Module 2 PDF
Module 2 PDF
Module 2 PDF
MODULE-2
• Coulomb’s Law
• Electric field intensity
• Field due to a line charge, surface charge distribution
• Electric Flux and Flux Density
• Gauss’s law and its application to determine the field due to an infinite line
charge, infinite sheet charge
• Electric Potential-Potential Gradient, conservative property of electric field,
Equipotential surfaces
• Electric Dipole
• Capacitance - capacitance of co-axial cable, two wire line
• Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations
COULOMB’S LAW
….(1)
….(3)
….(2) )
….(1)
….(2)
….(3)
….(4)
1.
Force due to ‘n’ point charges:
Net force on any charge due to n point charges can be found out by applying the principle of
superposition.
ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY/ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH
…………(1)
………… (2)
………… (3)
ELECTRIC FLUX
❖ The total number of lines of force in an electric field is known as electric flux
❖ Scalar Field
❖ Unit→ Coulombs
❖ Properties
GAUSS’S LAW
⃗ ) and Electric Flux Density (𝑫
Relation Between Electric Field Intensity (𝑬 ⃗⃗ )
GAuss's LAWl
State ment
The total elecme flun doogh any clased
bu that suHace.
ie
ie = ecloved.
Giau &s's las Can be malthe matically repraren d as
B. -
O Can
Can be Teconten Os
3. Sdv
Proof
Conslde1 a polot charqe i locatrd at he
Onqn
Ongin oP a spheical Co-0rclinate ystem. Conside
ds
The disechon
Ene dxid
offhun densth D is
Olo a, (ye byad-
drh
4T
D. Tsn d0 dh á
41
Sino do do (á, a,
417
and do d >0
4T
Sino do d
4-TT
Sin d0 do
4-TT o -0
TT
4T F casd
o
2T
F
(
(-cosTcaio) do
21T
x2
41T
d
x 2 x 2T
4T
J. - 7
e kho colbot S dv
.S
sdv
AOs's LAul
APPLIC ATIONS Oor
rom- to
Consided he gaussian sufa ce as -lbe
the sustace
tThefiun dens1h at a point on
B. D, a
3. D, á, dddz a
=
7dgd Ca a)
D, 7 dddz
- .d
bottoo
Side top
B.o
bote
Sb:
Sida
a Sub! i nin
D , D,dodz
Side
L 2T
D 1
d dz
D
2 TTY L
But S
D
27T
21T
a
2T Eo?
(2) ELECTRICfiELD E TO INFINITE Shee
SHEET CHARGE
+t t+/
Apely
Apy Goasss lao . B.d.8d+ B.d
Sides boto
6 Bd o as/has Copoert n 7 ard
Sndes
D acts noxmal to -lhe plane ie, along z- direchon .
D. d o D
Sids
Sub:
Dd+
botor
top
Sub: in
, - ) ddyå)
Da dadya boBor
koP
D dady TDd d
boiBd
op
da dy dd
op boto
But d dd
dtop d d A
1Suface
bohoro
D [A+
2 D, A
D
2A
Dz
, ch|
FLE CTIRIC POTENTIAL (V
I is a stalar qvaoh
c i t > Yolks
lo cated at
Conside a POin chage
co-Oidioate Sstem
sphenical
the Ongin of a
at point A '
Here he absolu te potemhal
V (vo s)
AT E
enpesed as
t Can aso be mathemaicaiiy
E elechx held
tneoshy
di -
ds legh
in sphena
Cdinote slp
am
The ahsolute poteohed at on point on
to
mo wng a test chonge o he inkn
Ihe ditechon of-he Beld.
the pint agaist
Oe knoo Hhat
4T E
di d a, +7do i + 7s100 d4 á4
d
4T Eo
41T Eo
47TEo
4T Eo
oB 7
K-
k
locatad at 1he
4 Considet a pom chag e
Ho
of
of a sphial (o -
ordioate syste
Ongin
Ongn
diechons
Producm E Yadiall in ail
E
41TEo
g ven
VAB .
B
4TE
du Tdy a, + rdo d +
7sino do aq
d
4TEo
L dv
4 TEo
A
ATT Eo
4TEo
4TEo
4 1T¬TA 4 TEoB
VAB VA-Ve
Case
VAB
4TEo
Let -Ibe soved from infohy
chasge
to poinpt A
VAB
41TE
poteohal of point A
4TEoTB
Poteohal doe to Several poirt chage
YA
4TET
VA2
4 TEo
A
ATEoYn
Total potenhal at A Va = VAI + VA2 + +Van
Va
m 4TT mn
PoTENTAL GRADIENT
(-d >O
4-TTE3
ho O Vo L
he
potephal decseases as distane of pOint
point
he chaTqe
inTeases lE Can be
gsaphiraly preented
V
A
Av
dv im AY
dL ALYO AL
ALK-
coHh eoprF
The Tate of
change
change ol poteohal
to he distonce IS caled potental gradech
'.Poteohal dv AV
gsadent d ALO AL
A(1+c y+dgz+d)
d,y
B - dL
and B
(,y,2) separateel
ba ayerenhal leogdb
dL
Oe knoo Hhat
Je.t0
Dveniabq bo-lb sides
- E.di
But
dva o d g r d y + dr Y(vg) 7
Oy d+8y d Oz
d
E.a-(E,a, yy ) (dno d.
P.d E da + Eq dy+ Ez dr.
Subi and 6 in
dv -E.d
Oy da+ bv dy t v dz -(E, d+ Ey d F
Equahng boh sides
d -
E d
av - Ex
8
av -
av - Ez O
is he Meqah ve gradier oP
lecc Reld stenath
elechn poBchal
EoI POeNTIAL S ORE ACES
Poteoha
4TEoY
At all
points chich ae at a
distance Fror
He pote nhal is same and sUfare
all suxh poloBs joinin
equipotehal Susfoce.
Ma eqoipoteohal UTfaces eishoa an
eletne Relcl ar 7-13
V a cquipotenhel surfae ar T 7 is hghes and
gas on
decvecsre as inJeases
Thes V, >V:7 V.
me
ne equpotrohe Sufore alaus TesOTha cwork
neo frid É
07
onjo eld E, eqwipoteohal aufoces ane
perpraticla
PPapedicola
H10
A v k Av AV
Equispaced
potennal loe
CAse Non-onybsm Krld E
>
90
7A
Un
equaly sp ced
equpotrohal bnes
CONSERVATIVE PROPERTY Of ELEC7RIC ELD
oE.t-o
closed
ce)
B
consides m electoc dipple a ho w in he
igere
The too poin chayges t and - e paotrd
Small
a dsteed
d <<<
,, 32,7
The poteohial at pon P doe to +
t
O
47TEo
- 9
4T Eo2
V V+ Y
t + -
4TE 4TEo
4 TTEo
2
A
T t
Sine d <<<
31,72,.j = 72 =7
AM is dsacon rom A to 22
fsom A AMB Cos BM
AB
cOse BM
d
BM d coso
or BM 2-3
- 3 = d cas G
Sub ard in
V d coso
2
4TEo
- [
Sine
a deas
4-776o
dcase 2 (
4TE
Od caso
4TEo
2Qdcas e
4E1
4TE
2 d
Cca )
d C-Sine)
2
4TEoT
- d Sins
4TEo2
O >1
*
Sub in
ISins
2@d cos A
a, +
-
Qd sin9 ae
4TE 2
4TTEoY
a 2 COsG
A
a + Sin9 as
4TE
srfates
Surh a suster cohtcb hs dod cordr hog
ejcal and oppasite chogs, rporatd
Conyg
y a dieclechtc is calrd apacibve e ivin
se b Capac1ante.
M2
M
Capacitance betre he t Coodro
M and Ma is
gfven
C chaqe coolomb
V potohal dence Vdb
C> capac1hance in fersad
C
d
d >
Eopesrothvih ef feespoce
e ve
Ey PCzhvih of mediuno
Fos dsee spate
Eyz1
C C2 C3
B 1 Capachome in}
St des
Capa ctarre in f
C
Cen
Ceg Ci +G +. - .
+ Cn
CABLE
CAPACITANCE of A Co -
AX1AL
- J LC/m
Consdea oanial cable o1 Co-0nia
lal
'a
Capactb as shon in avr, co
is he inne YOdius and s is h e te
cable is L metre
adios The lergh o he
deih f +
dersihy c/ and the Oote
-SL c
JL xL
21T¬
-b to T= a agarnt E
potrohol deree V
V-
-b
27TE
-b
a
d
2TE b
27TE
- Ao bf
2TE
1An b- a f
2TE
N a) >
2 TE
o e kroo kat C
SL
TE
ATEL
C
Franad
tuco pavale) cere»/
CAPACTANCE Of T0 OIRE tsO Oe 4aosmitie
linc
+A Clm
-
d-
3
P
d -
c
2TE
Eat pom P due to COse B
EB - (-á.)
2TTEo (d-)
2TF (d-)
J +
TEo (d-)
S A
2T fo (d-
d =dr a
potentia V - fe -
d-
d-1
2 Tfo
d-1
-SL dn a + n -
(d-)
2TEo d-3
27TEo
n
d- d-3
2TEo
d-
2 T Eo do d-(d-)/
-S
27T Eo
) - (a)
2TKEo
- SL
X 2 n
27T Eo d-1
TTEo
S
2 TE
n d-7
(
4 ) - (a)j
2 TEo
SL x2 n
2Eo
V (
TEo
)
d>> d- d
V o (9,)-9
TTEo
C Long trawase
Capactance
SLL
TEo
C TEL(fana)
C TEo arad/m
at
e koo
Piacheali Chaqe nd potrohal may
o hee Val
SOmc bounclames of de
cglon ody
and b can be 6otained ahout he g n
elecho sfade Problem are Cailed bouka
Valoe poble
ux desh
y rolume chge
Ho a
Ond
hormogm isobopíc
des
hiocas mdium
f
peroith vhy of
mediom
Sub
o elech poteco
+o he ga diertelo honshp
and elechnt ed shergl
Sb in
V.e-7) S
V.VY-Sy
E V.V V
2
Br choy
and dTechoo oF
-id he maqnitude
Ahe resoitaot 67«e on
O 2NC 2 O iNC
-02 MC O INC
C
02PC 5C -0 054m
(52,0
(o,2, 0.iPC
2c O.62
m0-02 m
B
bemO 05m (5 0,
A Co0, Q4 0 . ipc
(P3- O2 Pc
To,a+t4 O
= 6- 2 PC 0:2 xio C
F2
TE 2
3 =0 2PC =0-2xlo C
Fa 4 O1 PC = 0 ix lo c
4TERa
ATE (RA
2
4TEa 4TEo (R
ag +
477o
CR (Ra
Ra Ra +
4TE Ra (Ra Ra (Ra R4
Ra Ra
4TT Eo Ra R R
Y
Ra Ra
Ra
O05m
(o,0-03,0 (o-o5,0 02,9)
Ra 0.05 m 5m
2mO 02m
R21=-0-05 Qa
RgRa
Kai= O.02 r O 05 m
(o,0-02.
Ra 002 a O 02
Ra R4) (o0
R4 o6+ (0-0
O 0538 m Co,c-02,) 0 05m
O:02
0 02
R4 o
05 a t002ay 0 05 7
Q4 (o05,O.o)
O.2xlo
-6
O-1o(-o-050-)+ -
O.2 x1OD
(o.02ay)
4x314+ x 8 854 xio
(o-0 (o0
+2PPc 5PC
P-4-2)
C3-2,4)
4TEo (R)
, Ri2
41TfoRa) (R
R2
R2 C-3)a, (-4-i)ay (2-4)
+ +
2 an- 204- 6 az
R2
1R - ) (-2) -4* 44
= 66332
-5x lo-6
2x 1o x
(-20-20-60)
12
4x3-14 x 8:854 (6.633 2
tO839 xto a 7.o839xioat2:125 2x1o a