EAPP

New Era University Module 1-5 2023-2024

MODULE: 1 ACADEMIC VS. NON-ACADEMIC TEXT 2. To supply factual data on a given subject and it doesn’t
LESSON 1: ACADEMIC VS. NON-ACADEMIC TEXT will entertain.
ACADEMIC TEXT NON- ACADEMIC 3. Ought to be linear, having a main plan or theme,
TEXT followed perpetually.
Definition Formal and impersonal Informal and often
4. To produce data or arguments that support the central
theme.
type of writing that is subjective type of
• The writing ought to be organized around this central
intended for scholarly or writing that aims
plan, and every section ought to solely contain one plan.
academic audience. for the mass public.
• Complexity, formality, precision, sound judgment,
Audience Academia Mass Public
lucidity, accuracy, hedging, and responsibility are
Purpose Inform the audience with Inform, entertain characteristics of academic text.
solid evidences. and persuade the
readers. 1. Complexity
Style Formal and Personal,
The complexity of educational writing stems from the
impersonal impressionistic,
very fact that the quality written kind of a people language, that is
emotional and
needed to be used, differs from the language we tend to speak on
subjective. a commonplace.
Structure Standard structure No rigid structure
Language Uses formal Uses informal and 2. Formality
language casual
Formality is closely associated with complexness.
Examples Research papers, Newspapers and Writing can never use conversational expressions that we tend to
dissertations and magazines, think about natural in our daily conversations with friends or
scholarly articles memoirs, blogs, colleagues.
letters
Performance Include name of the No citation 4.Precision
author
Academic writing should be precise. Factual
LESSON 2: STRUCTURE, CONTENT, FEATURES, AND STYLE OF information, figures, or charts ought to all be provided, and zip
ACADEMIC TEXTS
written ought to leave area for interpretation.
Academic texts embrace ideas and theories that area unit
associated with the precise discipline they explore. They typically 4. Sound judgments
exhibit all the properties of a literary text i.e., organization, unity,
coherence, and cohesion, moreover as strict adherence to rules of Another necessary quality is sound judgment. Tutorial
language use and mechanics. writing isn't concerning the reader or the author, and no
references to either ought to be enclosed.
IN GENERAL, AUTHORS OBSERVE THE SUBSEQUENT ONCE
WRITING ACADEMIC TEXTS. 5. Lucidity
• Include the construct and theories that area unit
associated with the precise discipline they explore. The author of an educational paper is answerable for
• Exhibit all the properties of a literary text. in terms of: creating it specific and clear however completely different
organization, unity, coherence and cohesion, rules of components of the text are associated with each other and why
language use and mechanics. they're relevant to the central theme.
• State queries and problems. 6. Accuracy
EXAMPLES OF HEDGING EXPRESSIONS ARE It should use correct vocabulary. further care ought to
Might, can, could, would, should, to seem, to appear, to suggest, to be taken once exploitation words with specific meanings, and
assume, to think, to tend, to give, to indicate, to propose, to therefore the author ought to bear in mind of the excellence
indicate, to speculate, .possible, probable, likely. between acoustics and descriptive linguistics.
STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS
7. Hedge
➢ Academic writing is often formal. They need a well-
defined introduction, body, and conclusion. Some tutorial writers use a way referred to as hedge.
➢ Academic texts area unit is distinguished by the actual This must do with however the author chooses to approach a
fact that they're organized in an exceedingly specific specific subject and the way robust the claims he makes
manner; they need a definite structure.
➢ An academic text structure is ought to be clear 8. Responsibility in tutorial Writing
throughout the text, also as inside every section,
Last however not least, tutorial writing ought to be
paragraph, and even sentence.
approached with caution. Everything declared should be
supported by proofs and justifications, and no assumptions are
PURPOSES OF ACADEMIC TEXT
permissible. Sources ought to be cited also.
1. To tell the reader.
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New Era University Module 1-5 2023-2024
EXAMPLES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS • To better understand an existing idea
1. Literary Analysis-this writing investigates, evaluates, and • To get ideas that can support a particular writing
makes arguments about a particular literary work. assignment
• To gain more information
2. Research Paper- Research paper can be evaluative, analytical
• To identify gaps in existing studies
or critical in nature. This also combines external information with
someone’s own idea. LESSON 2: CRITICAL READING STRATEGIES
Critical reading is essential for identifying fundamental
3. Dissertation/Theses-is a document is a book-length of a
arguments presented by the author and analysing concepts in the
research conducted by a doctoral student.
text critical reading directs with practicing the strategies used at
4. Journal Articles-this writing publish in scholarly journal. This each stage of the reading process reading critically entails
work has a great impact in a community, colleges and studying any information you read or heard critical reading also
universities, and others. entails not readily accepting information provided by the content

5. Text books - a type of academic writing which is designed to RAMAGE, BEAN, AND JOHNSON (2006) IDENTIFIED THE
assists students in learning. Textbooks vary depending to the FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS IN CRITICAL THINKING
needs of students. • The ability to pose problematic questions.
• The ability to analyse a problem in all its dimensions-to
6. Shorter Student texts (Essay)-Students’ essay vary in define its key terms, determine its causes, understand
formality and length. It consists of three main parts, the its history, appreciate its human dimension and its
introduction, body, and conclusion. connection to one's own personal experience, and
appreciate what makes it problematic or complex.
7. Case Studies-these can be used in any various fields most
specially in business, sociology, and law. To adopt a critical reading approach, practice the strategies to be
employed during each stage of reading.
8. Reports-the main function of this type of writing is to give
information or describe about the happening on a particular ➢ Before Reading
thing. • Determine which type of academic text you are reading.
• Determine and establish your purpose for reading.
LEARNING GUIDE 2 • Identify the author’s purpose for writing.
LESSON 1: PURPOSES OF READING ACADEMIC TEXTS • Infer the main idea or argument of the text based on the
• Reading academic text is important for writing and title.
research in college, but it is commonly disregarded.
Both lecturers and students have the assumption that
there is only one way to read, yet neither of these
perceptions is necessarily true. ➢ During Reading
• Annotate the important part of the text.
• Write keywords/phrases in bullet form
• Write something on the page margin where important
Reading for academic purposes demands focus and
information is found.
comprehension from the reader academic reading differs from
• Write a brief note/s on the margin.
non-academic reading in terms of content style and reader
expectations such as reading novels magazines newspapers and
➢ After Reading
comic books the difficult process of reading is essential to pupils
• Reflect on what you learned.
Reading for academic purposes demands focus and • Summarize the text in your own words (note what you
comprehension from the reader. Academic reading differs from learned, impressions, and reactions) in an outline,
non-academic reading in terms of content style and reader concept map, or matrix (for several texts)
expectations such as reading novels, magazines, newspapers, and • React on some part through writing.
comic books. • Discuss some parts with your teacher or classmate/s to
check your comprehension.
General reading is broken down into academic reading. It's
crucial to keep in mind that academic reading is a presentation. ANNOTATIONS
At contrast to passively absorbing information in college will be
expected to actively act on that particular information in the real Annotating a text or making notes on the pages is an efficient way
world. to get the most out of the reading for college content when you
skim through text annotation makes it easy to find important
information quickly

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PURPOSES OF READING METHODS OF ANNOTATING

ACADEMIC TEXTS:
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New Era University Module 1-5 2023-2024
• HIGHLIGHTING/UNDERLINING SURVEY • Skim and scan the
target text.
The most common method of annotating texts is to The reader previews the • Check the headings
highlight or underline key words and phrases or major ideas. material to develop a general and tables,
outline for organizing diagrams, figures
• PARAPHRASE/SUMMARY OF MAIN IDEAS information. presented in the
texts.
Locating key ideas and being able to capture their
• Read the first few
meaning through paraphrase is a method of solidifying your and last sentences
understanding of these concepts. of the text to
determine key
• COMMENTS/RESPONSES
information.
Annotation can help you go beyond simply • Get a feel of the text.
understanding the meaning and organization of a text by noting QUESTION • Annotate the
your reactions—agreement/disagreement, questions, related headings with your
The reader raises questions questions.
personal experience, connections to ideas from other texts, class
with the expectation of • Develop questions
discussions, and so on finding answers in the on the types of
material to be studied. information you
The following are the meanings for the symbols for
annotations. expect from the text.
READ • Look for answers to
your questions as
The reader next attempts to you read the text.
answer the questions • Stop and slow down
formulated in the previous if the paragraph is
step. not clear.
• Make sure to
proceed reading
only when you
already understand
the previous texts.
RECITE • Recount the main
points of the text.
The reader then deliberately • Recall by writing a
attempts to answer out loud summary or
or in writing the questions synthesis based on
formulated in the second what you
step. understand of the
Example of annotated writings
text.
• Highlight or
underline the
important points
you read.
REVIEW • After finishing the
text, go back and re-
The reader finally reviews the read the questions
material by rereading you wrote and see if
portions of the assignment in you can answer
order to verify the answers them; if not, refresh
given during the previous your memory.
step. • Evaluate what you
learned to ensure
READING METHODOLOGIES/STRATEGIES that you are
1.SQ3R method (Survey, Questions, Read, Recite and Review) convinced and
satisfied with the
The aim of the SQ3R methodology is to assist students work with information
efficiency and proactively to read and perceive educational presented in the
content. texts.

Stage Guidelines

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New Era University Module 1-5 2023-2024
2.The KWL method (K-know, W-want to know, L-learned) • It gives the readers an idea on how the writer will
explain, interpret, and elaborate on the significance of
The KWL is a reading strategy/method is used to guide students the topic being discussed in the paper.
through a text students begin by jotting down everything they
know about a subject this data is stored in the k column of a k-w-l STRATEGIES IN LOCATING THESIS STATEMENT
chart. • Read the title of the text and make inferences on its
purpose.
• If the text has no abstract or executive summary, read
the first few paragraphs as the thesis statement is
usually located there.
• You may also check the conclusion where authors sum
up and review their main points.

LEARNING GUIDE 4
LESSON 1 - EVALUATING SOURCES
Evaluating sources means recognizing whether or not the data
you scan and embrace in your analysis is credible

TYPES OF SOURCES:
• Sources of information are commonly categorized as
primary, secondary, and tertiary.
• In brief, a summary is one close to the event with first-
hand knowledge (for example an
• eyewitness); a secondary source is at least one step
remove (for example, a book about
LEARNING GUIDE 3
LESSON 1: MAIN IDEA, TOPIC SENTENCE, AND THESIS 1) Primary sources are sources of original work as well as
STATEMENT historical items and references close to the subject depending on
Main idea - is the most essential sentence in a passage or a
the field
paragraph. It can be found in the following location.
2) Secondary Sources are reports that draw on research and
• Main Idea can be found anywhere in a sentence. other references to make interpretive, analytical, or synthesized
• May be stated in the first sentence of a paragraph and claims depending on the field, these may include textbooks,
may be repeated or stated at the end. review articles, and peer reviewed articles publishing original
• May be split (different location of idea, different point of research.
view)
3) Tertiary Sources are materials that provide an overview of
TOPIC SENTENCE primary and secondary sources, such as encyclopedias, textbook
• It discusses the topic which is directly stated related to and other compendia. Wikipedia is a tertiary source.
the thesis statement.
• It introduces the topic of the paragraph.

STRATEGIES IN LOCATING TOPIC SENTENCE CRITERIA IN EVALUATING SOURCES:

• Identify the purpose of the paragraph. The sentence that -It is very easy to evaluate a source. Just follow the CRAAP model.
presents or describes the purpose is the topic sentence.
Currency-provides information created or published. Must be
• Observe the writing style of the author. Focus on where
updated, links need to be working,
he/she usually places his/her topic sentence.
Relevance-the information must be related to the that you are
THESIS STATEMENT
researching, and the topic must be relevant to the needs of time.
• Presents or describes the point of the whole article.
• In academic text, it is usually presented in the abstract Authority - talks about the author. The author must be an expert
or executive summary or at the last part of the in the field of his/her studies.
introduction.
Accuracy – The source must be reliable enough and known for
giving a precise and accurate information about a topic.
CHARACTERISTICS OF A THESIS STATEMENT Purpose – there must be an objective or aim in conducting a
• It tells the readers the purpose, aim, or objective of the research and needs to provide a reason in doing such.
paper.
• It presents and summarizes the argument or claim of
the writer.
• It provides a sneak peek of the content of the paper.

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New Era University Module 1-5 2023-2024
LEARNING GUIDE 5: CITING SOURCES • volume when appropriate
LESSON 1: CITATION • name of publisher
Citation is very important, because when you cite a source, you
are providing credit for that source into different sources. CITATION FOR INDIVIDUALLY AUTHORED CHAPTERS IN THE
BOOKS TYPICALLY INCLUDE:
• Citation should match the reference, in that way, if the • name of the author/s
reader wants to find more information about the while • title of the chapter
reading your work he/she can just flip in the in the back
to locate the source in your reference list according to 2. Journal Articles. Citations for journal articles typically
the information you provided in your citation. include:

LESSON 2: PURPOSE OF CITING SOURCES • name of author/s

What are the purposes of citing sources? • title of the article
• name of the journal
It is important not only to get information from credible
sources but also to properly document all borrowed ideas, 3. Newspaper Articles. Citations for newspaper articles typically
information, concepts, arguments, and attribute them to include the following:
their authors or creators.
• title of the article
PURPOSE OF CITING SOURCES • name of the newspaper in italics
1. To give due credit to the original author of a work • city of publication (if not included in name of
newspaper)
• Plagiarism is a serious offense in someone takes and
uses the ideas, information, concepts, and arguments of 4. Web Pages. Citations for World Wide Web pages typically
someone else, intentionally or unintentionally without include:
proper use.
• URL of specific web page where the referenced content
2. To promote scholarly writing can be found
• name of the author/s
• Scholarly writing means that you are able to • title of the article
exhaustively use related and existing ideas, information,
concepts, and arguments of an expert and to properly 5. Sound Recording. Citations for sound recordings typically
attribute these to original source. include:

3. To help get your target audience identify your original • name of the composer/s, songwriter/s, script writer/s
source or the like
• name of the performer/s
• Your target audience wants to either verify the
• title of the song or individual track
information from the original source.
• With your proper citation, your readers can easily 6. Film, television, or video recordings. Citations for films, TV
identify the original source you use in your paper. episodes, or video recordings typically include:
WHEN AND WHY TO CITE SOURCES? • name of the director
➢ By citing sources for Wikipedia content, you enable • name of the producer (if relevant)
users to verify that the information given is supported • names of major performers
by a reliable source, thus improving the credibility of
Wikipedia while showing that the content is not original Proper Citation. If you use someone else’s words you must site
research. it.

WHEN NOT TO CITE? TWO WAYS TO CITE

➢ Citations are not used on disambiguation pages A. Adding the author’s name in the quote:
(sourcing for the information given there should be
done in the target articles). 1. Write the quote with the author’s name in the sentence.
2. Write the source in the parentheses after the citation.
WHAT INFORMATION TO INCLUDE?
➢ Listed below is the information that a typical inline B. According to James Smith, Wordsworth stated that Romantic
citation or general reference will provide, though other poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful
details may be added as necessary. feelings” (The history of Wordsworth)

EXAMPLES OF INFORMATION OF CITATION HOW TO CITE A BOOK?

1. Books. Citations for books typically include: 1. Author’s last name, first name – period
2. Title of a book (underlined or italicized)-period
• name of author(s) 3. City of publication-colon
• title of the book 4. Publishing company-comma
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5. Year of publication (use the year that is closest to 2010-
period
2. APA style is required for business student majors
Example: Smith, Jane. For the Love of Puppies. (Sipacio, 2014).
Philadelphia.Harper Collins, 1999.
B. For two authors, notice in the example the use of ‘&’ when
IN – TEXT CITATION the citation is inside the parentheses.
Paraphrase or Summary
• According to Sipacio and Barrot (2014), the APA style is
“Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it appropriate for the business student majors.
was their first time.”
C. For three to five authors, name all the three during the
FORMS OF CITATION first citation. Then, use the primary author followed by ‘et al’ for
1. In – Text Citation – requires the writer to cite the subsequent citations.
details of the reference used in the certain part of the
essay. FIRST CITATION
• According to Sipacio, Barrot and Snchez (2014), the APA
2. Reference Citation – refers to the complete style is appropriate for the fields of nursing and
bibliographic entries of all references used by the education.
writer.
SUBSEQUENT CITATION
STYLE GUIDES • Sipacio et al. states that in general, that the social
These citations are governed by the rules of style and structure, sciences employ the citation style (2014).
which are generally published as style guides or manuals. • In general, the social sciences employ this citation style
(Sipacio et al., 2014).
1. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association (APA) DIRECT QUOTATION
2. The Modern Language Association Style Guide (MLA) When you use a direct quote with less than 40 words, you are
3. Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) required to include the page number/s enclosed in parenthesis.
4. American Medical Association Manual of Style (AMA)
- Sipacio (2014) claimed that “beginners found the APA style
5. The Chicago Manual of Style
guide too complex” (p.56).
STYLE GUIDE AND SPECIFIC DISCIPLINE
1. APA Style TYPES OF CITATION:
Full citation
-Psychology, Education, Hotel and Restaurant, Management,
Economics, and other Social Sciences • fully identifies a reliable source and, where applicable,
the place in that source where the information in
2. MLA Style question can be found.

-Literature, Arts, and Humanities Inline Citation

3. IEEE • any citation added close to the material it supports, for

example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in
-Engineering the form of a footnote.
4. AMA Short Citation
-Medicine, Health, and other Natural Sciences • An inline citation that identifies the place in the source
5. Chicago where specific information can be found, but without
giving full details of the source
-Reference Books, Non-Academic Periodicals (e.g., newspapers,
In-text
Magazines, journals,etc.)

LESSON 3: GUIDELINES IN IN – TEXT CITATION • Attribution involves adding the source of the statement
1. APA 6th edition (pp. 169-179) Basic Citation Rules the article text, such as Rawls argues that X. This is done
whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such
Follow the latest year of publication method, indicate page as quotations, close paraphrasing, or a statement of
numbers even in paraphrases and summaries. opinion or uncertain fact.

A. For work with only one author General Reference

1. According to Sipacio, (2014), APA style for business student • A citation that supports content, but is not linked to any
majors. particular piece of material in the article through an in-
line citation.
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