POINTERS FOR FINAL EXAMINATION

IN
GE6 READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Chapter 3
• Geoffrey Barraclough defines history as "the attempt to discover, on the basis of
fragmentary evidence, the significant things about the past."
• The Code of Kalantiaw is a mythical legal code in the epic history Maragtas.
• Datu Bendehara Kalantiaw, third Chief of Panay, born in Aklan, established his
government in the peninsula of Batang, Aklan Sakup. Considered the First Filipino
Lawgiver, he promulgated in about 1433 at penal code now known as Code of
Kalantiaw containing 18 articles.
• [It was only in 1968 that it was proved a hoax, when William Henry Scott, then a
doctoral candidate at the University of Santo Tomas, defended his research on pre-
Hispanic sources in Philippine history.
• "Sa Aking Mga Kabata" is a poem purportedly written by Jose Rizal when he
was eight years old and is probably one of Rizal's most prominent works.
• Multiperspectivity. This can be defined as a way of looking at historical events,
personalities, developments, cultures, and societies from different perspectives.
• It must be noted that there are only two primary sources that historians refer to in
identifying the site of the first Mass.
One is the log kept by Francisco Albo, a pilot of one of Magellan's ship, Trinidad.
He was one of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the ship
Victoria after they circumnavigated the world.
• Magellan forces remained seven days on Mazaua Island.
• The Age of Exploration is a period of competition among European rulers to
conquer and colonize lands outside their original domains.
• Spain's major foray into the exploration was through Christopher Columbus,
who proposed to sail westward to find a shortcut to Asia. He was able to reach the
Americas, which was then cut-off from the rest of the known world.
• Spain colonized parts of North America, Mexico, and South America in the
sixteenth century.
• The abolition of privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of exemption
from the tribute was, according to some, the cause of the insurrection.
• Izquierdo, in an obviously biased report, highlighted that attempt to overthrow the
Spanish government in the Philippines to install a new "hari" in the persons of
Fathers Burgos and Zamora. According to him, native clergy attracted supporters by
giving them charismatic assurance that their fight would not fail because they had
God's support, aside from promises of lofty rewards such as employment, wealth,
and ranks in the army.
• The "revolution" was easily crushed, when the Manileños who were expected to aid
the Caviteños did not arrive.
• On 17 February 1872, the GOMBURZA were executed to serve as a threat to
Filipinos never to attempt to fight the Spaniards again.
• Two other primary accounts exist that seem to counter the accounts of Izquierdo and
Montero. First, the account of Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera, a
Filipino scholar and researcher, who wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident
in Cavite.
• The GOMBURZA is the collective name of the three martyred priests Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, who were tagged as the masterminds of
the Cavite Mutiny.
• Their martyrdom is widely accepted as the dawn of Philippine nationalism in the
nineteenth century, with Rizal dedicating his second novel, El Filibusterismo, to
their memory
• Jose Rizal is identified as a hero of the revolution for his writings that center on
ending colonialism and liberating Filipino minds to contribute to creating the
Filipino nation.
• Such document purportedly exists, allegedly signed by Rizal a few hours before his
execution. This document, referred to as "The Retraction," declares Rizal's belief
in the Catholic faith, and retracts everything he wrote against the Church.
• There are four iterations of the texts of this retraction: the first was published in La
Voz Española and Diario de Manila on the day of the execution, 30 December
1896..
CHAPTER 4
 Constitution is defined as a set of fundamental principles or established
precedents according to which a state or other organization is governed.
 There were only three other constitutions that have effectively governed the
Philippines.
 The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the provisionary Constitution of the
Philippine Republic during the Philippine Revolutionary Government on Nov. 01,
1897.
 The 1899 Malolos Constitution was never enforced due to the ongoing war in the
Philippines.
 The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 provided for the creation of a popularly
elected Philippine Assembly.
 The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 or Jones Law modified the structure of
the Philippine government through the removal of the Philippine Commission,
replacing it with a Senate.
 In 1932, with the efforts of the Filipino independence mission led by Sergio Osmenia
and Manuel Roxas, the United States Congress pass the Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
with the promise of granting Filipinos’ independence.
 In 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was elected president, and in 1967, the Philippine
Congress passed a resolution calling for a constitutional convention to change the
1935 Constitution.
 Marcos cited a growing communist insurgency as reason for the Martial Law,
which was provided for in the 1935 Constitution.
 The 1987 Constitution provided for three methods by which the Constitution can
be amended, all requiring ratification by a majority vote in a national referendum.
These methods were Constituent Assembly, Constitutional Convention, and
People’s Initiative.
 Federalism was supported by President Duterte in the 2016 presidential elections,
saying that it will evenly distribute wealth in the Philippines instead of concentrating
it in Manila, the capital of the country.
 Agrarian Reform is essentially the rectification of the whole system of agriculture,
an important aspect of the Philippine economy because nearly half of the population
is employed in the agricultural sector and most citizens live in rural areas.
 The encomienda system was an unfair and abusive system as “copras y vandalas”
became the norm for the Filipino farmers working the land-they were made to sell
their products at a very low price or to surrender their products to the
encomienderos, who resold this as a profit.
 President Manuel Quezon, during his administration created the National
Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) to assign public defenders to assist
peasants in court battles for their rights to the land, and the Court of Industrial
Relations to exercise jurisdiction over disagreements arising from landowner-
tenant relationship.
 The administration of President Manuel Roxas passed R.A. No. 34 to establish
a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord, respectively, which
reduced the interest of landowners’ loans to tenants at six percent or less.
 Under the term of President Elpidio Quirino, the Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and
expand the resettlement program for peasants.
 President Marcos declared Martial Law in 1972, enabling him to essentially wipe
out the landlord-dominated Congress. Presidential Decree No. 27 or the
Agrarian Reform of the Philippines became the core of agrarian reform during
Marcos regime.
 The overthrow of Marcos and the 1987 Constitution resulted in a renewed interest
and attention to agrarian reform as President Aquino envisioned it to be the
centerpiece of her administration.
 On July 22, 1987, President Corazon Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation
131 and Executive Order 229, which outlined her land reform program.
 Taxation is a reality that all citizens must contend with for the primary reason that
government raise revenue from the people they govern to be able to function fully.
 In exchange for the taxes that people pay, the government promises to improve the
citizens’ lives through good governance.
 In 1884, the payment of tribute was put to a stop and was replaced by a poll tax
collected through a certificate of identification call the cedula personal.
CHAPTER 5
 A search string is a combination of words that use to come up with relevant results
and lead you to what you are looking for.
 Google also provides its own customized platform for scholarly research, called
Google Scholar ( www.scholar.google.com ) You may use it to find e-journal
articles, materials from institutional repositories, and book chapters from many
different sources.
 Google Books ( www.books.google.com ) also provides sources for scanned
books, where you may be able to read some chapters for free.
 Wikipedia is the biggest open-source encyclopedia in the whole of cyberspace. In
2017, it has 40 million articles in 293 languages. Being an open source encyclopedia,
anyone could contribute or edit articles in the site, which makes some of the
information in the site unreliable.
 Project Gutenberg ( www.gutenberg.org ) is the oldest digital library in the
world, founded in 1971. It has more than 50,000 items in its collection, which
include many works concerning the Philippines like for example the DOCTRINA
CRISTIANA (the first published book in the Philippines.)
 Internet Archive ( www.archive.org ) is an online library originally sought to
archive web history, but grew later on to provide digital versions of other works. The
archive contains 279 billion web pages, 11 million books and texts, four million audio
recordings, three million videos, one million images, and 100,000 software
programs.
 Philippine government websites ( www.gov.ph ) are starting to be enriched
with sources that may be used for historical research, especially on laws and other
government issuances that may be useful when doing topics of a more contemporary
period.
 The Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) or simply the Library Catalog is a
digital version to catalog. Through OPAC, a simple search will yield the holdings of
then library related to what you are searching for.
 The National Archives of the Philippines, also in Manila, is an agency of the
government mandated to collect, store, preserve, and make available records of then
government and other primary sources pertaining to then history and development
of the country.
 Historical Marker/s are the basic details on what makes a certain site historical.
 Historical shrines and museums serve as portals to the past.

Prepared by:

KIMBERLY G. GUTIERREZ
Instructor I