M1: Lesson 3A: Review of Anatomy: Reproductive structures are the testes which are encased in

System the scrotal sac and the penis.

• Educating people about reproductive function
• Nurses who work with women need an
is an important primary prevention measure
understanding of the physical influences that
because it teaches them to better monitor
affect women’s health. Knowing the
their own health. Read the power point on
underlying cause of their condition can help
Review of Anatomy and Physiology to better
effectively in promoting and maintaining
review the anatomy and physiology for
women’s reproductive health.
reproductive organ and sexual health.
• The female reproductive system involves
many external and internal structures that are
under hormonal control. In view of this, it is
Male Reproductive Organ
imperative to the nurses to possess a high
degree of knowledge of the parts and • External organs
functions of the reproductive system. o Scrotum
▪ supports the testes and help
regulate the temperature of
sperm.
o Testes
▪ Produces sperm and male sex
hormone testosterone
▪ testes first form in utero in
the pelvic cavity.
▪ descend, late in intrauterine
life (about the 34th to 38th
week) into the scrotal sac -
normal testes feel firm,
smooth, and egg-shaped
▪ Lobules consist:
✓ Leydig’s Cell
✓ Seminiferous tubule
• The reproductive and sexual organs form early ▪ Leydig’s Cell – interstitial cells
in intrauterine life and full functioning in each lobule
becomes possible at puberty. ▪ Responsible for production of
• The female internal organs or reproduction testosterone
include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, ▪ Testosterone
and vagina. While the female external organs ✓ The most prevalent
of reproduction include the mons veneris, androgen
labia minora and majora, vestibule, clitoris, ✓ Promotes the
fourchette, perineal body, hymen and Skene development of masculine
and Bartholin glands. characteristics
• The male internal organs are epididymis, vas ✓ Promotes a man’s libido
deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts, ▪ Seminiferous Tubules
prostate glands, urethra, and bulbourethral ✓ Produce spermatozoa
glands. And the external reproductive (Spermatogenesis)
 o Penis ✓ Responsible for
▪ Organ of copulation conducting sperm from
▪ 3 cylindrical masses of erectile the testis to vas deferens.
tissue: ✓ Absorption of fluid and
▪ the corpus spongiosum addition of substances to
expands to form the glans the seminal fluid to
penis which covers the distal nourish the maturing
ends of the corpora sperm.
cavernosa. ▪ it takes at least 12 to 20 days
▪ prepuce (foreskin): hoodlike for them to travel the length
fold of skin that covers the of the epididymis, - total of 64
glans days for them to reach
▪ the urethra passes through maturation
these layers of erectile tissue o Vas Deferens (ductus deferens)
▪ the penis serves as the outlet ▪ Carries sperm from the
for both the urinary and the epididymis through the
reproductive tracts in men inguinal canal in the
▪ Distention and Erection of the abdominal cavity.
Penis: ▪ It ends at the seminal vesicles
✓ Nitric oxide is released and ejaculatory ducts.
from the endothelium of o Seminal vesicles
the blood vessels ▪ 2 convoluted pouches.
✓ dilation of blood vessels ▪ Lie on the lower portion of the
✓ increase in the blood flow posterior surface of the
to the arteries of the penis urinary bladder.
✓ engorgement ▪ Empty into the urethra by way
✓ contraction of the of the ejaculatory ducts.
ischiocavernosus muscle ▪ Function: Secretes viscous
at the base of the penis portion of the semen:
✓ trapping of both venous ✓ High in sugar
and arterial blood in the 3 ✓ Protein
sections of erectile tissue ✓ Prostaglandins
✓ distention and erection of ✓ Sperm becomes
the penis increasingly motile
• Internal organs because of the nutrients
o Epididymis and more favorable pH.
▪ Comma shaped organ about 4 o Ejaculatory ducts
cm long that lies along the ▪ 2 Ejaculatory ducts pass
posterior border of each testis through the prostate gland
▪ Consists mostly of ductus and join the seminal vesicles
epididymis tightly coiled to the urethra.
approximately 20 ft long. ▪ Terminate in the prostatic
▪ Function: urethra
 ▪ Function: Eject sperm and ▪ Seminal fluid consists of the
seminal vesicle secretions just secretions:
before the release of semen ✓ Epididymis (5%)
from the urethra to the ✓ Seminal vesicles (30%)
exterior. ✓ Prostate gland (60%)
o Prostate gland ✓ Bulbourethral gland (5%)
▪ Chest nut sized gland. o Urethra
▪ Lies below the urinary ▪ Hollow tube leading from the
bladder. base of the bladder.
▪ Urethra passes through the ▪ Passes through the shaft and
center of it, like the hole in a glans of the penis continues to
doughnut. the outside.
▪ Function: ▪ 8 inches (18 to 20 cm) long.
✓ Secretes thin, alkaline
fluid.
✓ Added to the secretion Female Reproductive Organs
from the seminal vesicles
and the accompanying • External Genetalia
sperm from the o Collectively known as the vulva or
epididymis. pudendum
✓ Alkaline fluid further o Mons Veneris
protects sperm from ▪ Rounded, soft, fullness over the
being immobilized by the symphysis pubis.
naturally low ph level of ▪ Covered with course dark hair during
the urethra. functional years and thins after
✓ Contribute to sperm menopause.
motility and viability. o Labia Majora
▪ Hypertrophy of the prostate ▪ 2 fatty tissue containing folds of skin
interferes with both fertility that extend downward from the mons
and urination. veneris around the external vaginal
o Bulbourethral glands opening terminating in the perineum.
▪ 2 Bulbourethral glands o Labia Minora
(Cowpers glands). ▪ Narrow folds of skin and fibro-
▪ Lie beside the prostate Gland. areolar tissue extending from the
▪ Empty into the urethra clitoris to the fourchette.
▪ Function: Secrete an alkaline ▪ Fourchette – line of convergence
fluid that helps counteract the of the labia majora and minora
acid secretion of the urethra. ▪ Structure that is sometimes cut
▪ Ensure the safe passage of (episiotomy) during childbirth to
spermatozoa. enlarge the vaginal opening.
o Semen o Clitoris
▪ •Mixture of sperm and ▪ Homologous to the penis.
seminal fluid. ▪ Erectile organ fixed beneath the
arc of the pubis
▪ Above the urethral meatus.
 ▪ Highly sensitive to temperature, ▪ Tends to inhibit the growth of the
touch and pressure sensation. organisms
▪ Serves as landmark in locating the ▪ DODERLEINS BACILLI – a normal
urethral meatus for female bacterial flora of the vagina that
catheterization. maintains its acidity.
o Bulbs of the vestibule ▪ Functions:
▪ Paired elongated masses of ✓ Passageway for the sperm’s
erectile tissue. entrance to the Uterus.
▪ Located at the sides of the vaginal ✓ For copulation
orifice. ✓ Passageway for menses.
o Urethral meatus o Uterus
▪ Pink, reddened, slit like opening. ▪ Hollow muscular organ shaped
▪ Marks the terminal or distal like a flattened pear.
urethra. ▪ Located inside the true pelvis
o Paraurethral Glands (skene’s glands) between bladder (anterior) and
▪ 2 very short tubular structures. the rectum (posterior).
▪ Located posteriolateral inside the ▪ Weight nonpregnant uterus 60
urethral meatus. grams.
o Perineum ▪ Parts of the Uterus:
▪ Diamond shape area medial to the ✓ Cervix
thighs and buttocks of both males o Neck or mouth of the uterus
and females. o Parts of the cervix:
▪ It contains the external genitalia ❖ External Os
and anus. ➢ Small, round distal
▪ Interwoven and superimposed on opening to the vagina
each other. ➢ After childbirth it is a
▪ Full dilatation of the birth canal transverse slit.
during delivery. ➢ At the level of the
▪ Several muscles: ischial spine.
✓ Transverse ➢ Ischial spine – an
✓ Bulbocavernous important relationship
✓ Sphincter ani externus in estimating the level
✓ Levator ani of the fetus in the
✓ Perineal birth canal.
• Internal Female Genitalia ❖ Internal Os
o Vagina ➢ Opening of the canal
▪ • It extends from the introitus to at junction of the
the cervix. cervix and isthmus.
▪ Measures about 10cm in length ❖ Cervical Canal
and 14 cm width. ➢ Space between
▪ Situated between bladder and external os and
rectum. internal os
▪ Acid medium (ph 4-5). ➢ Operculum – a
cervical plug or
 mucous produced by o Rich supply of blood about
the cervical glands 1.5 mm thick.
(Naboth) that o Decidua
prevents ascending ❖ After implantation the
infection. endometrium is known
as decidua.
✓ Isthmus ❖ After delivery it is
o A constricted area shedoff known as Lochia
immediately above the ▪ Position of the Uterus
cervix ✓ Anteversion – Fundus is
o It descends and softens tipped forward
during pregnancy ( Hegar’s ✓ Retrovesion – Fundus is
Sign) and forms the lower tipped back.
segment of the uterine ✓ Anteflexion – Body of the
segment. uterus is bent sharply at
o 1-2 mm in length in non the junction with the
pregnant state. cervix
o The portion of the uterus ✓ Retroflexion – Body is
most commonly cut/incised bent sharply just above
during cesarean birth. the cervix
✓ Corpus ✓ Extreme abnormal flexion
o The body of the uterus. or version positions may
o Uppermost part and forms interfere with fertility.
the bulk of the organ. ✓ It may block the
✓ Fundus deposition or migration of
o Top portion of the uterus sperm.
o Highly contractile portion. ▪ Ligaments
o Point of attachment of the ✓ Broad Ligament
fallopian tube ❖ A double fold
▪ Layers of the Uterus peritoneum extending
✓ Perimetrium outwards from the
o Layer of the peritoneum uterus attached to the
which covers the uterus side walls of the
except at the sides. pelvis.
o Broad ligaments arises from ✓ Round Ligaments
the sides of the uterus. ❖ It has a little support
✓ Myometrium but maintains the
o Middle layer normal position of the
o Made up of muscles with uterus (Anteversion).
very great expansile ✓ Utero-Sacral Ligament
properties. ❖ Consist of folds of
✓ Endometrium peritoneum extending
o Inner lining of uterus backward from the
sides of the isthmus
 and attached to the ❖ Most distal segment
sacrum. ❖ Approximately 2 cm in
▪ Functions long.
✓ Organ of Reproduction. ❖ Funnel shape with a
✓ Organ of Menstruation number of irregular
✓ Nourishes and protects processes – Fimbriae.
the fertilized ovum for 40 ▪ Function
weeks. ✓ Organ of fertilization
✓ It expels the products of ✓ Transport eggs, sperm and
conception. zygote to the uterus.
o Fallopian Tubes o Ovaries
▪ Approximately 10 cm in length. ▪ 2 almond shaped glands.
▪ Conveys the ovum from the ▪ Located on the posterior
ovaries to the uterus. surface of the broad
▪ Provides a place for fertilization ligaments.
of the ovum by the sperm. ▪ Freely movable, smooth, firm
▪ Four parts and slightly flattened ovoids.
✓ Interstitial portion ▪ 4cm long and 1.5 cm thick.
❖ The most proximal ▪ Functions
division. ✓ Release the matured
❖ Lies within the uterine ovum monthly (ovulation)
wall and opens into – only one ovum is
the uterine cavity. released every month
❖ About 1cm in length. ✓ 2. Produces estrogen and
❖ 1mm lumen of the progesterone
tube. ❖ Ovulation – happens
✓ Isthmus exactly 14 days
❖ Extremely narrow previous to the first
❖ Approximately 2cm in day of the next
length. menstrual period.
❖ The portion that is cut ❖ Subtracting 14 days
or sealed in a tubal from the usual
ligation or tubal menstrual cycle then
sterilization account one on the
procedure. first day of bleeding.
✓ Ampulla
❖ Longest portion of the
tube, and relatively o Related structures
thin walls. ▪ Breast
❖ Approximately 5 cm in ✓ Accessory organs of
length. reproduction.
❖ Fertilization of the ✓ Composed of glandular,
ovum occurs. fibrous and adipose
✓ Infundibulum tissue.
 ✓ 15 to 20 lobes on each ✓ Sounds of the infant
breast . crying may produce
✓ Each lobe is divided into letdown reflexes.
several lobules. ✓ Fright, pain or emotional
✓ Contains acini – cells that stress may inhibit the
produces milk. letdown reflexes.
▪ Nipple o Pelvis
✓ A Small cylindrical body ▪ serves to support and protect
that projects slightly from the reproductive and other
the center of each breast. pelvic organs
✓ Composed of erectile ▪ a bony ring formed by four
tissue which responds to united bones:
tactile stimulation. ✓ Right and left innominate
✓ Lactiferous Ducts – tip of bones
the nipple is perforated ❖ forms the anterior
with 15 to 20 small and lateral portion of
opening. the ring
✓ Colostrum ❖ Ilium
❖ a thin yellowish fluid ➢ forms the upper
composed of and lateral
colostrum corpuscles, portion, the
watery fluid and fat flaring superior
globules. border forms the
❖ Contains more protein prominence of the
but less fat and sugar hip (crest of the
than matured milk. ilium)
❖ Continuous to be ❖ Ischium
secreted until about ➢ the inferior
3rd day postpartum. portion
▪ Estrogen and Progesterone ➢ ischial tuberosity-
✓ Inhibits the release of two projections at
prolactin from the the lowest portion
anterior pituitary gland, of the ischium
thus lactation is upon which a
suppressed. person sits,
▪ Oxytocin markers to
✓ Hormone from the determine lower
posterior pituitary gland pelvic width pelvis
that stimulate expression ➢ ischial spines-
of milk from the lactating small projections
breast – Letdown that extend from
Reflexes. the lateral aspects
into the pelvic
cavity, marks the
 midpoint of the ➢ superior aspect of the
pelvis symphysis pubis
❖ Pubis ➢ False Pelvis
➢ the anterior -> shallow upper
portion part if the pelvis
➢ symphysis pubis- that supports the
junction of the uterus during the
innominate bones late months of
at the front of the pregnancy -> aids
pelvis in directing the
✓ Sacrum fetus into the true
❖ forms the upper pelvis for birth
posterior portion of the ➢ True Pelvis
pelvic ring -> lower, smaller
❖ the wedge bone at the but deeper part of
back of the pelvis. the pelvis that must
❖ SACRAL PROMINENCE be adequate for the
:marked anterior delivery process.
projection where it -> lies below the
touches the lower linea terminalis.
lumbar vertebrae; -> is also known as
❖ serves as the landmark the bony birth
for the pelvic canal.
measurements
✓ Coccyx ▪ Other term
❖ composed of five very ❖ Inlet
small bones fused ➢ entrance to the true
together located below pelvis
the sacrum ➢ it is at the level of the
❖ Sacrococcygeal joint: linea terminalis
the degree of ➢ marked by the sacral
movement permits the prominence in the back
coccyx to be pressed ➢ the ilium on the sides
backward, allowing ➢ superior aspect the
more room for the fetal symphysis pubis in the
head as it passes front
through the bony pelvic ➢ its transverse diameter
ring at birth is wider than its
▪ For obstetric purposes, the anteroposterior
pelvis is further subdivided by diameter. Thus-:
an imaginary line, the line ➢ Transverse diameter =
terminalis: 13.5 cm
❖ sacral prominence ➢ Anteroposterior
diameter = 11 cm.
 ➢ Right and Left oblique ❖ 3. Platypelloid - inlet -has
diameter = 13.75 cm a oval, AP diameter is
❖ Outlet shallow.
➢ inferior portion of the ❖ 4. Android -- "male"
pelvis, pelvis. - inlet has a
➢ Boundaries: narrow, shallow posterior
✓ coccyx portion and pointed
✓ ischial tuberosities anterior portion.
✓ inferior aspect of ▪ Measurements
the symphysis ❖ External
pubis and the ➢ suggestive only of pelvic
pubic arch. size.
➢ its anteroposterior (AP) ➢ a. Intercristal = distance
diameter is wider than between the middle
its transverse diameter points of the iliac crests.
❖ Pelvis Cavity Average = 28 cm
➢ space between the ➢ b. Interspinous =
inlet and outlet distance between the
➢ curved not a straight anterosuperior iliac
passage spines. Average = 25
➢ Slows and controls the cm.
speed of birth ➢ c. lntertrochanteric =
➢ Reduces sudden distance between ft
pressure changes in trochanters of the
the fetal head which femur. Average = 31 cm.
might rupture d. External conjugate /
cerebral arteries Bandelocque's = the
➢ Compresses the chest distance between the
of the fetus anterior aspect of the
➢ Helps to expel lung symphysis pubis and
fluid and mucus depression below L5.
preparing the lungs Average =18-20 cm.
for good aeration ❖ Internal
after birth ➢ gives the actual
▪ Types of Pelvis diameter of the inlet
❖ Gynecoid -- "normal" and outlet
female pelvis - Inlet is well ➢ a. Diagonal conjugate:
rounded forward and back distance between sacral
-most ideal for childbirth. promontory and inferior
❖ 2. Anthropoid -transverse margin of the symphysis
diameter is narrow , AP pubis. Average =12.5
diameter is larger than cm.
normal. ➢ b. True conjugate/
conjugate Vera :
 distance between the
anterior surface of the
sacral promontory and
the superior margin of
the symphysis pubis. -
very important
measurement because
it is the diameter of the
pelvic inlet. Average
=10.5 -11 cm.
➢ c. Biischial
diameter/tuberischli:
transverse diameter of
the pelvic outlet. -
measured at the level of
the anus. Average = 11
cm.