Rocks

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 6

Rocks: a consolidated mixture of Metamorphic Rock: formed by

the same or different minerals alteration (due to heat, pressure,


and/or chemical action), formed
*Consolidated: hard and strong
from high heat and pressure
and compact
Common rock examples:
granite, basalt, obsidian, dacite, Rock Cycle:
and rhyolite 1. Earth’s Internal Engine:
Mixture of Minerals: implies heat of the interior of the
the presence of more than one earth cause by massive
mineral grain, but not necessarily movement and extreme
more than one type of mineral. pressure from mantle and
core which result to plate
Mineral Rock: composed of
tectonic movement or
only one type of mineral
volcanic eruption.
Non-Mineral Rock: made of 2. Hydrological / Water
fossils or organic matter within a Cycle: continuous
cool bed or in some type of movement of water above
mudstone for example is and below the surface
Fossiliferous Limestone

The rock cycle diagram:


Three main categories of rocks:
Outcrop (any rock formation
Igneous Rock: formed from the that visible on the surface) >
cooling and crystallization of smaller particle > sediments >
magma (molten rock) buried, compacted, and cement >
Sedimentary rock: form when sedimentary rock
weathered fragments or other - Weathering: Physical,
rocks are buried, compressed, chemical, and biological
and cemented together. - Erosion: presence of wind
and water
- Transportation
- Deposition: sand and 1. Contact: occurs adjacent to
pebbles biological igneous intrusions and
influence and evaporation results from high
temperatures
Processes of rock cycle: 2. Dynamic: restricted to
narrow zones adjacent to
1. Crystallization: magma faults or thrusts.
cools either underground or 3. Regional: occurs over large
on the surface and hardens areas and generally does
into an igneous rock not show any relationship
2. Erosion: weathering wears to igneous bodies.
rocks at the earth’s surface
down into smaller pieces. ___________________________
Smaller fragments are Magma: molten rock inside the
called sediments. Running earth. Source of all igneous rock.
water, ice, and gravity are Beginning of the rock cycle.
example of erosion
Types of Igneous Rock:
3. Sedimentation: deposition Intrusive (Plutonic Rock) :
of rock fragments, soil, igneous rock that cool and
organic matter, or dissolved solidify beneath the surface
material that has eroded.
Granite: the most common
intrusive igneous rock.
4. Metamorphism: process
that changes pre-existing Extrusive Rocks (Volcanic
rock into new form because Rock): igneous rock that cool
of increases in temperature, and solidify above the surface
pressure, and chemically Two categories of volcanic
active fluids. rocks: lava flows
5.
Igneous Rock Textures
3 types of metamorphism
1. Aphanitic: (not visible): change relatively quickly.
form from lava which
crystallize rapidly on or 6. Pyroclastic Texture
near earth’s surface. Ex: (igneous fragment): occur
basalt, andesite, and when explosive eruptions
rhyolite. blast the lava into the air
2. Glassy Texture: occur resulting in fragmental,
during some volcanic typically glassy material.
eruptions when the lava is
quenched so rapidly that
crystallization can’t occur. Vesicles: if lava has bubbles of
Ex: pumice and obsidian. gas escaping from it as it
solidifies, it will end up with
frozen bubble holes.
3. Pegmatitic Texture: Pumice: the name of a type of
occurs during magma volcanic rock with a frothy
cooling when some texture.
minerals may grow so large
that they become massive. Obsidian: common rock that has
Ex: pegmatites a glassy texture, and essentially
4. Phaneritic Texture volcanic glass and usually black.
(visible): magma cools Pyroclastic rock: made of fine-
slowly the minerals have grained volcanic ash may be said
time to grow and form large to have a fine-grained,
crystals and see each fragmental texture.
crystal with the naked eye.
Ex: gabbro, diorite, and
granite. Sedimentary Rocks: types of
rock that are formed by the
5. Porphyritic Texture: accumulation at earth’s surface,
develop when condition followed by cementation.
during cooling of a magma
Limestone: most famous types 2. Chemical sedimentary
of sedimentary rocks. rock: precipitate from
water and usually remain
Lithification: process by which
in place or are not
sediments combine to form
transported far.
sedimentary rocks.
Sediments: grains of rocks,
minerals, or mineraloids How doe sedimentary rocks
deposited on the surface of the form?
earth. Sediment: naturally occurring
Lithification sediment to material that is broken down by
sedimentary rocks process processes of weathering and
erosion.
1. Deposition: clasts are
dropped or settle out Steps:
2. Compaction: clasts are 1. Compaction: squeezed
forced closer together together by the weight of
3. Cementation: moves overlaying sediments of top
between the grains and of them
leaves behind mineral 2. Cementation: fluids fill in
deposits. the spaces between the
loose particles to create a
rock.
How to identify
sedimentary rocks?
Variety minerals of
sedimentary rocks: 1. Clastic Textures (shale,
sandstone, breccia, and
1. Clastic sediments: made siltstone):
up of detritus that has been a. Grain
eroded by the action of Characteristic:
wind, water and ice. diameter or width
of a clastic Metamorphic rocks
sediment grain Metamorphism (known as
determines its grain change form): process that
size. changes pre-existing rocks into
b. Rounding: grains new forms caused by tectonic
can be round, stress, heating of magma, or
angular, or in- alteration of fluids.
between
c. Sorting: extent to Protolith: type of rock that the
which all the grains metamorphic rock used to be.
are the same size is
known as sorting.

2. Chemical texture (salt, 2 types of metamorphism:


gypsum, and dolostone):
1. Regional metamorphism:
key to naming chemical
changes in enormous
sedimentary rocks is the
quantities of rock over a
minerals from which
wide area caused by the
they are made
extreme pressure.
3. Biochemical texture
(coal and limestone):
2. Contact metamorphism:
form with the help of
changes in a rock that is in
past life. This can be in
contact with magma
the form of fossils, shells
because of the magmas
or plant remains.
extreme heat.
Used of sedimentary rocks:
1. Building stones
Factors that control
2. Construction
metamorphism:
3. Economically valuable
resources 1. Chemical composition of
protolith (critical):
analysed in terms of its
bulk chemical composition
4. Burial: occurs to rock
2. Temperature: increases buried beneath sediments to
with depth in the earth depths that exceed the
along the geothermal conditions in which
gradient. sedimentary rocks forms.
3. Time: most metamorphism
of rocks takes place slowly 5. Subduction zone: a
inside the earth. process in which a tectonic
4. Pressure: a measure of plate is recycled back into
stress, the physical force the deeper mantle.
being applied to the surface
of a material 2 categories of
metamorphic rocks:
5. Fluids: cracks or gap
between the minerals and 1. Foliated: have a layered or
rocks can contain fluids. banded by exposure to heat
and directed pressure

Types of metamorphism: 2. Non-Foliated: do not have


a layer or banded
1. Regional: occurs where
appearance and are usually
large areas of rock are
grainy.
subjected to large amounts
of differential stress.

2. Contact: occurs to solid


rock next to an igneous
intrusion.
3. Hydrothermal: result of
extensive interaction of
rock with high-temperature
fluids.

You might also like