UNIGLOBE SECONDARY SCHOOL

Kamaladi Ganesthan, Kathmandu

National Educational Board (NEB)

Matrix

(Project work of mathematics)

SUBMITTED BY:

NAME: Bhim Gyawali

GRADE: XI (Section G1)

EXAM SYMBOL NUMBER:78S-BG 8946

DATE: 5th June, 2022

KATHMANDU, NEPAL
2022
 Abstract
In this project, I did some exercises for finding the
symmetric, skew symmetric, and inverse of the matrix.
Some of the questions also dealt with the use of
determinant and singular matrix property.

Acknowledgements
I would like to express my special thanks to my
mathematics teacher Mr.Govinda Gautam and Mr.
Sameer Wagle for assigning and encouraging me to do
this project. I really enjoyed doing this project and
doing the researches for this was also fun. It also helped
me recall some properties of the matrix and inverse.
I would also thank all the publishers and authors of the
various books that which have been used directly or
indirectly through this project. It would have been
impossible without all the references and data I
collected from them
 Table of contents
Tittle Pg no

Definition of matrix

History of matrix

background

Practical work

conclusion

References
 Definition
In mathematics, matrix is a rectangular array or table of numbers,
symbols, or expression, arranged in rows and columns which is
used to represent a mathematical object or the property of such
objects. Matrix is enclosed by [ ] or ( ). Matrices have wide
applications in engineering, physics, economics, and statistics as
well as in various branches of mathematics.

Fig: representation of matrix

 History
Matrix have a long history of application in solving linear
equations. The term matrix was introduced by the 19th-century
English mathematician James Sylvester, but it was his friend the
mathematician Arthur Cayley who developed the algebraic
aspect of matrices in two papers in the 1850s. Cayley first applied
them to the study of systems of linear equations, where they are
still very useful. They are also important because, as Cayley
recognized, certain sets of matrices form algebraic systems in
which many of the ordinary laws of arithmetic (e.g., the
associative and distributive laws) are valid but in which other
laws (e.g., the commutative law) are not valid. Matrices have also
come to have important applications in computer graphics, where
they have been used to represent rotations and other
transformations of images. They were known as arrays until
the 1800‘s.  The term “matrix” (Latin for “womb”, derived
from mater—mother) was coined by James Joseph
Sylvester in 1850, who understood a matrix as an object giving
rise to a number of determinants today called minors, that is to
say, determinants of smaller matrices that are derived from the
original one by removing columns and rows.  An English
mathematician named Cullis was the first to use modern bracket
notation for matrices in 1913 and he simultaneously
demonstrated the first significant use of the notation A=ai,j to
represent a matrix where ai,j refers to the element found in the ith
row and the jth column.  Matrices can be used to compactly write
and work with multiple linear equations, referred to as a system
of linear equations, simultaneously. Matrices and matrix
multiplication reveal their essential features when related to
linear transformations, also known as linear maps.
Arthur Cayley was a great mathematician and known as the
father of matrices. He was born on 16th August 1821. In 1858,
Arthur Cayley published the theoretical definition of the matrix
in his Memoir on the Theory of Matrices. After this, matrices has
been established as one of the branches of mathematics
 Background
Symmetric matrix:
In linear algebra, a symmetric matrix is a square matrix
that is equal to its transpose. The transpose matrix of
any given matrix A can be given as AT. A symmetric
matrix A can therefore be represented as, A = AT
Skew symmetric matrix:
In mathematics, a skew symmetric matrix is defined as
the square matrix that is equal to the negative of its
transpose matrix. For any square matrix, A, the
transpose matrix is given as AT. A skew-symmetric or
antisymmetric matrix A can therefore be represented
as, A = -AT
Inverse of matrices
If a and b are square matrices such that
AB=BA=I(where I is identity matrix of same order ),
then b is inverse of a and similarly a is inverse of b . For
a matrix A, its inverse is A-1, and A.A-1 = I
 Practical Work
A. Complete the following symmetric and skew
symmetric matrices (2 ... − 3 0 5 ... ... 2 8 ) and
(0 5 ... ... 0 − 9 − 4 ... 0 ) respectively.

Solution
(2 ... − 3 0 5 ... ... 2 8 ) = (2 ... − 3 0 5 ... ... 2 8 )
(
= 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 )
From the definition of symmetric matrix,
We have,
a12=a21 i.e. a12=0
a23=a32 i.e. a23=2
a31=a13 i.e. a31= -3
= (2 0 − 3 0 5 2 − 3 2 8 )

(0 5 ... ... 0 − 9 − 4 ... 0 ) =

(0 5 ... ... 0 − 9 − 4 ... 0 )
 (
= 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 )
From the definition of symmetric matrix,
We have,
a13=a31 i.e. a12=4
a21=-a12 i.e. a23=-5
a32=-a23 i.e. a31= 9

= (0 5 4 − 5 0 − 9 − 4 9 0 )

B. For what value of x, the matrix A =

[𝑥2 − 3𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 4 ] does not have its inverse?
Check your answer.
Solution.
For a matrix to be inverse, the value of its determinant
should be zero, so
2
[
A = 𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 1 𝑥 4 ]
ad - bc = 0
4.(x2 - 3x +5) - x(2x+1) = 0
4x2 – 12x + 20 - 2x2 - x = 0
2x2 – 13x + 20 = 0
2x2 – 8x -5x + 20 = 0
2x (x - 4) – 5 (x - 4) = 0
(2x - 5) (x - 4) = 0
Either Or,
2x – 5 = 0 x–4=0
5
x= 2
x=4
5
hence, x= 2
or 4.

C. If the inverse of the matrix (𝑥 2𝑥 − 9 − 𝑦 3 ) is the

matrix (3 5 𝑦 𝑥 ), find the value of x and y.

Solution.
Let the matrix be A = (𝑥 2𝑥 − 9 − 𝑦 3 ) and B = (3 5 𝑦 𝑥 )
Since it is inverse, AB = I
Where I = (1 0 0 1 )

Now,
AB = I
(𝑥 2𝑥 − 9 − 𝑦 3 ) . (3 5 𝑦 𝑥 ) = (1 0 0 1 )
(3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 5𝑥 + 2𝑥2 − 9𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑦 + 3𝑥 ) = (1 0 0 1 )

(3𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 9𝑦 2𝑥2 − 4𝑥 0 )

− 5 𝑦 + 3 𝑥 = (1 0 0 1 )
Now, the corresponding values are equal so
2x2 - 4x = 0
2x(x-2) = 0
x–2=0
x=2
Now,
-5y + 3x = 1
-5y + 6 = 1
-5y = -5
y=1
hence, x=2 and y=1
 Conclusion
In this project I have discussed about history of matrices,
symmetric matrix, skew symmetric matrix, symmetric
matrix, inverse of matrix and their operation. This project
was innovative for me and I was able to gain more
information about symmetric matrix, skew symmetric
matrix, symmetric matrix, inverse of matrix. I also gained
lot of information about the origin of matrix, various
contribution.
 References
https://www.cuemath.com/algebra/inverse-of-a-matrix/
math’s book grade 11
https://www.britannica.com/science/matrix-mathematic
s