Lesson 05
Lesson 05
Lesson 05
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METALS
Elementary substances which are crystalline when solid, characterized by opacity, ductility,
conductivity, and luster
FERROUS METALS
a metal having iron as base metal
C. ADVANTAGES D. DISADVANTAGES
a. Sturdy and rigid a. Low tolerance to heat which requires fire proofing
b. Durable b. High production cost
c. Recyclable material c. Deteriorates by oxidation
d. Time saving d. Heavy (7850 kg/m3)
e. High strength to weight ratio e. High thermal expansion
f. Versatile
E. PRODUCTION OF STEEL
DIRECT ELECTRIC
REDUCTION ARC
Output: Solid,
Raw Iron Metallic Iron
FURNACE
RAW MATERIALS
Coal Ore
+ STEEL
Undergoes Recycled Metal REFINING
Destructive Coke
Used as Output: Molten Steel
FACILITY
distillation
on coke fuel
oven BLAST BASIC
+ OXYGEN
FURNACE
Limestone Hot air is blasted for FURNACE
Used as a flux or cleaning,
smelting Blast-Furnace
flowing or purifying agent
Output: Pig Iron Slag
SMELTING PROCESS
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STEEL WORKING PROCESS
Continuous
Casting Sheets, Plates, Strips,
SLABS
Pipes and Tubes
CASTING AFTER
BILLETS Bars, Rods, Wires,
PROCESS Pipes and Tubes PRODUCTION
TREATMENT
Mold Casting (Optional)
Output: Ingots Structural Steel/
BLOOMS Section, Seamless
Pipes and Tubes
Pig Iron – crude iron that is drawn from a blast furnace and cast into pigs in preparation for conversion
into cast iron, wrought iron or steel
Ingot – a mass of metal cast into convenient shape for storage or transportation before further
processing
Blooms - Round or square, more than 230 cm2 in cross-sectional area (≈15cm x 15cm)
Billets - Round or square, less than 230 cm2 in cross-sectional area (≈15cm x 15cm)
After Production Treatment – process by which formed or worked metals are treated for additional
strength or for corrosion resistance.
b. Cladding/Plating – bonding one metal to another; usually used to protect the inner metal from
corrosion.
Corrosion – gradual deterioration of metal, by chemical reaction, when exposed to weather,
moisture, or other corroding agents.
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Methods of Cladding Metals Types of Cladding
1. Electroplating – to plate with an Sacrificial Anode
adherent metallic coating by Anodize (by Electrolysis) Aluminum or Magnesium
electrolysis. Chrome Plate Chromium
2. Dipped/Dipping – to plate a base Galvanize or Hot-Dip
metal by dipping it into a tank Zinc
Galvanize
containing a sacrificial anode. Tin Plate Tin
80% Lead
Terne Plate Terne
20% Tin
F. TYPES OF STEEL
a. Carbon Steel – unalloyed steel with residual Types of Carbon Steel Carbon content
elements, such as carbon, manganese, 1. Mild steel or soft steel 0.15% - 0.25%
phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, are controlled 2. Medium steel 0.25% - 0.45%
Carbon Strength and Hardness 3. Hard steel 0.45% - 0.85%
Content Ductility and Weldability 4. Spring steel 0.85% - 1.80%
b. Alloy Steel
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese,
Carbon Steel +
Molybdenium, Nickel, Tungsten, or Vanadium
G. STEEL PRODUCTS
a. Merchant Bars – common steel shapes that consists of rounds, squares, flats, strips, angles and
channels, which fabricators, steel service centers and manufacturers cut, bend and shape into
products
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Types of Merchant Bars
1. S-Shape or I-Beam – hot-rolled section having an I-shape with slope inner flange designated
by letter S
2. Wide Flange or W-Shape – hot-rolled section having an H-shape with parallel flanges
3. HP-Shape – hot-rolled section similar to W-shape having flange and web of the same thickness
4. Channel (designation: C) – hot-rolled section having a rectangular C-shape
5. Angle or Angle Iron – hot-rolled section having an L-shape
6. Structural Tee – section cut from W- or S-shapes to make a T-shape sections
7. Zee or Z-Bar – rolled metal bar having a Z-shaped cross section with internal right angles
8. Bars – a long, solid piece of metal, esp. one having a square, rectangular or other simple cross-
sectional shape
9. Structural Tube/Pipe – hollow shape of square, rectangular or circular cross-section.
Designated by prefix TS
Types of Structural Pipe:
Standard (Pipe Standard) Standard weight and wall thickness
Extra Strong (Pipe X-Strong) Increased weight and wall thickness
Double-Extra Strong (Pipe XX-Strong) Wall thickness greater than x-strong
b. Reinforcements – a system of steel bars, strands or wires for absorbing tensile, shearing, and
sometimes the compressive stress in a concrete member or structure
1. Deformed Reinforcing Bar (Rebar) – a reinforcing bar hot-rolled with surface deformations
to develop greater bond with concrete
2. Threaded Steel Bars – threaded plain or deformed bars for easy splicing
3. Wire Fabric – mesh manufactured with either plain or deformed, sometimes welded or woven
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4. Corrosion-Resistant Reinforcement – reinforcements treated to protect steel reinforcements
a.) Epoxy-Coated d.) Cathode Protection
b.) Galvanized e.) Chemical and Mineral Protection
c.) Stainless
5. Prestressing Materials – used for pre-stressed concrete
a.) Seven Strand Wire b.) Wire c.) Bars
c. Metal Sheets – metal in thin sheets or plates. Used in manufacture of ductwork, flashing, and
roofing.
Sheets are equal or less than 6 mm while Plates are more than 6 mm.
1. Plain sheets or Flat Sheets
2. Corrugated Metal – drawn or rolled into parallel ridges and furrows Corrugated Types
for additional mechanical strength
3. Metal Decking – strengthened for use on floor or root decking by
cold-rolling a series of ribs or flutes into it, usually galvanized. Span
capability depends on the thickness and depth of corrugations
Rib Types
Roof Decking
Depth: 1 ½” to 7”
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d. Light Gauge Metals – metal sheets rolled to produce different profiles for different uses
Profiles (Sections)
1. Steel Studs – used to support wall; light wall construction, usually vertical
Return Web Flange Return
1 5/8” 1 1/4” 3/8”
2 1/2” 2” 1/2”
Length: 3.00 m or more
3 5/8” 3” 5/8”
4” 1”
Web Flange 6”
2. Steel Tracks – used to brace steel studs horizontally, usually used as top and bottom runners
or as head and sill plates at openings
Web Leg
1 5/8” 1 1/4”
2 1/2” 2”
Length: 3.00 m or more
3 5/8” 3”
Web Leg 4”
6”
a.) Leg – larger legs are used for or as structural support, which may be slotted
U Channel
Tee Runner
Hat Furring Zee Furring
Depth: 1” – 1 1/2” Depth: 1” – 2”
C Channel
Wall Angle
NONFERROUS METALS
Metals containing little or no iron
A. ZINC (Zn) – blue-white metal that is low in strength, relatively brittle and moderately hard
B. TIN (Sn) – soft, ductile silvery metal that forms a self-protecting oxide layer
C. CHROMIUM (Cr) – very hard metal that can be polished to a brilliant mirror finish; does not corrode
in air
D. MAGNESIUM (Mn) – strong, remarkably lightweight metal (less than ¼ of steel density)
E. TITANIUM (Ti) – low in density (1/2 of steel density), very strong, and one of the most corrosion-
resistant metal; relatively expensive
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F. ALUMINUM (Al) – ductile, malleable, silver-white metallic element that is used in forming many
hard, light alloys, often anodized for better corrosion resistance, color and surface hardness
Production of Aluminum
BAUXITE - Principal ore of Aluminum consisting of 45% - 68% Aluminum Oxide, Ferric Oxide
and various other impurities
c. Alclad – aluminum product with an aluminum alloy that is anodic to the core alloy, thus protecting
it physically and electrolytically against corrosion
G. COPPER (Cu) – ductile, malleable, reddish-brown metallic element that is an excellent conductor of
heat and electricity
Types of Copper
a. Brass = Copper + Zinc
Name Copper Zinc Others
Common 65% 35%
Red 77 - 86% Balanced
Aluminum 75% Balanced 2% aluminum
Naval 60% 40%
Alpha-beta (Muntz metal) 55 - 61% 39 - 45%
Manganese 55% 40% 3.5% manganese
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METAL FASTENERS
A material, device, or method to hold together or uniting two or more parts or members by clamping,
adhesive or by welding or soldering
B. BOLT – threaded metal pin or rod, usually having a head at one end,
designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured
by a mating nut
C. RIVET – metal pin having a head at one end, used for uniting two or more plates by passing the shank
through a hole in each piece and hammering down the plain end to form a second head
Hot steel rivet is inserted through holes in the two members to be joined
A pneumatic hammer drives a rivet set repeatedly against the body to form the second
head
b. Brazing – use of non-ferrous solders usually copper-zinc alloy, at a temperature above 427°C
without having the metals at molten state
c. Welding – heating and allowing the metals to flow together, sometimes with pressure and the
addition of an intermediate or filler metal
Toe – junction between the base metal and face of the weld
Throat – distance from the roof of a weld to the face of the base metal
Root – the point at which the back or bottom of a weld meets the base
metal
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Welding Methods
1. Arc Welding – utilize the heat of an arc between an electrode and the base metal
a. Shielded Metal or “Stick” (SMAW) d. Flux-Core (FCAW)
b. Gas-Metal (GMAW) e. Submerged (SAW)
c. Gas-Tungsten (GTAW) or Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG)
2. Gas Welded or “Oxy-Fuel” – utilize the heat produced by the combustion of oxygen and
fuel gas
3. V or Vee 4. J or U
Welding Symbols
Field Weld Weld All-Around Backup Bar Spacer
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b. Moment Connection – designed as rigid connection which allows little or no rotation. It supports
both moment and vertical shear forces.
1. Fully Restrained
a.) Bolted-Extended End Plate –a plate is welded to the
flanges and web of the supported member and bolted
with high-strength bolts to the supporting column.
b.) Welded Flange – complete-joint-penetration groove
welds directly connect the top and bottom flanges of
the supported member to the supporting column. Bolted-Extended Welded Flange
End Plate
c. Partially Restrained
1. Wind Resistant – a double angle simple connection
transfers vertical shear force while top and bottom flange
plates resist moment forces produced by wind.
2. Top and Bottom Angle with Shear End Plate – angles
are bolted or welded to the top and bottom flanges of the
supported member and to the supporting column. A shear
end plate on the web is used to transfer vertical shear Wind Resistant Top and Bottom
forces. Angle
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Types of Braced Frame
1. Single Diagonal Bracing – a system that utilizes a single brace oriented diagonally.
2. Chevron Bracing – a system utilizing two non-intersecting diagonal braces that starts at
opposite lower corners of a frame and then meets at the center of the next beam.
3. X-Bracing – a system that utilizes two intersecting diagonals that starts at the lower corner of
the frame then ends at the opposite upper corner of the frame.
c. Combination Frame – a framing system that uses a rigid frame together with one or more braced
frames system.
Combination Frame
Book References:
Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture, Second Edition, 2014
Ching, Francis D.K., Building Construction Illustrated, Fifth Edition, 2014
Harris, Cyril M., Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Fourth Edition, 2006
Allen, Edward & Iano, Joseph, Fundamentals of Building Construction, Fifth Edition, 2009
National Structural Code of the Philippines
Web References:
The contents and compilation of the following pages are instruments of the profession and under the Intellectual Property Law (R.A. 83
8293) it shall be unlawful for anybody to copy and reproduce these manual whether in part or in whole without the written consent
of the one who prepared these manual, the author.