Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365

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Lithos
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Spatial and temporal distribution of Mesozoic adakitic rocks along the

Tan-Lu fault, Eastern China: Constraints on the initiation of
lithospheric thinning
Hai-Ou Gu a, Yilin Xiao a,⁎, M. Santosh b,c, Wang-Ye Li a, Xiaoyong Yang a, Andreas Pack d, Zhenhui Hou a
a
CAS Key Laboratory of Crust–Mantle Materials and Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
b
School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences, 29 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083, PR China
c
Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
d
Georg-August-Universität, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum, Abteilung Isotopengeologie, Goldschmidtstraße 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Mesozoic tectonics in East China is characterized by significant lithospheric thinning of the North China Cra-
Received 26 December 2012 ton, large-scale strike-slip movement along the Tan-Lu fault, and regional magmatism with associated
Accepted 9 July 2013 metallogeny. Here we address the possible connections between these three events through a systematic inves-
Available online 17 July 2013
tigation of the geochemistry, zircon geochronology and whole rock oxygen isotopes of the Mesozoic magmatic
rocks distributed along the Tan-Lu fault in the Shandong province.
Keywords:
Adakite
The characteristic spatial and temporal distributions of high-Mg adakitic rocks along the Tan-Lu fault with em-
North China Craton placement ages of 134-128 Ma suggest a strong structural control for the emplacement of these intrusions,
The Tan-Lu fault with magma generation possibly associated with the subduction of the Pacific plate in the early Cretaceous.
Zircon U-Pb geochronology The low-Mg adakitic rocks (127–120 Ma) in the Su-Lu orogenic belt were formed later than the high-Mg adakitic
Oxygen isotope rocks, whereas in the Dabie orogenic belt, most of the low-Mg adakitic rocks (143-129 Ma) were generated ear-
lier than the high-Mg adakitic rocks. Based on available data, we suggest that the large scale strike-slip tectonics
of the Tan-Lu fault in the Mesozoic initiated cratonic destruction at the south-eastern margin of the North China
Craton, significantly affecting the lower continental crust within areas near the fault. This process resulted in
crustal fragments sinking into the asthenosphere and reacting with peridotites, which increased the Mg# of
the adakitic melts, generating the high-Mg adakitic rocks. The gravitationally unstable lower continental crust
below the Tan-Lu fault in the Su-Lu orogenic belt triggered larger volume delamination of the lower continental
crust or foundering of the root.
© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction He et al., 2011; Huang et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009; Meng and Zhang,
2000; Wang et al., 2006a,b, 2007, 2010; Xu et al., 2002, 2008; Zhang
Adakites (or adakitic rocks) are originally suggested to be products et al., 2010). Experimental studies have also shown that adakitic melts
of melting of young and hot oceanic crust in subduction-zones (Defant can be generated at pressures of ~1.2 GPa (i.e. a crustal thickness of
and Drummond, 1990; Kay, 1978; Martin, 1999; Peacock et al., 1994; N40 km) through partial melting of mafic components (Rapp and
Pepiper and Piper, 1994; Stern and Kilian, 1996). Geochemically, adakites Watson, 1995; Rapp et al., 1999; Xiong et al., 2011). Several examples
are characterized by high Sr, Al, and Na contents along with high Sr/Y of non-arc adakitic rocks linked with crustal thickening or eclogitization
and H/LREE (Heavy/Light Rare Earth Elements, (La/Yb)N for instance) have also been described, such as from continent–continent collision
ratios, implying a garnet-amphibolite or eclogite source without signif- belts (He et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2005; Zhang et al.,
icant amount of plagioclases in the residue (Rapp et al., 1991). Adakitic 2002, 2010), intracontinental settings (Gao et al., 2004, 2006; Huang
rocks of different ages have been reported from a number of terranes et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009; Liu et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2008; Zi et al.,
within different tectonic settings (e.g., Eyuboglu et al., 2011a,b, 2012; 2007) or active continental settings (Atherton and Petford, 1993; Kay
Guan et al., 2012; Yu et al., 2012). Adakitic features can also be gener- and Kay, 2002).
ated in some non-arc regions, through either the AFC (Assimilation– The North China Craton (NCC) is a classic region to study cratonic
Fractional-Crystallization) process or partial melting of thickened or destruction because of the widespread lithospheric thinning below
delaminated lower crust (Castillo et al., 1999; Gao et al., 2004, 2006; this craton during the late Jurassic to late Cretaceous (Cheng et al.,
2013; Fan et al., 2000; Gao et al., 2002; Li et al., 2013; Menzies et al.,
⁎ Corresponding author. 2007; Xu et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2012b; Zhai and Santosh, 2011,
E-mail address: [email protected] (Y. Xiao). 2013; Zhang, 2012; Zhang et al., 2002, 2003a). The several models

0024-4937/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.07.011
 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365 353

proposed for the decratonization of the NCC include foundering of the samples are intermediate-felsic intrusive rocks, covering two East–
lower continental crust (LCC) (Deng et al., 2007; Gao et al., 2004), ex- West profiles that cross the Tan-Lu fault and two North–South profiles
tension or thermal/chemical erosion of deep lithosphere (Xu, 2001), parallel to the strike of the fault with a large spatial distribution (Fig. 1).
and hydration of lithosphere mantle (Chen et al., 2004; Niu, 2005). Ex-
tensive magmatism and associated metallogeny accompanied the litho- 3. Analytical methods
spheric thinning of the NCC in the Mesozoic, among which adakitic
rocks constitute an important suite (Gao et al., 2006; Guo et al., 2013; 57 rock samples were analyzed for whole rock element concentra-
Li et al., 2013; Xiong et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2006b, 2008; Yang et al., tions and oxygen isotopes with at least two samples of the intrusives
2008; Zhai and Santosh, 2013). Notably, during the late-Jurassic to from each locality. 17 samples were selected for LA-ICP-MS zircon age
early-Cretaceous, the Tan-Lu Fault witnessed large-scale strike-slip, dating. Also, 19 samples were selected for Sr–Nd isotope analysis.
which offset the Dabie and Su-Lu orogen belts for N 550 km (Wang,
2006; Zhang et al., 2003b). Although some previous studies have postu- 3.1. Major and trace element geochemistry
lated some connections between the Tan-Lu fault and the near-fault
adakitic rocks (Huang et al., 2008), the data reported so far were focused Whole rock major elements and some trace elements were mea-
on the southern part of the Tan-Lu fault, with limited information from sured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with a Philips PW 1480 automated
the Shandong region. The tectonic relationship between the fault and sequential spectrometer at the University of Göttingen. Glass beads
the Dabie–Sulu orogenic belt is important in understanding the evolu- were fused with lithium tetraborate using procedures described in
tion of the lithosphere under Eastern China. The adakitic magmatism Xiao et al. (2011). Trace elements of whole rocks were analyzed by
in Shandong Province which is located in the central-northern part of ICP-MS solution analyses. Rock powders were dissolved with HF,
the Tan-Lu fault is therefore of prime importance. HClO4 and HNO3 in Teflon containers for over 48 h at 190 °C. Measure-
In this paper, we present whole rock elemental and oxygen isotopic ments were conducted on an Elan 6100 DRC ICP-MS at the CAS Key Lab-
compositions, as well as zircon U–Pb ages for the Mesozoic magmatic oratory of Crust–Mantle Materials and Environments, University of
rocks along the Tan-Lu fault in Shandong province. The results demon- Science and Technology of China, Hefei (USTC).
strate that the high-Mg adakitic rocks with ages of 134–128 Ma occur
within a zone that is parallel to the strike of the Tan-Lu fault. Our results 3.2. Whole rock oxygen isotopes
suggest that the large-scale strike of the Tan-Lu fault in the Mesozoic
might have initiated the extensive lithospheric thinning of the south- Whole rock oxygen isotopes were analyzed at the University of
east margin of the NCC. Göttingen, by means of infrared laser fluorination in combination with
GC-CF-IRMMS (Gas Chromatography and Continuous Flow Isotope
2. Geological background and samples Ratio Monitoring gas Mass Spectrometry). About 1.5 mg of rock powder
was loaded into an 18-pit Ni sample holder. After evacuation and
The NCC had a prolonged evolution history during the early Precam- heating the sample chamber to ~70 °C overnight (N 12 h), materials
brian with final cratonization during Paleoproterozoic (Zhai and Santosh, were reacted with purified F2 in a ~25 to ~30 mbar atmosphere, and
2011). The tectonic framework of this craton is mainly composed of the heated with a CO2-laser at the energy of 50 W. The oxygen was purified
Eastern Block, Western Block and the Central Orogenic Belt (also known and injected via an open split valve of the GasBench II into the source of
as the Trans-North China Orogen) (Santosh, 2010; Zhao, 2001). Large- a Thermo MAT 253 gas mass spectrometer. The analytical error based on
scale Mesozoic magmatism and related mineralization characterize the replicate analysis and standard is better than 0.2‰ (2 sigma, for more
Eastern Block and the Central Orogenic Belt (e.g., Guo et al., 2013; Li details, see Gehler et al., 2011; Hofmann et al., 2012).
et al., 2013 ,Yang et al., 2013).
The Western Block is made up of a thick crust (~45 km; Li et al., 3.3. Dating zircon U–Pb ages by LA-ICP-MS
2006; Zhao et al., 2001) and is underlain by a thick lithosphere
(N150 km; Chen, 2010; Tian et al., 2009). The region is characterized Simultaneous analysis of U–Pb ages and in-situ trace element concen-
by relatively low surface heat flow (50–60 mW/m2; Hu et al., 2000). tration by LA-ICP-MS provides high spatial resolution and has proved
Only minor Phanerozoic volcanism and rare seismicity are recorded to be a reliable technique for extracting zircon U–Pb ages even from Ceno-
within this block. The Western Block is a composite amalgam of the zoic rocks (e.g. Ballard et al., 2001; Harris et al., 2004; Yuan et al., 2003).
Yinshan Block in the north and the Ordos Block in the south, separated For this study, we used the LA-ICP-MS housed at USTC, and is
by a Paleoproterozoic subduction-accretion-collision belt termed as the performed on the same Elan 6100 DRC ICP-MS instrument used for ele-
Inner Mongolia Suture Zone (Santosh, 2010). A Khondalite Belt of high mental analyses. Before the laser ablation, cathode-ray luminescence
grade granulite facies metapelites occurs within this suture zone, pre- images (CL images) were obtained for selecting the analytical spots.
serving evidence for ultrahigh-temperature metamorphism (Kusky During the analyses, we used the standard silicate glass NIST (610,
and Li, 2003; Liu et al., 2011; Santosh et al., 2007a,b, 2012; Wan et al., 612 and 614) to optimize the system, Zircon 91500 as the external stan-
2006a,b; Yin et al., 2009; Zhang, 2012; Zhao et al., 2005). dard for U–Pb dating, and NIST 610 glass as the standard for trace ele-
In contrast, the Precambrian crust in the Eastern Block and the un- ment analysis. Generally, 36-micrometer diameter spots were used,
derlying lithosphere are both relatively thin (a crust with 30–40 km with 24- or 60-micrometer diameters sometimes, depending on the
thickness and a lithosphere of b100 km; Chen, 2010; Li et al., 2006; size of the analyzed zircons. Final isotopic ratios and ages of the zircons
Tian et al., 2009). Investigations on xenolithic peridotites in this block were processed using the CommPbCorr program (Andersen, 2002). The
suggest a relatively cold, thick and refractory lithospheric mantle in Pa- weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages calculated using the ISOPLOT program
leozoic, which was replaced by a fertile and hot lithospheric mantle in (Ludwig, 2001) were used to represent the ages of the rocks.
the Cenozoic (Chu et al., 2009; Gao et al., 2002; Griffin et al., 1998;
Menzies et al., 1993; Rudnick et al., 2004; Wu et al., 2006). 3.4. Sr–Nd isotopic composition
The Shandong province is located in the southeastern margin of the
NCC and is subdivided into two parts by the Tan-Lu fault, the Luxi to the All Sr–Nd isotopes were isolated at the CAS Key Laboratory of Crust–
west and the Jiaodong to the east. The Jiaodong terrane is attached to Mantle Materials and Environments, University of Science and Technol-
the Su-Lu orogenic belt along the Wulian–Muping fault. The samples ogy of China, Hefei (USTC) and the isotopic ratios were measured at
for this study were collected along the Tan-Lu Fault (Fig. 1), from the Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, China Geological
Jiaodong and Luxi regions and the Su-Lu orogenic belt. Most of our Survey. Following sample decomposition, the Sr and the light rare-
354 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365

ns
o ge
O r
u
-L
Su

ult
Fa
e

ing
Jiaobei

Zon

up
Luxi

-M
an
li
Wu
t
aul
uF
-L
Tan

Fig. 1. Sketch geological map of the Shandong province showing sample locations. The plutons with abnormally low δ18O values are shown.

earth elements were isolated on quartz columns by conventional-ion 2008), the HMA reported in this study show high MgO, Cr and Ni con-
exchange chromatography with a 5-ml resin bed of AG 50 W-X12 tents with Mg# N 0.50. In contrast, the LMA in our study have low con-
(200–400 mesh). Nd was separated from other rare earth elements on tents of MgO, Cr and Ni, similar to the compositions of (i) melts from
quartz columns using 1.7 ml Teflon powder coated with HDEHP, di(2- partial melting experiments of basalts (Rapp and Watson, 1995,1995;
ethylhexyl) orthophosphoric acid, as cation exchange medium. Sr and Rapp et al., 1991, 1999; Sen and Dunn, 1994), (ii) melts derived from
Nd were both loaded as phosphate on pre-conditioned Re filaments. thickened continental crust (Atherton and Petford, 1993), and (iii) Ar-
Sr and Nd isotopic data were obtained using a Finnigan Triton mass chean high Sr/Y TTG suites (Condie, 2005; Smithies, 2000). With a few
spectrometer. Analyses on the standard solutions of NBS 987 and LRIG exceptions, normal granitoids usually have lower Sr contents, Sr/Y
yielded mean values of 0.710239 ± 0.000003 (2σ) for the 87Sr/86Sr ratio and higher Y relative to the LMA and HMA (Fig. 5a).
ratio and 0.512196 ± 0.000003 (2σ) for the 143Nd/144Nd ratio, during The LMA, HMA and normal granitoids share similarities in some
this study. More details on analytical procedures are given in Chen major element behavior in Harker diagrams (e.g. Fig. 2). In the diagram
et al. (2000, 2007). of total alkali versus SiO2, normal granitoids cluster mainly in the granite,
quartz monzonite, monzodiorite and monzonite fields, with a large
4. Results variation in SiO2. These plutons show metaluminous to weakly
peraluminous characters (average 0.93, Fig. 3) which are typical for igne-
4.1. Whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry ous sources (Chappell and White, 1992). In contrast, most of the LMA
and HMA have more or less higher Al and Mg contents but lower K
The whole rock major and trace elemental compositions are listed in than those of normal granitoids. Notably, the HMA and LMA have higher
Electronic Appendix A. Based on the Sr/Y vs. Y(ppm) relationship (pro- Na2O/K2O than normal granitoids at a given SiO2, which is also found in
posed by Defant and Drummond (1990) in identifying adakitic rocks) classic adakites (Defant and Drummond, 1990).
together with the composition of melt from partial melting experi- In REE patterns, the normal granitoids generally show LREE-enriched
ments of basalts (usually with Mg# b 0.50, Rapp et al., 1999), we subdi- nature without obvious negative Eu anomalies and/or concave REE pat-
vide the studied plutons into three groups: (i) high Mg adakitic rocks terns (Fig. 4). The HMA and LMA also have LREE-enriched patterns with-
(HMA, usually with Sr/Y N 20, Y(ppm) b 18, Mg# N 0.50); (ii) low Mg out any obvious Eu anomalies. In trace element spider diagrams, all the
adakitic rocks (LMA, usually with Sr/Y N 20, Y(ppm) b 18 and rocks show similar features. They are characterized by enrichment of
Mg# b 0.50) and (iii) normal granitoids (Sr/Y b 20). large ion lithophile elements (LILE, e.g. Th. U and Pb) and depletion in
Comparable to adakites in modern arcs and those derived from high field strength elements (HFSE, e.g. Nb, Ta and Ti). Compared to nor-
delaminated LCC (e.g. Defant and Drummond, 1990; Huang et al., mal granitoids, the HMA and LMA usually have positive Sr-anomalies
 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365 355

16
HMA a 8 b
LMA
12 NG Syenite
QM 6

Na2O+K2O
M
8

Na2O
MD 4
Granite
4 2
Gabbro GD Diorite Granodiorite
20 1.50
c d
18 1.2

16 0.9

TiO2
Al2O3

14 0.6

12 0.3

10 0.0
10 e 10 f
8 8
t

6
Fe2O3

MgO

6
4
4
2
2
0
10000
2.0k
g h
100 1.5k
Sr(ppm)
Ni(ppm)

10 1.0k

1 500.0

0.0
0.1
50 60 70 80 50 60 70 80
SiO2 SiO2

Fig. 2. The total alkali (Na2O + K2O) versus SiO2 (Irvine and Baragar, 1971; Middlemost, 1985) and Harker diagrams for high-Mg adakitic rocks (HMA), low Mg adakitic rocks (LMA) and
normal granitoids (NG).

(Fig. 4). Furthermore, our HMA and LMA samples show low Rb/Ba ratio from these plutons mostly crystallized from magmas. However, the zir-
and are depleted in Rb content, which are considered as typical features cons from Luxi, Su-Lu orogen and Jiaobei display some differences both
of lower continental crust (Rudnick and Gao, 2005). in petrology and age data.
In Luxi (located to the west of the Tan-Lu fault), the zircons define
4.2. Whole-rock oxygen isotope three groups of emplacement ages (Fig. 8a–c). These (from north to
south) are Jinling, Yangtao and Laowa. Zircons from the three granitoids
Whole-rock oxygen isotopic data are also listed in Electronic Appendix are generally pale yellow, translucent, euhedral or subhedral. The CL im-
A. Most of the plutons examined in this study have δ18O values ranging ages demonstrate that most of the zircon grains are oscillatory zoned. Re-
from 6 to 10‰, which are within the normal values of granitoids. Howev- sidual zircon cores are observed in some grains from the Yangtao and
er, some samples have light oxygen isotopic compositions, with δ18O Laowa granitoids, but are rare in the Jinling granitoid. Seventeen analyti-
values as low as 0.9‰. And the samples displaying low δ18O values are cal spots of Laowa zircons yield a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of
from plutons located within the Su-Lu orogen belt of Jiaodong (Fig. 1). 134 ± 3 Ma (2 sigma, MSWD = 1.3), representing the formation age
of this pluton, whereas the inherited zircons yield concordant ages rang-
4.3. Zircon U–Pb geochronology ing from 250 to 2500 Ma. The Jinling granitoid yields a formation age of
132 ± 4 Ma (206Pb/238U ages, 2 sigma, MSWD = 1.11) based on
High Th/U (mean 1.04), REE patterns typical of magmatic zircons twenty-eight analytical spots and no inherited zircons were found. A
and magmatic zonings in CL images (Fig. 7) suggest that the zircons weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 132 ± 4 Ma (2 sigma, MSWD = 1.2)
356 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365

3.0 indicate that these widely distributed plutons formed in a short period
between 115 Ma and 130 Ma. Some residual zircons yield ages of
2.5 ~220 Ma and ~780 Ma (Fig. 8), which might record the collision be-
tween the SCB (South China Block) and the NCC and the Neoproterozoic
basement of the SCB, respectively.
2.0 Four plutons from Jiaobei (located to the north of the Su-Lu orogen
A/NK

but to east the Tan-Lu fault) were dated: Linglong, Guojialing, Guanshui
and Yinpan. The morphology and internal structures of zircons from
1.5
these rocks are similar to those from the Su-Lu orogen belt. The grains
are idiomorphic with obvious magmatic oscillatory zoning, displaying
1.0 high length to width ratios and include many inherited grains. The age
data constrain the timing of formation of the Linglong granite as
141 ± 8 Ma (weighted mean of 13 spots, MSWD = 4.6), with inherited
0.5 zircon cores displaying ages in the range of 1800–2500 Ma. The
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Guojialing granitoid shows an age around 130 Ma (131 ± 2 Ma, weight-
A/CNK
ed mean of 24, MSWD = 0.7) with old concordant ages of 200 to
Fig. 3. The A/NK versus A/CNK diagram. A/NK and A/CNK are molar ratios of Al2O3/ 2100 Ma. The age of the Guanshui granitoid is 153 ± 4 Ma based on
(Na2O + K2O) and Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O), respectively. Legends are the same as Fig. 2. the weighted mean of 16 spots (MSWD = 0.98), with complex old con-
cordant ages of 210 to 2000 Ma. Meanwhile, Yinpan granitoid yielded an
was obtained from eighteen spots in zircons from the Yangtao granitoid, age of 123 ± 4Ma (weighted mean of 22 spots, MSWD = 2.4).
and no concordant inherited ages were obtained (206Pb/238U ages show a Collectively, the zircon U–Pb data show Early Cretaceous ages of 115–
range of 390–3000 Ma). 135 Ma for most plutons studied here (Table 1 and Fig. 8). Only the
The zircons from ten granitoid plutons within the Su-Lu orogenic Guanshui granitoid displays Late Jurassic ages of 153 ± 4 Ma. Inherited
belt (located to the east of the Tan-Lu fault and to the north of the zircon ages of ~220 Ma and ~780 Ma were found in zircons from plutons
Wulian–Muping fault) (Fig. 8d-m) are mostly idiomorphic with within/proximal to the Su-Lu belt, suggesting that recycled crust of the
needle-like shapes (length/width ratios vary from 3:1 to 7:1). Bright Yangtze Block might have contributed to the sources of these plutons
rounded rims are not observed, suggesting that the post-magmatic as such ages have not been reported from the basement rocks of the
high temperature hydrothermal alternation is minimal. The age data NCC. Notably, the Paleoproterozoic and Neoarchean ages of ~1800 Ma

1000
HMA 1000 HMA
Trace Elements/Primitive Mantle
REE/C1 Chondrite

100
100

LCC
LCC
10 10
N-MORB

1
N-MORB
1
1000
LMA 1000 LMA
Trace Elements/Primitive Mantle
REE/C1 Chondrite

100 100

10 10

1
1
1000
NG 1000 NG
Trace Elements/Primitive Mantle
REE/C1 Chondrite

100 100

10
10

1
1

La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Rb Ba Th U Nb Ta La Ce Pb Pr Sr Nd Zr Hf Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Y Ho Er TmYb Lu

Fig. 4. Chondrite normalized REE and primitive mantle (McDonough and Sun, 1995; Sun and McDonough, 1989) normalized trace element patterns. (LCC values are after Rudnick and Gao,
2005, N-MORB values are after Sun and McDonough, 1989. Legends are the same as Fig. 2).
 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365 357

0.9
a Literature data of HMA&LMA from studied area
HMA&LMA from this study
300 Normal granitoids from this study

up to >700

0.6
200
Sr/Y

Mg#
100 0.3

0 Fields of experimental melts

0 10 20 30 40 0.0
50 60 70 80
Y(ppm) SiO2
8
1000
b
6
100
(Gd/Yb)N

Cr(ppm)
4
10

2
1
up to >700
0
0 100 200 300 0.1
Sr/Y 0.2 0.4 0.6
Mg#
Fig. 5. Sr/Y versus Y (ppm) (Defant and Drummond, 1990) and (Gd/Yb)N versus Sr/Y (He
et al., 2011; Huang and He, 2010) diagrams for adakitic rocks (literature data are from 1000
Yang et al., 2005, 2012a; Zhang et al., 2010).

and ~2500 Ma in xenocrystic zircons from Luxi and Jiaobei areas clearly 100
indicate contribution from the ancient basement of the NCC in the
magma generation of these plutons.
Ni(ppm)

10
4.4. Sr–Nd isotopic composition

Sr–Nd isotopic data for the studied plutons are presented in Table 2,
1
and initial 87Sr/86Sr and 144Nd/143Nd ratios are calculated for the ages of
magma crystallization (Table 2). The Luxi HMA show initial 87Sr/86Sr ra-
tios ranging from 0.705165 to 0.708631, along with the εNd(t) values
ranging from −17.1 to −4.0. Previous studies of the Luxi HMA reported 0.1
0.2 0.4 0.6
a broad range of initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios and εNd(t) values (e.g., Yang
Mg#
et al., 2012a). The initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios ranging from 0.709388 to
0.710600 and the εNd(t) ranging from −17.5 to −11.6 were obtained Fig. 6. Mg# versus SiO2, Cr(ppm) versus Mg# and Ni(ppm) versus Mg# diagrams. The field
for the Jiaobei HMA. Inside the Sulu orogenic belt, the initial 87Sr/86Sr ra- of experimental melts at 1–4 GPa is after Rapp et al. (1999). Legends are the same as Fig. 5.
tios of the LMA show a range of 0.708050 to 0.710230 and their εNd(t)
values range from −20.0 to −14.4, more or less similar to the values re- Castillo et al. (1999) suggested that an evolved rock with adakitic
ported in previous studies. The normal granitoids show initial 87Sr/86Sr composition could be generated by the AFC process of evolving basaltic
ratios and εNd(t) values of 0.708724 to 0.711982 and −18.7 to −14.4. magmas. However, the AFC process is not favored for the petrogenesis
of the adakitic rocks investigated in this study based on the following
5. Discussion reasons. There are no mafic plutons of the required size in our study
area with late Jurassic to early Cretaceous ages. Although the oceanic
5.1. Petrogenesis of high and low-Mg adakitic rocks in the southeastern versus continental source of adakitic rocks remains debated, the high
margin of the NCC K/Na ratio (mostly N 0.7) and rather low Ce/Pb ratio (mostly b 10) of
the studied rocks are in contrast to the features of oceanic adakites
5.1.1. Genesis of adakitic rocks in the southeast margin of NCC (e.g. Liu et al., 2010; Xie et al., 2012). Furthermore, these adakitic
One of the most favored models for the genesis of adakites/adakitic rocks are located within an intracontinental setting and most of them
rocks is the partial melting of a subducted oceanic slab. Among the var- have features typical of crustally derived melts. Especially the LMA
ious alternative models are the AFC process and partial melting of lower share isotopic ratios similar to those of the Dabie LMA, which are widely
crust. accepted as the melt products of the LCC (Fig. 9). All the above features
358 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365

a b c

d e f

g h i

j k l

n o

m
Indicators and Pluton locations:
Luxi:
a. Jinling b. Laowa c. Yangtao
Sulu:
d. Dongchen e. Hubu f. Laoshan g. Maoshan
h. Qianshigouya i. Rizhao j. Shanyang k. Wulian
l. Xuejiadao m. Yaojiazhuang
p q Jiaobei:
n. Guanshui o. Guojialing p. Linglong q. Yinpan

Fig. 7. Representative CL images of zircons from Shandong together with spot ages.

are consistent with the previous conclusion that adakitic rocks in Ni and Cr are much more compatible in mantle materials than in felsic
North China most likely originated from the LCC (Xiong et al., magmas and, hence, even the addition of minor mantle materials will
2011). significantly raise the Cr, Ni and Mg# with simultaneous decrease in
SiO2. In addition, mantle xenoliths from some high-Mg adakitic rocks
5.1.2. Interaction between adakitic melts and asthenospheric mantle may provide some direct evidence of reactions between adakitic melts
As demonstrated by experimental studies on interaction between si- and mantle peridotites (Xu et al., 2008). From the Sr–Nd isotope dia-
licic melt and peridotite (Rapp and Watson, 1995), partial melts from gram (Fig. 9), the HMA also show a trend of mixing of the underlying
basaltic rocks should have low Mg# (usually b 0.45), regardless of mantle and the crust-derived magmas, which decreases the Sr ratio
whether the source is from subducted oceanic slab or lower crustal and increases the Nd ratio simultaneously.
mafic rocks. However, some of the adakitic rocks of the present study Based on the above features, we suggest that the low-Mg adakitic
show higher Mg# than those from experimental melts (Fig. 6a). Since rocks studied here originated from a thickened lower continental
our rocks were most likely derived from a continental source, the low- crust, whereas the high-Mg adakitic rocks were generated by melting
Mg adakitic rocks (Mg# are generally below 0.5) in eastern China are of delaminated lower continental crust and its reaction with the under-
thought to be formed by melting of the thickened LCC. For the high- lying mantle peridotites.
Mg adakitic rocks (Mg# > 0.5), the most likely genetic mechanism is
the reaction of adakitic melts (derived from the delaminated LCC) and 5.2. Low δ18O Mesozoic granitoids within the Su-Lu orogen belt
hot asthenospheric mantle (Xu et al., 2003a,b, 2004, 2006a,b, 2009;
Yang et al., 2011; Zhang et al., 2010; Zi et al., 2007). We employ the Cr Various examples of low δ18Ο Mesozoic granitoids have been widely
vs. Mg# and Ni vs. Mg# relation to identify the addition of mantle mate- observed within the Dabie orogenic belt (e.g. Xu et al., 2005; Zhao and
rials during reactions between the delaminated lower continental crust Zheng, 2009; Zhao et al., 2004, 2007). However, only a few examples
and asthenospheric mantle, which clearly distinguish the high-Mg of low δ18Ο Mesozoic granitoids have been reported so far from the
adakitic rocks and low-Mg adakitic rocks studied here (Fig. 6b and c). Su-Lu orogen (Huang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2010). Based on in-situ
 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365 359

a b c

Mean=132.2±3.9 Ma Mean=133.6±3.4 Ma Mean=131.8±3.7 Ma

MSWD=1.11 MSWD=1.3 MSWD=1.2

d e f

Mean=125.1±3.1 Ma Mean=125.5±2.2 Ma Mean=122.4±2.1 Ma

MSWD=1.3 MSWD=1.6 MSWD=2.7

g h i

Mean=124.0±3.6 Ma Mean=128.7±4.2 Ma Mean=123.2±4.7 Ma

MSWD=0.66 MSWD=1.5 MSWD=2.0

j k l

Mean=127.1±2.6 Ma Mean=124.3±5.3 Ma Mean=119.0±1.7 Ma

MSWD=1.2 MSWD=1.3 MSWD=1.3

m n o

Mean=118±3.9 Ma Mean=152.9±4.3 Ma Mean=130.6±2.2 Ma

MSWD=0.69 MSWD=0.98 MSWD=0.7

p q Sample locations:
Luxi: a, b, c
Sulu: d, e, f , g, h, i,
j, k, l, m
Mean=141.0±8.0 Ma Mean=123.3±3.6 Ma
Jiaobei: n, o, p, q
MSWD=4.6 MSWD=2.4

Fig. 8. Concordia diagrams of zircons along with REE patterns.

360 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365

Table 1
Zircon U–Pb ages of the Mesozoic intrusions in Shandong Province measured by LA- 10

Ma
ICP-MS.

nt l
ea
No. Sample No. Region Pluton/location Rock type Age(Ma) MSWD

rra
y
0
1 07-HT-01 Luxi Jinling HMA 132.2 ± 3.9 1.11
2 07-LW-06 Luxi Tietonggou (Laowa) HMA 133.6 ± 3.4 1.30 HMA from Luxi
3 07-YT-02 Luxi Yangtao HMA 131.8 ± 3.7 1.20 Fangcheng basalt

4 08-GJL-02 Jiaobei Guojialing HMA 130.6 ± 2.2 0.70 -10 Young Upper
Melt/rock interaction? Continental

ε Nd(t)
5 08-LL-01 Jiaobei Linglong HMA 141.0 ± 8.0 4.60 Crust
6 08-YP-01 Jiaobei Yinpan HMA 123.3 ± 3.6 2.40 LMA from Su-
Lu and Dabie
7 07-MS-03 Su-Lu Rizhao (Miaoshan) LMA 124.0 ± 3.6 0.66
8 08-GS-03 Jiaobei Guanshui LMA 152.9 ± 4.3 0.98 -20
9 08-SY-05 Su-Lu Wulian (Shanyang) LMA 127.1 ± 2.6 1.20
HMA and LMA
10 07-RZ-01 Su-Lu Rizhao LMA 123.2 ± 4.7 2.00 HMA from Dabie
from Jiaobei
11 08-WL-01 Su-Lu Wulian LMA 124.3 ± 5.3 1.30 -30
12 08-XJD-02 Su-Lu Xuejiadao LMA 119.0 ± 1.7 1.30 Lower Continental Crust
13 07-QSGY-03 Su-Lu Qianshigouya NG 128.7 ± 4.2 1.50
14 08-HB-01 Su-Lu Wulian (Hubu) NG 125.5 ± 2.2 1.60
15 08-DC-01 Su-Lu Laoshan (Dongchen) NG 125.1 ± 3.1 1.30 -40
Kongling
16 08-YJZ-03 Su-Lu Yaojiazhang NG 118.0 ± 3.9 0.69
17 08-LS-01 Su-Lu Laoshan NG 122.4 ± 2.1 2.70
0.700 0.705 0.710 0.715 0.720
ISr
zircon analyses from the granitic gneiss in the Jiaodong Peninsula, it has
been concluded that the protoliths of these granitoids are also charac- Fig. 9. εNd(t) vs. initial 87Sr/86Sr plots for a variety of high Mg adakitic rocks, low Mg
terized by very low δ18O values (Tang et al., 2006; Tang et al., 2008). adakitic rocks and normal granitoids. Data source: HMA from Luxi (Yang et al., 2012a),
LMA and HMA from Jiaobei (Zhang et al., 2010), HMA from Dabie (Huang et al., 2008),
Our results show that low δ18O granitoids are distributed in a rather
LMA from Dabie and Sulu (Wang et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2005), lower con-
broad area across the Su-Lu orogenic belt (Fig. 1). One of the most plau- tinental crust of East China and young upper continental crust (Jahn et al., 1999).
sible ways to generate these low δ18O granitoids is from low δ18O
magmas (Huang et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2010), and therefore, these
granitoids represent the occurrence of low δ18Ο Mesozoic granitoids environments (Zhang et al., 2003b, 2008), a comparison of the geochro-
within the Su-Lu belt. Furthermore, some of these low δ18O granitoids nology of low-Mg adakitic rocks from the Dabie and Su-Lu orogens can
have inherited zircon ages falling in the ranges of Neoproterozoic to offer information on the evolutionary history of these two areas.
late Triassic (Fig. 7d ~ m), suggesting that the subducted Yangtze There is no marked difference in the inherited ages from zircons be-
Block may have significantly contributed in generating the low-δ18O- tween low-Mg adakitic rocks from the Su-Lu orogen and those from the
magmas. This is also consistent with previous suggestions on the forma- Dabie orogen. The Neoproterozoic (573–842 Ma, 3 samples), Triassic
tion of the Mesozoic magmatic rocks by remelting of subducted conti- (210–260 Ma, 3 samples), and Paleo-Mesoproterozoic (1.3–2.0Ga, 2
nental lithosphere of the SCB (Zhao and Zheng, 2009). samples) ages obtained from the Su-Lu low-Mg adakitic rocks, both
concordant and discordant, can also be found in the low Mg adakitic
5.3. Geochronological constrains on the low-Mg adakitic rocks from the rocks from Dabie (He et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2007). This is consistent
Dabie and the Su-Lu orogens with known zircon U–Pb ages for the protoliths of the UHP metaigneous
rocks in the Dabie-Sulu orogenic belt (Zhao and Zheng, 2009), indicat-
The Dabie and Su-Lu orogens are thought to have been connected ing that the subducted SCB made significant contributions to the forma-
during the middle-Triassic subduction of the SCB, and were offset by tion of the Su-Lu low-Mg adakitic rocks. The data therefore suggest a
about 500 km through the strike-slip movement of the Tan-Lu fault in unique magma source for the low Mg adakitic rocks from the two areas.
the Mesozoic (Wang, 2006; Yang, 2006; Zhu et al., 2004, 2005). As the Secondly, most of the low-Mg adakitic rocks from the Su-Lu area have
time series of magmatic rocks can be used to trace their tectonic formation ages of 120 to 130 Ma (with a mean age of 123 Ma), whereas

Table 2
Sr–Nd isotopic composition of the Mesozoic intrusions in Shandong Province (Initial Sr–Nd isotopic composition was calculated at the formation age of the plutons).
87
Sample No. Rock Type Sr/86Sr Error 143
Nd/144Nd Error (87Sr/86Sr)i (143Nd/144Nd)i εNd(t)

07-HT-01 HMA 0.705547 0.000004 0.512377 0.000001 0.705165 0.512266 −4.0

07-LW-01 HMA 0.706696 0.000004 0.512286 0.000005 0.706075 0.512176 −5.6
07-LW-04 HMA 0.707367 0.000004 0.512296 0.000002 0.706746 0.512186 −5.4
07-ZZYN-03 HMA 0.709934 0.000003 0.511669 0.000003 0.708631 0.511599 −17.1
08-YP-01B HMA 0.757702 0.000004 0.511859 0.000003 0.710002 0.511772 −13.9
08-HY2-01 HMA 0.710435 0.000004 0.511815 0.000002 0.710377 0.511740 −14.6
08-GJL-02 HMA 0.711329 0.000003 0.511965 0.000002 0.710600 0.511877 −11.6
08-LL-02 HMA 0.711149 0.000004 0.511768 0.000004 0.710923 0.511695 −14.8
08-QBS-03 LMA 0.708602 0.000002 0.511806 0.000003 0.708055 0.511739 −14.4
07-ZK-02 LMA 0.709046 0.000004 0.511638 0.000003 0.708484 0.511555 −18.0
07-RZ-02 LMA 0.711311 0.000004 0.511534 0.000005 0.708953 0.511453 −20.0
07-QS-02 LMA 0.709285 0.000002 0.511671 0.000002 0.709223 0.511589 −17.3
08-ZZ-02 LMA 0.710489 0.000004 0.511605 0.000003 0.710162 0.511534 −18.4
08-XJD-01 LMA 0.711357 0.000003 0.511684 0.000003 0.710230 0.511603 −17.2
08-GS-01 LMA 0.712171 0.000004 0.511579 0.000004 0.711982 0.511482 −18.7
08-SB-01B LMA 0.709487 0.000004 0.511684 0.000003 0.708161 0.511613 −16.9
08-HB-04 NG 0.749025 0.000005 0.511692 0.000005 0.708724 0.511615 −16.8
08-YJZ-03 NG 0.720797 0.000003 0.511806 0.000006 0.709142 0.511749 −14.5
08-HB-01 NG 0.735459 0.000005 0.511738 0.000002 0.710200 0.511660 −15.9
 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365 361

those from the Dabie area have ages generally N130 Ma (129–142 Ma, distribution, the low-Mg adakitic rocks in the Dabie orogen belt (143–
with a mean of 133 Ma, Wang et al., 2007). Notably, there is a systematic 129 Ma), high-Mg adakitic rocks along the Tan-Lu fault (134–128 Ma)
difference in the formation ages between low Mg adakitic rocks from the and low-Mg adakitic rocks in the Su-Lu orogen belt (127–120 Ma) de-
two areas, indicating a lateral extension of the Su-Lu orogen as compared fine a younging sequence (Fig. 10).
to the Dabie orogen. Among the adakitic rocks in the Dabie orogen, the The Jiaolai and Luzong basins are more or less connected with the
LMA yield greater ages compared to the HMA. Our data show an inverse Mesozoic strike-slip direction of the Tan-Lu fault. The Tan-Lu fault con-
sequence (i.e. the ages of HMA are greater than those of the LMA), but trols at least one border of the two basins, i.e., the western border of the
with the same spatial distribution (from the west to the east). This sys- Lu-Zong basin and the western and southern borders of the Jiaolai basin
tematic temporal and spatial distribution suggests a west-eastward along with the Wulian–Muping fault. The Tan-Lu fault has cut through
force that generated the magmatism. As the main heat source for the lithosphere and generated extensive ore mineralization in the area
magmatism is asthenospheric upwelling, our data suggest that the up- including several gold deposits some of which clearly display mantle
welling of the asthenosphere underlying Eastern China in the Mesozoic contribution (Guo et al., 2013; Han et al., 1993; Mao et al., 2011;
could migrate from the west to the east and this might also have contrib- Wang et al., 2006a).
uted to the lithospheric thinning process. On the other hand, the age The features related to the spatial and temporal distribution along
difference between low-Mg adakitic rocks from the two areas also com- with the correlations between the Tan-Lu fault and the two basins
pares well with the age difference in magmatism between the Lu-Zong imply connections between the late-Jurassic to early-Cretaceous
Basin and the Jiaolai Basin. The main magmatic events in the Lu-Zong adakitic magmatism and the strike-slip of the Tan-Lu fault. Below we
basin, located in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block, occurred dur- discuss the possibility that the large-scale strike-slip of the Tan-Lu
ing 124 to 136 Ma (Wang et al., 2006a; Zhai et al., 1996). In contrast, the fault played an important role in the initiation of lithosphere thinning
main volcanic event in the Jiaolai Basin, located within the NCC, was at in the southeast margin of the NCC (Fig. 11).
~110 Ma (Han et al., 1993). This systematic difference may reflect differ- The strike-slip movement along the Tan-Lu fault was initiated from
ent post-collision extensional histories in the Dabie and Su-Lu orogens late Jurassic (N140 Ma) (Wang, 2006; Zhang et al., 2003b; Zhu et al.,
after their separation by the Tan-Lu fault. 2010, 2012). The deep-seated large-scale strike-slip movement led to
small scale delamination of the underlying lower crust. High Mg
5.4. Geodynamics of initiation of lithosphere thinning in East China: role of adakitic melts might have been generated in this timescale or later by
the Tan-Lu fault interactions between the delaminated segments' melts (which is
adakitic) and the mantle, increasing the Mg# of the melts (from 0.28
As shown in Fig. 10, the high-Mg adakitic rocks are mostly distribut- to at least 0.67, estimated from our studied samples). The Tan-Lu fault
ed parallel to the Tan-Lu fault whereas most of the low-Mg adakitic records an extensional history until the early Cretaceous (Zhu et al.,
rocks occur inside the orogenic belts (both in the Su-Lu and the Dabie 2010, 2012). The high-Mg adakitic melts generated were emplaced
belts). Considering their spatial distribution, the high-Mg adakitic into the upper crust during this extension at 135–128 Ma. At the same
rocks near the northern part of the Tan-Lu fault were emplaced to the time, the deep-seated movement of this major fault might have also
west of the fault whereas those near the southern part are mostly dis- weakened the lithosphere beneath the Su-Lu orogenic belt. During
tributed to the east and are proximal to the fault. In terms of temporal 130–125 Ma, low Mg adakitic magmas were generated by direct

Fig. 10. Sketch map showing the spatial and temporal correlations between the adakitic rocks and the TLF (Some age data are from Huang et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2007; Xu et al., 2004).
362 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365

melting of the thickened lower continental crust beneath the Su-Lu oro- The high-Mg adakitic rocks were probably generated by reactions be-
genic belt as a result of heating by asthenospheric upwelling. This was tween delaminated lower crust and the mantle, whereas the low-Mg
followed by large-scale lithosphere thinning, resulting in the wide- adakitic rocks are probable products of melting from thickened lower
spread emplacement of granitic rocks in Eastern China. crust. The normal granitoids might have originated from middle to
lower crust.
6. Conclusion The high-Mg adakitic rocks are distributed along a belt parallel to the
Tan-Lu fault, mostly recognized in the western domain of the fault. In
Both high and low-Mg adakitic rocks as well as normal granitoids are contrast, the low-Mg adakitic rocks are located inside the orogenic
widely distributed along or adjacent to the Tan-Lu fault in East China. belts. Zircon U–Pb ages constrain the formation time of the high-Mg

Fig. 11. Cartoons showing the geodynamic processes of lithosphere thinning in East China. The large-scale strike slip movement along the Tan-Lu fault might have acted as the mechanism
for initiating the lithospheric thinning of the southeast margin of the NCC.
 H.-O. Gu et al. / Lithos 177 (2013) 352–365 363

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ICP-MS U–Pb zircon geochronology of regional volcanism hosting the Bajo de la
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the constructive suggestions from Prof. Shuguang Li and Dr. Sheng-Ao He, Y.S., Li, S.G., Hoefs, J., Huang, F., Liu, S.A., Hou, Z.H., 2011. Post-collisional granitoids
Liu at the early stage of this paper. This study was financially supported from the Dabie orogen: New evidence for partial melting of a thickened continental
crust. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta 75, 3815–3838.
by the Chinese grants NSFC 90814008 and 41172067, and the Hundred Hofmann, M.E.G., Horváth, B., Pack, A., 2012. Triple oxygen isotope equilibrium fractionation
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