Lecture 05
Lecture 05
Lecture 05
Req=R1+R2+R3…
.
Example
Identify the resistors connected in series
Current and Resistance in Series Circuits
- For the series circuit the same current flows
through both loads.
- The loads can be added together to calculate
the total load.
- Rtot = R1 + R2, where Rtot is the total resistance,
R1 is the resistance of one load, and R2 is the
resistance of the other.
- The total load (resistance) in a series circuit
with “n” loads is the sum of the resistance of
the “n” objects. Rtot = R1 + R2 + … + Rn.
Series IR Voltage Drops
The IR voltage across each resistance is
known as an IR drop or a voltage drop.
It reduces the potential difference available
for the remaining resistance in a series
circuit.
V1, V2 etc are used for the voltage drops
across each resistor to distinguish them from
the applied voltage source VT. V1 = IT X R1,
V2 = IT X R2, etc
VT = V1 + V2 + .... + etc
Voltage Divider
An arrangement of 2 resistors in series is
often called a voltage divider.
Each IR drop V = its proportional part of
the applied voltage or:
V = R / RT x VT
A potentiometer (volume control) is a
voltage divider where the point of division
is made variable.
The Voltage-Divider Circuit
Find V1Ω
V2 = 12 V x 1 Ω/6Ω = 2 V.
Example:
Find V1, V2 and V3
+ + +
Sol.
R = 100 Ω ; V =120 V
I = V/R
= 120/100
= 1.2 Amp
Calculating Resistance in
Series Circuits
The rule for calculating Series Circuits is to…
Add up the values of each individual in the
series.
R1 + R2 + R3…
5 + 5 + 10
20 Ω (Ohms)
Parallel Circuits
Each parallel path is a branch with its own
individual current.
Parallel circuits have one common voltage
across all branches, however -
Individual branch currents can be different.
Parallel-connected circuit elements have
the same voltage across their terminals
Equivalent Parallel Resistor
1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+1/R4
Parallel Circuits
House circuits contain parallel circuits
The parallel circuit will continue to operate
even though one component may be open
Only the open or defective component will
no longer continue to operate
Voltage is equal across
parallel branches
Since components are directly connected across
the voltage source, they must have the same
potential as the source.
Therefore, the voltage is the same across
components connected in parallel.
Components requiring the same voltage would be
connected in parallel.
Parallel Circuits
A parallel circuit has multiple paths
through which the electricity can flow.
+ + +
Calculating Resistance in
Parallel Circuits
The rule for calculating Series Circuits is to…
Add up the values of each individual in the series.
1 1 1 1
-- = -- + -- + --
Rt R1 R2 R3 1
1 1 1 1 -- = 1
-- = -- + -- + --
Rt 4 4 2 Rt
1 1
-- = .25 + .25 + .5 -- = Rt
Rt 1
1
-- = 1 Rt = 1 Ω (ohms)
Rt
1
-- = 1
Rt
The rule for calculating Series Circuits is to…
Add up the values of each individual in the series.
1 1 1 1
-- = -- + -- + --
Rt R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1
-- = -- + -- + --
Rt 100 200 1000 • 1
-- = Rt
1 .016
-- = .01 + .005 + .001
Rt • Rt = 62.5 Ω
1 (ohms)
-- = .016
Rt
1
-- = .016
Rt
Current in a Parallel Circuit
I1 I2
Each branch I = V/ R
I1 = V / R1
I2 = V / R2 and so on.
If individual resistances are the same, then
individual branch currents would also be
the same.
Main-line IT = Sum of branch currents
IT = I1 + I2 + ...+ etc
Resistances in Parallel
Calculation
Total resistance across the main line can
be found by Ohm’s Law: Divide the
common voltage by the total current.
RT = V / IT
RT is always less than the smallest
individual branch resistance
Reciprocal Resistance
Formulae
1 / RT = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + ... etc
This formulae works for any number of
parallel resistances of any value
If the values of R are the same