1. Rocks are mixtures of minerals that are consolidated and hard. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes.
3. Rocks continuously change between these three types through the rock cycle of formation, weathering and erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification or metamorphism. The rock cycle diagrams these processes that ultimately recycle the Earth's crust over geologic timescales.
1. Rocks are mixtures of minerals that are consolidated and hard. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes.
3. Rocks continuously change between these three types through the rock cycle of formation, weathering and erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification or metamorphism. The rock cycle diagrams these processes that ultimately recycle the Earth's crust over geologic timescales.
1. Rocks are mixtures of minerals that are consolidated and hard. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes.
3. Rocks continuously change between these three types through the rock cycle of formation, weathering and erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification or metamorphism. The rock cycle diagrams these processes that ultimately recycle the Earth's crust over geologic timescales.
1. Rocks are mixtures of minerals that are consolidated and hard. There are three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2. Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of magma. Sedimentary rocks form through the compaction and cementation of sediments. Metamorphic rocks form from the alteration of existing rocks through heat, pressure, and chemical processes.
3. Rocks continuously change between these three types through the rock cycle of formation, weathering and erosion, transportation, deposition, and lithification or metamorphism. The rock cycle diagrams these processes that ultimately recycle the Earth's crust over geologic timescales.
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Rocks: a consolidated mixture of Metamorphic Rock: formed by
the same or different minerals alteration (due to heat, pressure,
and/or chemical action), formed *Consolidated: hard and strong from high heat and pressure and compact Common rock examples: granite, basalt, obsidian, dacite, Rock Cycle: and rhyolite 1. Earth’s Internal Engine: Mixture of Minerals: implies heat of the interior of the the presence of more than one earth cause by massive mineral grain, but not necessarily movement and extreme more than one type of mineral. pressure from mantle and core which result to plate Mineral Rock: composed of tectonic movement or only one type of mineral volcanic eruption. Non-Mineral Rock: made of 2. Hydrological / Water fossils or organic matter within a Cycle: continuous cool bed or in some type of movement of water above mudstone for example is and below the surface Fossiliferous Limestone
The rock cycle diagram:
Three main categories of rocks: Outcrop (any rock formation Igneous Rock: formed from the that visible on the surface) > cooling and crystallization of smaller particle > sediments > magma (molten rock) buried, compacted, and cement > Sedimentary rock: form when sedimentary rock weathered fragments or other - Weathering: Physical, rocks are buried, compressed, chemical, and biological and cemented together. - Erosion: presence of wind and water - Transportation - Deposition: sand and 1. Contact: occurs adjacent to pebbles biological igneous intrusions and influence and evaporation results from high temperatures Processes of rock cycle: 2. Dynamic: restricted to narrow zones adjacent to 1. Crystallization: magma faults or thrusts. cools either underground or 3. Regional: occurs over large on the surface and hardens areas and generally does into an igneous rock not show any relationship 2. Erosion: weathering wears to igneous bodies. rocks at the earth’s surface down into smaller pieces. ___________________________ Smaller fragments are Magma: molten rock inside the called sediments. Running earth. Source of all igneous rock. water, ice, and gravity are Beginning of the rock cycle. example of erosion Types of Igneous Rock: 3. Sedimentation: deposition Intrusive (Plutonic Rock) : of rock fragments, soil, igneous rock that cool and organic matter, or dissolved solidify beneath the surface material that has eroded. Granite: the most common intrusive igneous rock. 4. Metamorphism: process that changes pre-existing Extrusive Rocks (Volcanic rock into new form because Rock): igneous rock that cool of increases in temperature, and solidify above the surface pressure, and chemically Two categories of volcanic active fluids. rocks: lava flows 5. Igneous Rock Textures 3 types of metamorphism 1. Aphanitic: (not visible): change relatively quickly. form from lava which crystallize rapidly on or 6. Pyroclastic Texture near earth’s surface. Ex: (igneous fragment): occur basalt, andesite, and when explosive eruptions rhyolite. blast the lava into the air 2. Glassy Texture: occur resulting in fragmental, during some volcanic typically glassy material. eruptions when the lava is quenched so rapidly that crystallization can’t occur. Vesicles: if lava has bubbles of Ex: pumice and obsidian. gas escaping from it as it solidifies, it will end up with frozen bubble holes. 3. Pegmatitic Texture: Pumice: the name of a type of occurs during magma volcanic rock with a frothy cooling when some texture. minerals may grow so large that they become massive. Obsidian: common rock that has Ex: pegmatites a glassy texture, and essentially 4. Phaneritic Texture volcanic glass and usually black. (visible): magma cools Pyroclastic rock: made of fine- slowly the minerals have grained volcanic ash may be said time to grow and form large to have a fine-grained, crystals and see each fragmental texture. crystal with the naked eye. Ex: gabbro, diorite, and granite. Sedimentary Rocks: types of rock that are formed by the 5. Porphyritic Texture: accumulation at earth’s surface, develop when condition followed by cementation. during cooling of a magma Limestone: most famous types 2. Chemical sedimentary of sedimentary rocks. rock: precipitate from water and usually remain Lithification: process by which in place or are not sediments combine to form transported far. sedimentary rocks. Sediments: grains of rocks, minerals, or mineraloids How doe sedimentary rocks deposited on the surface of the form? earth. Sediment: naturally occurring Lithification sediment to material that is broken down by sedimentary rocks process processes of weathering and erosion. 1. Deposition: clasts are dropped or settle out Steps: 2. Compaction: clasts are 1. Compaction: squeezed forced closer together together by the weight of 3. Cementation: moves overlaying sediments of top between the grains and of them leaves behind mineral 2. Cementation: fluids fill in deposits. the spaces between the loose particles to create a rock. How to identify sedimentary rocks? Variety minerals of sedimentary rocks: 1. Clastic Textures (shale, sandstone, breccia, and 1. Clastic sediments: made siltstone): up of detritus that has been a. Grain eroded by the action of Characteristic: wind, water and ice. diameter or width of a clastic Metamorphic rocks sediment grain Metamorphism (known as determines its grain change form): process that size. changes pre-existing rocks into b. Rounding: grains new forms caused by tectonic can be round, stress, heating of magma, or angular, or in- alteration of fluids. between c. Sorting: extent to Protolith: type of rock that the which all the grains metamorphic rock used to be. are the same size is known as sorting.
2. Chemical texture (salt, 2 types of metamorphism:
gypsum, and dolostone): 1. Regional metamorphism: key to naming chemical changes in enormous sedimentary rocks is the quantities of rock over a minerals from which wide area caused by the they are made extreme pressure. 3. Biochemical texture (coal and limestone): 2. Contact metamorphism: form with the help of changes in a rock that is in past life. This can be in contact with magma the form of fossils, shells because of the magmas or plant remains. extreme heat. Used of sedimentary rocks: 1. Building stones Factors that control 2. Construction metamorphism: 3. Economically valuable resources 1. Chemical composition of protolith (critical): analysed in terms of its bulk chemical composition 4. Burial: occurs to rock 2. Temperature: increases buried beneath sediments to with depth in the earth depths that exceed the along the geothermal conditions in which gradient. sedimentary rocks forms. 3. Time: most metamorphism of rocks takes place slowly 5. Subduction zone: a inside the earth. process in which a tectonic 4. Pressure: a measure of plate is recycled back into stress, the physical force the deeper mantle. being applied to the surface of a material 2 categories of metamorphic rocks: 5. Fluids: cracks or gap between the minerals and 1. Foliated: have a layered or rocks can contain fluids. banded by exposure to heat and directed pressure
Types of metamorphism: 2. Non-Foliated: do not have
a layer or banded 1. Regional: occurs where appearance and are usually large areas of rock are grainy. subjected to large amounts of differential stress.
2. Contact: occurs to solid
rock next to an igneous intrusion. 3. Hydrothermal: result of extensive interaction of rock with high-temperature fluids.