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2021

EET 204 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY


ASST.PROF.SREELEKSHMI.S

MODULE-2
• Coulomb’s Law
• Electric field intensity
• Field due to a line charge, surface charge distribution
• Electric Flux and Flux Density
• Gauss’s law and its application to determine the field due to an infinite line
charge, infinite sheet charge
• Electric Potential-Potential Gradient, conservative property of electric field,
Equipotential surfaces
• Electric Dipole
• Capacitance - capacitance of co-axial cable, two wire line
• Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations
COULOMB’S LAW

….(1)

….(3)
….(2) )

Using equation (2) and (3), (1) can be rewritten as


Coulombs Law in Vector Form:

….(1)

….(2)

….(3)

….(4)

1.
Force due to ‘n’ point charges:
Net force on any charge due to n point charges can be found out by applying the principle of
superposition.
ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY/ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH

Unit of Electric Field Strength→Newton/Coulomb or Volts/metre


(i) Electric Field Intensity due to Discrete Charge Distribution

(By Principle of superposition)


(ii) Electric Field Intensity due to a Line Charge
(iii) Electric Field Intensity due to Surface Charge

…………(1)

………… (2)

………… (3)
ELECTRIC FLUX
❖ The total number of lines of force in an electric field is known as electric flux
❖ Scalar Field
❖ Unit→ Coulombs
❖ Properties

ELECTRIC FLUX DENSITY

GAUSS’S LAW
⃗ ) and Electric Flux Density (𝑫
Relation Between Electric Field Intensity (𝑬 ⃗⃗ )
GAuss's LAWl

State ment
The total elecme flun doogh any clased

SUtace is equal to 1he total chorge rlosed

bu that suHace.

ie
ie = ecloved.
Giau &s's las Can be malthe matically repraren d as

B. -

J S dv S Volome chog densthy

O Can
Can be Teconten Os

3. Sdv

Proof
Conslde1 a polot charqe i locatrd at he
Onqn
Ongin oP a spheical Co-0rclinate ystem. Conside

asphe Acal surfare avound co H adios


Consder a
drentol na d
a Oround

a poio P On a closed rfare to


enlares point chorqe at ongin

ds

* The direchon norm to e SuHare ds is a

spherical Co-Ovdinao system, ds morrmol


Tadal disechon ó is
1,0,4)
ds Tsioe ds d d,

The disechon
Ene dxid
offhun densth D is
Olo a, (ye byad-
drh

due t point horge

4T
D. Tsn d0 dh á
41
Sino do do (á, a,
417
and do d >0
4T

Sino do d
4-TT

Sin d0 do
4-TT o -0
TT

4T F casd
o

2T
F
(
(-cosTcaio) do
21T

x2
41T
d
x 2 x 2T

4T
J. - 7

Thus Gausss lao is proved.

e kho colbot S dv

.S
sdv
AOs's LAul
APPLIC ATIONS Oor

C)ELECTRIC fneLD DUE TO INFINITE LINE CHARGE

Conside a inkote line chag

Chage densi J. c/m ym along


along -ans

rom- to
Consided he gaussian sufa ce as -lbe

gh Cirola cylide corh Z-anis as lts

auis and Tadus The lengi ofP he


ylindes is
onsidey a cylerenhl surface area ds, ohirh

at a adial do tace 7 rorn he line choqe


The direchon nosmal to ds s a
ds dd d O

the sustace
tThefiun dens1h at a point on

Ootascls ie, in he a drecho


S directed Tadially
Z-anis lbere Cannot
As the line chaxqe is
alo
alor
be any Component oP B in z- drrechon Dhas
Tdia Component

B. D, a
3. D, á, dddz a
=
7dgd Ca a)
D, 7 dddz

*Appl ausss lao

- .d

bottoo
Side top

*As D has onl Tadial oroponent and mo

Coopoent alor and -a . Inteqsatorns


Oves top and bot on suvface is ze0

B.o
bote

Sb:

Sida

a Sub! i nin
D , D,dodz
Side
L 2T

D 1
d dz

D,D,7 [c], E],


2T D,L

D
2 TTY L

But S
D
27T

But elecicPlon denshy D- D a

21T

The elech fReld stsengh

a
2T Eo?
(2) ELECTRICfiELD E TO INFINITE Shee
SHEET CHARGE

Comider he inkote sheet of choge of

onio che densthy c/mlyi in


Z-o plane [xy plane
D
Ss

+t t+/

Conside aa 7ectanguk bo asa


gaussian
Sorfare, cohrh is cct byH heet a chage
chage
to give ds dx d

Apely
Apy Goasss lao . B.d.8d+ B.d
Sides boto
6 Bd o as/has Copoert n 7 ard

Sndes
D acts noxmal to -lhe plane ie, along z- direchon .

#Oip a0d darchon


C hop suadare) ds ddy
B- D (-a-), for boto suzace ; dí -dady (-4)
L
ac
MO COm ponen in n y
Since Dhas
dxechos

D. d o D
Sids

Sub:

Dd+
botor
top
Sub: in

, - ) ddyå)
Da dadya boBor
koP

D drdy (a, ) + D dady (a


botho
op

D dady TDd d
boiBd
op
da dy dd
op boto

But d dd
dtop d d A
1Suface
bohoro

D [A+
2 D, A
D
2A

Dz

, ch|
FLE CTIRIC POTENTIAL (V

klosk done pe uit charqe is knon as

elechc poteokal vepseseprd by V

I is a stalar qvaoh
c i t > Yolks

lo cated at
Conside a POin chage
co-Oidioate Sstem
sphenical
the Ongin of a

at point A '
Here he absolu te potemhal

cohichis at a distae ' om -tbe omgi


iS gen b

V (vo s)
AT E

enpesed as
t Can aso be mathemaicaiiy
E elechx held
tneoshy
di -

ds legh
in sphena
Cdinote slp
am
The ahsolute poteohed at on point on

Reld defred as he coosk dore


etec is

to
mo wng a test chonge o he inkn
Ihe ditechon of-he Beld.
the pint agaist

Oe knoo Hhat

4T E
di d a, +7do i + 7s100 d4 á4

V= a(d a +7do ag+1sin6 ddo)


4TET

d
4T Eo

41T Eo

47TEo

4T Eo

is dhoas hat he elechoc poteohol is a


Scalat qeonhly and is Inverdq
pxoporhom
to dis tirre.
Poten hal Pdeote

oB 7
K-
k

locatad at 1he
4 Considet a pom chag e
Ho
of
of a sphial (o -
ordioate syste
Ongin
Ongn
diechons
Producm E Yadiall in ail

The elecmc helcl doe t he poin choage Q


adial distonce 7'
Aart at a poin having
from 1he ongn

E
41TEo

Assome a vnt chazqe is locatd at poin B


point B

Cohch aF a Tadial distanre B fro ongio


oved agua t 1he direcho
is
The onit chage
c o r h is at
B t Poin A;
OFE from
rom poin
Tadial distante TA
TA Rro ongin
Thuo be potenhol dygerenre blo A B

g ven
VAB .
B

4TE
du Tdy a, + rdo d +
7sino do aq

VAB adrd, +rdoâ, +Ysine de d


+TTE

d
4TEo

L dv
4 TEo

A
ATT Eo

4TEo

4TEo
4 1T¬TA 4 TEoB

VAB VA-Ve
Case

VAB
4TEo
Let -Ibe soved from infohy
chasge
to poinpt A

VAB
41TE

NAB Va Poteohel of pont A


ahsalote
4TETA also Known as

poteohal of point A

I Abs olute porerbal of poin B VB =

4TEoTB
Poteohal doe to Several poirt chage

YA
4TET
VA2
4 TEo

A
ATEoYn
Total potenhal at A Va = VAI + VA2 + +Van

Va
m 4TT mn
PoTENTAL GRADIENT

Elecc potn hal, N - -

(-d >O
4-TTE3
ho O Vo L
he
potephal decseases as distane of pOint
point
he chaTqe
inTeases lE Can be
gsaphiraly preented
V

A
Av
dv im AY
dL ALYO AL

ALK-
coHh eoprF
The Tate of
change
change ol poteohal
to he distonce IS caled potental gradech

'.Poteohal dv AV
gsadent d ALO AL

Relaho betcoeeo EE andV

Conside too points

A(1+c y+dgz+d)
d,y
B - dL
and B
(,y,2) separateel
ba ayerenhal leogdb
dL

Oe knoo Hhat

Je.t0
Dveniabq bo-lb sides

- E.di

But

dva o d g r d y + dr Y(vg) 7

Oy d+8y d Oz
d
E.a-(E,a, yy ) (dno d.
P.d E da + Eq dy+ Ez dr.

Subi and 6 in

dv -E.d
Oy da+ bv dy t v dz -(E, d+ Ey d F
Equahng boh sides

d -

E d

av - Ex

8
av -
av - Ez O

LOe knoo hat


EE a +E + Ez z
Ov a - O

is he Meqah ve gradier oP
lecc Reld stenath
elechn poBchal
EoI POeNTIAL S ORE ACES

An equipotenhal uface is an imognary

Stae in an elec hi Kelcd ofa give


Chorge dismbuhon, in cOhich ail he poitss
On Ahe Sface ae a he same el ec hic

Poteoha

*onsidey a pom chage locatd at he


Ongi of a
sphrre Theo potro hol at a
pon
COhcb at a adial dis taxe
Ro poin
chaqe is

4TEoY
At all
points chich ae at a
distance Fror
He pote nhal is same and sUfare
all suxh poloBs joinin
equipotehal Susfoce.
Ma eqoipoteohal UTfaces eishoa an
eletne Relcl ar 7-13
V a cquipotenhel surfae ar T 7 is hghes and

gas on
decvecsre as inJeases

Thes V, >V:7 V.

The potrnhal dtterence blo a too poi on

me
ne equpotrohe Sufore alaus TesOTha cwork

done in moving a test choge from one poin to

ano ther an face is aleys ze7O


eqipotrohal

neo frid É
07
onjo eld E, eqwipoteohal aufoces ane
perpraticla
PPapedicola

to Eand are equispaced fo fred in sement of voHages


d L

H10
A v k Av AV

Equispaced
potennal loe
CAse Non-onybsm Krld E

fov a non-onosm Reldhe held hoes teds

to divexge n he divechonof dec1easin E


Hence eqoipotenhal t aces are shll Ppprdieclos

to ht not equspa ed fo ed im iemm


votages

>
90
7A

Un
equaly sp ced
equpotrohal bnes
CONSERVATIVE PROPERTY Of ELEC7RIC ELD

The coosk doe in tast chaxe awd


mmving a

aan clased palb i a stahc held i s zero

oE.t-o
closed

P he elechc Brtd E saksßes d-o, eo


Abe Re ld is knon as Consesvahve fe ld
ELE CTRIC DI POLE

Too POin charges e q v l magnitude


bot opposite sigo, Separated bya vey
Srnall distante give sise to an elecnc dipole.

ELECTRIC fiELD DoE TO AN ELECIRIC DIPOLE

ce)

B
consides m electoc dipple a ho w in he
igere
The too poin chayges t and - e paotrd
Small
a dsteed

Consider a pon PC O) in sphenea


Co-Osdoate sys tem. The distance of POin P fra

A is and foro B is ' and from O


'

d <<<
,, 32,7
The poteohial at pon P doe to +
t
O
47TEo

The Potrohal at Point P dur t - s

- 9
4T Eo2

The to tal poteohol at poot P

V V+ Y

t + -
4TE 4TEo

4 TTEo
2

Conside hat P is located ar Q2o ro


he elecmc dipo le T h u s ) , 7 Can be

aso med to be vallel as hoUD in gpre

A
T t

Sine d <<<
31,72,.j = 72 =7

AM is dsacon rom A to 22
fsom A AMB Cos BM
AB
cOse BM
d
BM d coso
or BM 2-3

- 3 = d cas G

Sub ard in

V d coso
2
4TEo

- [
Sine

a deas
4-776o

dcase 2 (
4TE
Od caso
4TEo

2Qdcas e
4E1
4TE

2 d
Cca )

d C-Sine)
2

4TEoT
- d Sins
4TEo2

O >1

*
Sub in

ISins

2@d cos A
a, +
-

Qd sin9 ae
4TE 2

4TTEoY

a 2 COsG
A
a + Sin9 as
4TE

This is elec toe theld at pomtP due to


an elechsc depole
CAPAC TANCE

Considey co (ondt iny malerals MI and M


placeed in a
a d i ele chne mediur v i g pronhvh E.

Mi anis + Charge and M Came - chorge


and e
chen
chome Teside on he sozhe oof cend
ceda b
h
ate ials

srfates
Surh a suster cohtcb hs dod cordr hog
ejcal and oppasite chogs, rporatd
Conyg
y a dieclechtc is calrd apacibve e ivin

se b Capac1ante.

M2

M
Capacitance betre he t Coodro
M and Ma is
gfven

C chaqe coolomb
V potohal dence Vdb
C> capac1hance in fersad

Capactance fs defned as the Taho of he


agoitude of he total chorg on
anyone
he thoo Co ndocteo ad pote hal dforerme.
be toee dhe ndocto

do a poralel plote ca pecit coHh Surface

asea A and dstone o e plates


he
Camctance

C
d
d >

Eopesrothvih ef feespoce
e ve
Ey PCzhvih of mediuno
Fos dsee spate
Eyz1
C C2 C3
B 1 Capachome in}
St des

Capa ctarre in f
C

Cen
Ceg Ci +G +. - .

+ Cn

CABLE
CAPACITANCE of A Co -
AX1AL

- J LC/m
Consdea oanial cable o1 Co-0nia
lal
'a
Capactb as shon in avr, co
is he inne YOdius and s is h e te

cable is L metre
adios The lergh o he

and dhe tooo Coneohic (ondoctox ore sepoatrd


Ahe
die die lectne of pexoHhvh 'e'.

The inne CoDdoc to Cemes a charge

deih f +
dersihy c/ and the Oote

Condech CoMe a change dere

-SL c
JL xL

EcoV) e dial som ipr CondotBo


Octes condart andto an ioine

lue choge Is gven as

21T¬

És diected o inn enix ey


Ootes
rdxtov opotc nhal dHS*v*re
in meving conichorgeo m
s e coosk dore

-b to T= a agarnt E
potrohol deree V
V-

-b

27TE
-b
a

d
2TE b

27TE

- Ao bf
2TE

1An b- a f
2TE

N a) >
2 TE

o e kroo kat C

SL

TE
ATEL
C
Franad
tuco pavale) cere»/
CAPACTANCE Of T0 OIRE tsO Oe 4aosmitie
linc

Conslde 1 two parallel comes A andB

Sepaated y a dstance d'. The icdenhea)


AOTes havnq Tadus T h e

Let TAand -% be Ae ine charge


dershes of coIe A and B i C/

+A Clm

-
d-

3
P
d -
c

a point P due to code A

2TE
Eat pom P due to COse B

EB - (-á.)
2TTEo (d-)

2TF (d-)

Eat point P due to coe A and care B

J +
TEo (d-)

S A

2T fo (d-

d =dr a
potentia V - fe -
d-

d-1

2 Tfo
d-1

-SL dn a + n -
(d-)
2TEo d-3

27TEo

n
d- d-3
2TEo

d-
2 T Eo do d-(d-)/
-S
27T Eo
) - (a)
2TKEo
- SL
X 2 n
27T Eo d-1

TTEo

S
2 TE
n d-7
(

4 ) - (a)j
2 TEo

SL x2 n
2Eo

V (
TEo
)
d>> d- d

V o (9,)-9
TTEo
C Long trawase
Capactance

SLL

TEo

C TEL(fana)

C TEo arad/m

d-distance Heo -lhe coiyes


y adius coes
Llecdh ofhe coises
Eo perronbvh o Kee space,
Poksso N's EQUAON LAPLACE EQUAT1 0nN

dhe chaae dshmbho 63 poteohal hehot the


Hhe
gon is koosn, E and D an be obtanrd cun

Coulo obs laco and auss's lacs

at
e koo
Piacheali Chaqe nd potrohal may
o hee Val
SOmc bounclames of de
cglon ody
and b can be 6otained ahout he g n
elecho sfade Problem are Cailed bouka

Valoe poble

* Foissons Grd haplare eqvahons aye ued to solve.

bourda Value pro ble

DERVATION Of POLSs ONs hAPLACE EQUAIoN.

COnsdes the 6aus's las in poiniso

ux desh
y rolume chge
Ho a

Ond
hormogm isobopíc
des
hiocas mdium

f
peroith vhy of
mediom
Sub

o elech poteco
+o he ga diertelo honshp
and elechnt ed shergl

Sb in
V.e-7) S

V.VY-Sy
E V.V V
2

This eq eabon S callecd Poissons Cqvaho

4 I a ertain egion, P lhe Voluroe cho


densi s KeTO
it, ),lhm the Po isse os

eruahon Can be TCOten


LAPLACEEQUA-HON

Br choy

Ths is a special csr of Pbison's euchen ad

Caile d Laplace quahon


Hoce eaested

ou POint chasges ase located aa


the -fouY CovnéKs of he
he vectargle
shoonLenqlh and beadth oF
5 (m and 2C m Ts pech vay
Tectargle are

and dTechoo oF
-id he maqnitude
Ahe resoitaot 67«e on

O 2NC 2 O iNC

-02 MC O INC

C
02PC 5C -0 054m
(52,0
(o,2, 0.iPC

2c O.62
m0-02 m
B
bemO 05m (5 0,
A Co0, Q4 0 . ipc
(P3- O2 Pc
To,a+t4 O
= 6- 2 PC 0:2 xio C
F2
TE 2
3 =0 2PC =0-2xlo C

Fa 4 O1 PC = 0 ix lo c

4TERa

ATE (RA

2
4TEa 4TEo (R

ag +

477o
CR (Ra

Ra Ra +
4TE Ra (Ra Ra (Ra R4

Ra Ra
4TT Eo Ra R R
Y
Ra Ra
Ra
O05m
(o,0-03,0 (o-o5,0 02,9)
Ra 0.05 m 5m
2mO 02m
R21=-0-05 Qa

RgRa
Kai= O.02 r O 05 m
(o,0-02.
Ra 002 a O 02

Ra R4) (o0

R4 o6+ (0-0
O 0538 m Co,c-02,) 0 05m
O:02
0 02
R4 o
05 a t002ay 0 05 7
Q4 (o05,O.o)

O.2xlo
-6
O-1o(-o-050-)+ -
O.2 x1OD
(o.02ay)
4x314+ x 8 854 xio
(o-0 (o0

O- X10 (- 0.05a-) +0 02ay)


(o-053s
6
17 48.44602 40 x1o a 500 xIo y
32-I084x 1o an +12.435 xlo ay

1798. 4 602 72 1o8B Xio a 484. 156 5 xlo a

0.1296 an-0. 816

Magmtode,Fa o1294)+ (o *14


o8856 N

Dechon t atan 0:816)) 81585


O 129%

Resolton 5rce fo, oakes a ag 81.585 otb x-


CCO
oisson's Gucde
S Caile d
Laplacels equa ion

A 2 Pc +ve cha7qe is lotatedin vartouro aF

P(3-2,) and 5 -ve charge i at P. (1-4,-2)


Deter oine (1the vectos fovce on ve
charge
Ci) Magnihde of Rbrre o
churge o P

+2PPc 5PC

P-4-2)

C3-2,4)

() Vechos foree on -ve


chage

4TEo (R)

, Ri2
41TfoRa) (R
R2
R2 C-3)a, (-4-i)ay (2-4)
+ +

2 an- 204- 6 az
R2
1R - ) (-2) -4* 44
= 66332

-5x lo-6
2x 1o x
(-20-20-60)
12
4x3-14 x 8:854 (6.633 2
tO839 xto a 7.o839xioat2:125 2x1o a

(1) Masoibde cf torce on charge at

R21 Ri2 = 6:6332


4e (a
R 20, +2ay+6
4T Eo (Ra) Ra-44
66332
2x16x5x16
4x3-14 x S354Y6x (6.631)
2.043 7 xlo N

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