Chapter 11 - Acids, Bases, and Salts PDF

Key Terms:
1. Acid
A proton donor
2. Base
A proton acceptor
3. Strong acid
Exists completely as ions in aqueous solution
4. Weak acid
Only partially ionised in aqueous solution
5. Strong base
Exists completely as ions in aqueous solution
6. Salt
An ionic substance formed when the positive hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by
positive metallic ions or ammonium ions
Acids
- Proton donors (H+)
- The formula of acids has Hydrogen. An acid needs water in order to behave as an acid.
- Common laboratory weak acids: (pH 5 - 6)

Ethanoic acid ionises partially in water to give little H+ ions.
Vinegar is a dilute solution of Ethanoic acid.
- Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH (aq) ⇋ CH3COO- + H+ (aq))
- Common laboratory strong acids (aqueous solution): (pH 1 - 2)

Strong acids ionise fully in water to give a lot of H+.
- Hydrochloric acid (HCL(aq) -> H+(aq) + Cl- (aq) )
- Nitric acid (HNO3 (aq) -> H+(aq) + NO3- (aq) )
- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4 (aq) -> 2H+(aq) + SO42- (aq) )
Reactions of acids:
1. Metals
Acids react with metals above Hydrogen in the reactivity series.
General equation:
Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen
Observations:
- Bubbles (Effervescence)
- Salt solution formed (colour depends on metal used)
Example:
Zn(s) + H2SO4 (aq) -> ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
2. Carbonates (contain CO32- ions)
Acids react with both soluble and insoluble carbonates.
General equation:
Acid + Carbonate -> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
Observations:
- Solid carbonates dissolve
- Bubbles (Effervescence)
- Aqueous solution formed (colour depends on carbonate used)
Example:
CuCO3 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) -> Cu(NO3)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
3. Bases
Acids react with all bases to form salts and water (except ammonia).
General equation:
Acid + Base -> Salt + Water
Observations:
- Insoluble bases
- Solid Insoluble bases dissolve
- Solution forms
- No bubbles (No gas produced)
- Example:
Mg(OH)2 (s) + H2SO4 (aq) -> MgSO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
- Soluble bases (Alkali)

- No observations
- Colourless solution produced from two colourless solutions
- Example:
2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) -> (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
*Amount of acid required to neutralise a given amount of alkali only depends on the number of
moles of the acid. (not whether the acid is strong or weak)
4. Ammonia
General equation:
Acid + Ammonia -> Ammonium salt
Example:
2NH3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) -> (NH4)2SO4 (aq)
Strong acids VS Weak acids
Strong acid Weak acid
Universal Indicator paper Red (pH 0 - 2) Orange yellow (2 < pH <7)
Magnesium ribbon Bubbles quickly Bubbles slowly

Rapid effervescence Slow effervescence
Insoluble Carbonate Bubbles quickly Bubbles slowly

(e.g. Calcium Carbonate) Rapid effervescence Slow effervescence
Set up a circuit with a bulb Bulb lights brightly Bulb lights dimly
Proving the solution is an acid:

1. pH less than 7
2. Turns litmus paper blue to red
3. Turns universal indicator to red
*Common exam questions:

“How would you distinguish between a strong acid and a weak acid?”
- Give brief experimental details with results
- State what would happen with both substances
- Example:
Adding magnesium ribbon to both solutions, effervescence will occur much faster with
the strong acid than the weak acid. An aqueous solution will then be formed.
*not stating that strong acids ionise completely and weak acids ionise partially
Bases
Bases are metallic oxides or hydroxides (or ammonia) which neutralise acids to form a salt and
water.
Bases that are soluble in water - alkalis
Bases that do not dissolve in water - insoluble bases
- Proton acceptors
- Alkalis are hydroxides or oxides of metals that produce OH-(aq) when dissolve in water.
- Strong alkalis example:
NaOH(aq) -> Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
KOH(aq) -> K+(aq) + OH-(aq)
- Weak alkali example: (ammonia)
NH3 (aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Reactions of bases:
Ammonium Salts
Base + Ammonium salt -> Salt + Ammonia + Water
Example:
Ca(OH)2 (s) + 2NH4Cl (s) -> CaCl2 (s) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (g)
Neutralise acids:
Plants need soil to be at a specific pH to grow well. Soil acidity can be neutralised by the
addition of a suitable base (Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(OH)2 (s) - slaked lime).
Indicators:
Indicators Methyl Orange Litmus paper Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein
Acidic Red Red Colourless Colourless
Neutral Orange Purple Colourless Colourless
Alkaline Yellow Blue Pink Blue
pH Scale:
Strong acids - 0 - 2
Strong alkalis - 12 - 14
Universal Indicator
Approximate pH Colour of Universal Indicator
Less than 3 Red
3-6 Orange - yellow
7 Green
8 - 11 Blue
More than 11 Purple

Oxides:
1. Acidic oxides
- Non-metallic oxides
- Neutralise alkalis and form salts
- Examples:
- Carbon Dioxide, CO2
- Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
- Sulfur dioxide, SO2
They dissolve in water and form acids.
2. Basic oxides
- Metallic oxides
- Neutralise acids and form salts
- Examples:
- Magnesium oxide, MgO
- Calcium oxide, CaO
- Copper (II) hydroxides, CuO
Some basic oxides dissolve in water to form alkaline hydroxides, whereas others
are insoluble in water.
3. Neutral oxides
- Non-metallic oxides
- Do not react with either acids or alkalis
- Examples:
- Carbon monoxide, CO
4. Amphoteric oxides
- Metallic oxides
- React with both acids and alkalis to form salts
- Examples:
- Zinc oxide, ZnO
- Aluminium oxide, Al 2O3
Salts:
- Ionic substances formed when positive hydrogen ions in an acid are replaced by positive
metallic ions or ammonium ions.
- Salts can be made by different experimental methods, depending on their solubility in
water.
Solubility of salts
Type of salt Soluble Insoluble
Nitrates All nitrates are soluble in -

water
Sodium, potassium All sodium, potassium and -

and ammonium salts ammonium salts are soluble
in water
Chlorides Chlorides are soluble in -> Lead chloride and silver chloride
water except are insoluble in water
Sulfates Sulfates are soluble in water -> Lead sulfate and barium sulfate
except are insoluble in water
Lead salts Lead nitrate (only) -> All other lead salts are insoluble
Carbonates Sodium, Potassium and -> All other carbonates are

ammonium carbonates insoluble
(only)
Preparation of salts
Crystallisation -> Washing -> Drying
1. Adding an excess of an insoluble base or insoluble carbonate or metal to a dilute acid
2. Titration using an acid and an alkali or a soluble carbonate
Methods 1 & 2 can only be used for salts that are soluble in water.
3. Mixing two solutions to obtain a salt that is insoluble in water by precipitation
*Using acids to prepare salts:

1. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) - prepare chlorides
2. Nitric acid (HNO3) - prepare nitrates
3. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) - prepare sulfates/ hydrogen sulfates
4. Positive ion in the salt comes from the insoluble base or insoluble carbonate or metal or
alkali.
Examples:
Copper (II) Sulfate Crystals
1. Add solid copper (II) oxide/ copper (II) hydroxide/ copper (II) carbonate) to dilute sulfuric
acid in a beaker.
2. Stir & Heat the mixture
3. Add the solid in excess, until it no longer dissolve (all acid has reacted), there will be no
further bubbling when all the acid has reacted.
4. Filter off the excess solid.
5. H2SO4 (aq) + CuO (s) -> CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
6. Make pure crystals of copper (II) sulfate by crystallisation, washing and drying.
Sodium Sulfate Crystals

1. Carry out sufficient titrations to find out the exact volume of dilute sulfuric acid in a
burette that is required to neutralise a given pipette volume of aqueous sodium
hydroxide. Use methyl orange as a suitable indicator.
2. Repeat process without indicator, but using the same volume of acid and alkali.
3. 2NaOH (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) -> Na2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
4. Make pure crystals of sodium sulfate by crystallisation, washing and drying.
Lead sulfate
1. Lead nitrate solution must be used and mixed with any soluble sulfate (because lead
nitrate is the only soluble lead salt), such as aqueous sodium sulfate or dilute sulfuric
acid
2. The precipitate of lead sulfate is removed by filtration and then washed with distilled
water and dried in a low oven or on a warm windowsill.
3. Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) -> PbSO4 (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq)

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Key Terms:

- Common laboratory weak acids: (pH 5 - 6)

- Common laboratory strong acids (aqueous solution): (pH 1 - 2)

- Soluble bases (Alkali)

Strong acid Weak acid

Universal Indicator paper Red (pH 0 - 2) Orange yellow (2 < pH <7)

Magnesium ribbon Bubbles quickly Bubbles slowly

Insoluble Carbonate Bubbles quickly Bubbles slowly

Proving the solution is an acid:

*Common exam questions:

Indicators Methyl Orange Litmus paper Phenolphthalein Thymolphthalein

Acidic Red Red Colourless Colourless

Neutral Orange Purple Colourless Colourless

Alkaline Yellow Blue Pink Blue

Less than 3 Red

3-6 Orange - yellow

More than 11 Purple

Nitrates All nitrates are soluble in -

Sodium, potassium All sodium, potassium and -

Carbonates Sodium, Potassium and -> All other carbonates are

*Using acids to prepare salts:

Sodium Sulfate Crystals

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