Lec4 ES475 2023 Upload
Lec4 ES475 2023 Upload
Lec4 ES475 2023 Upload
Computing
Lecture 4
• Example 1.2
Assume that after traveling • Example 1.3
a certain distance in some
transmission medium, the
power of a signal is
reduced to half, What
should be the gain of the
amplifier in dB to be
introduced here?
1.3 - decibel (dB) Units
• dBm → A unit to represent ABSOLUTE power values in dBs
Chapter 1 -
Overview of Optical Fiber Communications
• 1.1 - Motivations for Lightwave Communications
• 1.2 - Optical Spectral Bands
• 1.3 - Decibel Units
• 1.4 - Network Information Rates
• 1.5 - WDM Concepts
• 1.6 - Key Elements of Optical Fiber Systems
• 1.7 - Standards for Optical Fiber Communications
• 1.8 - Modeling and Simulation Tools
BW/datarate demands in communication systems
Type & Format Uncompressed Compressed
applications
Voice, digital 4 kHz voice 64 kbps 16-32 kbps
telegraphy
Audio 16-24 kHz 512-748 kbps 32-384 kbps
(MPEG, MP3)
Video conferencing 176 144 or 352 2-35.6 Mbps 64 kbps-1.544
288 frames @ 10- Mbps (H.261
30 frames/s coding)
Data transfer, E- 1-10 Mbps
commerce,Video
entertainment
Full-motion 720480frames @ 249 Mbps 2-6Mbps (MPEG-2)
broadcast video 30 frames/s
HDTV 1920 1080 1.6 Gbps 19-38 Mbps (MPEG-
frames@ 30 frames 2)
/s
1.4.1 - Telecom Signal Multiplexing
Example 1.6
Installation of
Optical Fibers
1.6 - Key Elements of Optical Fiber Systems
Installation of
Optical Fibers
• Installation Guidelines
• Although each method has its own special handling
procedures, they all need to adhere to a common set of
precautions. These include
• avoiding sharp bends of the cable
• minimizing stresses on the installed cable
• periodically allowing extra cable slack along the cable
route for unexpected repairs
• avoiding excessive pulling or hard yanks on the cable
1.6 - Key Elements of Optical Fiber Systems
Installation of
Optical Fibers
Chapter 1 -
Overview of Optical Fiber Communications
• 1.1 - Motivations for Lightwave Communications
• 1.2 - Optical Spectral Bands
• 1.3 - Decibel Units
• 1.4 - Network Information Rates
• 1.5 - WDM Concepts
• 1.6 - Key Elements of Optical Fiber Systems
• 1.7 - Standards for Optical Fiber Communications
• 1.8 - Modeling and Simulation Tools
1.7 - Standards for Optical Fiber Communication
• Why needed?
1. Primary standards refer to measuring and characterizing
fundamental physical parameters such as attenuation,
bandwidth, operational characteristics of fibers, and optical
power levels and spectral widths.
2. Component testing standards define tests for fiber-optic
component performance and establish equipment-calibration
procedures.
• Several different organizations are involved in formulating e.g. the
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA), International
Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), etc.
3. System standards refer to measurement methods for links and
networks.
• The major organizations are the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), the Institute for Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE), the ITU-T, and Telcordia Technologies.
1.8 – Simulation and Modelling Tools