yofiliyo SeZenili da ara korufciuli an sxvagvari danaSa-
ulis Sedegad SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi. konfiskacia, warmoadgenda sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeze gamotanili sasamarTlos kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli ganaCeniT gaTva-
liswinebuli sasjelis erT-erT saxes. Cadenil danaSaulsa da sasjelis am saxes Soris
darRveuli iyo kavSiri.
saxelmwifos aqvs ufleba gauwios kontroli anu zedamxedveloba sakuTrebis gamo-
yenebas, raTa ganaxorcielos danaSaulis winaaRmdeg brZola. ukanono da dausabuTebe-
li qonebis CamorTmeva miznad isaxavs saerTo saxelmwifoebriv interess _ SeizRudos
saeWvo warmoSobis qonebisa da finansuri saSualebebis samoqalaqo brunva.
saqarTvelo dRes, evropul institutebSi integraciisaken miiswrafvis, romlis
winapirobasac warmoadgens saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi sivrcis evropul standar-
tebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
sakuTrebis ufleba erT-erTi amosavali wertilia evropul samarTlebriv sivrceSi.
sakuTrebis ufleba adamianis fundamentur uflebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlis ga-
reSec SeuZlebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos arseboba. amdenad, mniSvnelovania misi
reglamentacia _ uflebis Sinaarsi, elementebi da SezRudvis safuZvlebi.
sakuTrebis ufleba ganmtkicebulia sxvadasxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi, romlebic
uflebasTan erTad adgenen am uflebis SezRudvis safuZvlebsac. saqarTvelos konsti-
tuciis 21-e muxlis meore punqti iZleva sakuTrebis uflebis SinaarsSi SeWris ufleba-
mosilebas. aRniSnuli muxli ar warmoadgens Semakavebel normas reketuli qonebis,
Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSua-
lebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e
muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis CamorTmevis SemTx-
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vevisTvis. konstituciis 21-e muxliT daculi ufleba erTi mxriv, aris sakuTrebis,
rogorc institutis garantia da meore mxriv, sakuTrebis, rogorc pirovnebis uflebis
garantia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis aRniSnuli debulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sakuTrebis
uflebis xelSeuxebloba damokidebulia Tavad sakuTrebis warmoSobis kanonierebaze,
sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, aRniSnuli debulebebiT daculia mxolod kanonierad mopo-
vebuli sakuTreba.
amdenad, saqarTvelos konstitucia, sxva sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebi,
Tu saerTaSoriso konvenciebi icaven mxolod kanonierad mopovebul sakuTrebas.
sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis safuZvlebTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa saerTa-
Soriso standartebisa da adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli
samarTlis Seswavla. sainteresoa ganisazRvros ramdenad Seesabameba saqarTveloSi
sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi da maTi realizacia evropul
standartebs.
adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa evropuli konvenciis pirveli dama-
tebiTi oqmis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, yovel fizikur da iuridiul pirs aqvs ufle-
ba mSvidobianad isargeblos Tavisi sakuTrebiT; ar SeiZleba vinmes CamoerTvas Tavisi
sakuTreba, garda sajaro interesebis, kanoniTa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis principe-
biT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT.
adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia adgens sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis da-
saSveb farglebs da iTvaliswinebs masSi Camoyalibebul uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
marTlzomieri SezRudvis SesaZleblobas saxelmwifos mier.
zemoaRniSnuli iZleva saSulebas vamtkicoT, rom sakuTrebis ufleba SeiZleba Seiz-
Rudos sajaro interesebidan gamomdinare da mis absolutur uflebad miCneva Sefarde-
biTia. amdenad, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi, unda gaimijnos, ufro mniSvnelovani sa-
zogadoebrivi moTxovnilebis aucilebeli dakmayofileba, Tu konkretuli piris sakuT-
rebis ufleba.
problema gacilebiT Sors midis, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu fizikuri pirisa Tu kerZo samar-
Tlis iuridiuli piris mier SeZenili qoneba aRmoCndeba reketuli, Tanamdebobis piris,
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qoneba da SemZeni am faqtis mimarT keTilsindisi-
eria.
aRniSnuli inovaciis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia sasamarTlo praq-
tika reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaW-
ris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis
CamorTmevis imgvari samarTalurTierTobis mosawesrigeblad, rodesac saxezea SemZenis
keTilsindisierebis Sesaxeb zogadi daTqma.
keTilsindisiereba warmoCindeba rogorc valdebulebiTi samarTlis ise, mTlianad
kerZo samarTlis umaRles normad da igi gamoiyeneba xelSekrulebis dadebis, misi
84
namdvilobisa da xelSekrulebis ganmartebis mizniT. faqtiurad, keTilsindisierebis
qcevis standarti mTlianad kerZo samarTalze vrceldeba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos
samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-8 muxlis mesame nawilis Tanaxmad, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
monawileni valdebulni arian keTilsindisierad ganaxorcielon TavianTi uflebebi
da movaleobani.
mTavaria qonebis mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesebis samarTliani
balansireba. samoqalaqo kodeqsi am sakiTxs wyvets aramarto brunvis konkretuli mona-
wilis interesebidan gamomdinare, aramed sajaro wesrigis stabilurobis interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT. doqtrinisaTvis amosavalia keTilsindisieri samoqalaqo brunva, ra-
sac safuZvels uyris moqmedi samoqalaqo kodeqsi. brunvis keTilsindisiereba am brun-
vis monawileTa keTilsindisierebaa, es ki, gulisxmobs brunvis monawileebisadmi sando-
obas. es sruliadac ar niSnavs urTierTobis monawileTa mxridan erTmaneTis mimarT
TvaldaxuWul ndobas. igi aucileblad gulisxmobs windaxedulobis gonivrul masS-
tabs, romlis ignorirebamac SeiZleba brunvis monawile arakeTilsindisier monawiled
aqcios da dacvis miRma datovos.
kanonmdebloba mesakuTrisa da keTilsindisieri SemZenis interesTa konfliqtis
sakiTxs gansxvavebulad awesrigebs reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris, qurduli
samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemw-
yobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qve-
punqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis SeZenis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teore-
tikosebi ver xedaven problemas keTilsindisierebis principis farTod ganmartebasa
da gamoyenebaSi, praqtika normebis gamoyenebisas aseTi erTsulovani ar aris iseTi Sem-
Txvevebis mimarT, rodesac keTilsindisieri SemZenis uflebebi upirispirdeba sajaro
wesrigs.
samoqalaqo kodeqsTan sxva kanonTa normebis mimarTeba am kodeqsis me-2 muxlis meore
nawilis Tanaxmad unda moxdes da am kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebul zogad normebsa da
specialur normebs Soris koliziisas gamoiyeneba specialuri normebi. specialuri
kanoni specialuri urTierTobis momwesrigebeli kanonia, romelic yvelaze srulyo-
filad da realurad asaxavs am urTierTobaTa bunebas. SeuZlebelia kodeqsi ar Seivsos
axali normebiT, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania samoqalaqo brunvisaTvis. aseTi
damokidebuleba imis mauwyebelia, rom samoqalaqo kodeqsSi izrdeba specialuri mowes-
rigebis funqcia. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, rom specialuri kanoni ignorirebas ukeTebs
samoqalaqo kodeqss. specialuri kanonis Sefaseba mainc samoqalaqo samarTlis SigniT
xdeba da imdenadaa dasaSvebi gansxvavebuli mowesrigeba, ramdenadac amas iTmens samoqa-
laqo kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli principebi.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, `organizebuli danaSaulisa da reketis Sesaxeb~ 2004
wlis 24 ivnisis saqarTvelos kanoni samoqalaqo kodeqsTan mimarTebaSi specialuri da
axali kanonia, romlis mizania, xeli Seuwyos organizebuli danaSaulis, qurduli sam-
yaros da reketis winaaRmdeg brZolas da Tavidan acilebas, agreTve qurduli samyaros
wevrebis winaaRmdeg brZolas kerZo, sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebis
dasacavad. prioriteti eniWeba sajaro wesrigis dacvas. sajaro wesrigis cneba samoqa-
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prokuroris mier samoqalaqo sarCelis aRZvraze vrceldeba xandazmuloba da eqvs
Tves Seadgens. sarCelis wardgenis xadazmuloba iwyeba sisxlis samarTlis wesiT sasa-
marTlos ganaCenis kanonier ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan da wydeba uflebamosili piris
mier samoqalaqo sarCelis SetaniT. xandazmulobis eqvsTviani vadis gasvlasTan erTad
prokurors erTmeva ufleba waradginos samoqalaqo sarCeli.
Tanamdebobis piris qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemis Taobaze
sarCeli SesaZlebelia aRiZras ara marto Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, aramed misi ojaxis
wevris, axlo naTesavis an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris mimarT, saqarTve-
los samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis me-3 nawilis Tanaxmad.
Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piri aris piri, romelsac iuridiuli dokumen-
taciis safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi aqvs qoneba da arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi, rom igi mopo-
vebulia Tanamdebobis piris mier an/da am qonebiT sargeblobs, mas gankargavs (an gan-
karga) Tanamdebobis piri.
aRniSnuli normis miznebidan gamomdinare, ama Tu im piris Tanamdebobis pirTan da-
kavSirebul pirad miCnevisaTvis saWiroa kumulaciuri pirobis arseboba: a) aRniSnul
pirs (dakavSirebul pirs) iuridiuli dokumentaciis safuZvelze sakuTrebaSi unda
hqondes qoneba; b) mosarCeles unda gaaCndes safuZvliani eWvi, rom es qoneba mopovebu-
lia Tanamdebobis piris mier an/da am qonebiT sargeblobs, mas gankargavs Tanamdebobis
piri.
kanonmdebloba erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Tanamdebobis piris qonebasa da dausa-
buTebel qonebas.
Tanamdebobis piris qonebas warmoadgens Tanamdebobis piris, misi ojaxis wevris, ax-
lo naTesavis an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris Semosavali, qoneba an qonebi-
dan miRebuli Semosavali, romlis marTlzomieri saSualebebiT miRebis damadasture-
beli sabuTi an sxva mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs.
dausabuTebeli qoneba aris qoneba, agreTve am qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali, aqci-
ebi (wili), romlis/romelTa kanonieri saSualebiT mopovebis damadasturebeli doku-
mentebi Tanamdebobis pirs an dakavSirebul pirs ar gaaCnia an igi mopovebulia ukanono
qonebis gasxvisebis Sedegad miRebuli fuladi saxsrebiT.
saproceso kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs reketuli qonebis, Tanamdebobis piris,
qurduli samyaros wevris, adamianiT movaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis
xelSemwyobis an saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis
`g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris qonebis uzrunvelyofis saproceso saSualebebs.
zemomiTiTebuli qonebis CamorTmevis Sesaxeb aRZruli sarCelis uzrunvelyofa war-
moadgens materialuri kanonmdeblobiT daculi uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis
realuri ganxorcielebis swraf da efeqtian saprocesosamarTlebriv garantias.
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis instituti koncentrirebulia saqarTvelos samoqalaqo
saproceso kodeqsis 191-e muxlSi, kerZod, im winadadebaSi, romlis Tanaxmad, Tu arse-
bobs dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebaTa miuRebloba gaaZnelebs
an SeuZlebels gaxdis gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebas, sasamarTlos gamoaqvs ganCineba
sarCelis uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb.
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magram am urTierTobis normatiul safuZvels qmnis saxelmwifo. normatiuli neba,
riTac ganisazRvreba ama Tu im urTierTobis Sinaarsi savaldebuloa mxareTaTvis, Tuki
igi ar iTvaliswinebs misgan gadaxvevis kerZo iniciativas. amitomacaa, rom kerZosamar-
Tlebrivi xasiaTis normatiuli dadgenilebani iseve eqvemdebareba konstituciur kont-
rols, rogorc yvela sxva. sazogadoebis aqciaTa 5%-is SemZenis (myidvelis) bed-iRbali
mTlianadaa damokidebuli gamsxviseblis samarTlebriv mdgomareobaze. Tu sazogado-
ebis aqciaTa gasxvisebeli 5% aRmoCndeba reketuli, Tanamdebobis piris, adamianiT mo-
vaWris, narkotikuli saSualebis gavrcelebis xelSemwyobis, saqarTvelos sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsis 194-e muxlis mesame nawilis `g~ qvepunqtiT msjavrdebuli piris, qur-
duli samyaros wevris qoneba, maSin myidvelis uflebebi ver iqneba daculi sakuTrebis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli postulatiT. amdenad, myidveli xdeba `mewarmeTa Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis 53-e muxliT miniWebuli uflebis gamoyenebis riskis matarebeli.
Tanamdebobis piris an Tanamdebobis pirTan dakavSirebuli piris qonebas mosamarTle
cnobs dausabuTeblad, Tu saqmis warmoebis procesSi mopasuxem ver warudgina sasamar-
Tlos qonebis an am qonebis SeZenisTvis saWiro finansuri saSualebebis kanonieri gziT
mopovebis an am qonebaze saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gadasaxadebis gadax-
dis damadasturebeli dokumentebi. rogorc vxedavT, mopasuxea valdebuli (da ara
mosarCele) sasamarTlos warudginos mtkicebulebebi Tavisi qonebis dasabuTebulobisa
da kanonierebis Sesaxeb. Tanamdebobis pirisa da masTan dakavSirebuli pirebisaTvis
dausabuTebeli qonebis CamorTmevisa da saxelmwifosaTvis gadacemasTan dakavSirebuli
samarTalwarmoebisas gadawyvetilebis gamomtanma sasamarTlom unda imsjelos mxareTa
Soris mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis Taviseburebaze.
aRniSnuli kategoriis davebSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kanonmdeblobiT
mtkicebis tvirTi gadanawilebulia mosarCelis sasargeblod, anu ivaraudeba, rom
mopasuxis (Tanamdebobis piris) qoneba aris dausabuTebeli da mopasuxes ekisreba mtki-
cebis tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasabuTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT.
mocemuli kategoriis davebSi mosarCeles ekisreba mxolod safuZvliani eWvis arse-
bobis dadasturebis tvirTi, xolo sapirispiro mtkicebis tvirTi sadavo qonebis dasa-
buTebulobasTan dakavSirebiT mopasuxe mxares ekisreba.
zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, Tamamad SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom saqme gvaqvs
mtkicebis tvirTis aratradiciul, araklasikur inovaciur formasTan da e.w. Sereuli
saxiT warmogvidgeba. erTi mxriv, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis meore
nawili mosarCeles avaldebulebs sasamarTloSi warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi mopa-
suxis qonebis reketulobis Taobaze, meore mxriv, samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e
muxlis meore nawilis miznidan gamomdinare, mtkicebis tvirTis gadatana xdeba mopa-
suxeze. mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis aratradiciuloba ganpirobebulia TviT samarT-
lebrivi davis TaviseburebiT, rac mdgomareobs qonebis, sakuTrebis arasamarTlebrivi
gziT dauflebaSi.
aRniSnul samarTalwarmoebaSi mniSvnelovania prezumfcia, rac arsebiT rols asru-
lebs mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebaSi. prezumfciebis arseboba saWiroa, raTa urTier-
Tobis monawileebi gaurkvevel, bundovan mdgomareobaSi ar aRmoCndnen da maTi samar-
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mocemuli Tavis sakvlevi obieqti gaxlavT samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsSi 2008 wlis
19 dekembers ZalaSi Sesuli XLIV2 Tavi, romliTac regulirdeba piris okupirebul te-
ritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul
pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebuli warmo-
eba. rac Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia 2008 wlis agvistos cnobil movlenebTan. kerZod,
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ruseTis mier araadeqvaturi saomari moqmedebis ganxorcilebis safuZvelze, saqarT-
velos teritoriis okupaciis SedegebTan.
okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebuli piris definicias iZleva saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 322-e
muxli, romlis Tanaxmad, okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis
ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piri aris piri, romelmac Caidina okupirebul te-
ritoriaze `okupirebuli teritoriebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT akrZaluli qme-
deba.
yuradsaRebia am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagamonakliso SemTx-
vevebi, rasac dasaSvebad miiCnevs okupirebul teritoriebze am saqmianobis ganxorci-
leba mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi specialuri TanxmobiT, romelic gaicema
saqarTvelos mTavrobis samarTlebrivi aqtiT dadgenili wesiT, Tu es emsaxureba
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebs, konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebis, deokupaciis
an humanitarul miznebs.
okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris definicias iZleva `okupirebuli teritori-
ebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, romlis me-6 muxlis me-5 punqtis miznebidan gamomdi-
nare, dakavSirebuli pirebi arian: a) piri, romelsac am muxlis pirveli punqtiT gaTva-
liswinebuli saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel pirSi aqvs wili an aqciaTa 5%-ze meti; b)
piri, romelsac aqvs wili an aqciaTa 25%-ze meti am punqtis `a~ qvepunqtiT gansazRvrul
pirSi; g) piri, romelsac aqvs wili an aqciaTa 50%-ze meti am punqtis `b~ qvepunqtiT
gansazRvrul pirSi.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 356-e muxlis `g~ qvepunqtis danawesiT,
okupirebul teritoriebze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis
msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris qonebas warmoadgens nebismieri qoneba an am
qonebidan miRebuli Semosavali.
amdenad, miTiTebuli samarTlis normebi iTvaliswinebs rogorc akrZaluli ekonomi-
kuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli pirisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas,
ise msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebuli piris dasjasac, misTvis qonebis CamorTmevis
gziT.
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorciele-
bisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze samoqalaqo samar-
Talwarmoebis wesiT sarCels aRZravs prokurori. igi aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT
aRZras sarCeli, Tu okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis gan-
xorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebuli piris mimarT gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba
iTvaliswinebs jarimas an qonebis CamorTmevas da msjavrdebuli piris mimarT ver
xerxdeba aRsruleba.
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis XLIV2 TaviT regulirdeba ara akrZa-
luli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas SeZenili qonebis CamorTmevis sakiTxi,
aramed akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan
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imaSi, rom piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxor-
cielebisaTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Sesaxeb samarTalwar-
moebaSi dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanis damabrkolebel garemoebas ar warmo-
adgens saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeqsis 233-e muxlis pirveli nawilis `g~
qvepunqtis debuleba, mxaris gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlos dauswrebeli
gadawyvetilebis gamotanis dauSveblobis Sesaxeb.
samoqalaqo samarTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs SejibrebiTobis safuZvelze, rac niS-
navs, rom mxareebi Tanabrad arian uflebamosilni Seagrovon saqmeze mtkicebulebebi da
monawileoba miiRon saqmis ganxilvaSi. SejibrebiTobis principidan gamomdinare, sasa-
marTlos mTavar sxdomaze mopasuxis gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, arsebobs varaudi,
rom mopasuxe aRiarebs sarCelis safuZvlad miTiTebul faqtobriv garemoebebs da cnobs
sarCels. amitom, saqmis faqtobrivi garemoebebi miiCneva dadasturebulad.
sakiTxis aseTnairad gadawyveta mxolod maSin ar ewinaaRmdegeba SejibrebiTobisa
da dispoziciurobis principebs, Tu sxdomaze gamoucxadebeli mxare mowveuli iyo saq-
mis ganxilvaze kanoniT dadgenili wesiT.
gansaxilvel samarTalwarmoebaSi sirTules warmoadgens mopasuxisaTvis saproceso
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT sasamarTlo uwyebis Cabarebis sakiTxi. okupirebul
teritoriaze am ukanasknelis misamarTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom procesis monawilisaTvis saqmis ganxilvis droisa da adgilis sa-
Tanado wesiT Setyobinebas SeiZleba mniSvnelovani saproceso Sedegi mohyves. mxolod
mxaris saTanado informireba aZlevs uflebas mosamarTles gamoitanos dauswrebeli
gadawyvetileba.
amdenad, umTvaresi mniSvnelobis mqonea saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saproceso kodeq-
sis 70-78-e muxlebSi Camoyalibebuli wesebi, romlebic emsaxureba mxaris iseTi sapro-
ceso uflebis ganxorcielebas, rogoricaa sasamarTlo ganxilvaSi monawileobis ufle-
ba. amitom, am erTi SexedviT, formalur sakiTxebs metad praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs
piris okupirebul teritoriaze akrZaluli ekonomikuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebi-
saTvis msjavrdebul pirTan dakavSirebul pirad cnobis Taobaze saqmis ganxilvasTan
dakavSirebul warmoebaSi.
im SemTxvevaSi Tu, mopasuxe mxarisaTvis ucnobia sarCelis ganxilvis TariRi (sasa-
marTlo uwyeba misTvis aravis Caubarebia), is fizikurad ver SeZlebs arCevani gaakeTos
sxdomaze gamocxadebasa da gamoucxadeblobas Soris. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba
dauSveblad miiCnevs dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis gamotanas. amdenad, dauswrebeli
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb normis moqmedeba damokidebulia mopasuxis dabarebaze. rac
SesaZloa xSir SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlebeli gaxdes mopasuxis misamarTis (faqtobrivi adgil-
samyofeli) okupirebul teritoriaze arsebobis gamo. aRniSnuli garemoeba ki, safrT-
xes uqmnis dauswrebeli gadawyvetilebis moqmed normad Camoyalibebas mocemul samar-
TalwarmoebaSi.
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ANALYZES ON
THE SPECIFICATION OF
THE NEW DISTRIBUTION
OF THE BURDEN OF
PROVE ACCORDING TO
THE CIVIL PROCEDURE
CODE OF GEORGIA
ILONA GAGUA
PHD Student of the Law Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
94
when considering the family legal cases and in parallel to these principles, due to their peculiarities investigative in
other workds, inquisitorial principles in also applied. Wen considering the cases of: racket property, high official,
criminal (thief in law) society, human trafficking, persons involved in drug dissemination, or convicts listed in the
Article 194.3.c of the Criminal Procedure Code of Georgia and confiscation of their property and transferring
to the state, we deal with the new legal concept that is not common for Civil Procedural Legislation of Georgia
its main peculiarity is unequal distribution of the burden of prove.
During the case proceedings regarding the personal information of the individuals convicted in carriying out
prohibited economic activities on the occupied territories, burden of prove is unequally distributed among the
parties. It means, that plaintiff, in his / her law suit, relies on the guiltiness of the respondent, however, is not
responsible to prove it there is presumption of guiltiness of the respondent and the respondent needs to prove
the opposite. Here, it is sufficient for the plaintiff to base the strategy on failure of the respondent to fulfill the
responsibility.
Thus, we can state that we come across the non-traditional, not classical form of burden of prove. It represents
the mixed version.
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kanoni
danaSaulobis
gamomwvevi mizezebis
kriminologiuri
aspeqtebi
mixeil gabunia
samarTlis doqtori
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romlis Tanaxmad, mizezobriobis Secnobis wyaros warmoadgens bunebisa da sazogado-
ebis obieqturi kanonzomierebani, xolo idealisturis mixedviT, es wyaro aris adamianis
goneba, misTvis damaxasiaTebel, apriorul (cdisagan damoukidebeli, imTaviTve arse-
buli) WeSmaritebaTa Secnobis unari. aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi mecnieri miiCnevs,
rom mtkicebebi mizezobrivi kavSiris Sesaxeb pirobiTia, subieqturia. aRniSnul pozi-
cias yvelaze mkafiod gamoxatavs amerikeli mecnieri t. selini, romelic ganmartavs,
rom `mecnierebam uari unda Tqvas mizezobriv koncefciaze da mas unda mimarTos mxo-
lod garkveul elementebsa da faqtebs Soris funqciuri urTierTobebis aRsaniSna-
vad~.1
gasuli saukunis mecnierebi danaSaulobis mizezebisa da xelSemwyobi pirobebis Sesa-
xeb gvTavazoben saintereso Teoriebs. profesori m. Sargorodski amasTan dakavSirebiT
werda: `danaSaulobis mizezebad, farTo mniSvnelobiT, iTvleba yvela is garemoeba,
uromlisodac is ver warmoiSoboda da ver iarsebebda, magram yvela es garemoeba erTi
da igive rols ki ar asrulebs, aramed zogi maTgani danaSaulebrivi motivebis mxolod
realur SesaZleblobas qmnian, meoreni ki, am SesaZleblobas realobad aqceven. amitom
pirvelni unda ganvixiloT rogorc pirobebi, meoreni ki, rogorc mizezebi. danaSau-
lobis mizezebi, rogorc saerTod mizezebi, is aqtiuri Zalebia, romlebic Tavisi qmede-
biT warmoSoben mis arsebobas. amrigad, konkretuli danaSaulis mizezebia is aqtiuri
Zalebi, romlebic iwveven individSi interess da motivebs mis gansaxorcieleblad~.2
profesori n. kuznecova aRniSnavda, rom `danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi da xelSem-
wyob faqtorebSi erTiandebian ekonomikis, politikis, fsiqologiis, iurisprudenciis
da socialuri praqtikis elementebi. xolo danaSaulobis mizezebis gaSifvriT SesaZ-
lebeli gaxdeba mecnierul safuZvelze SevimuSaoT da ganvaxorcieloT efeqtiani zo-
mebi danaSaulobasTan, am negatiur-socialur movlenasTan sabrZolvelad~.3
amerikeli da ingliseli sociologebi danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi, upirveles
yovlisa, gamoyofen socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebs, romelTa umniSvnelovanes as-
peqts danaSaulobis gamomwvev mizezebSi ekonomikuri faqtoris wamoweva warmoadgens.
upirvelesad, aRniSnul garemoebas mecnierebi xsnian imiT, rom sazogadoebaSi mkveTri
sxvaobaa mdidrebsa da Raribebs Soris, xolo es sxvaoba mZlavrad moqmedebs danaSa-
ulebrivi midrekilebis warmoqmnaze. socialur-ekonomikuri mimarTulebis damsaxu-
rebaa, rom misi mimdevrebi (turati, bongeri) samarTlianad akritikebdnen sxva Teo-
riebs, romelTac ar surdaT danaSaulobis mizezebis danaxva socialur sinamdvileSi
individis, misi biologiuri da fsiqologiuri Taviseburebebis sazRvrebs gareT.4
mocemuli mosazrebis safuZvelze, SesaZloa gakeTdes daskvna, rom ekonomikuri ur-
TierTobebi aris is sawyisi, rac warmoSobs danaSaulobas mTlianad da mis konkretul
saxeebs. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom ekonomikuri mizezebiT gamowveuli Zaladobrivi
danaSaulobis zrda msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi fiqsirdeba. magaliTad, aSS-Si, am
niadagze, ganzraxi mkvlelobebis raodenoba 1994 wlidan gaizarda 3.2%-iT, ruseTSi _ 10.5%-
iT, xolo yvelaze ufro maRali piki aRiniSna italiasa da saberZneTSi _ 49% da 33%.5
danaSaulobas, xSir SemTxvevaSi, iwveven saxelmwifos mier dadgenili an sanqcire-
buli qcevis wesebi, romelnic sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi pouloben asaxvas. Sesaba-
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Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi upiratesoba eniWeba korelaciuri (SefardebiTi) damoki-
debulebis dadgenas da im faqtorebis gamovlenas, romlebic zemoqmedebas axdenen kvle-
vis obieqtze _ danaSaulobaze. aRniSnuli tendenciebis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia
rig faqtorebTan, kerZod: samyaro Zalzed rTuladaa mowyobili, urTierTkavSiri sis-
temebsa da maT Semadgenel elementebs Soris metismetad mravalferovania. sakmaod
rTulia, davadginoT mizezobriv-Sedegobrivi damokidebuleba Tundac, fizikuri da
biologiuri sistemebis erTobliobaSic ki, araTu socialur sistemaSi. miT umetes,
rom Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi `danaSauloba~ moicavs Tvisebrivad gansxvavebul qme-
debebs _ dawyebuli qurdobidan _ saerTaSoriso terorizmamde, seqsualuri garyvni-
lebidan _ ekologiur danaSaulobamde, romlebsac, kriminologiuri xedviT, ar SeiZle-
ba hqondeT saerTo warmoSobis mizezi, garda erTisa _ maTi warmoSobis mizezi aris
sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdebloba.9
socialuri deviaciebi mJRavndeba sxvadasxva deviantur qcevebSi, maT Soris iseTeb-
Si, romlebsac mikuTvnebuli aqvT `danaSaulebrivis~ statusi. SesaZlebelia, davasaxe-
loT metnaklebad Zlieri faqtorebi danaSaulobis zogierTi kanonzomierebis asaxs-
nelad. ase magaliTad, Tanamedrove kriminologiaSi aqtiurad Seiswavleba damokide-
buleba danaSaulobasa da mis calkeul saxeobebs Soris sqesis, asakis, klasisa da rasis
(eTnikuri kuTvnilebis) mixedviT, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba damokidebulebas
socialur da ekonomikur uTanasworobas rogorc ganmartebiT models. mniSvnelovan
kriminogenur faqtors warmoadgens winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba adamianTa
moTxovnilebebsa da maT realur SesaZleblobebs Soris daikmayofilon aRniSnuli Se-
saZleblobebi, ekonomikuri uTanasworoba; rac ufro dabalia sazogadoebis pasuxis-
mgebloba _ misi SesaZlebloba daakmayofilos adamianTa moTxovnilebebi, miT ufro
maRalia deviaciebi, danaSaulobis CaTvliT; rac ufro didia ganxeTqileba mdidrebsa
da Raribebs Soris Semosavlebis mxriv, miT metia devianturi qmedebebisa da danaSau-
lobis done. erTi mxriv, Tu danaSaulobas ganvixilavT rogorc socialur konstruqts,
maSin danaSaulobis arsebobis axsna unda veZeboT kanonmdeblis moRvaweobaSi. meore
mxriv, miuxedavad imisa, rom danaSauloba pirobiTi xelovnuri konstruqtia, igi aisa-
xeba adamianTa saqmianobis realur aspeqtebSi (sxvisi mokvla an daWra, sxvisi qonebis
marTlsawinaaRmdego misakuTreba, motyueba sargeblis miRebis mizniT da a. S.). arse-
buli Teoriebis analizs mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom danaSaulobis rogori mizezebic
ar unda gamovlindes, isini erTdroulad arian deviaciuri qcevebis: alkoholizmis,
narkomaniis, TviTmkvlelobis, prostituciis, administraciuli gadacdomebis, samoqa-
laqosamarTlebrivi deliqtebisa da amoraluri qcevebis mizezebi.10 sxvagvarad Tu vit-
yviT, arseboben garemoebebi (faqtorebi) romelTa zemoqmedebiTac warmoiSvebian devi-
anturi qmedebebi, xolo Tu rogor formas miiRebs yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aRniS-
nuli devianturi qceva _ es damokidebulia SemTxvevaze an subieqtis individualur
Taviseburebebze. yvela adamianis qmedeba, sabolood, mimarTulia ama Tu im moTxovni-
lebis dasakmayofileblad: biologiuris an vitaluris (SimSilis, wyurvilis, seqsualu-
ri urTierTobis, memkvidreobis gagrZelebis da a. S.); socialuris (statusis amaRle-
bisaTvis, prestiJisaTvis, TviTrealizaciisaTvis da a. S.); sulieris an idealuris
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gamoyenebuli literatura:
SeniSvnebi:
1
ix.: z. wulaia, kriminologia, zogadi nawili, Tb., 2003, gv. 56.
2
ix.: iqve.
3
ix.: Í.Ô. Êóçíåöîâà, Ïðîáëåìû êðèìèíîëîãè÷åñêîé äåòåðìèíàöèè, Ì., 1984, Ñ. 1.
4
ix.: i. goZiaSvili, kriminologia, Tb., 1998, gv. 67-71.
5
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldamcavi sistema saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2008, gv. 148.
6
ix.: Ä.À. Øåñòàêîâ, Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, ÑÏÒ, 2006, Ñ. 146.
7
ix.: Êðèìèíîëîãèÿ, Ïîä. Ðåä. À.È. Äîëãîâîé. Ì., 1997, Ñ. 556-558.
8
ix.: À. Ãèääåíñ, Ñîöèîëîãèÿ, Ì., 2005, Ñ. 188-189.
9
ix.: Maxim P., Whitehead P., Explaining Crime, Fourth Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998,
P.21.
10
ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, "Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü", ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.156.
11
ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, "Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü", ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.
156-157.
12
ix.: ß.È. Ãèëèíñêèé, Äåâèàíòíîñòü, Ïðåñòóïíîñòü, Ñîöèàëüíûé êîíòðîëü~, ÑÏÒ, 2004, Ñ.
247-249.
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REASONS CAUSING
THE CRIME
CRIMINOLOGICAL
ASPECTS
MIKHEIL GABUNIA
Doctor of Law
The Article reviews criminological aspects of the reasons that cause the crime.
Given conclusions are based on the opinions of Georgian as well as foreign
scholars. The works of the Georgian and foreign lawyers and sociologists are
used as sources. The issue reviewed in the Article (causes) is important from
theoretical as well as practical importance, as it is practically impossible to
carry out social control on such negative occurrence as crime without studying
thoroughly its origin, casing factors and circumstances.
102
danaSaulSi
Tanamonawileoba
kontinenturi
qveynebisa da
iaponiis sisxlis
samarTlis
kodeqsebis mixedviT
elene gvencaZe
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
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sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, Tu amsrulebelma raime mizezebis gamo, ar
ganaxorciela danaSaulebrivi qmedeba. frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom mocemul SemTx-
vevaSi saubaria Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaze, romelic ar aris dasjadi. amasTanave,
isini miuTiTeben Tanamonawileobis _ Tanamonawileobis mcdelobisagan gamijvnis auci-
leblobaze, roca dawyebuli danaSaulebrivi qmedeba wydeba amsruleblis nebisagan
damoukideblad, anu sasjels daqvemdebarebuli faqtis arsebobis dros.
meore, ZiriTadi qmedeba unda eqvemdebarebodes sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeb-
lobas, anu hqondes danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi. daxmareba an wamqezebloba aradanaSau-
lebrivi qmedebisaken ar iTvleba Tanamonawileobad. ase, magaliTad, daxmareba im piri-
saTvis, romelsac TviTmkvleloba aqvs gadawyvetili ar ganixileba Tanamonawileobad,
radganac es ukanaskneli ar idevneba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT; am wesidan aris rigi
gamonaklisebi. zogjer frangi kanonmdebeli adgens damoukidebel sisxlissamarTleb-
riv pasuxismgeblobas iseTi qmedebisaTvis, romelic iTvleba waqezebad aradanaSauleb-
rivi qmedebisaken an aseTSi daxmarebis aRmosaCenad. magaliTad, ssk mux. 223-12 sami
wliT patimrobas da jarimas iTvaliswinebs qalisaTvis materialuri daxmarebisas abor-
tis gasakeTeblad. igive sasjeli ekisreba pirs, vinc waaqezebs sxvas TviTmkvlelobisa-
ken, Tu aseTma provokaciam gamoiwvia Sedegi an TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba (ssk mux. 223-
13). sasjeli izrdeba xuT wlamde patimrobiT da jarimiT, Tu dazaralebuli arasrul-
wlovania, 15 wlamde asakis. mocemul SemTxvevebSi pirebi, romlebmac Caidines sisxlis
samarTlis kodeqsiT akrZaluli qmedebebi iTvlebian damoukidebeli danaSaulis ams-
ruleblebad da ara Tanamonawileebad.
mesame, danaSaulebrivi qmedeba unda iyos obieqturad SesaZlebeli. aseTi SesaZleb-
loba ar arsebobs im SemTxvevebSi, roca sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis xan-
dazmulobis vadebi gasulia, anda qmedeba eqvemdebareba amnistias an sisxlis samarTlis
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebiT (aucilebeli mogerieba, Secdoma da a.S.) ga-
marTlebulia, anda danaSaulis gamoZieba SeuZlebelia, radgan amsrulebels icavs imu-
niteti. ase magaliTad, piri romelmac xeli Seuwyo erT meuRles meoris gaqurdvaSi, ar
eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, radganac aseTi qmedeba ar iT-
valiswinebs sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasjadobas (ssk punqti 2 mux. 311-12).
amasTanave, Tanamonawilis pasuxismgeblobisaTvis ar aris saWiro, rom danaSaulebri-
vi qmedeba iyos faqtobrivad dasjadi. frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom Tanamonawileobis
aqti dakavSirebulia danaSaulebriv qmedebasTan, magram ara amsrulebelTan, amitom
am ukanasknelis pasuxismgebloba ar abrkolebs Tanamonawilis gansjas gansazRvrul
pirobebSi. Tu amsrulebeli faqtis gamo devnilia (magaliTad, Zebnilia), anda samarTlis
ZaliT ar ekisreba pasuxismgebloba (fsiqikuri aSlilobisas, sisxlissamarTlebrivi
pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevlobisaTvis, individualuri amnistiis da a.S.), Tanamo-
nawile SeiZleba ganisajos. safrangeTis sasamarTlo praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi,
roca Tanamonawiles ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ucnobi amsru-
leblis dros. amasTanave, gansja efuZneba mosamarTleTa konstatacias amsruleblis
danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi materialuri da legaluri elementebis arsebobis Sesaxeb.
Tanamonawile eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas im SemTxvevaSi, roca amsrulebels Tumc
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aqedan gamomdinare, praqtikaSi gamoiyofa sami saxis qceva, romlebic SeiZleba cnobil
iqnes Tanamonawileobad: 1. faqtobrivad piri Tavisi TandaswrebiT aqezebs an fsiqolo-
giurad mxars uWers amsrulebels (sayvareli eswreba misi sayvarlis orsulobis Sewy-
vetas); 2. danaSaulis Cadenamde piri amsrulebels uTanxmdeba mis Cadenaze (sabaJos
inspeqtori `Tvals xuWavs~ amsruleblis TaRliTur qmedebebze); 3. piri umoqmedodaa,
Tumca profesiuli an Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, valdebuli iyo
da SeeZlo kidec xeli SeeSala danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis (policiis agenti gulgri-
lad ekideba misi kolegis mier qurdobis Cadenis faqts).
umoqmedobiT Tanamonawileobis cnobis sakiTxis gadasawyvetad sasamarTlo praqtika
gamovida sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinidan, romelic aucileblad dasjadad Tvlis
umoqmedobas im SemTxvevaSi, roca pirs kanoniT evaleboda aRekveTa danaSaulebrivi
qmedeba, SeeZlo SeeCerebina amsrulebeli dabolos, gacnobierebuli hqonda, rom am
ukanasknelma daiwyo ganzraxvis ganxorcieleba an uaxloes momavalSi daiwyebda mas.2
danaSaulis Semdeg ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTliT ar
iTvleba Tanamonawileobad, Tundac piri sxvis danaSaulebriv qmedebas SeuerTdes. maSa-
sadame, daxmareba an xelSewyoba unda iqnes dapirebuli mosamzadebal stadiaze, mcde-
lobisas anda danaSaulebrivi qmedebis ganxorcielebisas. am wess danaSaulebrivi qmede-
bebidan gamomdinare, aqvs gamonaklisi. sasamarTlo praqtika dasjadad Tvlis iseT da-
naSaulebriv qmedebasac, romlis drosac winaswar Sepirebuli Tanxmoba gankuTvnilia
danaSaulis gasaadvileblad (avtomobiliT dalodeba damnaSavis gasaqcevad). 1915 wli-
dan, winaswar Seupirebeli dafarva damoukidebeli deliqti gaxda. aseTi midgoma saSua-
lebas iZleva daisajon mfarvelebi im SemTxvevaSic, roca amsrulebeli raime mizeziT
ar eqvemdebareba sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas.
ssk abz. 2, mux. 121-7-s Tanaxmad, Tanamonawiles uTanabrdeba piri, romelic saCuq-
rebiT, dapirebebiT, muqariT, moTxovniT, samsaxurebrivi uflebamosilebis borotad
gamoyenebiT axdens danaSaulis provocirebas an iZleva brZanebas mis Casadanad. amgva-
rad, wamqezebloba (instigation) SeiZleba ganxorcieldes ori formiT: provokaciis
gziT an brZanebiT.
provokacia iTvleba Tanamonawileobad mxolod sami pirobis arsebobisas: pirveli,
mis ganxorcielebas unda axldes is saSualebebi, romlebic miTiTebulia ssk 121-7 mux-
lSi (saCuqrebi, fuli da a.S), an im saSualebebiT, romlebic dasaxelebulia (dapireba,
muqara, moTxovna da a.S). msgavsi qmedebebis Tanamonawileobad aRiarebisaTvis sakmarisia
CamoTvlili garemoebebidan erT-erTi, Tumca, xSirad sasamarTlo adasturebs maT
erTobliobas. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi provokaciad iqna miCneuli sayvarlis qmedeba,
romelic misgan daorsulebul qals agulianebda abortisaken da hpirdeboda materi-
aluri daxmarebas Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi da emuqreboda, rom uaris SemTxvevaSi miato-
vebda.3 meore piris Segulianeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad sxva saSualebebiT
an sxva garemoebebSi, provokaciad ar iTvleba (ssk muxli 121-7).
meore, frangi iuristebi Tvlian, rom provokacia pirdapir unda aqezebdes danaSa-
ulebrivi qmedebis Cadenisaken da mimarTuli unda iyos uSualod amsrulebelze da
ara sxva pirebze.
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misTvis dasmul SekiTxvaze upasuxa Tavis sayvarels, rom mas SeuZlia muclis moSla
ineqciiT. sasamarTlom cno, rom am SemTxvevaSi `iZuleba~ imdenad zogadi da ganusazRv-
reli xasiaTis iyo, rom es faqti saWiroa CaiTvalos `ubralo cnobis wardgenad~.
Tanamonawileobis moraluri elementis Sefasebisas, franguli doqtrinis amosava-
lia, rom Tanamonawileoba unda iyos gacnobierebuli monawileoba danaSaulebrivi qme-
debis CadenaSi. es gamomdinareobs kodeqsidan (abz. 1, muxli 121-7), sadac saubaria `Seg-
nebulobaze~ (sciemment) da imave muxlis meore abzacidan, sadac saubaria wamqezeblo-
baze, romelic aris mxolod Segnebuli aqti. piris braleulobis dadgena braldebis
mxares da mosamarTles eyrdnoba. amasTanave, praqtika Tanamonawileobas aRiarebs ro-
gorc ganzrax, ise gaufrTxileblobiT danaSaulebriv qmedebaSi. mgzavri, romelic aqe-
zebs mZRols gadaWarbebuli siCqariT svlisaken, ris Sedegadac zaraldeba fexiT mosia-
rule, iTvleba Tanamonawiled. amasTanave, safrangeTis sakasacio sasamarTlo gadawyve-
tilebaSi imeorebs formulas, romelic Cawerilia 1934 wlis 14 dekembris sisxlis saq-
meTa palatis gadawyvetilebaSi: `mdgomareoba (Tanamonawileoba, ssk mux. 59, 60; 1810 w.)
atarebs zogad xasiaTs da gamoiyeneba yvela danaSaulTan dakavSirebiT da maT Soris,
gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulis drosac~.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi doqtrina aseve, cnobs Tanamonawileobis SesaZleblobas
gaufrTxileblobiT deliqtebSi. frangi mecnier-iuristebi Tvlian, rom winaswar Se-
Tanxmeba pirebisa raime saSiS qcevaze, romelic sisruleSi mohyavs erT-erT maTgans, ori-
ves pasuxismgeblobis safuZvels iZleva, ramdenadac orive acnobierebda, rom riskav-
dnen. amasTanave, doqtrinaSi aRniSnulia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi, ar Rirs mivmarToT
Tanamonawileobis codnas, ramdenadac es pirebi cnobili unda iqnen Tanaamsruleble-
bad da ara Tanamonawileebad. meore piris brali (mgzavrze motanil magaliTSi) erwymis
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Semadgenel ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs, amitom igi iseTive Tana-
amsrulebelia, rogorc pirveli, rasac sasamarTlo praqtika nawilobriv amtkicebs. ase
magaliTad, teqnikurad gaumarTavi satvirTo manqanis mesakuTre cnobil iqna gaufrT-
xileblobiT danaSaulis Tanaamsruleblad da ara Tanamonawiled, misi TanamSromlis
mier mesame piris sicocxlis xelyofisaTvis. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tanaamsruleblad iqna cno-
bili mZRoli, romelmac megobars, romelsac ar hqonda marTvis ufleba, gadasca avto-
manqana, ramac gamoiwvia adamianTa msxverpli.
sasamarTlo praqtikaSi aranakleb problematuria Tanamonawilis qmedebis kvalifi-
kaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxi amsruleblis eqscesis dros. Tanamonawileobis aqce-
soruli Teoriis Tanmimdevrul gamoyenebas mivyavarT iqamde, rom amsruleblis eqscesi
danaSaulad Seeracxeba Tanamonawilesac. Zarcvis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, frangi mosa-
marTleebi Tanamonawileebs brals debdnen iseT damamZimebel garemoebebze, rogoricaa:
jgufuroba, satexi instrumentebis gamoyeneba, sacxovrebelSi SeRweva, romelTa Sesaxe-
bac arc icodnen Tanamonawileebma da arc hqondaT ganzraxuli. amasTan dakavSirebiT,
frangi mosamarTleebi adgenen amsruleblis eqscesis Semdeg sam SemTxvevas: 1. amsru-
lebeli axorcielebs absoluturad sxva qmedebas, vidre igegmeboda da warmodgenili
hqondaT Tanamonawileebs; 2. qmedeba misi ganxorcielebisas garTulda iseTi garemo-
ebebis gamo, romlebic Tavdapirvelad ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da ar SeiZleboda cno-
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samoqalaqo samarTlisagan moqmedebs piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi, anu TiToeuli
pasuxs agebs mis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebisaTvis (ssk mux. 121-1).
amasTanave, safrangeTis sisxlis samarTali zRvrul farglebSi uSvebs sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis SesaZleblobas erTi piris danaSaulebrivi qmedebi-
saTvis, romelic sinamdvileSi sxva piris mieraa Cadenili. aseT SemTxvevebzea saubari
frangul samarTalSi sxvisi qmedebebis sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobaze
(responsabilité penal du fait dautrui). axali sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis miRebiT es instituti,
romelsac franguli warmomavloba aqvs da gamyarebulia sxva saxelmwifoTa samarT-
lebriv sistemebSi, magaliTad, inglisSi (vicarious liability), rac zemoT miTiTebuli sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi principebidan gamonaklisia. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi iuristi
aq ver xedavs piradi pasuxismgeblobis principis darRvevas, ramdenadac isini Tvlian,
rom `pasuxismgebloba sxvisi qmedebisaTvis warmoadgens, sinamdvileSi pirad brals,
radgan pirma daarRvia zedemxedvelobis movaleoba amsruleblis danaSaulebriv qmede-
baze, anda es piri Tavad warmoadgens danaSaulebrivi qmedebis irib amsrulebels~5 e. i.
Cadis danaSaulebriv qmedebas mesame piris meSveobiT, romelic sinamdvileSi udana-
Sauloa.
am institutis mniSvnelobaa, rom misi meSveobiT safrangeTis sisxlis samarTalSi
ivseba xarvezi, romelic zogadi wesiT umoqmedobis dasjis nebas ar iZleva. ukanaskneli
eqvemdebareba sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobas mxolod maSin, roca kanonmdebeli
pirdapir iTvaliswinebs amas.
sxvisi qmedebisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis instituti iZleva saSualebas iseTi umoqme-
dobis dasjisas, romelic specialurad araa daTqmuli normatiulsamarTlebriv aqtSi.
samuSaos mimcemi, magaliTad, SeiZleba daisajos danaSaulisaTvis, rodesac ar axorci-
elebs masze dakisrebul kontrolsa da zedamxedvelobas mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofeb-
ze, an ar zemoqmedebs maT mier Cadenil danaSaulebriv qmedebebze, Tu pirebTan mimarTe-
baSi xelmZRvaneli axorcielebs saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebas, an rogorc frangi
iuristebi amboben, igi aris maTi qmedebebis `garanti~. sasamarTlo praqtikaSi iyo SemTx-
vevebi, roca iuridiuli piris generaluri direqtori, romelic flobda uZrav qonebas,
gasamarTlebuli iqna uxarisxo saremonto samuSaoebisaTvis, romelmac gamoiwvia mavne
Sedegebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom es samuSao davalebuli hqondaT mis specialistebs,
romlebmac arakeTilsindisierad Seasrules TavianTi movaleobebi.6 uZravi qonebis
mesakuTreebi aseve, pasuxs ageben maT mier daqiravebuli muSebis movaleobebis darRve-
vis SemTxvevaSi. Tu aseTma darRvevebma gamoiwvia adamianTa janmrTelobis dazianeba
an sxvagvari mavne Sedegebi, samuSaos mimcemebi pasuxs ageben, rogorc uSualo amsruleb-
lebi. am mesakuTreTa gansja efuZneba maT braleulobas, vinaidan ar ganaxorcieles
maTze dakisrebuli kontroli.
sxvaTa qmedebebze pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia sxva SemTxvevebSic. magali-
Tad, sagzao kodeqsis Tanaxmad (abz. 1 mux. L. 21-1), satransporto saSualebebis mesa-
kuTres ekisreba pasuxismgebloba deliqtisaTvis, romelic dakavSirebulia sadgomis
wesis darRvevasTan, fors-maJoruli garemoebebis SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, romelTa
damtkiceba an monacemebis wardgena sinamdvileSi samarTaldamrRvevi amsruleblis
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Sesaxeb ekisrebaT maT. magaliTis saxiT SeiZleba movitanoT aseve, im iuridiuli pirebis
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba, romlebic maTi organoebisa da warmomadgen-
lebis mier Cadenili danaSaulebrivi qmedebisaTvis pasuxs ageben (ssk mux. 121-2).
Tanamonawileobis TvalsazrisiT, xelmZRvanelebis, mesakuTreebis, samuSaos mimce-
misa da sxva pirTa qmedebebi, romlebsac SeiZleba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
loba daekisroT sxvaTa qmedebebisaTvis praqtikaSi sxvadasxvagvarad kvalificirdeba.
erT SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTlo aseT pirebs aRiarebda Tanaamsruleblebad, sxva SemTx-
vevaSi _ Tanamonawileebad. moceul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTlo praqtika sak-
maod winaaRmdegobrivia. amasTanave, aRiarebulia, rom Tavisi uflebamosilebis nawilis
xelqveiTisaTvis gadacema xelmZRvanels aTavisuflebs pasuxismgeblobisagan. pasuxis-
mgebloba ar dgeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu miTiTebuli pirebi daamtkiceben, rom sxva piris
mier Cadenil deliqtSi maTi piradi braleuloba (gaufrTxileblobiTac ki) savsebiT
gamoricxulia.
112
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis dros iTvalis-
winebs rig damamZimebel da Semamsubuqebel garemoebebs. ase magaliTad, ss kodeqsis
112-e muxlis 1 nawilis 1 punqtiT sasjeli izrdeba, Tu TanamonawileTa ricxvi xuTi an
metia, im pirobiT Tu kanoni sxva rames ar iTvaliswinebs. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom dana-
SaulSi xuTi an meti piris monawileobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiro ar aris imis dadgena yvela
monawile erToblivad acnobierebda Tu ara danaSaulSi monawileobis faqts. sakmarisia
xuTi an meti monawile aRmoCndes erT adgilze danaSaulis Cadenis mizniT.7
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi (muxli 112, naw. 1, pun. 2) iTvaliswinebs pasuxis-
mgeblobis gamkacrebas im pirebisaTvis, vinc organizeba gaukeTa an xelmZRvanelobda
danaSaulis Cadenas.
ss kodeqsis (muxli 112, naw. 1, pun. 3) Sesabamisad, sasjeli izrdeba im pirebisaTvis,
romlebic sargebloben saxelisuflebo, xelmZRvanelobiTi an sazedamxedvelo ufle-
bamosilebiT da aqezeben maTze daqvemdebarebul pirebs danaSaulis Casadenad.
mZimdeba pasuxismgebloba aseve pirisa, romelmac danaSaulis Casadenad daiyolia
18 wlamde asakis arasrulwlovani anda fsiqikurad daavadebuli an ganuviTarebeli
(muxli 112-e. naw. 1, pun. 4). aseTi amsrulebeli ar eqvemdebareba pasuxismgeblobas vi-
naidan Seuracxadia an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asaks miuRwevelia. da-
naSaulis wamqezebels ki, ekisreba gazrdili pasuxismgebloba.
Tumca, danaSaulis Cadenaze daTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTles SeuZlia misi mona-
wileebisaTvis gamoiyenos usafrTxoebis zomebi. danaSaulis wamqezebels SeiZleba Se-
efardos usafrTxoebis zomebi, Tu wamqezebloba warumatebeli iqna (ssk mux. 125, naw. 4).
danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis Semamsubuqebeli garemoebebi gaTvaliswinebulia
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 114-e muxlSi. am muxlis pirveli nawiliT, sasamarTlos
ufleba aqvs Tanamonawiles, romlis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi umniSvnelo xasi-
aTisaa, Seumsubuqos sasjeli. ss kodeqsis 114-e muxlis safuZvelze, sasjeli SeiZleba
Seumsubuqdes im pirebsac, romlebic daiyolia wamqezebelma, aseve, 18 wlis asaks miuR-
wevlebs, gonebrivad CamorCenilebs an fsiqikur avadmyofebs, Tu isini ar iyvnen Seurac-
xadebi.
italiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 116-e muxli iTvaliswinebs pasuxismgeblobas
amsruleblis eqscesis dros im SemTxvevaSi, roca Cadenilia iseTi marTlsawinaaRmdego
qmedeba, romelsac ar moicavda sxva Tanamonawilis ganzraxva, isic pasuxs agebs am da-
naSaulisaTvis, Tu Sedegi gamoiwvia misma moqmedebam an umoqmedobam. Tu Cadenili mar-
TlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba ufro mZimea, vidre pirs surda, maSin sasjeli am pirTan mimar-
TebaSi iklebs.
aseTi mdgomareoba cxadyofs amsruleblis mier TanamonawileTa ganzraxvisa da maT-
Tan SeTanxmebis gareSe Cadenili qmedebis _ TanamonawileTa qmedebasTan obieqturi
Seracxvis SesaZleblobas. ganvixiloT SemTxveva, roca ori piri SeTanxmda qurdobis
Casadenad. erTma gaaRo saketi da darCa gareT, xolo meore Sevida nivTebis gamosatanad.
SenobaSi Sesulma iq myofi arasrulwlovani gogona gaaupatiura da aseve, Caidina qur-
doba. italiis ss kanoniT, meore Tanamonawilemac pasuxi unda agos ara mxolod qur-
dobisaTvis, aramed gaupatiurebisTvisac, radgan misi qmedeba xels uwyobda am dana-
Saulis Cadenas, Tumca sasjeli Seumcirdeba.
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danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT
germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis zogadi nawilis me-3 Tavi (§§ 25-31) eZRvneba
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis institutis samarTlebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebs. sisx-
lissamarTlebrivi doqtrina da kanonmdebeli gamoyofs Tanamonawileobis or formas:
amsrulebloba (Taetershaft) da wamqezebloba, daxmareba (Teilnahme). germaniis sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsi ar Seicavs Tanamonawileobis cnebis ganmartebas. doqtrinaSi Tanamonawi-
leoba gagebulia rogorc ramdenime piris sxvadasxva saxiT monawileoba ganzraxi da-
naSaulis CadenaSi. kanonmdebeli gamoyofs Tanamonawileobis or ZiriTad formas: 1.
amsrulebloba; 2. wamqezebloba da daxmareba. amsruleblobis instituti gansazRvru-
lia germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis §25-Si. am normis analizi saSualebas gvaZ-
levs gamovyoT amsruleblis sami forma: erTpirovnuli amsrulebloba (Alleintaetersch
aft), SualobiTi amsrulebloba (Miltetxire Taeterschaft) da Tanaamsrulebloba (Mittaete rschaft).
am paragrafidanve gamomdinareobs, rom amsruleblad iTvleba is, vinc Cadis danaSa-
ulebriv qmedebas, kerZod: 1. TviTon; 2. sxvisi meSveobiT, romelic iTvleba danaSaulis
Cadenis `iaraRad~. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrina amsruleblis Semdeg ganmar-
tebas iZleva: amsruleblad iTvleba is, vinc ganzrax danaSauls Cadis uSualod sakuTa-
ri surviliT. Tu es survili aerTianebs ramdenime pirs, maSin saubaria Tanaamsruleb-
lobaze. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 25-e paragrafis 1 abz. qmnis sakanonm-
deblo safuZvels im pirTa qmedebebis samarTlebrivi SefasebisaTvis, romlebic erTsa
da imave qmedebis Semadgenlobas axorcieleben erTmaneTis paralelurad (Nabentaeter-
schaft). aseTi situacia gvxvdeba, roca ramdenime piri, romelTaganac TiToeuli axorci-
elebs qmedebis Semadgenlobas, miiswrafvis erTi da imave danaSaulebrivi Sedegisaken,
Tumca TiToeuli maTgani moqmedebs erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad. magaliTad, a da b
erTdroulad esvrian g-s mosaklavad. a-m da b-m ar ician erTmaneTis arseboba. a da b
arian egreT wodebuli amsruleblebi.
Tanaamsrulebloba ganimarteba, rogorc marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ramdenime
piris mier erToblivad Cadena. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi mocemuli niSa-
ni ganixileba, rogorc Segnebuli da sasurveli urTierTqmedeba.
gaufrTxileblobiTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis amsruleblad iTvleba yoveli, vinc
axorcielebs qmedebis Semadgenlobas, ar acnobierebs da ar surs misi Cadena erTobli-
vad.
Tanamonawileobis meore formas warmoadgens wamqezebloba (§26) da daxmareba (§27).
am formis ZiriTadi gansxvaveba amsruleblobisagan mdgomareobs imaSi, rom wamqezebels
da damxmares, rogorc wesi, danaSaulebrivi qmedebis CadenaSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba ki
ar gaaCniaT, aramed aqvT mxolod daqvemdebarebuli, Tumca, aratolfasovani mniSvne-
loba. germaniis sisxlis samarTlis doqtrinaSi da sasamarTlo praqtikaSi `amsruleb-
loba moicavs mTel danaSaulebriv qmedebas~. wamqezeblobisa da daxmarebis roli sxvag-
varia.
wamqezeblad iTvleba is, vinc ganzrax agulianebs pirs ganzraxi danaSaulis Casade-
nad, xolo damxmarea is, vinc xels uwyobs sxvas ganzrax danaSaulis CadenaSi. germaniis
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rac Seexeba TanamonawileTa sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas, SeiZleba aRv-
niSnoT, rom:
1. TiToeul Tanamonawiles sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba misi bra-
lis Sesabamisad (§ 29 ssk);
2. Tu amsruleblis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dasakisreblad aucile-
belia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis arseboba (§ 14, abz. 1, e.i. aqvs kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli specialuri subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi) da Tu aseTi niSnebi
ar arsebobs sxva TanamonawileebTan (wamqezeblis an damxmaris), maSin sasamarTlo
valdebulia am ukanasknelT Seumsubuqos sasjeli;
3. Tu wamqezeblobas da daxmarebas adgili aqvs Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaSi (§ 30
ssk), maSin maT sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba daekisrebaT danaSaulis mcde-
lobisaTvis; amasTanave, sasamarTlo umsubuqebs maT sasjels; es samarTlebrivi mid-
goma aris im pirebTan mimarTebaSic, romlebic `gamoxataven mzadyofnas danaSaulis
Casadenad, vinc iRebs sxvis winadadebas an vinc Tanxmdeba sxva pirebs Caidinos da-
naSauli an iyoliebs danaSaulis Casadenad~;
4. rig SemTxvevebSi, SeiZleba adgili hqondes Tanamonawileobis mcdelobaze neba-
yoflobiT xelis aRebas, rac ar iwvevs sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas (§ 31
ssk).
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gadawyvita danaSaulis Cadena, romelmac isargebla situaciiT, miiRo gadawyvetileba
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis Casadenad alkoholis miRebamde da ganaxorciela qmedeba
alkoholuri Trobis mdgomareobaSi. msgavs SemTxvevebSi, piri TviTon iyenebs Tavs ro-
gorc iaraRs msgavsad iribi amsruleblisa, romelsac zemoT SevexeT~.12
`wamqezebelia, vinc aqezebs pirs, aRuZravs mas danaSaulis Cadenis survils (ssk mux.
61)~. wamqezebloba ganmartebulia, rogorc mdgomareoba, romelic adamians aRuZravs
danaSaulebrivi aqtis ganxorcielebis gadawyvetilebas. misTvis sanqciis Sefardebis
ori Sexeduleba arsebobs: aqcesorobis Teoria _ wamqezebeli dasjadia, Tu aqti, rom-
liskenac igi aqezebda _ Sedga. damoukidebeli danaSaulis TeoriiT dasjadia TviT
wamqezebloba. praqtikaSic da mecnierebaSic batonobs aqcesorobis Teoria. wamqezeb-
lisa da amsruleblis sanqciebi Tanazomieria (ssk mux. 61, naw, 1; aseve, mux. 64).
amasTan, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, wamqezebloba dasjadia rogorc damoukidebeli da-
naSauli. magaliTad, `saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis
Sesaxeb~ kanonis Tanaxmad (mux. 61, punqti 4), saxelmwifo da municipaluri personali
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, eqvemdebarebian dasjadobas, magaliTad, gaficvebis mowo-
debisaTvis, sabotaJisaTvis da a.S.
`damxmarea, vinc pirs exmareba danaSaulis ganxorcielebaSi an uadvilebs mis Cadenas
(ssk mux. 62)~. daxmareba ganmartebulia, rogorc sxva pirebis daxmareba maT danaSa-
ulebriv saqmianobaSi da misi gaadvileba. daxmarebis saxeobisagan (fizikuri Tu fsi-
qikuri, moqmedebiT Tu umoqmedobiT) damoukideblad igi unda Sedges danaSaulamde an
masTan erTad. amasTan, aucilebelia, rom qmedeba realurad ganxorcieldes da damx-
mares Segnebuli hqondes misi danaSaulebrivi xasiaTi. damxmare isjeba msubuqad, vidre
amsrulebeli (ssk mux. 62, 63).
iaponiaSi ar gaiziares Semdgomi daxmarebis idea. magaliTad, damnaSavis dafarva qme-
debis Semdeg, faqtebis ganadgureba sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT ganmartebulia ro-
gorc damoukidebeli danaSauli.
Tanamonawileobis `aucileblobiT gamowveuli~ saxeoba gulisxmobs or variants:
`gaerTianebuli tipis danaSaulobebi~ da `sapirispiro tipis danaSaulobebi~ .
`gaerTianeba~ niSnavs ori an meti piris erTi mizniT qmedebas. magaliTad, Sida ajanyeba
(mux. 77) da areuloba (mux. 106). amasTan, sasjeli diferencirebulia monawileTa kategoriebis
mixedviT (mux. 77): xelmZRvanelebi (sikvdiliT dasja an Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi
Sromis gareSe samudamod), SeTqmulebis monawileni (Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis
gareSe samudamod an ara umcires sami wlis vadiT), sxva movaleobebis Semsrulebeli pirebi
(Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis gareSe 1 wlidan 10 wlamde), rigiTi monawileni
(Tavisuflebis aRkveTa iZulebiTi Sromis gareSe sam wlamde).
`sapirispirod~ iwodeba ori an meti piris danaSaulebrivi qmedeba, romlebsac aqvT
Tanmxvedri kavSirebi. rig SemTxvevebSi, isjeba orive mxare, magaliTad, mravalcoli-
anobisas (mux. 184) an meqrTameobisas (mux. 179 da a.S.) sxva SemTxvevebSi _ erTi mxare ar
isjeba, magaliTad, uxamsi Sinaarsis teqstis gayidvisas (mux. 175).
ramdenadac Tanamonawileobis `savaldebulo~ tipi mxolod sisxlis samarTlis ko-
deqsis kerZo nawilSi figurirebs, amdenad sakiTxi sakamaToa _ gamoviyenoT Tu ara am
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SeniSvnebi:
1
Pradel J, Droit penal, t.I, Editions Gujas, Paris, 1997, p.473.
2
Pradel J, Op. cit., P. 481-482.
3
Crim. 25.02.1942, D.A., 1942,91.
4
Pradel J., Op. cit., P. 482-483
5
Stefani G., Levasseur G., Bouloc B., Droit penal general, 15-ed, 1995, n.336.
6
Crim. 11.06.1970, B.C. N 201.
7
Cass. pen., sez. II, 6 giugno 1983. n. 5378 (ud. 30 novembre 1982). LJcciardiello // Cassazione penale.
1984. 1402.
8
ix.: sugiama, vati, iaponiis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis komentari, gv. 163;
Kîçî÷êèí È. Ä. óãîëîâíîå ïðàâî çàðóáåæíûõ ãîñóäàðñòâ.
9
sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163.
10
sugiama vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 164.
11
sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 163-164.
12
sugiama, vati, dasax. naSromi, gv. 164.
13
sugiama, vati., dasax. naSromi, gv. 253.
120
COMPLICITY IN A CRIME
ACCORDING TO
THE CRIMINAL CODES OF
CONTINENTAL STATES
AND JAPAN
ELENE GVENTSADZE
PHD Student of the Law Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
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complicity: execution (Taetershaft) and instigation, assistance (Teilnahme). The Criminal Code of Germany does
not include the definition of the term complicity; neither does it include such a type of an accomplice as an
organizer. In each specific case, the so called organizer is deemed as other accomplice of a crime such as:
executor, instigator and assistant. This is exactly the specific of the institute of accomplice in German criminal law.
Criminal doctrine of Japan considers two types of complicity complicity caused by necessity and voluntary
complicity. The General Part of the Criminal Code includes only voluntary complicity. While necessary
complicity represents the category which stems from the norms of Private Part and provisions of General Part
on voluntary complicity do not extend to it. Nowadays the problem of indirect executor or the person, who
executed the crime via the third person totally unconscious of the fact of crime, is very actual.
122
kriminologiis
mniSvneloba
saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebaSi
daviT wulaia
saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti,
saqarTvelos universitetis asistent-profesori
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sabunebismetyvelo, sociologiur, filosofiur, fsiqologiur Tu sxva sazogadoeb-
rivi mecnierebis kvlevis miRwevebs, ewevian kriminologiur kvlevasa da saqmianobas.
Sesabamisad, aseTma specialistebma TavianT Tavs unda uwodon kriminologebi da ara
kriminalistebi.
migvaCnia, rom kriminologis, rogorc profesionalis praqtikuli rolis warmoCena
saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebaSi dagvexmareba kriminologis namdvili portretis
SeqmnaSi. mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaswavlad pirobiTad SeiZleba ori mimarTuleba gamov-
yoT. pirvel etapze aucilebelia davadginoT, Tu ra safexurebi unda gaiaros pirma,
rom gaxdes kriminologi da meore SemTxvevaSi, davadginoT, Tu raSi gamoixateba
kriminologis urTierTdamokidebuleba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebasTan.
pirvel etapze, imisaTvis, rom davadginoT Tu rogor gavxdeT kriminologi sul
mcire, unda gavceT pasuxebi iseT kiTxvebs, rogoricaa:
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Teoretikos kriminologebs Soris aseve, arian kriminologiis sxvadasxva sferos
eqspertebi. damnaSaveebis profilirebis sfero erT-erTi magaliTia, romlis funq-
ciaa gansazRvros, magaliTad, ZaladobiTi damnaSaveebis fsiqikuri, emociuri, de-
mografiuli da avazakuri Tvisebebi. aseve, arian specialistebi, romlebic ufro
danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis motivebs ikvleven. biologiuri kriminologiis Teoreti-
kosebi ikvleven Tu ra zegavlenas axdens danaSaulebriv qcevaze geni da memkvidre-
oba. sociologiuri kriminologiis eqspertebis kvlevis sagania sazogadoeba, aRz-
rda da is sociumi da garemo, romelic gavlenas axdens danaSaulebriv tendencieb-
ze10, Seiswavlon socialuri qcevebi, normebi da normidan gadaxrili is deviantur
qcevebi, romlebic sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. isini iZlevian normidan gadaxriTi qcevis
da danaSaulebrivi saqcielis Teoriul axsnas, romelic sazogadoebaSi vlindeba.
aseve, axdenen sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis analizs da danaSaul(ob)is Seswav-
liT aanalizeben damnaSavis qcevas da im meTodebs, romlebsac damnaSaveebi iyeneben
devianturi qcevebis da kanonis darRvevisas.
kriminologi SeiZleba dakvalificirdes konkretul sferoSi, magaliTad, imuSaos
garkveuli asakis jgufebze (dawyebiTi skolis, saSualo da ufrosi asakis jgufebze,
arasrulwlovnebze da srulwlovnebze), konkretuli danaSaulis saxeebze (ganzrax
mkvleloba, SeiaraRebuli Zarcva, gaupatiureba, seriuli mkvlelobebi, TeTrsaye-
loianTa danaSuli), danaSaulis prevenciaze, sisxlis samarTlis gamoZiebaze (gamo-
Ziebis daxmarebis mizniT SeuZlia daeswros danaSaulis SemTxvevis adgils an gvamis
eqshumacias; SeuZlia gamokiTxos eWvmitanili an daexmaros policias profilirebaSi
damnaSavis dasakaveblad; xeli Seuwyos sisxlissamarTlebriv devnas mowme-eqspertis
saxiT Cvenebis micemiT), sasamarTlo davaze, damnaSaveTa gamasworebel RonisZi-
ebebze, reabilitaciaze (sasjelaRsrulebisa da gamasworebel sistemaSi damnaSaveTa
reabilitaciisa da danaSaulis prevenciis programebis SemuSavebis kuTxiT), dam-
naSaveTa profilirebaze an kvleviT saqmianobaze, viqtimologiaze, dazaralebulis
uflebebze, iuvenalur samarTalwarmoebaze, sasamarTlo samedicino teqnologi-
ebze, dnm/rnm-iT 11 mtkicebulebebis mopovebaze da a.S. zogierTi kriminologi
interesdeba sazogadoebrivi sainiciativo RonisZiebebiT, programebSi da proeq-
tebSi monawileobiT.
4. komparatisti kriminologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian danaSaulobas da misi kont-
rolis meqanizmebs erovnebaTSorisi monacemebis safuZvelze, SedarebiTi meTodebis
gamoyenebiT12.
5. zesaxelmwifoebrivi kriminologebi, romlebic Seiswavlian saerTaSoriso danaSauls.
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adgilobriv da federalur doneebze, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
mier, aseve, umaRlesi saswavleblebis, mecnierebis, studentebis, arasamTavrobo orga-
nizaciebisa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, samarTaldamcavi organoebis mier da gansa-
kuTrebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi CarTuli yvela saxelmwifo uwyebisa
(samarTaldamcavi organoebi) da maTi warmomadgenlebis mier: policieli, deteqtivi,
advokati, prokurori, mosamarTle, probaciis oficeri da a.S. raTa ukeT gaerkvnen
danaSaulobis problematikaSi, damnaSaveebze gamasworebeli RonisZiebebis Sefardebis,
danaSaulis prevenciis politikis gatarebaSi da mTel rig sakiTxebSi, romelic auci-
lebelia kriminal-politikuri miznebis ganxorcielebis sferoSi.
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_ umaRles saswavleblebSi;
_ damatebiT kariera sociologiaSi;
_ da sxva20.
federaluri mTavroba
_ narkotikuli danaSaulobebis winaaRmdeg brZolis samsaxuri (Drug Enforcement Agency);
_ qveynis SidausafrTxoebis samsaxuri (Homeland Security)21;
_ gamoZiebis federaluri biuro (Federal Bureau of Investigations);
_ amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvris dacvis samsaxuri.
V. kriminologis anazRaureba.
130
logiis, rogorc mecnierebis dargis unikalurobac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amerikuli
kriminologia Seesabameba cnobili amerikeli kriminologis edmund saTerlendis for-
mulas, romlis Tanaxmad, kriminologia aris mecnierebis dargi, romelic Seiswavlis
samarTalgadacdomas da danaSauls, rogorc socialur fenomens da Tavis farglebSi
moicavs kanonSemoqmedebis, kanondarRvevis da kanondarRvevebze reagirebis process26,
romlis implementacias kriminologi saxelmwifo struqturebSi axorcielebs, maT So-
ris, samarTaldamcav organoebSi moRvaweobiTa da sazogadoebasTan mWidro TanamS-
romlobiT.
zemoT moyvanili analizis fonze mizanSewonilad vTvliT, CamovayaliboT krimino-
logiis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebuli samomavlo konceptualuri sakiTxebi. saqar-
Tvelos gaaCnia kriminologiis dargis ganviTarebis mwiri istoria, Tumca, aqvs mdidari
inteleqtualuri potenciali da yvela resursi, rom qarTuli kriminologia ganviTar-
des da upasuxos Tanamedrove kriminologiis moTxovnebs. amitom aucileblad migvaCnia,
rom SemuSavdes kriminologiis ganviTarebis koncefcia, strategia da strategiis gan-
xorcielebis samoqmedo gegma, romelSic sxva sakiTxebTan erTad gaTvaliswinebuli
iqneba Semdegi konceptualuri sakiTxebi:
_ kriminologiis specializaciis SemoReba. am mizniT aucilebelia SemuSavdes
sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis paketi da cvlilebebi Sevides saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
Sesabamis kanonmdeblobaSi, romelic saSualebas miscems umaRles saswavleblebs gascen
bakalavrisa da magistris diplomebi kriminologiis specialobiT da mianiWon Sesabamisi
doqtoris xarisxi kriminologiaSi;
_ sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro swavlebebi. umaRles saswavleblebSi
sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro swavlebebi unda dainergos iseTi saxiT, ro-
gorc es aprobirebulia evropisa da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis wamyvan umaRles
saswavleblebSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia ucxouri gamocdilebis gaziareba da qarTveli
profesionalebis monawileobiT Sesabamisi saswavlo programebisa da meTodologiis
danergva;
_ kriminologebis dasaqmeba. kriminologiis bakalavrisa da magistris diplomisa
da doqtoris xarisxis mqones ufleba unda hqondes da SesaZlebloba mieces imuSaos
saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtorSi, rogorc es evropis qveynebsa da amerikis SeerTebuli
StatebSia aprobirebuli.
dasasruls, vfiqrobT SemoTavazebuli iniciativa saintereso iqneba, rogorc qarT-
veli kriminologebis, iuristebisa Tu sxva profesiis warmomadgenlebisaTvis, aseve
kriminologiis dargis ganviTarebiT dainteresebuli saxelmwifo uflebamosili orga-
noebisaTvisac.
131
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SeniSvnebi:
1
ix.: G.S. Bajpai, Criminology: An Appraisal of Present Status and Future Directions, pp. 1.
2
ix.: http://hubpages.com/hub/Careers-in-Criminology.
3
S. fafiaSvili, kriminalistika _ danaSaulTa gaxsnis taqtika, Tb., 2001, gv. 7.
4
sisxlissamarTlebriv iusticiaSi igilisxmeba, is safexurebi, romelsac damna-
Save gaivlis danaSaulis Cadenis momentidan misi post-penitencialuri Ronis-
Ziebebis CaTvliT sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis norme-
bis farglebSi. sisxlissamarTlebrivi iusticia xorcieldeba samarTaldam-
cavi, sasamarTlo da penitencialuri organoebis meSveobiT (d. wulaia).
5
igulisxmeba, rogorc sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebis, aseve probaciis Ta-
namSromeli.
6
ix.: http://www.ulinks.com/aboutcriminologydegree-careerscriminologymajorsdegrees.htm.
7
igulisxmeba magistris xarisxi.
8
ix.: http://www.legal-criminal-justice-schools.com/Criminal-Justice-Degrees/How-to-Become-a-
Criminologist.html.
9
ix. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioural_sciences, termini `behavioural sciences~
iTargmneba, rogorc `qcevebis Semswavleli mecnierebebi~ da moicavs yvela im
disciplinas, romelic ikvlevs bunebriv samyaroSi organizmebis moqmedebasa
da urTierTmoqmedebas. igi, aseve aanalizebs da Seiswavlis adamianur da cxo-
velur qcevebs, kontrolirebadi da naturalisturi eqsperimentuli dakvir-
vebebisa da zedmiwevniT gawerili formulebis gziT (e.d. klemke, r. holingeri
da a. d. klaini (1980)).
10
www.assoiatedcontent.com.
11
genetikis ganmsazRvreli `dezoqsiribonukleinis mJava da ribonukleinis mJava~.
12
ix.: kriminologia da samarTaldacviTi sistema, mT. redaqtori g. Rlonti, Tb.,
2007, gv., 4.
13
inglisurad pirdapiri Targmani iqneboda danaSaulis SemTxvevis gamoZieba,
Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi viyenebT daTvalierebas.
14
ix.: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-criminologist.htm.
15
ix.: http://www.douglas.bc.ca/programs/criminology/careers.html.
16
ix.: http://hubpages.com/hub/Careers-in-Criminology.
17
igulisxmeba sacalo saqonliT movaWre maRaziebSi Cadenili qurdoba.
18
aseTi saxis RonisZiebebi tardeba policiis, sasamarTlos an prokuraturis
organoebis mier.
19
sareabilitacio RonisZiebebi magaliTad, mimarTuli narkomanebis mimarT.
20
ix.: http://www.douglas.bc.ca/programs/criminology/careers.html.
21
igivea rac Sinagan saqmeTa saministro.
22
aseTi samsaxurebi arsebobs aSS-Si da miznad isaxavs axalgazrdobis aqtiur
CarTulobas sazogadoebriv samuSaoebSi. aseT samuSaoebSi monawileoba Ziri-
Tadad, ar finansdeba da nebayoflobiT xasiaTs atarebs. iSviaT SemTxvevebSi,
gasamrjelo minimaluri da simboluria.
23
aSS-Si Department of Treasure warmoadgens xazinis samsaxurs, romelsac gaaCnia
finansur danaSaulebis gamoZiebis samsaxuri.
24
gamoZiebis federaluri biuro aSS-Si.
25
ix.: Marilyn Morgan, Careers in Criminology, 2000, Los Angeles.
26
ix.: http://www.uplink.com.au/lawlibrary/Documents/Docs/Doc98.html.
132
IMPORTANCE OF
CIMINOLOGY IN
THE STATE AND SOCIETY
DAVIT TSULAIA
PHD Stuednt of the Georgian Technical University
Assistant Professor of Georgian University
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genocidis cneba
da Semadgenloba
Temur cqitiSvili
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti
134
saqarTvelos 1960 wlis sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi genocids saxelmwifos winaaRm-
deg mimarTul danaSaulTa TavSi 651-e muxliT iTvaliswinebda da Sesabamisad, saxelmwi-
fos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis kvalifikacias aZlevda. genocidis xelyofis
obieqtad ki, saxelmwifos suvereniteti, uSiSroeba da konstituciuri wyobileba miiC-
neoda.3 ramdenadac saxelmwifo interesi pirovnebis interesze maRla iyo dayenebuli
da saxelmwifo interesis xelmyofi danaSaulic ufro mkacrad isjeboda, vidre ada-
mianis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli, amiT xazgasmuli iyo am danaSaulis simZime da
mniSvneloba.
genocidisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebulia saqarT-
velos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxliT, romelic genocids ganmartavs, ro-
gorc qmedebas, Cadenils `...SeTanxmebuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad romelime erov-
nuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri anda raime sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis
mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad, rac gamoixata aseTi jgufis wevrTa mkvlelobiT,
janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT, maTTvis cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmniT,
Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT an bavSvis iZulebiT gadacemiT erTi eTnikuri jgufidan
meoreSi~.
genocidi mimarTulia garkveuli niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis winaaRmdeg, esenia:
eTnikuri, erovnuli, religiuri, rasobrivi an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufi. saqar-
Tvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, genocidis konvencia da sisxlis
samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis mixedviT, genocidis Semadgen-
lobiT daculi jgufebia mxolod erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi da religiuri jgufi.
Ggenocidis konvenciis avtorebi Segnebulad Semoifarglnen oTxi daculi jgufiT, ram-
denadac aRniSnuli jgufebisadmi kuTvnilebas aqvs sistematuri, uwyveti da stabiluri
xasiaTi.4
`dajgufeba aris raime iseTi saerTo niSniT da xangrZlivi droiT dakavSirebuli
pirTa gaerTianeba, romelic mas danarCeni mosaxleobisagan gamoarCevs. dajgufebis
wevrTa gamaerTianebeli niSnebia magaliTad, saerTo erovneba (moqalaqeoba), eTnosi
(kultura, ena), rasa (geografiuli warmoSoba, memkvidreobiT SeZenili garegnuli niSne-
bi) da religia.~5
ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalis palatam, kaiSemasa da ruZin-
danis saqmeze, `jgufi~ ganmarta, rogorc `danaSaulis CamdenTa CaTvliT sxvaTa mier
aseT jgufad identificirebadi jgufi~.6 jgufis aseTi gansazRvrebis naklovanebad
SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom danaSauls gansazRvravs damnaSave. sakiTxisadmi aseTi mid-
gomiT damnaSave iZens kanonmdeblis an kidev mosamarTlis funqciebs. garda amisa, jgu-
fis aseTi gansazRvreba qmnis procesualur siZneleebsac.
rafael lemkini Tavis naSromSi `jgufs~ ganmartavs, rogorc erTobas, romelic
samarTlebriv dacvas saWiroebs. lemkini genocidisagan daculi jgufebis~ sinonimad
xSirad, `umciresobaTa jgufebs~ iyenebs.7
`jgufze~ saubrisas igulisxmeba ara mxolod `umciresobis jgufebi~, aramed is jgu-
febic, romlebic umravlesobas Seadgenen. ama Tu im teritoriis okupirebisas genoci-
dis msxverplni SesaZloa gaxdnen erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi an religiuri
135
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aucileblad iyos romelime religiis an rwmenis mimdevari _ sakmarisia, misi religiuri
Sexeduleba gansxvavdebodes umravlesobis religiisagan. religiur jgufad CaiTvleba
aTeisturi jgufic, romelic cxovrobs religiuri umravlesobis garemocvaSi.~17 aseTi
interpretacia ar gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTalSi.
sxva niSniT gaerTianebul jgufSi~, romelic saqarTvelos ssk 407-e muxlis Tanaxmad,
aseve, miiCneva genocidis SemadgenlobiT dacul jgufad, SeiZleba vigulisxmoT
politikuri, sqesobrivi, enobrivi an socialuri jgufi.
politikur jgufSi igulisxmeba politikuri SexedulebiT gaerTianebuli adamianTa
erToba.
sqesobrivi jgufia gansxvavebuli sqesobrivi orientaciis mqone pirTa gaerTianeba
(magaliTad, homoseqsualebi).
`enobrivi~ kuTvnileba moicavs rogorc dedaenas, ise tomobriv, arasamwerlobo ena-
sac. enobrivi kuTvnileba ar moicavs dialeqts.
genocidis Semadgenlobis dacvis obieqtia kacobriobis mSvidoba da uSiSroeba, swo-
red amiT aris pirobadebuli is faqti, rom genocidi gaTvaliswinebulia kacobriobis
mSvidobis, uSiSroebisa da saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTlis winaaRmdeg mimar-
Tul danaSaulTa amsaxvel TavSi.
garda kacobriobis mSvidobisa da uSiSroebisa, genocidis Semadgenlobis dacvis obi-
eqtia jgufis wevrTa sicocxle da janmrTeloba. vinaidan genocidi SeiZleba gamoixa-
tos mkvlelobaSi, janmrTelobis dazianebaSi da a. S. `amasTan, qmedebis Semadgenloba
icavs msxverplTa adamianur Rirsebasac.~18
genocidi aseve, xelyofs saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxliT garantirebul
kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis princips.
sadavo sakiTxia, icavs Tu ara genocidis Semadgenloba jgufis wevrTa individualur
interesebsac. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom jgufis wevrebi xdebian Tavdasxmis obi-
eqti maTi jgufuri kuTvnilebisa da ara sxva ramis gamo, dasmul kiTxvaze miviRebT
pasuxs: qmedebis Semadgenloba imdenad icavs jgufis wevrTa individualur interesebs,
ramdenadac isini miekuTvnebian gansazRvrul jgufs. `individualuri interesebis dazi-
aneba an safrTxeSi Cagdeba mxolod maSin iZens saerTaSoriso sisxlissamarTlebriv
mniSvnelobas, rodesac TiToeuli zustad jgufisadmi maTi kuTvnilebis mizeziT gax-
deba Tavdasxmis obieqti.~19
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis mixedviT, genocidi SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva moqmedebiT: a) mkvlelobiT, b) janmrTelobis mZime daziane-
biT, g) cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmniT, d) Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT, e)
bavSvis iZulebiT gadacemiT erTi eTnikuri jgufidan meoreSi.
mkvlelobis aRmniSvnel terminad evropis saxelmwifoTa sisxlissamarTlebriv li-
teraturaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi _ "killing" da "murder". `im dros, roca "killing" mxolod
zogadad, mkvlelobis ganzraxvas moiTxovs, murder~ zogierT samarTlebriv sistemaSi
gulisxmobs mizniT determinebul ganzraxvas. ruandis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSo-
riso tribunalma kaiSemas saqmeze daadgina, `rom "killing"-sa da "murder"-s Soris araviTari
gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.~ sxva palatebis TvalsazrisiT, `cneba "killing" ganzrax da
137
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mZime fizikur da fsiqikur zianad iTvleba fizikuri an fsiqikuri wameba, araadami-
anuri an damamcirebeli mopyroba da devna, aseve seqsualuri Zaladoba, gaupatiureba,
dasaxiCreba da dakiTxva, romelic mimdinareobs cemiT an/da sikvdilis muqariT. fizi-
kuri an fsiqikuri ziani iseTi simZimisa unda iyos, rom man dajgufebis mTliani an
nawilobrivi ganadgurebis safrTxe Seqmnas.24 fsiqikuri dazianebis TvalsazrisiT, sa-
marTlebrivi viTareba naklebad mkafioa. am danaSaulebrivi qmedebis magaliTad lite-
raturaSi asaxeleben I I msoflio omis dros, iaponelebis mier Cinel msxverplTa mimarT
narkotikebis gamoyenebas.25
cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax SeqmnaSi igulisxmeba ekonomikuri blokada, eko-
logiuri ubedurebis garemoebaTa ganzrax Seqmna, ekosistemis komponentebiT dasnebov-
neba, im saqmianobis akrZalva, romelic pirTa jgufis arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa da sxva.
es danaSaulebrivi qmedeba mimarTulia dajgufebis `neli sikvdiliT~ ganadgurebi-
saken, romelic gulisxmobs dajgufebis sakuTari saxlebidan gamodevnas, sicocxlisaT-
vis aucilebeli samedicino momsaxurebis Semcirebas, zedmeti muSaobis iZulebas an did
fizikur datvirTvas. amgvari sasicocxlo pirobebis Seqmna ar unda iwvevdes dajgu-
febis wevrTa uecar ganadgurebas. igi subieqturad iqiTken unda iyos mimarTuli, rom
ganadgurdes dajgufebis wevrebi. obieqturad, aseTi meTodebi vargisi unda iyos
dajgufebis gasanadgureblad. saqme exeba konkretul da ara abstraqtul safrTxes.26
Sobadobis ZaliT Semcirebis xerxi sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos: genuri inJineria,
iZulebiTi sterilizacia, kastracia reproduqciul asakSi, iZulebiTi kontracepcia
da sxva; aseve, saxelmwifos mier iseTi normatiuli aqtis gamocema, romelic sasjelis
gamoyenebis muqariT ukrZalavs am jgufis moqalaqeebs Svilis yolas an zRudavs maT
raodenobas.27 sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganmxilvelma palatam akaiesus saqmeze daad-
gina, rom `patriarqalur sazogadoebaSi, sadac jgufis wevroba mamis xaziT ganisazRv-
reba, jgufis SigniT SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlis magaliTia dasaxelebuli jgufis
wevris gaupatiureba sxva jgufis wevris mier im mizniT, rom man gaaCinos bavSvi, ro-
melic dedis jgufs ar ekuTvnis.~28
ufro metic, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis ganmxilveli palata aRniSnul sakiTxze mi-
uTiTebs: `erTi jgufis SigniT SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlisaken mimarTuli meTodebi
SeiZleba iyos fizikuri da fsiqikuri. ase, magaliTad, SobadobisaTvis xelis SeSlisaken
mimarTuli meTodi SeiZleba iyos gaupatiureba, rodesac gaupatiurebuli piri bolos
uars ambobs Svilis gaCenaze. amgvarad, jgufis wevrebi muqariT da ZaladobiT SeiZleba
iqamde miiyvanon, rom uari Tqvan bavSvis gaCenaze.~29
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxli iyenebs termins _ `Sobadobis
ZaliT Semcireba~, genocidis konvencia _ `Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznul zomebs~,
xolo romis wesdeba _ `iseTi zomebis gatareba, romelTa mizania aseT jgufSi Sobado-
bisaTvis xelis SeSla~. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis mixedviT, es danaSau-
lebrivi qmedeba Sedegiani danaSaulis Semadgenlobas qmnis. aRniSnuli ar niSnavs, rom
Svilosnobis asacileblad gamiznuli zomebis gatareba qarTuli kanonmdeblobiT
dausjeli rCeba, ramdenadac igi sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas danaSaulis
momzadebisaTvisac awesebs.
139
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140
`SeTanxmebuli gegmis~ arseboba gulisxmobs ori an meti piris SeTanxmebas da gegmis
Camoyalibebas garkveul sakiTxze, am SemTxvevaSi, genocidis ganxorcielebaze. Tu Cven
ssk 407-e muxlis teqstis Sinaarss kargad CavukvirdebiT, mivalT daskvnamde, rom
genocidi aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT Casadeni danaSauli yofila. aseTi daskvnis
safuZvels iZleva sityvebi _ `SeTanxmebuli gegma~. e.i. genocidis Camdens unda gaaCndes
`gegma~ da Tanac vinmesTan SeTanxmebuli. sworad aRniSnavs s. kiknaZe, rom `Tu ar arse-
bobs SeTanxmebuli gegma or an ramdenime pirs Soris, igi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
Sesabamisad, ver dakvalificirdeba genocidis danaSaulad, radgan saqarTvelos ssk-is
407-e muxlis dispoziciaSi Camoyalibebuli ganmartebidan gamomdinare, igi ar SeiZleba
erTma pirma Caidinos, rac cxadia, am muxlis sakmaod seriozuli xarvezia~.31 naTqvamis
sisworeSi kidev ufro davrwmundebiT Tu moviSveliebT ruandaSi momxdar erT faqts:
1971 wels, tutsis tomis erT erTma wevrma mokla hutus tomis 17 wevri. saxeze iyo
qmedebis Semadgenlobis obieqturi da subieqturi mxaris niSnebi _ eTnikuri jgufis
wevrTa sicocxlis mospoba, pirdapiri ganzraxva da jgufis wevrTa mospobis mizani,
magram danaSaulis amsrulebeli moqmedebda erTpirovnulad, sxvasTan SeTanxmebis
gareSe, ris gamoc, ruandis kanonmdeblobiT ver moxerxda am pirisaTvis genocidSi
braldebis wayeneba.32
Tu gavecnobiT genocidis dasjis konvenciis me-3 muxlis teqsts, kidev ufro davrw-
mundebiT zemoT ganviTarebuli azris sisworeSi. aRniSnuli muxlis mixedviT, isjeba
Semdegi qmedeba:
a) genocidi;
b) SeTqmuleba genocidis Cadenis mizniT;
g) pirdapiri da sajaro waqezeba genocidis Casadenad;
d) genocidis Cadenis mcdeloba;
e) genocidSi Tanamonawileoba.
rogorc vxedavT, dasjad qmedebaTa Soris calkea gamoyofili genocidSi Tanamona-
wileoba. genocidi aucilebeli TanamonawileobiT Casadeni danaSauli rom yofiliyo,
gaxdeboda ki, saWiro dasjad qmedebaTa Soris genocidSi Tanamonawileobis calke gamo-
yofa? rogor unda gadawydes im piris pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, romelic gadawyvets,
rom damoukideblad, vinmesTan `SeTanxmebis~ gareSe, erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi,
religiuri an sxva niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis
mizniT ganaxorcielos amave jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis dazianeba da a. S.
zemoT ganviTarebuli mosazrebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, sa-
qarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlis Semdegi redaqciiT Camoyalibeba:
`genocidi, ese igi qmedeba, romelime erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi anda religi-
uri niSniT gaerTianebuli jgufis mTlianad an nawilobriv mosaspobad, rac gamo-
ixata aseTi jgufis wevris mkvlelobiT, janmrTelobis mZime dazianebiT, cxovrebis
mZime pirobis ganzrax SeqmniT, Sobadobis ZaliT SemcirebiT an bavSvis iZulebiT
gadacemiT erTi jgufidan meoreSi, _ isjeba...~
genocidis danaSauli damTavrebulia ssk 407-e muxlis dispoziciaSi CamoTvlili
erT-erTi qmedebis ganxorcielebis momentidan. genocidis danaSaulis damTavrebisaT-
141
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da kanoni
vis aucilebeli ar aris erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri an sxva niSniT ga-
erTianebuli jgufis mTliani an nawilobrivi mospobis miznis miRweva. genocidis dana-
Sauli damTavrebulia am miznis miRwevamdec.
danaSaulis elementebis mixedviT, genocidi damTavrebulia jgufis mTliani an na-
wilobrivi ganadgurebis mizniT Tundac, jgufis erTi wevris mkvlelobisas.
Tumca, qarTul sisxlis samarTlis literaturaSi gamoTqmulia gansxvavebuli Sexe-
dulebac: `sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 407-e muxlSi miTiTebuli sityvebi `mTlianad
an nawilobriv~ miuTiTeben raodenobriv aspeqtze. msxverplis an potenciuri msxverp-
lis raodenoba mniSvnelovani unda iyos. ar SeiZleba qmedeba genocidiT davakvalifi-
ciroT, Tu jgufis ramdenime wevri iyo mokluli. farTod aris gavrcelebuli mosazre-
ba imis Taobaze, rom jgufis nawilis mospobisas es nawili unda iyos mniSvnelovani.~33
genocidis danaSauli aerTianebs SedeggareSe (e.w. formalur) da Sedegian (e.w. mate-
rialur) Semadgenlobas.34 Sedegian Semadgenlobas qmnis iseTi danaSaulebrivi qmedebebi,
rogoricaa: jgufis wevrTa mkvleloba, janmrTelobis mZime dazianeba, Sobadobis ZaliT
Semcireba. xolo SedeggareSe Semadgenlobas _ cxovrebis mZime pirobebis ganzrax Seqmna,
bavSvis iZulebiT gadacema erTi jgufidan meoreSi.
vis SeiZleba daekisros pasuxismgebloba genocidisaTvis? aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqssa da romis wesdebas Soris erTgvari
Seusabamobaa, rac gamoixateba am danaSaulisaTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-
lobis gansxvavebuli asakis dadgenaSi. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 33-e
muxlis Sesabamisad, sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis asakia ToTxmeti weli,
romelic aseve, genocidis Camden pirsac exeba, ramdenadac raime specialur daTqmas
aRniSnul danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi ar iTvaliswinebs. romis wesdebiT, pasuxismgeblo-
bis asakad ganisazRvra 18 weli. amas garda, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom danaSaulis speci-
fikidan gamomdinare, genocidis ganxorcieleba arasrulwlovanis mxridan nakleb sava-
raudoa, mivalT im daskvnamde, rom mizanSewonili iqneba saqarTvelos sisxlis samar-
Tlis kodeqsis 33-e muxlSi cvlilebis Setana da sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasa-
marTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulebis, maT Soris, genocidis Camdeni pirebi-
saTvis sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis daweseba 18 wlis asakidan. genocidis
Camden pirebad xSir SemTxvevaSi, gvevlinebian Tanamdebobis pirebi, romlebic miRweuli
arian srulwlovanebis asaks. genocidi ar miekuTvneba specialuri amsruleblobiT
Casaden danaSauls, igi SeiZleba Caidinos ara Tanamdebobis pirmac.
pirebi, romlebmac Caidines genocidi an genocidis konvenciis I I I muxlSi CamoTvlili
romelime qmedeba, unda daisajon imis miuxedavad, arian Tu ara konstituciiT pasu-
xismgebeli mmarTvelni, Tanamdebobis Tu kerZo pirebi.
romis wesdebis 27-e muxlis Tanaxmad, arc Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da arc diploma-
tiuri imuniteti ar abrkolebs sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebas im pirisaTvis, romelmac Caidina
genocidi. amave wesdebis 28-e muxlis mixedviT, xelqveiTis mier Cadenili genocidisaT-
vis meTaurs pasuxismgebloba SeiZleba daekisros Semdeg SemTxvevebSi, Tu:
142
1. samxedro meTauris an samxedro meTauris saxiT efeqtianad moqmedi piris efeqtian
xelmZRvanelobas an kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma Caidines genocidis
danaSauli;
2. samxedro meTaurma an pirma, im droisTvis arsebuli garemoebidan gamomdinare, icoda
an unda scodnoda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am danaSaulis
Cadena;
3. samxedro meTaurma an pirma ver moaxerxa mieRo yvela saWiro da gonivruli zoma
Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebina an aRekveTa genocidis
danaSaulis Cadena an gadaeca aRniSnuli sakiTxi kompetenturi organoebisaTvis
gamoZiebis warmoebisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
meTauris pasuxismgebloba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis or erTmaneTi-
sagan gansxvavebul koncefcias efuZneba: 1. pirdapiri da uSualo pasuxismgebloba,
rodesac meTauri pasuxs agebs kanonsawinaaRmdego brZanebis gacemisaTvis; 2. pasuxis-
mgebloba daqvemdebarebulis kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebisaTvis, romelic ar iyo
ganpirobebuli meTauris brZanebiT, Tumca, man ar SeuSala xeli daqvemdebarebuls
amgvari qmedebis CadenaSi an ar dasaja igi qmedebis Cadenis Semdgom.35
meTauris pasuxismgeblobis principi asaxulia aseve, yofili iugoslaviisa da ru-
andis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebis wesdebebSi.36
romis wesdebis mixedviT, meTaurs mis xelmZRvanelobasa da kontrols daqvemdebare-
buli Zalebis mier Cadenili genocidis danaSaulisaTvis daekisreba pasuxismgebloba,
Tu meTaurma im droisaTvis arsebuli garemoebebidan gamomdinare, icoda an unda scod-
noda, rom es Zalebi sCadiodnen an ganzraxuli hqondaT am danaSaulis Cadena (28-e muxli).
rogorc normis teqstidan Cans, meTaurs ekisreba pasuxismgebloba gaufrTxileblo-
biTi umoqmedobis SemTxvevaSic, aRniSnuli azri gamomdinareobs sityvebidan _ `unda
scodnoda~. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ki, meTaurisaTvis sisxlissamar-
Tlebriv pasuxismgeblobas SesaZleblad miiCnevs misi mxolod ganzraxi umoqmedobis
SemTxvevaSi. amaze miuTiTebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-10 muxlis me-4 punqti da
413-e muxlis SeniSvna. ssk 413-e muxlis SeniSvna Semdegi Sinaarsis teqsts moicavs: `am
TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulisaTvis SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawile Seiara-
Rebuli Zalebis anda maTi qvedanayofebis meTauri an/da sxva xelmZRvaneli pasuxs agebs
am Tavis Sesabamisad im SemTxvevaSic, roca aRniSnuli danaSauli Caidina mis xelmZRva-
nelobas an/da kontrols daqvemdebarebulma Zalebma, rac gamowveul iyo meTauris an/
da sxva Sesabamisi xelmZRvanelis umoqmedobiT.~ ssk me-10 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad,
`gaufrTxileblobiT Cadenili qmedeba mxolod maSin CaiTvleba danaSaulad, Tu amis
Sesaxeb miTiTebulia am kodeqsis Sesabamis muxlSi~. aseT miTiTebas ssk 413-e muxlis
SeniSvna ar Seicavs.
saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi meTauris ganzraxi umoqmedobisaTvis pasu-
xismgeblobas iTvaliswinebs mxolod maSin, rodesac daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi
danaSauls Cadian SeiaraRebul konfliqtSi monawileobis dros. genocidi ki, dasjad
qmedebas warmoadgens miuxedavad imisa, mSvidobis drosaa Cadenili Tu omianobis periodSi.
143
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144
lisxmobs, rom adamiani genocidis msxverpli xdeba genocidis SemadgenlobiT daculi
erT-erTi jgufisadmi misi kuTvnilebis gamo42.
Tu genocidis danaSaulis CadenaSi monawile pirs ar gaaCnia jgufis ganadgurebis
mizani, maSin igi daisjeba mxolod rogorc Tanamonawile.43 damxmaris sisxlissamarT-
lebrivi pasuxismgeblobisaTvis sakmarisia imis codnac, rom danaSaulis amsrulebels
aqvs jgufis ganadgurebis mizani.44 rodesac sisxlissamarTlebriv umarTlobas mizani
afuZnebs, aucilebelia, rom amsrulebeli moqmedebdes am miznis gansaxorcieleblad,
xolo, damxmares SeiZleba es mizani ar hqondes da ubralod acnobierebdes mas. am SemT-
xvevaSi, amsruleblis mizani gadmova damxmarezec da amsruleblis mier Cadenili umarT-
loba bralad Seeracxeba.45
genocidis danaSauli rom ganzraxvas gulisxmobs, amaze miuTiTebs sisxlis samarT-
lis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis wesdebis 30-e muxlic, romlis Tanaxmadac, `Tu
sxvagvarad ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, pirs ekisreba sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxis-
mgebloba da daisjeba sasamarTlos iurisdiqciaSi Semavali danaSaulisaTvis, mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu obieqturi mxarisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT igi Cadenili iyo
ganzrax da Segnebulad.~
genocidisaTvis pasuxismgeblobasTan dakavSirebuli mTavari problema danaSaulis
amsruleblisaTvis jgufis ganadgurebis ganzraxvis damtkicebaSi mdgomareobs. aRniS-
nuli problemis gadasaWrelad sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso tribunalebi materia-
lursamarTlebrivis nacvlad ufro metad procesualur gadawyvetas gvTavazoben,
romelic iyenebs iribi mtkicebulebis SesaZleblobas, romelSic daskvnebi gamomdina-
reobs gansazRvruli arapirdapiri samxilidan, obieqturi faqtorebidan, mowmeTa
Cvenebidan da a. S.46 akaiesus saqmeze iugoslaviis sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso
tribunalis amosaval wertils warmoadgenda `garkveuli raodenobis savaraudo faq-
tebi~, rogoricaa, zogadad ganxorcielebul qmedebebs Soris kavSiri, sisastikis mocu-
loba, jgufis wevrTa mimarT garkveuli damamcirebeli gamonaTqvamebi da a.S. msgavsi
motiviT daeyrdno sasamarTlo palata ielisiCis saqmeze `faqtebisa da garemoebebis
garkveul raodenobas~ da ixelmZRvanela am jgufis winaaRmdeg Cadenili qmedebebiT,
Cadenili sisastikis moculobiT da a.S. kristiCis saqmeze palata eyrdnoba, rogorc
kulturuli, ise religiuri daniSnulebis qonebaze, aseve jgufis wevrTa saxlebze
Tavdasxmas, rogorc damnaSavis genocidis ganzraxvis damamtkicebel sabuTs. zogadad,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela moqmedeba, romelic daculi jgufis mimarT aris mimarTuli
da xorcieldeba garkveul dros, garkveul teritoriaze _ srebrenicaSi 7 dReSi 7000-
8000 Tavdacvisunariani bosnieli muslimani mamakacis mkvleloba _ mniSvnelovani mtki-
cebulebaa ganadgurebis ganzraxvis arsebobis dasamtkiceblad.47
genocidis danaSaulis motivia erovnuli, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri Seuwyna-
rebloba. genocidis danaSaulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba efuZneba ara mxolod
msxverplTa raodenobas (Tumca, esec mniSvnelovania da zogierT SemTxvevaSi, danaSa-
ulis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis maRali xarisxis ganmsazRvreli swored es faqtori
xdeba), aramed danaSaulis mizansa da motivs. genocidis danaSauli gansakuTrebiT mZime
da saSiSi danaSaulia ara mxolod imitom, rom igi xelyofs garkveuli niSniT
145
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marTlmsajuleba
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da kanoni
mizani
ganzraxva jgufis, rogorc mTliani
an nawilobrivi ganadgureba
146
SeniSvnebi:
1
ix.: m. turava, sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlo, rogorc saerTa-
Soriso humanitaruli samarTlisa da adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instrumenti,
statiaTa krebuli, `adamianis uflebaTa dacva erovnul da saerTaSoriso
samarTalSi~, 2002, gv. 208.
2
ix.: H. Satzger, Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 2008, S. 249.
3
ix.: z. wulaia, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis gansakuTrebuli nawili, pirve-
li tomi, 1996, gv. 48.
4
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, gv. 270; K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 190.
5
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 190.
6
ix.: n. TofuriZe, z. cagareiSvili, saerTaSoriso sisxlis samarTali, Teoria
da praqtika, 2003, gv. 52.
7
ix.: iqve, gv. 50.
8
ix.: iqve, gv. 51.
9
ix.: g. xubua, umciresobaTa uflebebis dacvis konstituciursamarTlebrivi
garantiebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, 2005, #1, gv. 10.
10
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, S. 273-274.
11
ix.: iqve, gv. 274.
12
ix.: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, 2005, gv. 324-
325.
13
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, S. 275.
14
ix.: iqve, gv . 275.
15
ix.: iqve, gv. 276.
16
ix.: H. Satzger, Internationales und Europäisches Strafrecht, 2008, S. 251.
17
ix.: l. izoria, k. korkelia, k. kublaSvili, g. xubua, saqarTvelos konstituciis
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tb. 2005, gv.
325.
18
ix.: G. Werle, Völkerstrafrecht, 2007, gv. 268.
19
ix.: iqve, gv. 269.
20
evropis zogierTi qveynis sisxlis samarTalSi ganuzraxveloba ar gamoiyeneba
im gagebiT, rasac igi gulisxmobs qarTul sisxlis samarTalSi, aramed mas
xmaroben iseTi ganzraxvis aRmniSvnel terminad, romelic ar aris determi-
nebuli mizniT.
21
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 196-197.
22
ix.: iqve, gv. 192.
23
ix.: Êîììåíòàðèé ê óãîëîâíîìó êîäåêñó Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè, Ïîä.ðåä. Â.È. Ðàä÷åíêî,
À.Ñ. Ìèõëèíà, 2008, ñòð. 747.
24
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 192.
25
ix.: iqve, gv. 192.
26
ix.: iqve, gv. 193.
27
ix.: sisxlis samarTlis kerZo nawili, wigni 2, avt. koleqtivi, 2005, gv. 349-350.
28
ix: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 193-194.
29
ix: iqve, gv. 194.
30
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S.194.
31
ix.: s. kiknaZe, genocidi, 2007. gv. 32.
32
ix.: r. RliRvaSvili, genocidi, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis
Jurnali `almanaxi~, 1999, #12, ivnisi, gv. 66.
33
ix.: m. lekveiSvili, g. mamulaSvili, pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso danaSauli-
saTvis, 2003, gv. 60.
34
T. wereTels miuReblad miaCnia Sedeggare da Sedegiani Semadgenlobis aRmniS-
vnel terminebad `formaluri~ da `materialuri~ danaSaulis gamoyeneba: `es
terminebi ver gamoxataven saqmis arsebas, vinaidan yovel danaSauls aqvs ori
mxare _ materialuri (qmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroeba) da formaluri
(qmedebis marTlwinaaRmdegoba).~ ix.: T. wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis proble-
mebi, I tomi, TinaTin wereTlis saxelmwifosa da samarTlis instituti, Tb.,
2007, gv. 171.
147
3
da
N
marTlmsajuleba
kanoni
35
ix.: T. qoCoraZe, meTauris pasuxismgebloba Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-
marTalSi iugoslaviisa da ruandis tribunalebis statutebis mixedviT, sa-
qarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciis Jurnali `almanaxi~, 2004, #19,
Tebervali, gv. 134.
36
ix.: Äåéñòâóþùåå ìåæäóíàðîäíîå ïðàâî, â òðåõ òîìàõ, òîì ïåðâûé, Ìîñêâà, 1996. ñòð. 750.
37
ix.: i. xerxeuliZe, genocidis danaSaulis Semadgenloba saerTaSoriso mate-
rialuri sisxlis samarTlis mixedviT, Jurnali `marTlmsajuleba da kanoni~,
2007, #2/3, gv. 222.
38
ix.: i. xerxeuliZe, iqve, gv. 222.
39
ix.: m. turava, sisxlis samarTali, zogadi nawilis mimoxilva, merve gamocema,
2010, gv. 238.
40
aRniSnuli moTxovna gamomdinareobs rogorc romis wesdebis 29-e muxlis, ise
`samxedro danaSaulisa da kacobriobis winaaRmdeg Cadenili danaSaulisadmi
xandazmulobis vadis miuReblobis Sesaxeb~ 1968 wlis 26 noembris konvenciis
I muxlis teqstidan.
41
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S.198.
42
ix.: iqve, gv. 199.
43
ix.: A. Schönke, H. Schröder, Strafgesetzbuch, Kommentar, 1978, S. 1476.
44
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006. S. 201.
45
ix.: o. gamyreliZe, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis ganmarteba, meore
Sevsebuli gamocema, Tb., 2008, gv. 193, 203; o. gamyreliZe, sisxlissamarTleb-
rivi umarTlobis problema da Tanamonawileobis dasjadobis safuZveli, Tb.,
1989, gv. 176; T. wereTeli, sisxlis samarTlis problemebi, I I tomi, Tb., 2007,
gv. 200.
46
ix.: K. Ambos, Internationales Strafrecht, 2006.S. 200.
47
ix.: iqve. gv. 200.
148
CONCEPT OF GENOCIDE
AND ITS COMPOSITION
TEMUR TSKITISHVILI
Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Assistant Professor,
PHD Student of the Law Faculty of Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
Despite the fact that Georgia has joined the Convention on the Preven-
tion and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide and Charter of the Inter-
national Criminal Court, there is no full compliance between the Criminal
Code of Georgia and the above-mentioned international law acts.
According to the Convention on Genocide, the groups envisaged in the
composition of the genocide are: national, ethnic, racial and religious groups,
in the Criminal Code of Georgia broadens the composition of the genocide
and includes other groups applying different signs. The group protected
through the genocide may be stable group and not the one that could be
easily broke up. For example, due to the fast change of political opinions
(orientation), person may become the member of other political group. The
purpose of genocide composition is to protect the group, the membership
of which is (less dependent) not dependent on the choice of the groups
member.
According the Article 407 of the Criminal Code of Georgia, genocide
crime is an act committed in order to implement an agreed plan, i.e. accord-
ing to the working of the Article, person shall agree with another person (or
persons). According to this, genocide is the crime to be committed through
the mandatory co-participation, whereas according to the Convention, it is
possible to commit the genocide solely.
According to the Criminal Code of Georgia, Genocide may be expressed
through forcibly transferring a child of the group to another group. If the
Genocide is aimed at agreed plan to destroy, in whole or in part, a national,
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ethnic, racial, religious or other group, why should not we consider a genocide when forcible transfer of a child
from one national, racial or religious group to another? The definition given in the Article 407 of the Criminal
Code of Georgia contradicts with the definition given in the Convention.
Taking into consideration all above mentioned, it is recommended to word the Article 407 of the Criminal
Code as following:
Genocide i.e. an act committed in order to implement an agreed plan to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial,
religious or other group united on any other grounds, involving killing member of the group, causing grave bodily harm, deliberately
inflicting on the group dire conditions of life, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group or forcibly transferring a
child of the group to another group...
One of the major problems of the genocide is the issue of liability of the Head. International Criminal Court
considers liability of the head for negligence on the genocide committed by his / her subordinated i.e. when the
head is not aware of the crime committed by the subordinate, however, had the opportunity to know.
Criminal Code of Georgia (Article 10.4 and note of the Article 413) does not envisage liability for the heads
incautious negligence.
Criminal Code of Georgia envisages liability of the head for the genocide committed by the subordinate
through negligence if the mentioned crime was committed during the armed conflict (note of Article 413). How-
ever, genocide may be committed not only during the armed conflict, but during the peaceful time as well and it
should be punished in the same manner.
In order to avoid contradiction between the Rome Statute and Criminal Code of Georgia and to allow punish-
ment of the head for incautious negligence as well, it is recommended to introduce the new norm of the following
substance to the Criminal Code of Georgia
A commander in chief or/and other leader of armed forces or its units participating in an armed conflict shall be held liable for
crimes stipulated by this chapter even in the case when the crime was committed by armed forces under his/her leadership or command,
which was a result of an omission from the side of the commander when he knew or should have known according to the given
circumstances that these forces committed or intended to commit the crime...
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garda amisa, msmenelebi gaecnobian mosamarTlis eTikasa
da profesiuli qcevis standartebs, sasamarTlo darba-
zisa da sxdomis marTvis safuZvlebs.
Teoriuli kursis ganmavlobaSi ganxiluli iqneba sasa-
marTlosa da politikis urTierTgamijvnis sakiTxebi, sa-
samarTlosa da mediis urTierTobebi, spikeri mosamarT-
lis instituti da sasamarTlos imiji sazogadoebaSi.
swavlebis ganmavlobaSi gaimarTeba samarTlebriv Te-
matikasTan dakavSirebuli filmebis Cveneba da analizi.
msmenelebi moismenen saleqcio kurss sasamarTlo me-
nejmentis, mosamarTleTa saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
formebis Sesaxeb, aseve, sasamarTlo procesTan dakavSi-
rebul pedagogikisa da fsiqologiis aspeqtebze _ rogor
unda moaxdinos mosamarTlem jansaRi fsiqologiuri ga-
remos SenarCuneba sasamarTlo procesze.
yuradReba gamaxvildeba aranakleb mniSvnelovan unar-
Cvevebze, rogoricaa mosamarTlis gamarTuli metyveleba,
dokumentebis gamarTuli eniT wera. agreTve, ganxiluli
iqneba kompiuterisa da sxva sainformacio teqnologiebis
gamoyenebis sakiTxebi.
msmenelebi gaivlian ucxo enis intensiuri swavlebis
kurss.
iusticiis umaRles skolaSi saleqcio kurss kiTxulo-
ben rogorc mosamarTleebi, aseve TiToeuli dargis gamo-
Cenili da wamyvani specialistebi.
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