Python Foundations For Data Analysis

FOR DATA ANALYSIS
With Expert Python Instructor Chris Bruehl
*Copyright Maven Analytics, LLC

COURSE STRUCTURE
This is a project-based course for students looking for a practical, hands-on, and highly
engaging approach to learning Python essentials for data analysis
Additional resources include:
Downloadable PDF to serve as a helpful reference when you’re offline or on the go
Quizzes & Assignments to test and reinforce key concepts, with step-by-step solutions
Interactive demos to keep you engaged and apply your skills throughout the course

COURSE OUTLINE
Introduce the Python analytics ecosystem and key reasons why it’s the
1 Why Python? programming language of choice for many data analysts
Install Anaconda & create your first Jupyter Notebook, a user-friendly

2 Jupyter Notebooks Python coding environment designed for data analysis and visualization
3 Data Types Introduce native Python data types, common use cases, type conversion
methods, and key concepts like iteration and mutability
Learn how to name and store values in memory using variables, as well as
4 Variables how to overwrite, delete and track them
Learn how to work with numeric data, and use numeric functions to
5 Numeric Data perform a range of arithmetic operations
Learn how to manipulate text via indexing and slicing, calculate string lengths,
6 Strings apply various string methods, and print f-strings to include variables

COURSE OUTLINE
Learn how to use IF statements and Boolean operators to establish

7 Conditional Logic conditional logic and control the flow of your programs
Learn how to create, modify, and nest lists, tuples, and ranges, all of which
8 Sequence Data Types allow you to store many values within a single variable
Understand the logic behind For and While loops and learn how to refine
9 Loops loop logic and handle common errors
Address the limitations of working with lists and explore common scenarios
10 Dictionaries & Sets for using dictionaries and sets in their place
Learn how to create custom functions in Python to boost productivity, and

11 Functions how to import external functions stored in modules or packages
Import the openpyxl package and manipulate data from an Excel worksheet
12 Manipulating Excel Sheets using the Python skills you’ve learned throughout the course

INTRODUCING THE COURSE PROJECT
You’ve just been hired as a Data Analytics Intern for Maven Ski Shop, the world’s
THE
#1 store for skis, snowboards, and winter gear. The team is beginning to use
SITUATION Python for data analysis, and needs your help getting up to speed.
To prepare for scalable growth, the business is transitioning to Python as their

THE primary tool for tracking inventory, pricing, and promotions.
ASSIGNMENT As one of your first tasks as an intern, you’ve been asked to help analyze sales data
from the shop’s recent Black Friday promotion.
Use Python to:

THE • Process missing data fields
OBJECTIVES • Reshape and aggregate transactional data
• Calculate KPIs and deliver insights on Black Friday Sales
• Build a simple data pipeline and export the processed
data to Excel to share with leadership

SETTING EXPECTATIONS
This is NOT a Python course for software development

• We’ll cover data types, variables, conditional logic, loops, and custom functions applied to common analytics
use cases, and won’t dive deep into object-oriented programming or full-stack frameworks
We’ll focus on core concepts necessary for data analysis

• Our goal is to get you familiar with basic Python syntax and programming concepts in order to prepare
you to use Python’s wide variety of data analysis libraries (which we’ll cover in depth in separate courses)
We’ll use Jupyter Notebooks as our primary coding environment

• Jupyter Notebooks are free to use, and the industry standard for conducting data analysis with Python (we’ll
introduce Google Colab as an alternative, cloud-based environment as well)
You do NOT need prior coding experience to take this course

• We’ll start from the beginning by covering essential building blocks and programming concepts, then practice
applying them using Python’s user-friendly syntax and functionality
SETTING EXPECTATIONS
Who this is for: Who this is NOT for:
• Analysts or BI professionals looking to • Experienced Python programmers or

learn Python for data analysis advanced users
• Students looking to learn the most • Students looking to learn Python for
popular open-source analytics tool Software or Web Development
• Anyone who wants to understand the • Anyone who would rather copy and
core fundamentals of the Python paste code or run packages without
language and syntax building the foundational skills

MEET PYTHON
Popularity of Programming Language (PYPL):
Python is a free, open-source programming

language that is both powerful and easy to learn.
It has become one of the most popular languages
in the world due to its accessibility, flexibility, ease
of use, and wide range of applications, including:
• Data Analytics
• Software Development
• Machine Learning
• Web Scraping
• Game Development
• And more!

WHY PYTHON FOR ANALYTICS?
Unlike most analytics With powerful libraries Become part of a large Python can automate Python skills are valuable
tools or self-service and frameworks, Python and active Python user complex tasks and and highly sought after,
Business Intelligence can add value at every community, where you workflows out of the box, and are becoming
platforms, Python is open stage of the analytics can share resources, get without complicated increasingly popular among
source, free to use, and workflow, from data prep help, offer support, and integrations or custom analytics and Business
built for scale and analysis to machine connect with other users plug-ins Intelligence professionals
learning and visualization
When it comes to data analytics, each tool has unique strengths and weaknesses; while Python shouldn’t be the only tool in your stack, it can
add tremendous value when combined with other tools like Excel, SQL, Power BI & Tableau

PYTHON ANALYTICS ECOSYSTEM
Mastering base Python will give Pandas helps us structure our Matplotlib and Seaborn can Scikit learn is among the most
you a solid foundational data into dataset formats similar create a wide array of visually popular tools for building and
understanding of the language, to that which you’d see in SQL appealing, static visualizations testing machine learning models
which is essential for using or Excel. It also provides us with
packages and libraries effectively an arsenal of analytical functions Plotly can be used to create Statsmodels provides a suite of
that help us manipulate data and interactive visualizations and tools for model building and
calculate the metrics we need to dynamic dashboards statistical analysis
understand our data
TensorFlow is the industry
standard for developing deep
learning models

DATA ROLES USING PYTHON
Data Analysts often use Python due Data Engineers commonly use Python
to its cost effectiveness, or in to automate complex ETL processes or
collaboration with data science teams interact with APIs.
Analysts are typically well-versed in DBAs often use Pandas to manipulate
base Python, Pandas, and at least one data before storing it in a database or
visualization library data warehouse.
19% of data analyst jobs require 72% of data engineer jobs require
Python skills (25% in California) Python skills
Data Visualization Specialists may use Data Scientists are most likely to use
Python to design custom visuals that the ‘full stack’ of Python data tools.
standard templates can’t support. They leverage packages like Pandas,
They often utilize integrations with Scikit learn, Statsmodels & TensorFlow
tools like Power BI or Tableau. to build and deploy ML models.
33% of data viz roles mention Python 71% of data science and machine
as a required or desired skill learning jobs require Python skills
* Based on data from indeed.com *Copyright Maven Analytics, LLC

JUPYTER NOTEBOOKS
In this section we’ll install Anaconda and introduce Jupyter Notebooks, a user-friendly
coding environment where we’ll write our first Python program
TOPICS WE’LL COVER: GOALS FOR THIS SECTION:

• Install Anaconda and launch Jupyter Notebooks
Installation & Setup Notebook Interface
• Get comfortable with the Jupyter Notebook
environment and interface
Comments & Markdown The Print Function
• Learn some very basic Python syntax and write our
first simple program
Google Colab Helpful Resources

INSTALLING ANACONDA (MAC)
1) Go to anaconda.com/products/distribution and click
Installation &
Setup 4) Follow the installation steps
(default settings are OK)
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
2) Click X on the Anaconda Nucleus pop-up
Markdown
(no need to launch)
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful 3) Launch the downloaded Anaconda pkg file

Resources

INSTALLING ANACONDA (PC)
1) Go to anaconda.com/products/distribution and click
Installation &
Setup 4) Follow the installation steps
(default settings are OK)
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
2) Click X on the Anaconda Nucleus pop-up
Markdown
(no need to launch)
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful 3) Launch the downloaded Anaconda exe file

Resources

LAUNCHING JUPYTER
Installation & 1) Launch Anaconda Navigator 2) Find Jupyter Notebook and click
Setup
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources

YOUR FIRST JUPYTER NOTEBOOK
1) Once inside the Jupyter interface, create a folder to store your notebooks for the course
Installation &
Setup
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown NOTE: You can rename your folder by clicking “Rename” in the top left corner
The Print 2) Open your new coursework folder and launch your first Jupyter notebook!
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources
NOTE: You can rename your notebook by clicking on the title at the top of the screen

THE NOTEBOOK SERVER
NOTE: When you launch a Jupyter notebook, a terminal window may pop up
Installation & as well; this is called a notebook server, and it powers the notebook interface
Setup
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
If you close the server window,
your notebooks will not run!
Google Colab Depending on your OS, and method

of launching Jupyter, one may not
open. As long as you can run your
Helpful
Resources notebooks, don’t worry!

THE NOTEBOOK INTERFACE
Installation &
Menu Bar Toolbar Mode Indicator
Setup Options to manipulate the way Buttons for the most-used Displays whether you are in Edit
the notebook functions actions within the notebook Mode or Command Mode
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Code Cell
Input field where you will write and
Helpful edit new code to be executed
Resources

MENU OPTIONS
Save or revert, make a Edit cells within your

Installation & Edit cosmetic options for Insert new cells into your
copy, open a notebook, notebook (while in
Setup your notebook. notebook
download, etc. command mode)
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources

MENU OPTIONS
Access options for Interact with the Manage interactive View or edit keyboard
Installation & running the cells in your instance of Python that elements, or ‘widgets’ in shortcuts and access
Setup notebook runs your code your notebook Python reference pages
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources

THE TOOLBAR
The toolbar provides easy access to the most-used notebook actions

Installation & • These actions can also be performed using hotkeys (keyboard shortcuts)
Setup
Notebook Save & Checkpoint Move cells up/down Interrupt the kernel Open the command palette
Interface
S I I CTRL SHIFT F
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function Insert cell below Cut, Copy & Paste Run cell & select below Restart kernel, rerun Change cell type
B X cut SHIFT ENTER 0 0 Y code
Google Colab C copy M markdown
V paste R raw
Helpful
Resources
Shortcuts may differ depending on which mode you are in

EDIT & COMMAND MODES
EDIT MODE is for editing content within cells, and is indicated by green highlights and a pen icon
Installation &
Setup
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
COMMAND MODE is for editing the notebook, and is indicated by blue highlights and no icon
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources

THE CODE CELL
The code cell is where you’ll write and execute Python code
Installation &
Setup
Notebook
Interface
In edit mode, the cell will
be highlighted green and
a pencil icon will appear
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Type some code, and click Run to execute

Helpful • In[]: Our code (input) Congratulations, you just became
Resources • Out[]: What our code produced (output)* a Python programmer!
*Note: not all code has an output!

THE CODE CELL
The code cell is where you’ll write and execute Python code
Installation &
Setup
Notebook
Interface Click back into the cell (or use the up arrow)
and press SHIFT + ENTER to rerun the code
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Note that our output hasn’t changed, but the
Function
number in the brackets increased from 1 to 2.
This is a cell execution counter, which indicates
how many cells you’ve run in the current session.
Google Colab
If the cell is still processing, you’ll see In[*]
Helpful
Resources The cell counter will continue to
increment as you run additional cells

COMMENTING CODE
Comments are lines of code that start with ‘#’ and do not run
Installation & • They are great for explaining portions of code for others who may use or review it
Setup
• They can also serve as reminders for yourself when you revisit your code in the future
Notebook
Interface
Think about your audience when
commenting your code (you may not
Comments & need to explain basic arithmetic to an
Markdown
experienced Python programmer)
The Print
Function
Be conscious of over-commenting,
which can actually make your code
Google Colab
even more difficult to read
Helpful
Resources
Comments should explain individual cells or lines of code, NOT your entire workflow – we have better tools for that!

MARKDOWN CELLS
Markdown cells let you write structured text passages to explain your
Installation & workflow, provide additional context, and help users navigate the notebook
Setup
Notebook To create a markdown cell:

Interface
1. Create a new cell above the top cell (press A with the cell selected)
Comments & 2. Select “Markdown” in the cell menu (or press M)
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful This is now a markdown cell

Resources (notice that the In[]: disappeared)

MARKDOWN SYNTAX
Markdown cells use a special text formatting syntax

Installation &
Setup
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources

MARKDOWN SYNTAX
Markdown cells use a special text formatting syntax

Installation &
Setup
Notebook
Interface
Comments &
Markdown
The Print
Function
Google Colab
Helpful
Resources

THE PRINT FUNCTION
The print() function will display a specified value

Installation &
Setup
Simply specify the value
Notebook you want to print inside
Interface the parenthesis PRO TIP: Add a “?”
after a function name to
access documentation
Comments &
Markdown You can print multiple
values by separating
them with commas
The Print
Function
Note that this does not say Out[16]: as a printed output is
different from the standard output returned by Python
Google Colab
Besides print(), Python has many built-in functions along with tools
Helpful
for creating our own custom functions (more on that later!)
Resources

ALTERNATIVE: GOOGLE COLAB
Google Colab is Google’s cloud-based version of Jupyter Notebooks

Installation &
Setup
To create a Colab notebook:
Notebook 1. Log in to a Gmail account
Interface
2. Go to colab.research.google.com
Comments &
3. Click “new notebook”
Markdown
The Print
Function Colab is very similar to Jupyter Notebooks
(they even share the same file extension); the
main difference is that you are connecting to
Google Drive rather than your machine, so
Google Colab files will be stored in Google’s cloud
Helpful
Resources

HELPFUL RESOURCES
Google your questions – odds are someone else has

asked the same thing and it has been answered
(include Python in the query!)
Installation &
Setup
Stack Overflow is a public coding forum that will most
Notebook likely have the answers to most of the questions you’ll
Interface search for on Google
https://stackoverflow.com/
Comments &
Markdown
The Official Python Documentation is a great

The Print “cheat sheet” for library and language references
Function
https://docs.python.org/3/
Google Colab
There are many quality Python & Analytics Blogs on

Helpful the web, and you can learn a lot by subscribing and
Resources reviewing the concepts and underlying code
https://towardsdatascience.com/

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Jupyter Notebooks are user-friendly coding environments

• Jupyter notebooks are popular among analysts and data scientists, since they allow you to create and
document entire analytical workflows and render outputs and visualizations on screen
Code cells are where you write and execute Python code
• Make sure that you know how to run, add, move, and remove cells, as well as how to restart your kernel
or stop the code from executing
Use comments and markdown cells for documentation

• Comments should be used to explain specific portions of your code, and markdown should be used to
document your broader workflow and help users navigate the notebook
Google Colab is a popular cloud-based alternative to Jupyter Notebooks

• Colab and Jupyter notebooks are very similar and share the same file extension, but Colab files are
stored in Google Drive instead of on your machine
DATA TYPES
In this section we’ll introduce Python data types, review their properties, and cover how
to identify and convert between them

• Review the basics of Python data types
Data Types The Type Function
• Learn how to determine an object’s data type
Type Conversion Iterables • Learn to convert between compatible data types
• Understand the concepts of iterability & mutability
Mutability

PYTHON DATA TYPES
Python has a series of built-in data types with different properties and use cases
Data Types These can be grouped into the following categories:
The Type
Function Numeric Text Boolean None
Type Conversion
Iterables
Sequence Mapping Set

Mutability

PYTHON DATA TYPES
Single value (simple): Multiple values:

Data Types
Numeric Sequence
Represents numeric values Represents sequences of values, usually text or numeric
• Integer(int) – 5 • List(list) – [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]
The Type
Function • Float(float) – 5.24 • Tuple(tuple) – ('snowboard', 'skis')
• Complex(complex) – 5 + 2j • Range(range) – range(1, 10, 2)
Type Conversion
Text Mapping
Represents sequences of characters, usually text Maps keys to values for efficient information retrieval
• String(str) – 'snowboard' • Dictionary(dict) – {'snowboard': 24,
Iterables 'skis': 17}
Boolean Set
Mutability Represents True and False values Represents a collection of unique, non-duplicate values
• Boolean(bool) – True, False • Set(set) – {'snowboard', 'skis’}
• Frozen Set(frozenset) – {'snowboard’, 'skis’}
None
Represents the absence of a value
• NoneType – None

THE TYPE FUNCTION
The type() function will return the data type of the object passed to it
Data Types
The Type
Function
Type Conversion
Iterables
Mutability
PRO TIP: Use type() if you are getting a TypeError or unexpected behavior when passing data through
a function to make sure the data type is correct; it’s not uncommon for values to be stored incorrectly

TYPE CONVERSION
Convert data types by using “<data type>(object)”

Data Types
EXAMPLE Converting data into an integer data type

The Type
Function Errors in Python will cause the code
Using int converts the text string of to stop running, so it’s important to
‘123’ into an integer data type
learn to diagnose and fix them
Type Conversion
Iterables Using int attempts to convert the list into an integer data
type, but returns a TypeError instead
This operation isn’t valid because the list has multiple
Mutability values, while an integer can only be one value

ITERABLES
Iterables are data types that can be iterated, or looped through, allowing you to
move from one value to the next
Data Types
The Type These data types are considered iterable:

Function
Type Conversion
Sequence Mapping Set Text
Iterables
Mutability While text strings are treated as a

single value, individual characters in a
text string can be iterated through

MUTABILITY
A data type is mutable if it can be modified after its creation

Data Types
The Type
Function
Flexible – can add, remove, change To modify a value must delete

Type Conversion values in the object and recreate the entire object
• Lists • Integers
Iterables Note that all simple data
• Dictionaries • Floats types are immutable
• Sets • Strings
Mutability • Booleans
• Tuples
• Frozenset

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Python has a wide variety of data types with different properties

• It’s important to understand them at a high level for now, as we’ll dive deeper into each later in the course
The type() function allows you to determine an object’s data type

• You can convert between data types if the underlying values are compatible
Iterables are data types with values that you can loop through
• Text strings are iterable despite containing a single value, as you can iterate through its characters
Data types can be mutable or immutable

• Mutable data types can be modified after their creation, while immutable data types cannot be changed without
being overwritten

VARIABLES
In this section we’ll introduce the concept of variables, including how to properly name,
overwrite, delete, and keep track of them

• Learn to assign variables in Python
Variable Assignment Overwriting & Deleting
• Understand the behavior for overwriting variables
Naming Conventions Tracking Variables • Learn the rules & best practices for naming variables

VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT
Variables are containers used to label and store values for future reference
• They can store any Python data type (and even calls to functions!)
Variable
Assignment
Overwriting &
Deleting
variable_name = value Make sure you add the
space on both sides of
the equal sign!
Naming
Conventions
Intuitive label assigned to Initial value assigned

Tracking the variable to the variable
Variables
Examples: Examples:
• price • 10.99
• city • ‘Los Angeles’
• heights • [180, 173, 191]

VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT
Variable
Assignment
Overwriting & EXAMPLE Creating a price variable

Deleting
PRO TIP: Only assign variables for
Naming
We’re creating a variable named values that can change or will be used
price and assigning it a value of repeatedly; if you’re not sure, it’s
Conventions
5, then we’re printing the
likely a good idea to assign a variable
variable, returning its value
Tracking
Variables
Any operation that can be performed on the value of a

variable can be performed using the variable name
Here we’re printing the result of adding 1, a hard coded
value, to the price

VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT
Variable
Assignment
Overwriting & EXAMPLE Creating a price list variable

Deleting
Naming First, we’re creating a variable named price_list

Conventions and assigning it to list of values
Then we’re assigning a call to the print function
Tracking with our price_list variable as input
Variables
Note that assigning the print() function to a variable here doesn’t necessarily improve our program over
simply calling print() outside of it, but it’s worth knowing even a function call can be assigned to a variable

ASSIGNMENT: VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 3, 2022
From: Sally Snow (Ski Shop Manager)

Subject: Tax Calculation
Hi there, welcome to the Maven Ski Company!

For your first task, I’d like you to change the code that
adds a dollar in tax to our price before printing.
The tax will no longer be fixed at one dollar, so:
• Create a ‘tax’ variable and assign it a value of 2
• Create a ‘total’ variable equal to ‘price’ + ‘tax’
• Print ‘total’
Thanks in advance!
tax_code.ipynb
ASSIGNMENT: VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 3, 2022

Hi there, welcome to the Maven Ski Company!

For your first task, I’d like you to change the code that
adds a dollar in tax to our price before printing.
The tax will no longer be fixed at one dollar, so:
• Create a ‘tax’ variable and assign it a value of 2
• Create a ‘total’ variable equal to ‘price’ + ‘tax’
• Print ‘total’
Thanks in advance!
tax_code.ipynb
OVERWRITING VARIABLES
You can overwrite a variable by assigning a new value to it

• They can be overwritten any number of times
Variable
Assignment
Overwriting & Python stores the value of 5 in memory

when it is assigned to price
Deleting
Then price stores the value 6, and 5
gets removed from memory
Naming
Conventions
gets removed from memory Memory
Tracking price 7 6 5
Variables
Consider creating a new

variable for a new value
rather than overwriting When you overwrite a variable,
its previous value will be lost
and cannot be retrieved


Variable
Assignment

Deleting
Naming
Conventions
Variables
Or create a new variable

for the old value When you overwrite a variable,
its previous value will be lost
and cannot be retrieved


Variable
Assignment

Deleting
Naming
Conventions
Variables
PRO TIP: Use variables like ‘new_price’ and

‘old_price’ when testing programs with different values When you overwrite a variable,
to make sure you don’t lose important data – once the its previous value will be lost
code works as needed, remove any extra variables! and cannot be retrieved

Variables can also be assigned as values to other variables

• The underlying value is assigned, but there is no remaining association between the variables
Variable
Assignment
Overwriting & Python stores the value of 5 in

memory when it is assigned to price
Deleting
Then stores the value of 6 when it is
assigned to new_price
Naming
Then assigns the value of new_price, which
Conventions
is 6, to price, 5 is no longer assigned to a Memory
variable, so gets removed
Tracking Then assigns the value of 7 to new_price price 6 5
Variables
Note that price is still equal to 6, it’s not
tied to the value of new_price! new_price 7

DELETING VARIABLES
The del keyword will permanently remove variables and other objects
Variable
Python stores the value of 5 in
Assignment
memory when it is assigned to price
Then del removes it from memory
Overwriting & When we try to print price, we get an
Deleting Error, as the variable no longer exists
Memory
Naming
Conventions
Tracking price 5
Variables NameError occurs when we reference a
variable or object name that isn’t defined
PRO TIP: Deleting objects is generally unnecessary, and mostly used for large objects (like datasets
with 10k+ rows); in most cases, reassign the variables instead and Python will get rid of the old value!

NAMING RULES
Variables have some basic naming rules
Variable
Assignment Variable names can: Variable names cannot:
Overwriting &
Deleting
• Contain letters (case sensitive!) • Begin with a number
• Contain numbers • Contain spaces or other special
Naming • Contain underscores characters (*, &, ^, -, etc.)
Conventions • Be reserved Python keywords
• Begin with a letter or underscore
like del or list
Tracking
Variables
PRO TIP: “Snake case” is the recommended naming style for Python variables, which is
all lowercase with words separated by underscores (first_second_third, new_price, etc.)

NAMING RULES
Variables have some basic naming rules
Variable
Assignment Valid variable names: Invalid variable names
Overwriting &
Deleting
• price_list_2019 • 2019_price_list (starts with a number)
• _price_list_2019 • price_list-2019 (has special characters)
Naming • PRICE_LIST_2019 • 2019 price list (has spaces)
Conventions
• pl2019 • list (reserved Python keyword)
Tracking
Variables
PRO TIP: Give your variables intuitive names to make understanding your code
easier – instead of PL19, consider something like price_list_2019 or prices_2019

TRACKING VARIABLES
Use “%who” and “%whos” to track the variables you’ve created
Variable
Assignment
Overwriting &
Deleting
%who returns variable names

Naming
Conventions
Tracking %whos returns variable names,

Variables types, and information on the
data contained
Magic commands that start

with “%” only work in the
iPython environments, which
applies to Jupyter and Colab

ASSIGNMENT: FIXING VARIABLES
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 3, 2022

Subject: Price List Creation
Hi there, thanks for you help on the tax code!

The file attached contains the attempts of our
previous intern to create variables representing our
2018, 2019, and 2020 price lists, among others.
Please make sure these variables are given names in
the format ‘price_list_year’ by filling in the correct year
and cleaning up any unnecessary variable names.
Thanks in advance!
price_lists.ipynb
ASSIGNMENT: FIXING VARIABLES
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 3, 2022

Subject: Price List Creation
Hi there, thanks for you help on the tax code!

The file attached contains the attempts of our
previous intern to create variables representing our
2018, 2019, and 2020 price lists, among others.
Please make sure these variables are given names in
the format ‘price_list_year’ by filling in the correct year
and cleaning up any unnecessary variable names.
Thanks in advance!
price_lists.ipynb
KEY TAKEAWAYS
Variables are containers used to store values from any data type
• These values are stored in memory and can be referenced repeatedly in your code
Overwrite variables by assigning new values to them

• The old value will be lost unless it’s assigned to another variable
Variable names must follow Python’s naming rules

• “Snake case” is the recommended naming style (all lowercase with underscores separating each word)
Give variables intuitive names

• Even though you can use magic commands to track variables, good names save a lot of time & confusion

NUMERIC DATA
In this section we’ll cover numeric data types, including how to convert between them,
perform arithmetic operations, and apply numeric functions

• Review the different numeric data types
Numeric Data Types Numeric Type Conversion
• Learn to convert between data types
Arithmetic Operators Numeric Functions • Perform moderately complex arithmetic operations

NUMERIC DATA TYPES
There are 3 types of numeric data types in Python:
Numeric Data
Types
1. Integers (int) – whole numbers without decimal points
• Examples: 3, 42, -14
Numeric Type
Conversion
2. Floats (float) – real numbers with decimal points
Arithmetic
Operators • Examples: 3.14, -1.20134, 0.088
Numeric
Functions 3. Complex (complex) – numbers with real and imaginary portions
• Examples: 3 + 2j, 2.4 - 1j, -2j
Never worked with complex numbers before? Don’t worry! They are rarely used in data
analytics

NUMERIC TYPE CONVERSION
Use “<data type>(object)” to convert any number into a numeric data type
Numeric Data You can convert floats into integers: And even strings into floats (or integers):
Types
Numeric Type
Conversion
Arithmetic
Operators
Note that converting to int rounds down

Numeric
Functions
Integers into floats: As long as they only contain numeric characters:
Note that this string
has letters
ValueError occurs when a function receives an input with an

inappropriate value

ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
+ Addition Adds two values 5 + 3 = 8
Numeric Data
Types – Subtraction Subtracts one value from another 5 - 3 = 2
Numeric Type
Conversion * Multiplication Multiplies two values 5 * 3 = 15
Arithmetic
Operators / Division Divides one value by another 5 / 3 = 1.6666666667
Numeric Divides one value by another, then

Functions // Floor Division rounds down to the nearest integer
5 // 3 = 1
% Modulo Returns the remainder of a division 5 % 3 = 2
** Exponentiation Raises one value to the power of another 5 ** 3 = 125

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
Python uses the standard PEMDAS order of operations to perform calculations

1. Parentheses
Numeric Data
Types 2. Exponentiation
3. Multiplication & Division (including Floor Division & Modulo), from left to right
Numeric Type 4. Addition & Subtraction, from left to right
Conversion
Arithmetic Without Parentheses With Parentheses (to control execution)

Operators
Addition & subtraction in
Exponentiation first inner parentheses first
Numeric
Functions Then exponentiation in
Then multiplication outer parenthesis
Finally, addition & Then subtraction in

subtraction outer parenthesis
Finally, multiplication

ASSIGNMENT: ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 4, 2022
From: Ricardo Nieva (Financial Planner)

Subject: Financial Calculations
Hi there!
Can you help calculate the following numbers?
• Gross profit from selling a snowboard
• Gross margin from selling a snowboard
• Price needed for a gross margin of 70%
• Sales tax on a snowboard sale
• Amount of money if the gross profit from
selling 5 snowboards is invested for one year
There are more details in the file attached.
financial_calculations.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 4, 2022

Subject: Financial Calculations
Hi there!
Can you help calculate the following numbers?
• Gross profit from selling a snowboard
• Gross margin from selling a snowboard
• Price needed for a gross margin of 70%
• Sales tax on a snowboard sale
• Amount of money if the gross profit from
selling 5 snowboards is invested for one year
There are more details in the file attached.
financial_calculations.ipynb

NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
Single number:
Numeric Data Rounds a number to a specified number of digits round(number, # of digits)

Types
Numeric Type Returns the absolute value of a number abs(number)

Conversion
Arithmetic
Operators Multiple numbers:
Numeric Sums all numbers in an iterable sum(iterable)

Functions
Returns the smallest value in an iterable min(iterable)
Returns the largest value in an iterable max(iterable)

ROUND & ABS
The round() function rounds a number to a specified number of digits

The abs() function returns the absolute value of a number
Numeric Data
Types
Numeric Type This rounds the number to This will always return a
Conversion 2 decimal places positive number
Arithmetic
Operators
If number of digits isn’t
supplied, it will round to
Numeric the nearest integer
Functions
It rounds down decimals < 0.5

and rounds up decimals >= 0.5

SUM, MIN & MAX
The sum(), min(), and min() functions perform sum, minimum, and maximum
calculations on iterable data types that only contain numeric values
Numeric Data
Types
This sums the numbers in the tuple

Numeric Type
Conversion
Arithmetic
Operators
This returns the smallest value from the list
Numeric
Functions
This returns the largest value from the set

ASSIGNMENT: NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 4, 2022

Subject: Customer Questions
Hi there!
Could you quickly run these numbers for me?
• What is the highest priced item we sell?
• What is the lowest priced item we sell?
• How much would it cost for a customer to
purchase two of every item, rounded to the
nearest dollar?
Thanks in advance! (the price list is attached)
customer_questions.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: NUMERIC FUNCTIONS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 4, 2022

Subject: Customer Questions
Hi there!
Could you quickly run these numbers for me?
• What is the highest priced item we sell?
• What is the lowest priced item we sell?
• How much would it cost for a customer to
purchase two of every item, rounded to the
nearest dollar?
Thanks in advance! (the price list is attached)
customer_questions.ipynb

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Data analysts typically work with integer & float numeric data types
• Complex numbers are the third numeric data type, but it’s unlikely you’ll ever use them
Arithmetic operations follow the PEMDAS order of operations

• Use parentheses to control the order in which the operations are performed
Python has built-in functions that work with specifically with numbers
• Round, abs, sum, min, and max help perform simple operations that you’d otherwise have to code yourself

STRINGS
In this section we’ll review the fundamentals of strings, a date type used to store text,
and cover functions and methods to manipulate them

• Create strings from scratch or from other data types
String Basics String Arithmetic
• Learn to manipulate strings using arithmetic,
indexing, slicing, and string methods
Indexing & Slicing String Methods
• Use f-strings to incorporate variables into strings
and make them dynamic
F-Strings

STRING BASICS
Strings are sequences of character data commonly used to store text

String Basics You can create a string by using quotation marks, or converting from numbers:
String Arithmetic
Single Convert
quotes to string
Indexing & Slicing
Double
The quotes indicate
quotes this is a string
String Methods
Triple
F-Strings quotes
Using print() cleans

up the quotes

STRING ARITHMETIC
Some arithmetic operators are compatible with strings

String Basics
You can concatenate strings using +
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing You can concatenate any number of strings

The addition of ' ' to add spaces, as well as
adding punctuation like '!' or '$' is common
String Methods
F-Strings
You can repeat strings using *
Repeating strings is not
very common in practice

STRING INDEXING
Strings, along with sequence data types, can be navigated via their index
String Basics • Python is 0-indexed, which means that the first item in a sequence has an index of 0, not 1
String Arithmetic message
0 I
1
Indexing & Slicing 2 h
String[index] returns a specified character:
3 o
• String[0] returns the first character 4 p
String Methods • String[1] returns the second character …
22 t
• String[2] returns the third character
23 !
F-Strings
Indexing is a critical concept to master for data analysis, and while the
0-index can be confusing at first, with practice it will be second nature

STRING INDEXING
Strings, along with sequence data types, can be navigated via their index
String Basics • Python is 0-indexed, which means that the first item in a sequence has an index of 0, not 1
String Arithmetic message
-24 I You can also access

individual characters in a
-23
Indexing & Slicing text string by specifying
… their negative index
String[index] returns a specified character:
-5 i
Negative indices begin at
• String[-1] returns the last character -4 g the end of the object and
String Methods -3 h work backwards
-2 t
Since there is no negative
-1 ! 0, this starts at -1
Indexing a value greater than the length of
F-Strings the string or object results in an IndexError

ASSIGNMENT: STRING INDEXING
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022
From: Sierra Schnee (Security Consultant)

Subject: Password Retrieval
Hi there!
I need your help deciphering a hidden message. Our
previous intern created a complex password storage
procedure.
I’ve determined one of his passwords is ‘Maven’ ,
but what I’m interested in is the index of the letters
used to spell ‘Maven’ in the attached text messages,
as this will help unlock new passwords.
Thanks in advance!
suspicious_texts.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: STRING INDEXING
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Password Retrieval
Hi there!
I need your help deciphering a hidden message. Our
previous intern created a complex password storage
procedure.
I’ve determined one of his passwords is ‘Maven’ ,
but what I’m interested in is the index of the letters
used to spell ‘Maven’ in the attached text messages,
as this will help unlock new passwords.
Thanks in advance!
suspicious_texts.ipynb

STRING SLICING
Slicing returns multiple elements in a string, or sequence, via indexing

String Basics
String Arithmetic
[start:stop:step size]
Indexing & Slicing

Index value Index value to stop at, Amount to increment each
to start with not inclusive subsequent index
(default is 0) (default is all the values (default is 1)
String Methods
after the start)
F-Strings
As with indexing, slicing is a critical concept to master for data

analysis, as it allows you to manipulate a wide variety of data formats

STRING SLICING
EXAMPLE Grabbing components of a text string
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing
String Methods How does this code work?

• Start: 0 – start with the first element in the string
F-Strings
• Stop: 6 – stop at the seventh element (index of 6) in the string without including it
• Step size: 1 – return every single element in the range

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: 0 – start with the first element in the string by default
F-Strings
• Step size: 1 – return every single element in the range by default

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: 2 – start with the third element (index of 2) in the string
F-Strings

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: 6 – start with the seventh element (index of 6) in the string
F-Strings
• Stop: 25 – stop at the end of the string

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: 0 – start with the first element in the string
F-Strings
• Step size: 2 – return every other element in the range

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: -1 – start with the last element in the string by default, due to the negative step size
F-Strings
• Stop: -25 – stop at the beginning of the string
• Step size: -1 – return every single element in the range, going backwards

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: -1 – start with the last element in the string
F-Strings
• Stop: -9 – stop at the ninth element from the end of the string without including it
• Step size: -1 – return every single element in the range, going backwards

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: -9 – start with the ninth element from the end of the string
F-Strings
• Stop: -1 – stop at last element in the string without including it
• Step size: 1 – return every single element in the range

STRING SLICING
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

• Start: -9 – start with the ninth element from the end of the string
F-Strings
• Stop: 25 – stop at the end of the string by default

ASSIGNMENT: STRING SLICING
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022
From: Alfie Alpine (Marketing Manager)

Subject: Help Drafting Copy
Hi there!
I need help drafting some copy.
We have a long customer testimonial and I want to
view several options for a good testimonial quote.
The full details are in the file attached.
Looking forward to working with you on this!
marketing_copy.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: STRING SLICING
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Help Drafting Copy
Hi there!
I need help drafting some copy.
We have a long customer testimonial and I want to
view several options for a good testimonial quote.
The full details are in the file attached.
Looking forward to working with you on this!
marketing_copy.ipynb

THE LENGTH FUNCTION
The len() function returns the number of elements in an iterable

String Basics
When used on a string, it returns the

number of characters
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing
When used on a list, it returns

String Methods the number of elements within it
(more on lists later!)
F-Strings

ASSIGNMENT: STRING LENGTH
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Cryptography
Hi, great work last time!

I can’t tell you much, but I have attached one more
message for you to help me decode using Python.
I think in this batch the length of each message
represents the letter in the alphabet for each
character in the password.
Can you send me the password once you crack it?
Thanks in advance!
suspicious2.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: STRING LENGTH
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Cryptography
Hi, great work last time!

I can’t tell you much, but I have attached one more
message for you to help me decode using Python.
I think in this batch the length of each message
represents the letter in the alphabet for each
character in the password.
Can you send me the password once you crack it?
Thanks in advance!
suspicious2.ipynb

METHODS
Methods are functions that only apply to a specific data type or object
String Basics • We call them by following the object with a period then the method name
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing replace is a string method being applied to

message, which is a string
String Methods
F-Strings
If you try to apply a string method to an
integer, you will receive an AttributeError

STRING METHODS
Returns the index of the first instance of a given string .find(string)

String Basics
Converts all characters in a string to uppercase .upper()
String Arithmetic
Converts all characters in a string to lowercase .lower()
Indexing & Slicing

Removes leading and trailing spaces, or any other character
specified, from a string .strip(optional string)
String Methods
Substitutes a given string of characters with another .replace(string to replace, replacement)
F-Strings
Splits a list based on a given separator (space by default) .split(optional string)
Joins list elements into a single string separated by a delimiter delimiter.join(list)
For a list of string methods, visit: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods *Copyright Maven Analytics, LLC
FIND
The .find() method searches for a specified value within a string and returns the
index of its first instance
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing 'snow' first appears in the 11th

character (index value of 10)
• .find(string)
String Methods
F-Strings -1 is returned if the specified value isn’t found

UPPER & LOWER
The .upper() and .lower() methods return a given string with all its characters in
uppercase or lowercase respectively
String Basics
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing
String Methods
F-Strings

STRIP
The .strip() method removes leading and trailing spaces (by default), or any
other specified character, from a string
String Basics
• .lstrip() removes all leading spaces, and .rstrip() removes all trailing spaces
String Arithmetic
This removes leading and trailing

spaces by default
Indexing & Slicing
• .strip(optional string)
String Methods
F-Strings This removes leading and

trailing periods

REPLACE
The .replace() method substitutes a specified string of characters with another

String Basics • This is a common method to remove or change punctuation while cleaning text
String Arithmetic
Indexing & Slicing

This replaces all instances of 'snow' with 'rain’
• .replace(string to replace, replacement)

String Methods
F-Strings
This replaces all spaces with an empty string,

which creates one continuous word

SPLIT & JOIN
The .split() method separates a string into a list based on a delimiter

(space by default)
String Basics
A new, separate element is created

String Arithmetic each time a space is encountered
• .split(optional string)
Indexing & Slicing
String Methods
The .join() method combines individual list elements into a single string,
separated by a given delimiter
F-Strings
This takes the elements in word_list and combines them
into a single string, separated by a single space
• delimiter.join(list)

CHAINING METHODS
Methods can be chained together to create powerful expressions

String Basics
message[6::] → 'it snows TONIGHT!'

String Arithmetic
'it snows TONIGHT!'.lower() → 'it snows tonight!'
'it snows tonight!'.split() → ['it', 'snows', 'tonight!']

Indexing & Slicing
How does this code work?
String Methods • The string is sliced to remove the first two words ('I hope’)
• Then it’s converted to all lowercase letters with .lower()
F-Strings
• And finally divided into a list of separate words with .split()
You can even wrap this in a len function to

return the number of words after ‘I hope’

CHAINING METHODS
Methods can be chained together to create powerful expressions

String Basics
PRO TIP: Converting text to all

upper or lowercase can make many
String Arithmetic
operations, like finding a keyword or
joining data much easier
Indexing & Slicing
Find is case-sensitive, so it won’t find ‘SNOW’ in ‘I hope it snows TONIGHT’
String Methods
By converting the message to uppercase, it finds the match and returns the index
F-Strings

STRING METHOD CHEATSHEET
.find(string) Returns the index of the first instance of a given string .replace(string to replace, replacement) Substitutes a string with another
.upper() Converts all characters in a string to uppercase .split(optional string) Splits a string into a list based on spaces or a delimiter
.lower() Converts all characters in a string to lowercase delimiter.join(list) Combines list elements into a string, separated by a delimiter
.strip(optional string) Removes leading or trailing spaces or characters NOTE: There are many more string methods than covered; to review
those, or get additional detail on the methods covered, visit the
official Python documentation:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods

ASSIGNMENT: STRING METHODS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Copy Edits
We want to draft more copy from the file attached:

• Combine the text messages and call it ‘full_text’
• Remove leading spaces and convert to
lowercase, call it ‘fixed_text’
• Change ‘on the mountain’ to ‘at the ski shop’ and
call it ‘new_text’
• Look up a method to count the number of
spaces in ‘new_text’; we pay by word so I want
to know how much our ad will cost. Word count
equals the number of spaces plus 1.
marketing_copy2.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: STRING METHODS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Copy Edits
We want to draft more copy from the file attached:

• Combine the text messages and call it ‘full_text’
• Remove leading spaces and convert to
lowercase, call it ‘fixed_text’
• Change ‘on the mountain’ to ‘at the ski shop’ and
call it ‘new_text’
• Look up a method to count the number of
spaces in ‘new_text’; we pay by word so I want
to know how much our ad will cost. Word count
equals the number of spaces plus 1.
marketing_copy2.ipynb

F-STRINGS
You can include variables in strings by using f-strings

String Basics • This allows you to change the output text based on changing variable values
String Arithmetic Add an f before the quotation

marks to indicate an f-string, and
place the variable names into the
Indexing & Slicing string by using curly braces {}
String Methods
Note that the f-string code doesn’t change,

F-Strings but the output does change if the variables
get assigned new values

ASSIGNMENT: F-STRINGS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Price Display Message
These two lines
of code should be
identical
Hi again,
Our website is currently displaying static prices, so
we need to manually change them every time a
price changes, and write a new one every time we
get a new product
Can you write a piece of code for a string that takes
product and price as variables? Thanks.
P.S. Don’t work with Sierra anymore, she’s not an
employee
price_display.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: F-STRINGS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 5, 2022

Subject: Price Display Message
Hi again,
Our website is currently displaying static prices, so
we need to manually change them every time a
price changes, and write a new one every time we
get a new product
Can you write a piece of code for a string that takes
product and price as variables? Thanks.
P.S. Don’t work with Sierra anymore, she’s not an
employee
price_display.ipynb

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Strings are used to store text and other sequences of characters

• Analysts interact with strings in categorical data, or in large bodies of text that need to be mined for insight
Access single characters with indexing, and multiple characters with slicing
• Indexing & slicing are used with many other data types beyond strings, so they are critical to master
Learn and leverage string methods to facilitate working with strings

• You don’t need to memorize every method and their syntax on day 1, but it’s important to be aware of them
Use f-strings to incorporate variables into your strings

• This will make your text strings dynamic and allow you to avoid writing repetitive code

CONDITIONAL LOGIC
In this section we’ll cover conditional logic, and write programs that make decisions
based on given criteria using true or false expressions

• Understand the properties of the Boolean data type
The Boolean Data Type Boolean Operators
• Learn to write true or false expressions using
Boolean operators
Conditional Control Flow
• Learn to control the flow of the program using
conditional logic statements

THE BOOLEAN DATA TYPE
The Boolean data type has two possible values: True & False
• True is equivalent to 1 in arithmetic operations
The Boolean
Data Type • False is equivalent to 0 in arithmetic operations
Boolean
Operators
Conditional
Control Flow
The not keyword inverts Boolean values:

• not True is equivalent to False
• not False is equivalent to True

COMPARISON OPERATORS
True False
The Boolean
Data Type == Equal 5 == 5 5 == 3
Boolean
Operators != Not Equal 'Hello' != 'world!' 10 != 10
Conditional
Control Flow < Less Than 5 < 6 < 7 21 < 12
> Greater Than 10 > 5 10 > 5 > 7
<= Less Than or Equal 5 <= 5 (5 + 5) <= 8
>= Greater Than or Equal 11 >= 9 >= 9 len('I') >= len('am')

MEMBERSHIP TESTS
Membership tests check if a value exists inside an iterable data type

• The keywords in and not in are used to conduct membership tests
The Boolean
Data Type
‘snow’ is in the string assigned to message, so

Boolean the membership test returns True
Operators
Conditional
Control Flow
‘rain’ is NOT in the string assigned to message, so

the membership test returns False
‘snow’ is in the string assigned to message, so

the membership test checking if it is NOT in
message returns False

BOOLEAN OPERATORS
Boolean operators allow you to combine multiple comparison operators

• The and operator requires all statements to be true
The Boolean
Data Type • The or operator requires one statement to be true
Boolean
Operators One is True and the other False You can chain together any number of Boolean expressions
Conditional
Control Flow
PRO TIP: If the first expression chained by and is False, or

by or is True, the rest of the clauses will not be evaluated
Place simple clauses first to eliminate the need to run
complex clauses, making your program more efficient

BOOLEAN OPERATORS
Boolean operators allow you to combine multiple comparison operators

• The and operator requires all statements to be true
The Boolean
Data Type • The or operator requires one statement to be true
Boolean
Operators Use parentheses to control the order of evaluation:
Conditional Because item == ‘skis’

Control Flow the or operator makes
the expression True
Because price <= 100

returns false the and
operator makes the
expression False

ASSIGNMENT: BOOLEAN OPERATORS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 6, 2022

Subject: Inventory Logic
We need develop logic that displays Boolean values

based on our inventory levels (current inventory = 5):
1. Check if inventory is equal to 0
2. Check if inventory is greater than 5
3. If #2 is True, return a price of $99, 0.0 if not
4. Check if inventory is positive and price is less
than $100
5. Check if the customer’s name is ‘Chris’ and the
product is ‘super snowboard’, or if the inventory
is greater than 0
inventory_logic.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: BOOLEAN OPERATORS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 6, 2022

Subject: Inventory Logic
We need develop logic that displays Boolean values

based on our inventory levels (current inventory = 5):
1. Check if inventory is equal to 0
2. Check if inventory is greater than 5
3. If #2 is True, return a price of $99, 0.0 if not.
4. Check if inventory is positive and price is less
than $100
5. Check if the customer’s name is ‘Chris’ and the
product is ‘super snowboard’, or if the inventory
is greater than 0

THE IF STATEMENT
The if statement runs lines of indented code when a given logical condition is
met
The Boolean
Data Type
if condition:
Boolean
Operators
Conditional
Control Flow
Indicates an A logical expression that
if statement evaluates to True or False
Examples:
• price > 100
• product == ‘skis’
• inventory > 0 and inventory <= 10

THE IF STATEMENT
The if statement runs lines of indented code when a given logical condition is
met
The Boolean
Data Type
if condition:
Boolean
Operators do this
Conditional
Control Flow
Code to run if the logical
expression returns True
(must be indented!)

THE IF STATEMENT
The if statement runs lines of indented code when a given logical condition is met
The Boolean
Data Type
EXAMPLE Determining experience level for a snowboard
Boolean
Operators
if False
Conditional condition
Control Flow
True
if code
Rest of code

CONTROL FLOW
Control flow is a programming concept that allows you to choose which lines
to execute, rather than simply running all the lines from top to bottom
The Boolean
Data Type There are three conditional statements that help achieve this: if, else, and elif
Boolean
Operators
Conditional
Control Flow Python uses indentation to
depart from a linear flow
In this case, the first print
statement only runs if price is
greater than 500
Press tab, or use four spaces, to indent your code when writing if statements or you will receive an IndentationError

THE ELSE STATEMENT
The else statement runs lines of indented code when the none of the logical
conditions in an if or elif statements are met
The Boolean
Data Type

Boolean How does this code work?
Operators
Conditional
Control Flow if False
condition
True
if code else code
Rest of code

THE ELIF STATEMENT
The elif statement lets you specify additional criteria to evaluate when the
logical condition in an if statement is not met
The Boolean
Data Type

Boolean How does this code work?
Operators
Conditional
Control Flow if False
condition
elif False
True condition
True
if code elif code else code
Rest of code

THE ELIF STATEMENT
Any number of elif statements can be used between the if and else statements
As more logical statements are added, it’s important to be careful with their order
The Boolean
Data Type
Will the elifs below ever run?

Boolean
Operators No, because any value that is true for
them will also be true for the if
statement above them
Conditional
Control Flow Either put the most restrictive
conditions first, or be more explicit
with your logic

ASSIGNMENT: CONTROL FLOW
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 6, 2022

Subject: Inventory Query
Hi there, great work on the last assignment!

Time to take it a step further:
• If inventory is 0 or less, print ‘OUT OF STOCK’
• If inventory is between 1-5, print ‘Low Stock’
• If inventory is over 5, print ‘In Stock’
Make sure to test your logic with several values.
Can’t wait to see your work!
inventory_query.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: CONTROL FLOW
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 6, 2022

Subject: Inventory Query
Hi there, great work on the last assignment!

Time to take it a step further:
• If inventory is 0 or less, print ‘OUT OF STOCK’
• If inventory is between 1-5, print ‘Low Stock’
• If inventory is over 5, print ‘In Stock’
Make sure to test your logic with several values.
Can’t wait to see your work!
inventory_query.ipynb

NESTED IF STATEMENTS
Nested if statements let you specify additional criteria to evaluate after a

logical condition in an if statement is met
The Boolean
Data Type
EXAMPLE Trying to purchase a product How does this code work?
Boolean
Operators
if False
Conditional condition
Control Flow
True
Nested if False
condition
True
Nested if code Nested else code else code
Rest of code

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED IF STATEMENTS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 6, 2022

Subject: Inventory Query Edit
Hi there, we need to make one final change to our

inventory logic for Chris, our owner:
• If inventory is 0 or less, and if the customer’s
name is ‘Chris’, print ‘You can have the
display model, sir’
• Otherwise, print ‘Out of stock’
The rest of the logic should stay the same.
Thanks again!
inventory_query2.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED IF STATEMENTS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE With Nesting:
February 6, 2022

Subject: Inventory Query Edit
Hi there, we need to make one final change to our

inventory logic for Chris, our owner:
• If inventory is 0 or less, and if the customer’s
name is ‘Chris’, print ‘You can have the
Without Nesting:
display model, sir’
• Otherwise, print ‘Out of stock’
The rest of the logic should stay the same.
Thanks again!
inventory_query2.ipynb

KEY TAKEAWAYS
The Boolean data type is the foundation of conditional logic

• The only two values for the Boolean data type are True and False, which are equivalent to 1 and 0,
respectively, when performing arithmetic operations
You can write logical statements using comparison operators, membership

tests and Boolean operators
• Comparison operators return a Boolean value and include equal, not equal, greater than, and less than
• Membership tests determine if a specified value is in an iterable, and return a Boolean value
• Boolean operators (and, or) let you evaluate multiple logical statements as a single condition
Conditional control flow lets you determine which lines of code to execute
• Conditional statements include IF, ELIF, and ELSE, which can be nested for multiple layers of logic

SEQUENCE DATA TYPES
In this section we’ll cover sequence data types, including lists, tuples, and ranges, which
are capable of storing many values

• Learn to create lists and modify list elements
List Basics List Operations
• Apply common list functions and methods
Modifying Lists List Functions & Methods • Understand the different methods for copying lists
• Review the benefits of using tuples and ranges

Nested Lists Copying Lists
Tuples Ranges

LISTS
List Basics Lists are iterable data types capable of storing many individual elements
• List elements can be any data type, and can be added, changed, or removed at any time
List Operations
Lists are created with square brackets []

Modifying Lists
List elements are separated by commas
List Functions
& Methods While lists can contain multiple data types,
they often contain one data type
Nested Lists
You can create an empty list
and add elements later
Copying Lists
Tuples
You can create lists from
other iterable data types
Ranges

MEMBERSHIP TESTS
List Basics Since lists are iterable data types, you can conduct membership tests on them
List Operations
‘M’ is not an element in sizes_in_stock,
so False is returned
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists ‘M’ is not an element in sizes_in_stock,

but ‘S’ is, so the print function under elif is
executed
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

LIST INDEXING
List Basics Elements in a list can be accessed via their index, or position within the list
• Remember that Python is 0-indexed, so the first element has an index of 0, not 1
List Operations
Modifying Lists An index of 0 grabs the

first list element
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
An index of 3 grabs the
fourth list element
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

LIST SLICING
List Basics Slice notation can also be used to access portions of lists
[start: stop: step size]
List Operations
Modifying Lists list[:3] grabs elements 0,

1, and 2
Remember that ‘stop’ is
List Functions non-inclusive!
& Methods
Nested Lists
list[::2] grabs every other
element in the list
Copying Lists
Tuples list[2:4] grabs the 3rd (index of 2) and

4th (index of 3) elements in the list
Ranges

UNPACKING LISTS
List Basics Lists elements can be unpacked into individual variables
List Operations
s, b, and h are now string variables

Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
You need to specify the same number of variables as list elements or you will receive a ValueError
Tuples
Ranges

ASSIGNMENT: LIST OPERATIONS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022

Subject: Customer Lists
Hi there!
Can you create a list from the customers that made
purchases on Black Friday (attached) and:
• Return 99.99 if C00009 made a purchase;
otherwise return 0.0
• Create separate lists for the 5th and 6th
customers, every third customer, and the last 2
customers, we’re conducting market research.
Thanks again!
black_friday_customers.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: LIST OPERATIONS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022

Subject: Customer Lists
Hi there!
Can you create a list from the customers that made
purchases on Black Friday (attached) and:
• Return 99.99 if C00009 made a purchase;
otherwise return 0.0
• Create separate lists for the 5th and 6th
customers, every third customer, and the last 2
customers, we’re conducting market research.
Thanks again!
black_friday_customers.ipynb

CHANGING LIST ELEMENTS
List Basics Lists elements can be changed, but not added, by using indexing
List Operations
The second element in the list has

changed from ‘Backpack’ to ‘Gloves’
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
The list only has 3 elements, so an index of

Copying Lists 3 (the fourth element) does not exist
Tuples
Ranges

ADDING LIST ELEMENTS
List Basics You can .append() or .insert() a new element to a list

• .append(element) – adds an element to the end of the list
List Operations • .insert(index, element) – adds an element to the specified index in the list
Modifying Lists
‘Coat’ was added as the

List Functions last element in the list
& Methods
Nested Lists
Copying Lists ‘Coat’ was added as the

fourth element in the list
Tuples
Ranges

COMBINING & REPEATING LISTS
List Basics Lists can be combined, or concatenated, with + and repeated with *
List Operations
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

REMOVING LIST ELEMENTS
List Basics There are two ways to remove lists elements:
List Operations 1. The del keyword deletes the selected elements from the list
The second (index of 1) and third (index of 2)

Modifying Lists
elements were deleted from the list
• del list_name(slice)
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
2. The .remove() method deletes the first occurrence of the specified value from the list
Copying Lists
‘Coat’ was removed from the list
Tuples • .remove(value)
Ranges

ASSIGNMENT: ADDING LIST ELEMENTS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022
Adding C00009:
Subject: Adding Customers
Hi again!
We just found a receipt for customer C00009 in the
warehouse, can you add them to the customer list? Adding saturday_list:
While you’re at it, we decided to extend the sale
through Saturday since things were so crazy.
Can you add the customers in saturday_list to
customer_list?
Thank you!
updated_customer_lists.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: ADDING LIST ELEMENTS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022 Adding C00009 with .append():
Subject: Adding Customers
Hi again!
Adding C00009 with .insert():
We just found a receipt for customer C00009 in the
warehouse, can you add them to the customer list?
While you’re at it, we decided to extend the sale
through Saturday since things were so crazy.
Can you add the customers in saturday_list to Adding saturday_list
customer_list?
Thank you!
updated_customer_lists.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: REMOVING LIST ELEMENTS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022
Removing Saturday’s customers:
Subject: Change of plan!
Hi there!
Sorry to do this to you, but we decided to keep the
Friday and Saturday sales separate for now. Can you Removing C00004:
remove Saturday’s customers from the customer list?
Also, C00004 is a friend of the owner and should not
be counted in the Black Friday sales, so please remove
them from the list.
Thanks again!
updated_updated_customer_lists.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: REMOVING LIST ELEMENTS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022
Removing Saturday’s customers (two methods):
Subject: Change of plan!
Hi there!
Sorry to do this to you, but we decided to keep the
Friday and Saturday sales separate for now. Can you
remove Saturday’s customers from the customer list?
Also, C00004 is a friend of the owner and should not
be counted in the Black Friday sales, so please remove
them from the list. Removing C00004:
Thanks again!
updated_updated_customer_lists.ipynb

LIST FUNCTIONS
List Basics
List Operations
len(list_name) Returns the number of elements in a list sum(list_name) Returns the sum of the elements in the list
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
min(list_name) Returns the smallest element in the list max(list_name) Returns the largest element in the list
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

SORTING LISTS
List Basics There are two ways to sort lists elements:

1. The .sort() method sorts the list permanently (in place)
List Operations PRO TIP: Don’t sort in
place until you’re positive
the code works as expected
Modifying Lists and you no longer need to
preserve the original list
List Functions
& Methods
2. The sorted function returns a sorted list, but does not change the original (not in place)
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

LIST METHODS
List Basics
List Operations
.index(value) Returns the index of a specified value within a list (returns -1 if not found)
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
.count() Counts the number of times a given value occurs in a list
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
.reverse() Reverses the order of the list elements in place
Tuples PRO TIP: Use a negative slice to

reverse the order “not in place”
Ranges

ASSIGNMENT: LIST FUNCTIONS & METHODS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022
Average transaction value: C00010’s transactions:
Subject: Customer C00010 Transactions
I’ve attached a file with two lists: customer_IDs and

subtotals. The index for customer ID matches the First transaction index: First transaction value:
index for the subtotal on each of their transactions.
(customer_ids[0] made the transaction subtotals[0])
Can you look into customer C00010’s behavior?
1. Calculate the average value of a transaction Sorted ID list:
2. Report how many transactions C00010 made
3. Look up the value of their first transaction
4. Compare it to the average value
5. Print a list of sorted IDs (don’t change the list!)
customer_transactions.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: LIST FUNCTIONS & METHODS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022
Average transaction value: C00010’s transactions:
I’ve attached a file with two lists: customer_IDs and

subtotals. The index for customer ID matches the First transaction index: First transaction value:
index for the subtotal on each of their transactions.
(customer_ids[0] made the transaction subtotals[0])
Can you look into customer C00010’s behavior?
Looks higher than the average!
1. Calculate the average value of a transaction Sorted ID list: Using .sort() would have changed the list permanently!
2. Report how many transactions C00010 made
3. Look up the value of their first transaction
4. Compare it to the average value
5. Print a list of sorted IDs (don’t change the list!)
customer_transactions.ipynb

NESTED LISTS
List Basics Lists stored as elements of another list are known as nested lists
List Operations
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Referencing a single index value will

Nested Lists
return an entire nested list
Copying Lists
Tuples Adding a second index value will return

individual elements from nested lists
Ranges

NESTED LISTS
List Basics List methods & functions still work with nested lists
List Operations
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
‘k’ is being added as the last

Nested Lists
element to the second list
Copying Lists
Tuples ‘h’ appears once in the third list
Ranges

COPYING LISTS
List Basics There are 3 different ways to copy lists:
List Operations 1. Variable assignment – assigning a list to a new variable creates a “view”
• Any changes made to one of the lists will be reflected in the other
Modifying Lists
2. .copy() – applying this method to a list creates a ‘shallow’ copy

List Functions
& Methods • Changes to entire elements (nested lists) will not carry over between original and copy
• Changes to individual elements within a nested list will still be reflected in both
Nested Lists
3. deepcopy() – using this function on a list creates entirely independent lists

Copying Lists
• Any changes made to one of the lists will NOT impact the other
Tuples
deepcopy is overkill for the vast majority of uses cases, but worth being aware of
Ranges

VARIABLE ASSIGNMENT
List Basics Copying a list via variable assignment creates a “view” of the list
• Both variables point to the same object in memory
List Operations • Changing an element in one list will result in a change to the other
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
The change made to list_of_lists is
reflected in list_of_lists2
Tuples
Ranges

COPY
List Basics Copying a list with the .copy() method creates a copy of the list
• Changes to entire elements (nested lists) will not carry over between original and copy
List Operations • Changes to individual elements within a nested list will still be reflected in both
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Since the entire nested list at index 0 was replaced,

Nested Lists the change is NOT reflected in the copy
Copying Lists
Tuples Since a single element (index of 1) within the nested list

was modified, the change IS reflected in the copy
Ranges

DEEPCOPY
List Basics Copying a list with the deepcopy() function creates a separate copy of the list
• Any changes made to one of the lists will NOT impact the other
List Operations
Modifying Lists This function is not part of base Python, so the copy library must be imported
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
The change is NOT reflected in the copy,

Copying Lists even though a single element (index of 1)
within the nested list was modified
Tuples
Ranges

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED LISTS & COPYING
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022

I’ve attached a file with five lists, each for a specific

customer’s orders. We’re interested in these
customers because they have multiple transactions.
Can you help:
• Create a list with these 5 lists as elements
• Print the second and third orders for the
customer that made three total orders
• Create a copy of this list and change the
transaction values for C00004 (friend of the
owner) to 0.0 – without changing the original!
multi_order_customers.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED LISTS & COPYING
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022

I’ve attached a file with five lists, each for a specific

customer’s orders. We’re interested in these
customers because they have multiple transactions.
Can you help:
• Create a list with these 5 lists as elements
• Print the second and third orders for the
customer that made three total orders
• Create a copy of this list and change the
transaction values for C00004 (friend of the
owner) to 0.0 – without changing the original!
multi_order_customers.ipynb

TUPLES
List Basics Tuples are iterable data types capable of storing many individual items
• Tuples are very similar to lists, except they are immutable
List Operations • Tuple items can still be any data type, but they CANNOT be added, changed, or removed
once the tuple is created
Modifying Lists
Tuples are created with parenthesis (), or

List Functions
the tuple() function
& Methods
Nested Lists List operations that don’t modify their

elements work with tuples as well
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

WHY USE TUPLES?
List Basics 1. Tuples require less memory than a list
List Operations The tuple is 33% smaller

than the list
For heavy data processing,

Modifying Lists this can be a big difference
List Functions
& Methods
Nested Lists
2. Operations execute quicker on tuples than on lists
The tuple executed over

Copying Lists twice as fast as the list
Tuples
Ranges

WHY USE TUPLES?
List Basics 3. Tuples reduce user error by preventing modification to data

• There are cases in which you explicitly do not want others to be able to modify data
List Operations
Modifying Lists
4. Tuples are common output in imported functions
List Functions
& Methods Even asking to return multiple variables in
a code cell returns them as a tuple
Nested Lists
Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

ASSIGNMENT: TUPLES
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax
Hi there, we need to apply sales tax to each of

customer C00001’s transactions.
Can you grab these from multi_order_list, create a
tuple, and unpack the tuple into three variables:
transaction1, transaction2, and transaction3?
Then we just need to multiply them by 0.08 to
calculate the sales tax of 8%, and round to the nearest
cent.
Thanks in advance!
sales_tax.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: TUPLES
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax
Hi there, we need to apply sales tax to each of

customer C00001’s transactions.
Can you grab these from multi_order_list, create a
tuple, and unpack the tuple into three variables:
transaction1, transaction2, and transaction3?
Then we just need to multiply them by 0.08 to
calculate the sales tax of 8%, and round to the nearest
cent.
Thanks in advance!
sales_tax.ipynb

RANGES
List Basics Ranges are sequences of integers generated by a given start, stop, and step size
• They are more memory efficient than tuples, as they don’t generate the integers until needed
List Operations • They save time, as you don’t need to write the list of integers manually in the code
• They are commonly used with loops (more on that later!)
Modifying Lists
List Functions
& Methods
Note that printing a range does NOT return the integers
Nested Lists
You can retrieve them by converting to a list or tuple

Copying Lists
Tuples
Ranges

ASSIGNMENT: RANGES
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022
From: Alfie Alpine (Marketing Manager) Even Customers:

Subject: Customer Giveaway
We are running a special email campaign to give

products away to lucky customers who make a purchase.
We need the following integers generated: Odd Customers:
• Even numbers in our first 10 customers (starting with

our 2nd customer). They will receive a coffee mug.
• Odd numbers in our first 10 customers (starting with
our 1st customer). They will get keychains.
Every 7th Customer:
• Every seventh customer in our first 100 customers
(starting with our 7th customer). They get beanies!
customer_promo_generator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: RANGES
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 7, 2022 Even Customers:
Subject: Customer Giveaway
We are running a special email campaign to give Odd Customers:

products away to lucky customers who make a purchase.
We need the following integers generated:
• Even numbers in our first 10 customers (starting with
our 2nd customer). They will receive a coffee mug.
Every 7th Customer:
• Odd numbers in our first 10 customers (starting with
our 1st customer). They will get keychains.
• Every seventh customer in our first 100 customers
(starting with our 7th customer). They get beanies!
customer_promo_generator.ipynb

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Lists and tuples are sequence data types capable of storing many values
• Lists allow you to add, remove, and change elements, while tuples do not
Use indexing and slicing to access & modify list elements

• Make sure you are comfortable with this syntax, as you will use it frequently in data analysis libraries as well
Built-in functions and methods make working with sequences easier

• All the list functions covered work with tuples as well, and tuples have many identical methods, like index()
and count(). Take a minute to skim through the available methods in the Python documentation.
Ranges help create a sequence of integers efficiently

• These will become particularly powerful when combined with loops

LOOPS
In this section we’ll introduce the concept of loops, review different loop types and their
components, and cover control statements for refining their logic and handling errors

• Understand different types of loop structures, their
Loop Basics For Loops components, and common use cases
• Learn to loop over multiple iterable data types in

While Loops Nested Loops single and nested loop scenarios
• Explore common control statements for modifying

loop logic and handling errors
Loop Control

LOOP BASICS
A loop is a block of code that will repeat until a given condition is met
Loop Basics
There are two types of loops:
For Loops
FOR LOOPS WHILE LOOPS

While Loops
• Run a specified number of times • Run until a logical condition is met

Nested Loops • “For this many times” • “While this is TRUE”
• This often corresponds with the • You usually don’t know how many
length of a list, tuple, or other times this loop will run, which can lead
Loop Control iterable data type to infinite loop scenarios
(more on that later!)
• Should be used when you know how
many times the code should run • Should be used when you don’t know
how many times the code should run

LOOP BASICS
Loop Basics
EXAMPLE Converting elements in a price list from USD to Euros

For Loops
In this example we’re taking each element

While Loops in our usd_list and multiplying it by the
exchange rate to convert it to euros
• Notice that we had to write a line of
Nested Loops
code for each element in the list
• Imagine if we had hundreds or

Loop Control thousands of prices!

LOOP BASICS
Loop Basics
EXAMPLE Converting elements in a price list from USD to Euros

For Loops
Now we’re using a For Loop to cycle

While Loops through each element in the usd_list and
convert it to Euros
• We only used two lines of code to
Nested Loops
process the entire list!
Loop Control
Don’t worry if the code looks confusing now (we’ll cover loop syntax shortly), the key takeaway is that
we wrote the conversion one time and it was applied until we looped through all the elements in the
list

FOR LOOPS
A for loop will run a specified number of times

Loop Basics • This often corresponds with the length of a list, tuple, or other iterable data type
For Loops
for item in iterable:

While Loops
Nested Loops
Indicates a A variable name for each Iterable object to
For Loop item in the iterable loop through
Loop Control Examples: Examples:

• Price • List
• Product • Tuple
• Customer • String
• Dictionary
• Set

FOR LOOPS
A for loop will run a specified number of times

Loop Basics • This often corresponds with the length of a list, tuple, or other iterable data type
For Loops
for item in iterable:

While Loops do this
Nested Loops
Code to run until the loop terminates (must be indented!)
Run order:
Loop Control 1. item = iterable[0]
2. item = iterable[1]
3. item = iterable[2]
•
•
n. item = iterable[len(iterable)-1]

FOR LOOPS
EXAMPLE Printing individual letters in a string
Loop Basics

For Loops
• Since ‘Maven’ is a string, each letter is an
item we’ll iterate through
item = iterable[0]
While Loops • iterable = ['M', 'a', 'v', 'e', 'n']
item = iterable[1]
item = iterable[2] • The code will run and print each item in
item = iterable[3]
the iterable
Nested Loops
item = iterable[4]
Loop Control

FOR LOOPS
EXAMPLE Printing individual letters in a string
Loop Basics

For Loops
• Since ‘Maven’ is a string, we’ll iterate
through each letter
letter = word[0]
While Loops • word = ['M', 'a', 'v', 'e', 'n']
letter = word[1]
letter = word[2] • The code will run and print each letter in
letter = word[3]
the word
Nested Loops
letter = word[4]
Loop Control
PRO TIP: Give the components of your loop

intuitive names so they are easier to understand

LOOPING OVER ITEMS
Looping over items will run through the items of an iterable

Loop Basics • The loop will run as many times as there are items in the iterable
For Loops
The for loop here is looping over the items,

(elements) of usd_list, so the loop code block
While Loops runs 5 times (length of the list):
1. price = usd_list[0] = 5.99

Nested Loops
Loop Control 5. price = usd_list[4] = 99.99
PRO TIP: To create a new list (or other data type) with loops,
first create an empty list, then append values as your loop iterates

LOOPING OVER INDICES
Looping over indices will run through a range of integers

Loop Basics • You need to specify a range (usually the length of an iterable)
• This range can be used to navigate the indices of iterable objects
For Loops
The for loop here is looping over indices in a

range the size of the euro_list, meaning that
While Loops the code will run 5 times (length of the list):
The index is selecting the
elements in the list 1. i=0
2. i=1
Nested Loops
3. i=2
4. i=3
Loop Control 5. i=4
PRO TIP: If you only need to access the elements of a single

iterable, it’s a best practice to loop over items instead of indices

LOOPING OVER MULTIPLE ITERABLES
Looping over indices can help with looping over multiple iterables, allowing
you to use the same index for items you want to process together
Loop Basics
For Loops EXAMPLE Printing the price for each inventory item
The for loop here is looping over indices in a

While Loops range the size of the euro_list, meaning that
the code will run 5 times (length of the list)
For the first run:

Nested Loops
• i=0
• item_list[i] = Snowboard
Loop Control • euro_list[i] = 5.27

PRO TIP: ENUMERATE
The enumerate function will return both the index and item of each item in an
iterable as it loops through
Loop Basics
PRO TIP: Use enumerate if you want to loop

For Loops over an index; it is slightly more efficient and
considered best practice, as we are looping
over an index derived from the list itself, rather
Use the index for
While Loops than generating a new object to do so.
multiple lists!
Nested Loops
We’re using the index of the euro_list to access

each element from the item_list, and then
Loop Control printing each element of the euro_list

ASSIGNMENT: FOR LOOPS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 8, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax
Good morning,
Our billing system failed to apply sales tax to our
transactions! Can you add a sales tax of 8% to each
of the subtotals?
Once you’ve calculated tax, calculate the total by 1.28 = round(subtotal[0] * .08, 2)
adding the tax to the subtotal, and create lists to 17.26 = round(1.28 + subtotal[0], 2)
store both the tax amounts and the totals.
Thanks in advance!
taxable_transactions.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: FOR LOOPS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 8, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax
Good morning,
Our billing system failed to apply sales tax to our
transactions! Can you add a sales tax of 8% to each
of the subtotals?
Once you’ve calculated tax, calculate the total by
adding the tax to the subtotal, and create lists to
store both the tax amounts and the totals.
Thanks in advance!
taxable_transactions.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: ENUMERATE
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 8, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax By State
Hi again!
I forgot to mention we need to apply different tax
rates to different locations. The list attached has the
location of each transaction. Our Sun Valley store is
taxed at 8%, Stowe at 6%, and Mammoth at 7.75%.
Can you adjust your tax calculator code to apply the
correct tax to each location?
Thanks!
taxable_transactions2.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: ENUMERATE
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 8, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax By State
Hi again!
I forgot to mention we need to apply different tax
rates to different locations. The list attached has the
location of each transaction. Our Sun Valley store is
taxed at 8%, Stowe at 6%, and Mammoth at 7.75%.
Can you adjust your tax calculator code to apply the
correct tax to each location?
Thanks!
taxable_transactions2.ipynb

WHILE LOOPS
While loops run until a given logical expression becomes FALSE

Loop Basics • In other words, the loop runs while the expression is TRUE
For Loops
while logical expression:

While Loops
Nested Loops
Indicates a A logical expression that
While Loop evaluates to TRUE or FALSE
Loop Control Examples:

• counter < 10
• inventory > 0
• revenue > cost

WHILE LOOPS
While loops run until a given logical expression returns FALSE

Loop Basics • In other words, the loop runs while the expression is TRUE
For Loops
while logical expression:

While Loops do this
Nested Loops
Code to run while the logical
expression is TRUE (must be
indented!)
Loop Control

WHILE LOOPS
While loops often include counters that grow with each iteration
Loop Basics • Counters help us track how many times our loop has run
• They can also serve as a backup condition to exit a loop early (more on this later!)
For Loops
While Loops
This is an “addition assignment”,

Nested Loops
which adds a given number to the
existing value of a variable:
counter = counter + 1
Loop Control
1 Counter increases to 1 in the first iteration
2 Counter increases to 2 in the second iteration
.
.
10 When the counter increments to 10, our condition becomes False,
and exits the loop
WHILE LOOPS
EXAMPLE Run a calculation until a goal is reached
Loop Basics
The while loop here will run while
stock_portfolio is less than 1m
For Loops stock_portfolio starts at 800k and
increases by 5% of its value in each run:
1. 800k < 1m is TRUE

While Loops
Nested Loops
6. 1.02m < 1m is FALSE (exit)
Loop Control

WHILE LOOPS
EXAMPLE Calculating bank balance until we’re out of money.
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
Loop Control PRO TIP: Use “-=” to subtract a

number from a variable instead
(subtraction assignment)

INFINITE LOOPS
A while loop that always meets its logical condition is known as an infinite loop
Loop Basics • These can be caused by incorrect logic or uncertainty in the task being solved
For Loops The while loop here will run while

stock_portfolio is less than 1m, which will
always be the case, as it’s not growing due
to 0% interest
While Loops
Nested Loops
Loop Control
If your program is stuck in an infinite loop, you

This indicates a manually will need to manually stop it and modify your
stopped execution logic

ASSIGNMENT: WHILE LOOPS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 9, 2022
From: Lucy Lift (CEO)

Subject: Inventory Projections
Good morning,
Our investors are considering loaning us money to
purchase more skis.
Can you advise how many months of stock we have
left at the current monthly sales volume?
I would like to view the stock level at the end of
each month as well.
Thanks!

ASSIGNMENT: WHILE LOOPS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 9, 2022
From: Lucy Lift (CEO)

Subject: Inventory Projections
Good morning,
Our investors are considering loaning us money to
purchase more skis.
Can you advise how many months of stock we have
left at the current monthly sales volume?
I would like to view the stock level at the end of
each month as well.
Thanks!

NESTED LOOPS
Loops can be nested within another loop

Loop Basics • The nested loop is referred to as an inner loop (the other is an outer loop)
• These are often used for navigating nested lists and similar data structures
For Loops
EXAMPLE Printing items along with their sizes How does this code work?
While Loops
• The inner loop (size_list) will run
completely for each iteration of the
Nested Loops outer loop (item_list)
• In this case, the inner loop iterated
three times for each of the two
Loop Control item_list[0],
item_list[0],
size_list[0]
size_list[1]
iterations of the outer loop, for a total
item_list[0], size_list[2] of six print statements
item_list[1], size_list[0]
item_list[1], size_list[1] • NOTE: There is no limit to how many
item_list[1], size_list[2]
layers of nested loops can occur

NESTED LOOPS
EXAMPLE Printing items along with their sizes
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
item_list (outer loop)
Nested Loops
0 Snowboard
1 Boots
Loop Control size_list (inner loop)
0 small
1 medium
2 large

NESTED LOOPS
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
0 Snowboard
1 Boots
0 small
1 medium
2 large

NESTED LOOPS
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
0 Snowboard
1 Boots
0 small
1 medium
2 large

NESTED LOOPS
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
0 Snowboard
1 Boots

loop)
0 small
1 medium
2 large

NESTED LOOPS
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
0 Snowboard
1 Boots
0 small
1 medium
2 large

NESTED LOOPS
Loop Basics
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
0 Snowboard
1 Boots
You exit a nested loop when 0 small

all its loops are completed 1 medium
2 large

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED LOOPS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 9, 2022

Subject: Multi-Order Discount
Good morning,
I’ve attached a nested list containing the subtotals
for customers that have made multiple orders.
We need to apply a 10% discount for each of their
transactions and return the new totals in a list with
the same structure as the original.
Thanks!
multi_order_discounts.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED LOOPS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 9, 2022

Subject: Multi-Order Discount
Good morning,
I’ve attached a nested list containing the subtotals
for customers that have made multiple orders.
We need to apply a 10% discount for each of their
transactions and return the new totals in a list with
the same structure as the original.
Thanks!
multi_order_discounts.ipynb

LOOP CONTROL
Loop control statements help refine loop behavior and handle potential errors
Loop Basics • These are used to change the flow of loop execution based on certain conditions
For Loops
Break Continue Pass Try, Except
While Loops
Nested Loops
Stops the loop before Skips to the next Serves as a placeholder Help with error and
completion iteration in the loop for future code exception handling
Loop Control
Good for avoiding infinite loops Good for excluding values Good for avoiding run Good for resolving errors in
& exiting loops early that you don’t want to errors with incomplete a loop without stopping its
process in a loop code logic execution midway

BREAK
Triggering a break statement will exit the loop that it lives in

Loop Basics • This helps exit potential infinite loops when they can’t be avoided by refining our logic
• It also helps set logical conditions to exit for loops early
For Loops
The for loop here would normally run

the length of the entire subtotals list (9
While Loops
iterations), but the break statement
triggers once the revenue is greater than
2,000 after the 6th transaction
Nested Loops
Loop Control

BREAK
Triggering a break statement will exit the loop that it lives in

Loop Basics • This helps exit potential infinite loops when they can’t be avoided by refining our logic
• It also helps set logical conditions to exit for loops early
For Loops
The while loop here will run while stock_portfolio is
less than 1,000,000 (this would take 190
iterations/years)
While Loops
A break statement is used inside an IF function here
to exit the code in case the year_counter is greater
than 30
Nested Loops
Loop Control
PRO TIP: Use a counter and a
combination of IF and break to set
a max number of iterations

CONTINUE
Triggering a continue statement will move on to the next iteration of the loop
Loop Basics • No other lines in that iteration of the loop will run
• This is often combined with logical criteria to exclude values you don’t want to process
For Loops
While Loops A continue statement is used

inside an IF statement here to
avoid appending “ski” items to the
snowboards list
Nested Loops
Loop Control

PASS
A pass statement serves as a placeholder for future code

Loop Basics • Nothing happens and the loop continues to the next line of code
For Loops
The pass statement is used in
place of the eventual logic that will
live there, avoiding an error in the
While Loops
meantime
Nested Loops
Loop Control

TRY, EXCEPT
The try & except statements resolve errors in a loop without stopping its execution
Loop Basics • Try: indicates the first block of code to run (which could result in an error)
• Except: indicates an optional block of code to run in case of an error in the try block
For Loops
This for loop was stopped by a

TypeError in the second iteration
While Loops
Nested Loops
Loop Control

TRY, EXCEPT
For Loops
Placing the code in a try statement

While Loops handles the errors via the except
statement without stopping the loop
Nested Loops
Loop Control
Are 0 and '74.99' missing prices, or do we

need to treat these exceptions differently?

TRY, EXCEPT
For Loops
While Loops
Nested Loops
The 0 price in the price_list
returns a ZeroDivisionError
Loop Control

TRY, EXCEPT
For Loops
If anything in the try block returns

While Loops a ZeroDivisionError, the first
except statement will run
The second except statement will
Nested Loops run on any other error types
Loop Control
PRO TIP: Add multiple except

statements for different error types
to handle each scenario differently

ASSIGNMENT: LOOP CONTROL
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 9, 2022
From: Jerry Slush (IT Manager)

Subject: Affordability Calculator
Good morning,
We’ve made good progress on the item affordability
calculator, which really helps our customers buy with
confidence. We just need these tweaks to the logic:
• Skip processing for any ‘None’ elements
• Make sure prices stored as strings get
processed (we’ll fix the database later)
• Change 50 to a variable ‘budget’ so we can
change it based on customer input
• Clean up general ‘except’ statement
Improved_affordability_calculator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: LOOP CONTROL
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 9, 2022

Subject: Affordability Calculator
Good morning,
We’ve made good progress on the item affordability
calculator, which really helps our customers buy with
confidence. We just need these tweaks to the logic:
• Skip processing for any ‘None’ elements
• Make sure prices stored as strings get
processed (we’ll fix the database later)
• Change 50 to a variable ‘budget’ so we can
change it based on customer input
• Clean up general ‘except’ statement
Improved_affordability_calculator.ipynb

KEY TAKEAWAYS
For loops run a predetermined number of times

• Analysts use for loops most often, as we usually work with datasets that have a known length
While loops run until a given logical condition is no longer met

• The number of iterations is often unknown beforehand, which means they carry a risk of entering an infinite
loop – always double check your logic or create a backup stopping condition!
Loop control statements help refine logic and handle potential errors
• These are key in “fool proofing” loops to avoid infinite loops, set placeholders for future logic, skip iterations,
and resolve errors

DICTIONARIES & SETS
In this section we’ll cover dictionaries and sets, two iterable data types with helpful use
cases that allow for quick information retrieval and store unique values

• Learn to store, append, and look up data in
List Limitations Dictionary Basics dictionaries and some helpful dictionary methods
• Build dictionaries using the zip() function

Modifying Dictionaries Dictionary Methods
• Use set operations to find relationships in the
values across multiple datasets
Nested Dictionaries Sets

LIST LIMITATIONS
Lists can be inefficient when you need to look up specific values, as they can
only be accessed via indexing
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics EXAMPLE Looking up the inventory status for goggles
Modifying The nested list is used to pair unique

Dictionaries items with their inventory status
(‘in stock’ or ‘sold out’)
Dictionary To find the status for a specific item, you

Methods need to iterate through the list to find the
item of interest, then grab its
corresponding inventory status
Nested
Dictionaries
Sets

DICTIONARY BASICS
Dictionaries store key-value pairs, where keys are used to look up values
List Limitations • Keys must be unique & immutable (simple data types like strings are immutable)
• Values do not need to be unique and can be any data type
Dictionary Basics
EXAMPLE Looking up the inventory status for goggles

Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionaries are created with curly braces {}
Keys and values are separated by colons :
Dictionary Key-value pairs are separated by commas ,
Methods
To retrieve dictionary values, simply enter the associated key

Nested
Dictionaries • NOTE: You cannot look up dictionary values or indices
Sets
The KeyError will be returned if a
given key is not in the dictionary

DICTIONARY BASICS
Dictionary values can be lists, so to access individual attributes:

List Limitations 1. Retrieve the list by looking up its key
2. Retrieve the list element by using its index
Dictionary Basics
EXAMPLE Looking up the stock quantity for skis

Modifying
Dictionaries
The key is the item name, and the value is a list
storing item price, inventory, and inventory status
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
This returns the second element (index of 1) in
the list stored as the value for the key ‘skis’
Sets

DICTIONARY BASICS
You can conduct membership tests on dictionary keys

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods And you can loop through* them
Nested Note that the items that are being looped
Dictionaries over are the dictionary keys
Sets
*Prior to Python 3.7, python dictionaries were not ordered – which meant the order of key-value pairs could change each time we iterated through
them This isn’t the case anymore, but in some workplaces, you may encounter an older version of Python being used *Copyright Maven Analytics, LLC
MODIFYING DICTIONARIES
Referencing a new key and assigning it a value will add a new key-value pair,
while referencing an existing key will overwrite the existing pair
List Limitations
Notice that ‘bindings’ is not in the dictionary keys

Dictionary Basics
Modifying
Dictionaries Therefore, assigning a value to a key of ‘bindings’ adds
the key-value pair to the dictionary
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
Now that ‘bindings’ is a key in the dictionary, assigning a
value to a key of ‘bindings’ overwrites the value in the
dictionary for that key
Sets

MODIFYING DICTIONARIES
Use the del keyword to delete key-value pairs

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods
This has deleted the key-value pair with a key
of ‘boots’ from the dictionary
Nested
Dictionaries
Sets

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY BASICS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Birthday Snacks
Good morning,
I’m glad we brought you on – I’m passing on the
responsibility of managing birthday snacks to you.
Here are some of the changes needed:
• Can you let me know what Stuart’s snack is?
• Add me – I like ‘Cheese and Crackers’
• Nobody else wants raisins, can you change
Jerry’s snack to ‘Fig Bars’?
• Remove Sierra – she doesn’t work here
snack_dictionary.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY BASICS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Birthday Snacks
Good morning,
I’m glad we brought you on – I’m passing on the
responsibility of managing birthday snacks to you.
Here are some of the changes needed:
• Can you let me know what Stuart’s snack is?
• Add me – I like ‘Cheese and Crackers’
• Nobody else wants raisins, can you change
Jerry’s snack to ‘Fig Bars’?
• Remove Sierra – she doesn’t work here
snack_dictionary.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY CREATION
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Inventory Status
Hello!
We need a quick way for our sales staff to look up the
inventory of our items (I’ve attached two lists).
Can you create a dictionary with each item as a key,
with ‘in stock’ if the corresponding inventory value is
greater than 0, and ‘sold out’ if the inventory value
equals zero?
These lists are a small sample, so make sure you aren’t
manually coding the dictionary.
inventory_status.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY CREATION
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Inventory Status
Hello!
We need a quick way for our sales staff to look up the
inventory of our items (I’ve attached two lists).
Can you create a dictionary with each item as a key,
with ‘in stock’ if the corresponding inventory value is
greater than 0, and ‘sold out’ if the inventory value
equals zero?
These lists are a small sample, so make sure you aren’t
manually coding the dictionary.
inventory_status.ipynb

DICTIONARY METHODS
Returns the keys from a dictionary .keys()

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Returns the values from a dictionary .values()
Modifying
Dictionaries
Returns key value pairs from a dictionary as a list of tuples .items()
Dictionary
Returns a value for a given key, or an optional value if the key isn’t
Methods found .get(key, value if key not found)
Nested
Dictionaries
Appends specified key-value pairs, including entire dictionaries .update (key:value pairs)
Sets

KEYS
The .keys() method returns the keys from a dictionary

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
.keys() returns a view object that represents the keys as a list
(this is more memory efficient than creating a list)
Modifying
Dictionaries
This view object can be iterated through, which has the same
Dictionary
behavior as looping through the dictionary keys directly
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
Sets This view object can be converted into

a list or a tuple if needed

VALUES
The .values() method returns the values from a dictionary

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
.values() returns a view object that
represents the values as a list
Modifying (this is more memory efficient than
Dictionaries creating a list)
Dictionary
Methods This view object can be looped through as well
Here we’re grabbing the first element from each of
the lists returned by .values() and appending them
Nested
to a new list
Dictionaries
Sets

ITEMS
The .items() method returns key-value pairs from a dictionary as a list of tuples
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
.items() returns a view object
that represents the key-value
Modifying pairs as a list of tuples
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods
You can unpack the tuple to retrieve

Nested individual keys and values
Dictionaries
In this case, the variable ‘key’ is assigned to
the key in the tuple, and ‘value’ is assigned to
the dictionary value
Sets

ITEMS
The .items() method returns key-value pairs from a dictionary as a list of tuples
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
.items() returns a view object
that represents the key-value
Modifying pairs as a list of tuples
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods
You can give these variables intuitive names,
Nested although k, v is common to represent keys
Dictionaries and values
Sets

GET
The .get() method returns the values associated with a dictionary key
List Limitations • It won’t return a KeyError if the key isn’t found
• You can specify an optional value to return if the key is not found
Dictionary Basics
Modifying .get() returns the value associated

Dictionaries with the ‘boots’ key
Dictionary
Methods
The difference between using .get() and simply

Nested entering the key directly is that .get() will not
Dictionaries return an error if they key is not found
And you can specify an optional value to return if

the key is not found
Sets
• .get(key, value if key not found)

UPDATE
The .update() method appends key-value pairs to a dictionary

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
.update() appends new key-value pairs to a dictionary, in
this case a single pair for a key of ‘bindings’
Modifying
Dictionaries • .update(key:value pairs)
Dictionary
Methods
Nested This is the preferred way to combine dictionaries

Dictionaries
As a reminder, dictionary values do not need to be the same
type; note that the value for ‘snowpants’ is ‘N/A’, while the
values for the rest of the keys are lists
Sets

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY METHODS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022
From: Stuart Slope (Business Analyst)

Subject: European Planning
…
We’re exploring the launch of our first store in
Torino, Italy and I need help building out some of the
data.
First, I need a dictionary containing the item numbers
as keys, the number of sizes for each item as values. …
Then, I need you to add items 10010 and 10011

with size counts of 4 and 7, respectively.
Finally, pull the prices out of the product dictionary
and return a list with converted Euro pricing.
european_planning.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY METHODS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: European Planning
…
We’re exploring the launch of our first store in
Torino, Italy and I need help building out some of the
data.
First, I need a dictionary containing the item numbers
as keys, the number of sizes for each item as values.
Then, I need you to add items 10010 and 10011
with size counts of 4 and 7, respectively.
Finally, pull the prices out of the product dictionary
and return a list with converted Euro pricing.
european_planning.ipynb

ZIP
The zip() function combines two iterables, like lists, into a single iterator of tuples
List Limitations • first_iterable[0] gets paired with second_iterable[0], and so on
Dictionary Basics
Here, we’re zipping together two lists and returning a
zip object that contains the instructions for pairing the
Modifying ith object from each iterable
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods When you create a list from the zip object, you get a list
with the ith element from each iterable paired together
in a tuple
Nested
Dictionaries
Any number of iterables can be combined this way

Sets

ZIP
The zip() function is commonly used to build dictionaries

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
When creating a dictionary from the zip object, the

elements of the first iterable become the keys, and
Modifying
Dictionaries the second become the values
Dictionary
Methods
Note that you can only create a dictionary
from a zip object with two iterables
Nested
Dictionaries
But you can zip iterables together within

Sets the second argument

ASSIGNMENT: ZIP
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: European Dictionary
Hi there!
We’re developing the architecture for our planned
European store.
Can you create a dictionary by combining item_ids
as keys with the lists item_names, euro_prices,
item_category, and sizes as the values?
We’ll upload this to our database shortly.
Exciting times!
european_dictionary.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: ZIP
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: European Dictionary
Hi there!
We’re developing the architecture for our planned
European store.
Can you create a dictionary by combining item_ids
as keys with the lists item_names, euro_prices,
item_category, and sizes as the values?
We’ll upload this to our database shortly.
Exciting times!
european_dictionary.ipynb

NESTED DICTIONARIES
You can nest dictionaries as values of another dictionary

List Limitations • The nested dictionary is referred to as an inner dictionary (the other is an outer dictionary)
Dictionary Basics The outer dictionary here has years as keys,

and inner dictionaries as values
Modifying The inner dictionaries have items as keys, and

Dictionaries lists with item attributes as values
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
To access an inner dictionary, reference the
outer dictionary key
Sets
To access the values of an inner dictionary,
reference the outer dictionary key, then the
inner dictionary key of interest

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED DICTIONARIES
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: European Dictionary Updates
Hi again!
We decided to restructure the dictionary you created
earlier into a nested dictionary with each attribute
represented by a key for fast lookup. Can you:
1. Verify the price on item 10009
2. Update the sizes for item 10009 to European
sizing (they are stored in a list)
3. Create a dictionary based on the new one that
includes item name as keys and sizes as values
modified_european_dictionary.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: NESTED DICTIONARIES
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: European Dictionary Updates
Hi again!
We decided to restructure the dictionary you created
earlier into a nested dictionary with each attribute
represented by a key for fast lookup. Can you:
1. Verify the price on item 10009
2. Update the sizes for item 10009 to European
sizing (they are stored in a list)
3. Create a dictionary based on the new one that
includes item name as keys and sizes as values
modified_european_dictionary.ipynb

SETS
A set is a collection of unique values

List Limitations • Sets are unordered, which means their values cannot be accessed via index or key
• Sets are mutable (values can be added/removed), but set values must be unique & immutable
Dictionary Basics
Sets can be created with
curly braces {}
Modifying
Dictionaries The absence of colons
differentiates them from
dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods
Sets can also be created via

Nested
conversion using set()
Dictionaries
Note that duplicate values
are automatically removed
Sets when created

WORKING WITH SETS
You can conduct membership tests on sets

List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods You can loop through them But you can’t index them (they are unordered)
Nested
Dictionaries
Sets

ASSIGNMENT: SETS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Product Categories
Hey,
I’m doing an analysis on product categories.
Can you collect the unique product category values
from our European dictionary??
How many unique categories are there?
Once you have that, can you check if ‘outdoor’ is in
there yet?
This will be really helpful, thanks!
product_categories.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: SETS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Product Categories
Hey,
I’m doing an analysis on product categories.
Can you collect the unique product category values
from our European dictionary??
How many unique categories are there?
Once you have that, can you check if ‘outdoor’ is in
there yet?
This will be really helpful, thanks!
product_categories.ipynb

SET OPERATIONS
Python has useful operations that can be performed between sets

List Limitations
Returns all unique values in both sets set1.union(set2)

Dictionary Basics
Returns values present in both sets set1.intersection(set2)

Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Returns values present in set 1, but not set 2 set1.difference(set2)
Methods
Returns values not shared between sets

Nested
(opposite of intersection) set1.symmetric_difference(set2)
Dictionaries
Sets
PRO TIP: Chain set operations to capture the relationship between three or more
sets, for example – set1.union(set2).union(set3)

UNION
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Union returns all unique values in both sets
Modifying
Dictionaries
All values from both sets are
returned, without duplicates
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
All values from the three sets are returned by

Sets chaining two union operations

INTERSECTION
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Intersection returns the values present in both sets
Modifying
Dictionaries
Only the values in both sets are
returned, without duplicates
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
Since no value is present in all three

Sets sets, an empty set is returned

DIFFERENCE
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Difference returns the values present set 1, but not set 2 (the order matters)
Modifying
Dictionaries
‘sled’ is the only value in friday_items
that is NOT in saturday_items
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
If you reverse the order, the output changes – ‘goggles’ and ‘helmet’ are
in saturday_items but NOT in friday_items
Sets
Note that the subtraction sign can be used instead of difference

SYMMETRICAL DIFFERENCE
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Symmetrical difference returns all values not shared between sets
Modifying
Dictionaries
‘sled’ is only in set 1, and ‘goggles’
and ‘helmet’ are only in set 2
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
Sets

SET USE CASES
1. Sets are more efficient than lists for performing membership tests
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics
Using
Lists
Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary Using
Methods Sets
Nested
Dictionaries
Sets Sets are implemented as hash tables, which makes looking up values extremely fast; the downside is that
they cannot preserve order (lists rely on dynamic arrays that preserve order but have slower performance)

SET USE CASES
2. Sets can gather unique values efficiently without looping

List Limitations
Using
Dictionary Basics Lists
Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
Using
Sets
Sets

SET USE CASES
3. Set operations can find the data shared, or not shared, between items
without looping
List Limitations
Dictionary Basics Using

Lists
Modifying
Dictionaries
Dictionary
Methods
Nested
Dictionaries
Using
Sets
Sets

ASSIGNMENT: SET OPERATIONS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Weekend Sale Analysis
Hey,
There are three lists with the customers who made
a purchase on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
Can you get me the set of unique customers who
made purchases on Saturday or Sunday?
Then return the customers that made purchases on
Friday AND during the weekend; we want to target
them with additional promotions.
weekend_sale_followup.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: SET OPERATIONS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 10, 2022

Subject: Weekend Sale Analysis
Hey,
There are three lists with the customers who made
a purchase on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
Can you get me the set of unique customers who
made purchases on Saturday or Sunday?
Then return the customers that made purchases on
Friday AND during the weekend; we want to target
them with additional promotions.
weekend_sale_followup.ipynb

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Dictionaries are used to store data in key-value pairs

• Looking up values in dictionaries by their keys is more efficient than scanning through lists
• Dictionaries can mimic a structure like tabular data (e.g., Excel sheets).
Dictionary methods are essential for working with dictionaries

• The .keys(), .values(), and .items() methods are critical, but .get() and .update() are also very helpful
Use the zip() function to create dictionaries with ease

• The zip function stitches together multiple iterables into a single iterable of tuples
Use sets to identify unique values or the relationships between datasets

• Converting lists to sets can help perform these operations more efficiently

FUNCTIONS
In this section we’ll learn to write custom functions to boost efficiency, import external
functions stored in modules or packages, and write comprehensions

• Identify the key components of Python functions
Function Components Defining Functions
• Define custom functions and manage variable scope
Variable Scope Modules • Practice importing packages, which are external

collections of functions
Packages Lambda Functions • Learn how to write lambda functions and apply
functions with map()
• Learn how to write comprehensions, powerful

Comprehensions
expressions used to create iterables

FUNCTIONS
Function
Functions are reusable blocks of code that perform specific tasks when called
Components
• They take in data, perform a set of actions, and return a result
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope
Inputs to a function are known Functions are blocks of code Outputs are values returned
as arguments that perform a specific task by a function
Modules
Data, is some form, is usually When you use a function, it is
one of the arguments passed known as a function call, or
into a function calling a function
Packages
Other arguments might be The function itself is stored
options for processing the data somewhere else, and you are
or formatting the output ‘calling’ it by using its name
Lambda Side effects are changes or
Functions actions made by the function,
other than the output
Comprehensions Functions help boost efficiency as programmers immensely!

THE ANATOMY OF MAX
Function
The built-in max() function works the same way (as do others like len(), sum(), etc.)
Components
The documentation provides details on the

Defining
input, function, and output for max()
Functions
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
Possible arguments: Identifies the largest value The largest value in the
• A single iterable in the argument(s) provided argument(s)
Lambda
Functions • Multiple objects
Comprehensions
None
THE ANATOMY OF MAX
Function
The built-in max() function works the same way (as do others like len(), sum(), etc.)
Components
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
price_list Identifies the largest value 99.99
in price_list
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions
None
DEFINING A FUNCTION
Function
Components
def function_name(arguments):
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope
Modules Indicates you’re defining a An intuitive name to Variable names for the function
new function call you function by inputs, separated by commas
Examples:
Packages • avg
• usd_converter
Lambda
Functions
Functions have the same naming rules and best practices as variables – use ‘snake_case’!
Comprehensions

DEFINING A FUNCTION
Function
Components
Defining
Functions do this
Variable Scope
Modules Code block for the function

that uses the arguments to
perform a specific task
Packages
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

DEFINING A FUNCTION
Function
Components
Defining
Functions do this
Variable Scope
return output
Modules Ends the function Values to return

(without it, the function (usually variables)
returns None)
Packages
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

DEFINING A FUNCTION
EXAMPLE Defining a function that concatenates two words, separated by a space

Function
Components
Defining Here we’re defining a function called

Functions concatenator, which accepts two
arguments, combines them with a space
, and returns the result
Variable Scope
Modules When we call this function with two

string arguments, the combined string
is returned
Packages
Lambda
Note that we don’t need a code block
Functions
before return, here we’re combining
strings in the return statement
Comprehensions

WHEN TO DEFINE A FUNCTION?
Function
You should take time to define a function when:
Components
ü You find yourself copying & pasting a block of code repeatedly

Defining
Functions
ü You know you will use a block of code again in the future
Variable Scope
ü You want to share a useful piece of logic with others
Modules ü You want to make a complex program more readable
Packages
PRO TIP: There are no hard and fast rules, but in data analysis you’ll often have a similar workflow
Lambda for different projects – by taking the time to package pieces of your data cleaning or analysis
Functions workflow into functions, you are saving your future self (and your colleagues’) time
Comprehensions

THE DOCSTRING
Function
You can create a docstring for your function
Components
• This is used to embed text describing its arguments and the actions it performs
Defining
Functions Use triple quotes inside the function to create its docstring Use ‘?’ to retrieve the docstring, just like with built-in functions
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
Lambda
Functions
PRO TIP: Take time to create a docstring for your function, especially if you plan to share it with others.
What’s the point in creating reusable code if you need to read all of it to understand how to use it?
Comprehensions

ASSIGNMENT: DEFINING A FUNCTION
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax Calculator
Good morning,
We want to expand the work you’ve done on sales tax
to all our stores, which requires a function to account
for changes to taxes or expansion into new states.
Write a function that takes a given subtotal and tax
rate, and returns the total amount owed (subtotal plus
tax).
Thanks in advance!
tax_calculator_function.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: DEFINING A FUNCTION
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Sales Tax Calculator
Good morning,
We want to expand the work you’ve done on sales tax
to all our stores, which requires a function to account
for changes to taxes or expansion into new states.
Write a function that takes a given subtotal and tax
rate, and returns the total amount owed (subtotal plus
tax).
Thanks in advance!
tax_calculator_function.ipynb

ARGUMENT TYPES
Function
There are several types of arguments that can be passed on to a function:
Components
• Positional arguments are passed in the order they were defined in the function
Defining
Functions
• Keyword arguments are passed in any order by using the argument’s name
Variable Scope
• Default arguments pass a preset value if nothing is passed in the function call
Modules
• *args arguments pass any number of positional arguments as tuples

Packages
• **kwargs arguments pass any number of keyword arguments as dictionaries

Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

ARGUMENT TYPES
Function
Positional arguments are passed in the order they were defined in the function
Components
The first value passed in the function will be

Defining string1, and the second will be string2
Functions
Variable Scope
Therefore, changing the order of the inputs
changes the output
Modules
Packages
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

ARGUMENT TYPES
Function
Keyword arguments are passed in any order by using the argument’s name
Components
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope
By specifying the value to pass for each
argument, the order no longer matters
Modules
Packages Keyword arguments cannot be

followed by positional arguments
Lambda
Functions Positional arguments can be
followed by keyword arguments
(the first argument is typically
Comprehensions reserved for primary input data)

ARGUMENT TYPES
Function
Default arguments pass a preset value if nothing is passed in the function call
Components
Assign a default value by using ‘=’

Defining when defining the function
Functions
Since a single argument was passed, the
second argument defaults to ‘World!’
Variable Scope
By specifying a second argument, the
default value is no longer used
Modules
Packages
Default arguments must come after
arguments without default values
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

ARGUMENT TYPES
Function
*args arguments pass any number of positional arguments as tuples
Components
Using ‘*’ before the argument name allows

Defining users to enter any number of strings for the
Functions function to concatenate
Since the arguments are passed as a tuple, we

Variable Scope can loop through them or unpack them
Modules
It’s not necessary to use ‘args’ as long as

the asterisk is there
Packages
Here we’re using ‘words’ as the argument
name, and only passing through two
Lambda words
Functions
Comprehensions

ARGUMENT TYPES
Function
**kwargs arguments pass any number of keyword arguments as dictionaries
Components
Using ‘**’ before the argument name allows users to enter any
Defining number of keyword arguments for the function to concatenate
Functions
Note that since the arguments are passed as dictionaries, you
need to use the .values() method to loop through them
Variable Scope
PRO TIP: Use **kwargs arguments to unpack

Modules dictionaries and pass them as keyword arguments
Packages
The exponentiator function has three arguments:
constant, base, and exponent
Lambda Note that the dictionary keys in ‘param_dict’ match

Functions the argument names for the function
By using ‘**’ to pass the dictionary to the function,

Comprehensions the dictionary is unpacked, and the value for each
key is mapped to the corresponding argument

RETURN VALUES
Function
Functions can return multiple values
Components
Defining
Functions
The values to return must be
separated by commas
Variable Scope
This returns a tuple of the
specified values
Modules
Packages
You can unpack the tuple
into variables during the
function call
Lambda
Functions
The variable ‘sentence’ is assigned to the first
element returned in the tuple, so if the order was
switched, it would store ‘you?’
Comprehensions

RETURN VALUES
Function
Functions can return multiple values as other types of iterables as well
Components
Defining
Functions
Wrap the comma-separated return values in

square brackets to return them inside a list
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
Lambda Or use dictionary notation to create a dictionary

Functions
(this could be useful as input for another function!)
Comprehensions

VARIABLE SCOPE
Function
The variable scope is the region of the code where the variable was assigned
Components
1. Local scope – variables created inside of a function

Defining
Functions • These cannot be referenced outside of the function
Variable Scope 2. Global scope – variables created outside of functions

• These can be referenced both inside and outside of functions
Modules
Since the variable ‘sentence’ is assigned inside of

Packages the concatenator function, it has local scope
Trying to print this variable outside of the function

will then return a NameError
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

CHANGING VARIABLE SCOPE
Function
You can change variable scope by using the global keyword
Components
By declaring the variable ‘sentence’ as

Defining global, it is now recognized outside of the
Functions
function it was defined in
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

CHANGING VARIABLE SCOPE
Function
You can change variable scope by using the global keyword
Components
Defining Note that the variable must be declared

Functions as global before it is assigned a value,
or you will receive a SyntaxError
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
PRO TIP: While it might be tempting, declaring global variables within a function is considered
Lambda bad practice in most cases – imagine if you borrowed this code and it overwrote an important
Functions variable! Instead, use ‘return’ to deliver the values you want and assign them to local variables
Comprehensions

CREATING MODULES
Function
To save your functions, create a module in Jupyter by using the %%writefile
Components magic command and the .py extension
Defining This creates a Python module that you can import functions from
Functions
• Follow %%writefile with the name of the file and the .py extension
• By default, the .py file is stored in the same folder as the notebook
Variable Scope
• You can share functions easily by sending this file to a friend or colleague!
Modules
Packages
Multiple functions can be saved to the same module

Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

IMPORTING MODULES
Function
To import saved functions, you can either import the entire module or import
Components specific functions from the module
Defining
Functions import module
reads in external Python modules
Variable Scope If you import the entire module, you need to reference it when
calling its functions, in the form of module.function()
Modules
Packages
from module import function
imports specific functions from modules
By importing specific functions, you don’t need to reference

Lambda the entire module name when calling a function
Functions
This method can lead to naming conflicts if another

object has the same name
Comprehensions

ASSIGNMENT: CREATING A MODULE
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Modified Sales Tax Calculator
Hey again,
Can you make the following changes to our sales tax
calculator?
1. Since we’ve created this calculator for Stowe
employees, set the default sales tax to 6%
2. We want the function to return subtotal, tax
and sales tax in a list
3. Save this function to tax_calculator.py
Thanks!
modified_tax_calculator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: CREATING A MODULE
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Modified Sales Tax Calculator
Hey again,
Can you make the following changes to our sales tax
calculator?
1. Since we’ve created this calculator for Stowe
employees, set the default sales tax to 6%
2. We want the function to return subtotal, tax
and sales tax in a list
3. Save this function to tax_calculator.py
Thanks!
modified_tax_calculator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: IMPORTING A MODULE
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Applied Sales Tax Calculator
Hey again,
Now that you’ve updated and saved the function, can
you import it, pass a list of transactions through, and
create a list containing the transaction information for
each?
Once you’ve done that, I’d like you to create a
dictionary with the supplied customer IDs as keys and
the transaction information as values.
Thanks!
applied_tax_calculator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: IMPORTING A MODULE
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Applied Sales Tax Calculator
Hey again,
Now that you’ve updated and saved the function, can
you import it, pass a list of transactions through, and
create a list containing the transaction information for
each?
Once you’ve done that, I’d like you to create a
dictionary with the supplied customer IDs as keys and
the transaction information as values.
Thanks!
applied_tax_calculator.ipynb

IMPORTING EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS
Function
The same method used to import your own modules can be used to import
Components external modules, packages, and libraries
• Modules are individual .py files
Defining
Functions • Packages are collections of modules
• Libraries are collections of packages (library and package are often used interchangeably)
Variable Scope
Use the dir() function to view the contents for any of the above
Modules
• This is showing the directory for the saved_functions module
• Modules have many attributes associated with them that the functions will follow
Packages • ‘ __file__’ is the name of the .py file
Lambda
Functions
These are the two functions inside the module
Comprehensions

IMPORTING EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS
EXAMPLE Importing the math package, which contains handy mathematical functions
Function
Components
Defining This package has a LOT of functions

Functions (too many for a single page!)
What does math.sqrt return?

Variable Scope
This is arc cosine
Modules
It’s helpful to look up the official documentation, which will usually
give a helpful overview of the package and its contents
docs.python.org/3/library/math.html
Packages
Lambda
Functions
PRO TIP: Import packages with an alias using the as
keyword – this saves keystrokes while still explicitly
referencing the package to help avoid naming conflicts
Comprehensions

PRO TIP: NAMING CONFLICTS
Function
Importing external functions can lead to naming conflicts
Components
Defining
Functions
In this case we have a sqrt function we defined

Variable Scope ourselves, and another that we imported
In scenarios like these, only the most recently created

object with a given name will be recognized
Modules
Packages
Lambda
Functions
To avoid conflicts, refer to the package
name or an alias with imported functions
Comprehensions

INSTALLING PACKAGES
Function
While many come preinstalled, you may need to install a package yourself
Components
Defining ‘!’ sends the following code to The name of the

Functions your operating system’s shell package to install
(Yes, this means you can use the
command line via Jupyter)
Variable Scope
conda is a package install tells Python to install
manager for Python the following package
Modules
DO NOT install packages like this

It can lead to installing packages in the wrong instance of Python
Packages
Lambda Adding this extra code snippet ensures the

Functions package gets installed correctly
Comprehensions

PRO TIP: MANAGING PACKAGES
Function
Use Anaconda to review all installed packages and their versions
Components
Defining conda list returns a list of installed

Functions packages and versions
Variable Scope
The environments tab in Anaconda

Modules Navigator also shows the installed
packages and versions
Packages
conda install updates a package to its latest

Lambda version; to install a specific version, use
Functions package_name=<version>
You may need to install an older version of a

package so it is compatible with another
Comprehensions package you are working with

ESSENTIAL PACKAGES FOR ANALYTICS
Function
Python has incredible packages for data analysis beyond math and openpyxl
Components
Here are some to explore further:
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope
Modules
Packages
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

MAP
Function
The map() function is an efficient way to apply a function to all items in an iterable
Components
• map(function, iterable)
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope
The map function returns a map object –
which saves memory until we’ve told Python
Modules what to do with the object
Packages
You can convert the map object into a list
or other iterable
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

ASSIGNMENT: MAP
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Re: Applied Sales Tax Calculator
Hey again,
We’re really making some great progress on
implementing Python – can you import the tax
calculator and apply it to the newest list of
transactions?
Don’t use a for loop!
Thanks!
mapping_the_calculator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: MAP
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Re: Applied Sales Tax Calculator
Hey again,
We’re really making some great progress on
implementing Python – can you import the tax
calculator and apply it to the newest list of
transactions?
Don’t use a for loop!
Thanks!
mapping_the_calculator.ipynb

LAMBDA FUNCTIONS
Function
Lambda functions are single line, anonymous functions that are only used briefly
Components
• lambda arguments: expression
Defining
Functions Lambda functions can be called on
a single value, but typically aren’t
used for this
Variable Scope
They cannot have multiple

outputs or expressions
Modules
They can take multiple arguments

Packages and leverage conditional logic
Lambda They are usually leveraged in

Functions combination with a function like
map() or in a comprehension.
Comprehensions

ASSIGNMENT: LAMBDA FUNCTIONS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: One-time discount
Hey,
We need to apply a 10% discount for customers
who purchased more than $500 worth of product –
they’re starting to complain it hasn’t been applied.
This is a one-time promotion, so can you code up
something quick?
We won’t reuse it.
Thanks!
discount_orders.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: LAMBDA FUNCTIONS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: One-time discount
Hey,
We need to apply a 10% discount for customers
who purchased more than $500 worth of product –
they’re starting to complain it hasn’t been applied.
This is a one-time promotion, so can you code up
something quick?
We won’t reuse it.
Thanks!
discount_orders.ipynb

PRO TIP: COMPREHENSIONS
Function
Comprehensions can generate sequences from other sequences
Components
Syntax:
Defining
Functions
Variable Scope EXAMPLE Creating a list of Euro prices from USD prices
Before, you needed a for loop to create the new list Now, you can use comprehensions to do this with a single line of code
Modules
Packages
Lambda
Functions
You can even leverage conditional logic to

create very powerful expressions!
Comprehensions

ASSIGNMENT: COMPREHENSIONS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Cost of European Items
Hi there,
I’m working on some numbers for our European
expansion. Can you help me calculate the combined
cost of all of our European items?
The data is stored in the euro_data dictionary.
Thanks!
cost_of_european_items.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: COMPREHENSIONS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Cost of European Items
Hi there,
I’m working on some numbers for our European
expansion. Can you help me calculate the combined
cost of all of our European items?
The data is stored in the euro_data dictionary.
Thanks!
cost_of_european_items.ipynb

PRO TIP: DICTIONARY COMPREHENSIONS
Function
Comprehensions can also create dictionaries from other iterables
Components
Syntax:
Defining
Functions
These can be expressions (including function calls!)
Variable Scope
EXAMPLE Creating a dictionary of inventory costs per item (stock quantity * price)
Modules This is creating a dictionary by using

items as keys, and the product of
status[0] and status[1] as values
Packages zip() is being used to stitch the two
lists together into a single iterable
Lambda
Functions
You can still use conditional logic!
Comprehensions

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY COMPREHENSIONS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Final Tax Calculator
Hey there,
We’re getting close to having a final ETL process for
our European dictionary. Can you create a function
that applies our tax calculator to a list of subtotals
and matches the output up with customer_IDs?
Store them in a dictionary, with customer IDs as
keys, and the transactions as values.
Thanks – we’re getting close to implementing this!
final_tax_calculator.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: DICTIONARY COMPREHENSIONS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 11, 2022

Subject: Final Tax Calculator
Hey there,
We’re getting close to having a final ETL process for
our European dictionary. Can you create a function
that applies our tax calculator to a list of subtotals
and matches the output up with customer_IDs?
Store them in a dictionary, with customer IDs as
keys, and the transactions as values.
Thanks – we’re getting close to implementing this!
final_tax_calculator.ipynb

PRO TIP: COMPREHENSIONS VS MAP
Function
Comprehensions, like map(), can apply functions to an entire sequence
Components
Defining Note that exchange_rate is a default

Functions argument equal to .88
Variable Scope Here, in both the comprehension and map(), price_list

is being passed as a positional argument to the
currency_converter function, and the default
exchange_rate value is applied
Modules
But what if I want to change the exchange rate?

Packages
Lambda
Functions
Comprehensions

PRO TIP: COMPREHENSIONS VS MAP
Function
Comprehensions, like map(), can apply functions to an entire sequence
Components
Note that exchange_rate is a

Defining
default argument equal to .88
Functions
In the comprehension, the

exchange_rate argument is easy
Variable Scope to specify
Modules To do so with map(), you need

to create a partial function
(outside the course scope)
Packages
Lambda In general, both methods provide an efficient way to apply a function to a list – Comprehensions are usually preferred,
Functions as they are more efficient and highly readable, but there will be instances when using map with lambda is preferred
(like manipulating a Pandas Column)
You may prefer not to use comprehensions for particularly complex logic (nested loops, multiple sequences, lots of
Comprehensions conditions), but for most use cases comprehensions are a best practice for creating new sequences based off others.

KEY TAKEAWAYS
Functions are reusable blocks of code that make us more efficient analysts
• If you find yourself writing the same code over and over again, consider making it a function
External packages & libraries provide access to functions developed by others

• Most data analysts work with features from packages like pandas and matplotlib regularly
Map() applies a function to an iterable without the use of a for loop

• This is often paired with lambda functions for handy one-off procedures
Comprehensions can create sequences and dictionaries from other iterables

• They are more efficient than map() at applying a function to a list, and allow you to specify different arguments

MANIPULATING EXCEL SHEETS
In this section we’ll import the openpyxl package and manipulate data from Excel
sheets by using the Python skills learned throughout the course

• Read and save Excel files in Python
The openpyxl Package Navigating Workbooks
• Navigate workbooks, worksheets, and cells
Looping Through Cells Modifying Cells • Loop through cell ranges and modify cell values

THE OPENPYXL PACKAGE
The openpyxl package is designed for reading and writing Excel files
The openpyxl Without ever needing to open Excel itself, you can use openpyxl to:
Package
• Create, modify, or delete workbooks, worksheets, rows, or columns
Navigating • Leverage custom Python functions or Excel formulas (yes, really!)
Workbooks
• Automate Excel chart creation
Iterating Through • … or do almost anything else that can be done in Excel natively
Cells
Example use cases:

Modifying Cells
• Cleaning or manipulating Excel sheets before uploading them into a database
• Automating database pulls (sqlalchemy library) and creating Excel sheets for end users
• Summarizing Excel data before sending it to another user
openpyxl should be installed in Anaconda already, but if it isn’t you can install it like you would any other package

THE MAVEN SKI SHOP DATA
Orders_info
Item_info

NAVIGATING WORKBOOKS
The load_workbook() function reads in an Excel workbook
The openpyxl
Package
Navigating
Workbooks
Just supply a file name!*
Iterating Through
Cells workbook.sheetnames returns the worksheet names in a workbook
Note that ‘workbook’ is simply a variable

Modifying Cells name that stores the workbook object
Using this intuitive name makes the code

easier to read, but any name can be used
instead (wb is common as well)
* As long as the Excel workbook is in the same folder as your Jupyter notebook *Copyright Maven Analytics, LLC
NAVIGATING WORKSHEETS
workbook.active returns the name of the worksheet openpyxl is pointed to
The openpyxl Add .title to return

Package the title as text
Navigating
Workbooks The first sheet (value of 0) is active by default, but you can
change it by assigning the sheet’s index to workbook.active
Iterating Through
Cells
Modifying Cells
Sheets can also be referenced by name (like dictionary keys)
Assign sheet names to

variables to make the
workbook easier to
navigate

NAVIGATING CELLS
You can navigate cells by using ‘A1’ style coordinates, or Python-esque indices
The openpyxl sheet['coordinate'] returns the specified cell object, and cell.value returns the cell’s contents
Package
Navigating
Workbooks
Iterating Through Remember that ‘items’ is the name

Cells assigned to workbook[‘Item_Info’] ‘Item_Info’ worksheet
Modifying Cells
sheet.cell(row= , column= ) returns cell objects as well
This is equivalent to ‘B4’

(0 indexing doesn’t apply!)

ASSIGNMENT: NAVIGATING WORKBOOKS
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 12, 2022

Hey there, we’ve just run our annual Black Friday Sale,
and there have been issues with the data. Most of our
data team is skiing this weekend, so we need your
help.
A customer mentioned they weren’t charged sales tax
and have graciously reached out to pay it.
Can you calculate the sales tax (8%) and total for
customer C00003? It should be in row 10.
Thanks!
excel_data_sales_tax.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: NAVIGATING WORKBOOKS
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 12, 2022

Hey there, we’ve just run our annual Black Friday Sale,
and there have been issues with the data. Most of our
data team is skiing this weekend, so we need your
help.
A customer mentioned they weren’t charged sales tax
and have graciously reached out to pay it.
Can you calculate the sales tax (8%) and total for
customer C00003? It should be in row 10.
Thanks!
excel_data_sales_tax.ipynb

DETERMINING SHEET RANGES
sheet.max_row and sheet.max_column help determine the number of rows and

columns with data in a worksheet, to then use as stopping conditions for loops
The openpyxl
Package
This returns the index of This returns the index of the

Navigating the last row with data last column with data
Workbooks (‘E’ is the fifth column)
Looping Through
Cells
Modifying Cells

LOOPING THROUGH CELLS
Excel columns usually contain data fields, while rows contain individual records
To loop through cells in a column, you need to move row by row in that column
The openpyxl
Package
Navigating
Workbooks
print('B1', items['B1'].value)
• The for loop is iterating
Looping Through print('B2', items['B2'].value) through each row in a
Cells specified range
print('B3', items['B3'].value)
• Since the end of range is not

Modifying Cells inclusive, we need to stop at
items.max_row + 1
• The range goes from 1-14, so
the loop will run 14 times

WRITING DATA TO CELLS
You can write data to a cell by assigning a value to it using the cell’s coordinates
The openpyxl
Package
Cell ‘F1’ starts with no data, and then a
value of ‘Euro Price’ is assigned to it
Navigating
Workbooks
Looping Through
Cells
Modifying Cells
Now that column ‘F’ has data,

max_column has increased to 6

WRITING DATA TO A COLUMN
You can write data to a column by looping through its rows and assigning values
The openpyxl
Package Each row in column ‘F’ is now equal to the matching
value in column ‘C’ multiplied by .88
Note that the range is starting at 2, since the first
Navigating row is reserved for the column header
Workbooks
Looping Through
Cells
You can reference all the cells in a column!
Modifying Cells
Use enumerate’s start argument to start the index at 1, rather than the
default of 0, to align with Excel row numbers

ASSIGNMENT: WRITING DATA TO A COLUMN
Results Preview
NEW MESSAGE
February 12, 2022

Subject: New Currency Prices
Hi again!
In addition to a planned EU expansion this year, we’re
considering expanding into Japan and the UK next
year.
Since we’re going to do this a few times, can you
create a currency converter function?
Once we have that, create a column for ‘GBP Price’
and ‘JPY Price’, to store Pound and Yen prices.
The notebook has conversion rates and more details.
pound_and_yen_pricing.ipynb

ASSIGNMENT: WRITING DATA TO A COLUMN
Solution Code
NEW MESSAGE
February 12, 2022

Subject: New Currency Prices GBP Price with range:
Hi again!
In addition to a planned EU expansion this year, we’re
considering expanding into Japan and the UK next
year.
Since we’re going to do this a few times, can you JPY Price with enumerate:
create a currency converter function?
Once we have that, create a column for ‘GBP Price’
and ‘JPY Price’, to store Pound and Yen prices.
The notebook has conversion rates and more details.
pound_and_yen_pricing.ipynb

INSERTING COLUMNS
You can insert columns to a worksheet without overwriting existing data
The openpyxl sheet.insert_cols(idx=index) inserts a column in the specified sheet and index
Package
Navigating ‘Available Sizes’ is the current value for cell ‘E1’

Workbooks
Looping Through
Cells After inserting a column at index 5 (column ‘E’), and
assigning ‘E1’ a value of ‘Euro Price’, note that
‘Available Sizes’ was shifted right to ‘F1’
Modifying Cells

DELETING COLUMNS
You can delete columns from a worksheet as well
The openpyxl sheet.delete_cols(idx=index) deletes the column at the specified sheet and index
Package
Navigating ‘Euro_Price’ is now the current value for cell ‘E1’

Workbooks
Looping Through
Cells After deleting the column at index 5 (column ‘E’),
‘Available Sizes’ was moved back to ‘E1’ from ‘F1’
Modifying Cells

SAVING YOUR WORKBOOK
Use workbook.save to save your workbook in your local machine
The openpyxl
Package
Navigating
Workbooks
Looping Through
Cells
Modifying Cells
WARNING
This will replace any existing files
with the same name in your folder
If you overwrite your input excel
sheet, you could lose raw data that
could be impossible to recover
Be careful!

BRINGING IT ALL TOGETHER
You now have a workflow that reads in an Excel workbook, creates a ‘Euro
Price’ column based on a given exchange rate, and saves it back out
The openpyxl
Package
Import openpyxl
Navigating
Workbooks Read in the Excel workbook
Looping Through Assign the sheet to a variable

Cells
Write the column header
Modifying Cells
Set the exchange rate
Loop through the column,

convert, and write the values
Save the Excel workbook

KEY TAKEAWAYS
The openpyxl package can manipulate Excel data using Python

• You can read, modify, and save Excel workbooks without ever needing to open Excel
Most of the other Excel functionalities are possible as well

• You can create charts, apply conditional formatting, and write Excel formulas (just write them as strings in
the cells where you want to place them!)
This is just a sneak peak of Python’s capabilities to automate external tasks

• Beyond Excel, Python can manipulate flat files, read and write to databases, scrape web data, and more

PROJECT DATA: BLACK FRIDAY ORDERS
Orders_Info

PART 1: DATA PREP
Key Objectives
NEW MESSAGE
February 13, 2022
1. Read in data from an Excel workbook
2. Define a function that prints cell contents
Subject: Black Friday Data
3. Create a dictionary using a comprehension and string
methods
Hi again, I have a BIG final ask for you!
4. Use for loops to manipulate Excel data
Our Excel expert has been skiing for 3 months now, and
we need really to analyze our Black Friday sales data! 5. Import and call a previously saved function
6. Write data into Excel cells

In the Excel workbook attached you’ll see that we’re
missing data for taxes and totals. Can you fill in those 7. Save an Excel workbook
rows of data using Python?
You’ll find more detailed instructions in the notebook
attached, and I’ll follow up shortly with more steps for
the analysis.
maven_ski_shop_data.xlsx
maven_ski_shop_analysis.ipynb

PART 2: DATA ANALYSIS
Key Objectives
NEW MESSAGE
February 13, 2022
1. Define a function that sums Excel columns, leveraging a
From: Sally Snow (Ski Shop Manager) list comprehension
Subject: RE: Black Friday Data 2. Apply numerical functions to calculate KPIs
3. Use set operations to find unique items

Great work on fixing the data, thank you!
4. Create a dictionary using nested loops
Now the fun part – it’s time for analysis.
5. Challenge: Write a function that calculates the sum of an
We need to calculate some key metrics by aggregating Excel column, grouped by the unique values in another
column
our data, which will be super helpful for determining
how well we performed during Black Friday.
You think you can pull it off? The detailed instructions
should be in the notebook I sent earlier.
Can’t wait to see the results!
maven_ski_shop_analysis.ipynb

Python Foundations For Data Analysis

Uploaded by

Python Foundations For Data Analysis

Uploaded by

FOR DATA ANALYSIS

With Expert Python Instructor Chris Bruehl

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Additional resources include:

Downloadable PDF to serve as a helpful reference when you’re offline or on the go

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Install Anaconda & create your first Jupyter Notebook, a user-friendly

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Learn how to use IF statements and Boolean operators to establish

Learn how to create custom functions in Python to boost productivity, and

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To prepare for scalable growth, the business is transitioning to Python as their

Use Python to:

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This is NOT a Python course for software development

We’ll focus on core concepts necessary for data analysis

We’ll use Jupyter Notebooks as our primary coding environment

You do NOT need prior coding experience to take this course

Who this is for: Who this is NOT for:

• Analysts or BI professionals looking to • Experienced Python programmers or

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Popularity of Programming Language (PYPL):

Python is a free, open-source programming

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TOPICS WE’LL COVER: GOALS FOR THIS SECTION:

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1) Go to anaconda.com/products/distribution and click

Helpful 3) Launch the downloaded Anaconda pkg file

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1) Go to anaconda.com/products/distribution and click

Helpful 3) Launch the downloaded Anaconda exe file

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Google Colab Depending on your OS, and method

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Save or revert, make a Edit cells within your

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The toolbar provides easy access to the most-used notebook actions

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Type some code, and click Run to execute

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Notebook To create a markdown cell:

Helpful This is now a markdown cell

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Markdown cells use a special text formatting syntax

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Markdown cells use a special text formatting syntax

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The print() function will display a specified value

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Google Colab is Google’s cloud-based version of Jupyter Notebooks

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Google your questions – odds are someone else has

The Official Python Documentation is a great

There are many quality Python & Analytics Blogs on

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Jupyter Notebooks are user-friendly coding environments

Use comments and markdown cells for documentation

Google Colab is a popular cloud-based alternative to Jupyter Notebooks

TOPICS WE’LL COVER: GOALS FOR THIS SECTION:

Type Conversion Iterables • Learn to convert between compatible data types

• Understand the concepts of iterability & mutability

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Sequence Mapping Set

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Single value (simple): Multiple values:

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