Blood and Tissue Flagellates Transes PDF
Blood and Tissue Flagellates Transes PDF
Blood and Tissue Flagellates Transes PDF
Introduction 1. Amastigote
2. Promastigote
• Locally acquired infections due to the
3. Epimastigote
blood and tissue flagellates have not yet
4. Trypomastigote.
been documented in the Philippines.
• In humans, trypomastigotes are found
• Imported cases from endemic countries
in the bloodstream, and amastigotes in
may become future sources of local
tissue cell
infection
Amastigotes
• The vectors of T.cruzi: Triatoma and
Rhodnius bugs, are found in the • round or ovoid in shape and
country. measure from 1.5 to 4 µm in
diameter.
• The Philippines has a number of
Phlebotomus spp., which can serve as • usually found in small groups of
vectors for Leishmania spp. cyst-like collections in tissues.
TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI
Parasite Biology
Treatment
• localized mostly in the western and 6. Inside the fly, the protozoa
central regions of sub-Saharan Africa. change forms and multiply.
• primarily affects humans, but utilizes 7–8. The protozoa travel to the fly's
dogs, pigs, and sheep as reservoir hosts. salivary glands, multiply, and
change into trypomastigotes—the
• responsible for the chronic type of form that is injected when the fly
sleeping sickness bites a person.
• accounts for 95% of all HAT cases
T. brucei rhodesiense
• Winterbottom’s sign
• Dogs
• Rodents
• the most common form of the disease several years after the resolution of skin
lesions.
• caused by several species
• Espundia-
– L. tropica (dry or urban oriental
sore), – disfiguration involvement of the
Acute phase:
• twice-daily fever spikes (double in cases of DCL and kala
quotidian) with accompanying azar
chills may be present, which
might be mistaken for malaria. Treatment
• Primary pharmacologic treatment
Subacute and chronic course
– Sodium stibogluconate
• common signs and symptoms: and
fever, weakness, loss of appetite, weight – n-methyl-glucamine
loss, hemorrhage, and abdominal (meglumine).
enlargement associated with • antimony
hepatosplenomegaly compounds, (
pentavalent
Diagnosis
antimonials)
• based on the microscopic – still being used in areas
demonstration of Leishmania from where susceptibility is still
lesion and tissue scrapings, good, due to its low cost
aspirates, or biopsy.
• primary treatment failure and
• Giemsa and hematoxylin-eosin
relapses are often observed
stains
especially in patients with AIDS
– often used in microscopic • Intravenous amphotericin B
and histologic samples – the drug of choice for
treatment failure with
– demonstration of
antimonials, or in areas
amastigotes-
with high resistance
• confirms the
diagnosis of Epidemiology
leishmaniasis. • Leishmaniasis is a global disease
• Cultures -unreliable due to the distributed across 88 countries in
difficulty of isolating the parasites, four continents.
especially in old lesions • affects more than 12 million
people worldwide, and more than
• The leishmanin skin test 350 million are at risk for the
(Montenegro skin test) disease
– can be used to identify • Visceral leishmaniasis -an
exposure to the parasite. important opportunistic infection
in AIDS patients
– usually positive in cases of
CL and MCL, but is negative
Prevention and Control
• insecticide-treated clothing