Ch2-Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Ch2-Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Ch2-Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding
Interatomic Bonding
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• What characteristics of atoms/molecules
promote interatomic/intermolecular bonding?
• What types of interatomic/intermolecular
bonds exist ?
• What properties of materials depend on the
magnitude of interatomic/intermolecular bonds ?
Chapter 2 -
Atomic Structure (Freshman Chem.)
• atom – electrons – 9.11 x 10-31 kg
protons
}
neutrons 1.67 x 10 kg
-27
Chapter 2 - 2
Atomic Structure (cont.)
• Some of the following properties are
determined by an atom's electronic structure:
1) Chemical
2) Electrical
3) Thermal
4) Optical
Chapter 2 - 3
Electronic Structure
• Electrons have wave-like and particle-like
characteristics.
– Quantum # Designation/Values
n = principal (shell) >> K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.)
l = azimuthal (subshell) >> s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n-1)
ml = magnetic (no. of orbitals) >> 1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)
ms = spin >> ½, -½
Chapter 2 - 4
Electron Energy States
Electrons...
• have discrete energy values
• tend to occupy lowest available energy states
4d
4p N-shell n = 4
3d
4s
Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
2p L-shell n = 2
2s
1s K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 5
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
• Most elements: Electron configurations not stable.
Element Atomic # Electron configuration
Hydrogen 1 1s 1
Helium 2 1s 2 (stable)
Lithium 3 1s 2 2s 1
Beryllium 4 1s 2 2s2
Boron 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1
Carbon 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
... ...
Neon 10 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 (stable)
Sodium 11 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
Magnesium 12 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
Aluminum 13 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
... ...
Argon 18 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 (stable)
... ... ...
Krypton 36 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 10 4s 2 4p 6 (stable)
valence electrons
Chapter 2 - 7
Electronic Configurations (cont.)
ex: Fe (atomic # = 26)
Electron configuration 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2
4d
4p N-shell n = 4 valence
electrons
3d
4s
Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
2p L-shell n = 2
2s
1s K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 8
The Periodic Table
• Elements in each column: Similar valence electron structure
inert gases
give up 1e-
give up 2e-
accept 2e-
accept 1e-
give up 3e-
H He
Li Be O F Ne
Na Mg S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Chapter 2 - 10
Ionization Process
metal atom + nonmetal atom
donates accepts
electrons electrons
4
Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 O 1s2 2s2 2p
Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron
Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction
Chapter 2 - 12
Ionic Bonding (cont.)
• Energy – minimum energy most stable!
– Net energy = sum of attractive and repulsive energies
– Equilibrium separation when net energy is a minimum
EN = EA + ER = - A + Bn
r r
Repulsive energy ER
Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Fig. 2.10(b), Callister &
Rethwisch 10e.
Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 13
Ionic Bonding (cont.)
Predominant bonding in Ceramics
Examples:
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl
Chapter 2 - 14
Covalent Bonding
• Similar electronegativities share electrons
• Bonds involve valence electrons – normally s and p
orbitals are involved
• Example: H2
H2
Chapter 2 - 15
Covalent Bonding (cont.)
Hybrid sp3 bonding involving carbon
Example: CH4
C: each has 4 valence electrons,
needs 4 more
H: each has 1 valence electron,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities of C and H
are similar so electrons are
shared in sp3 hybrid covalent Fig. 2.15, Callister & Rethwisch 10e.
bonds. (Adapted from J.E. Brady and F. Senese, Chemistry:
Matter and Its Changes, 4th edition. Reprinted with
permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)
Chapter 2 - 16
Metallic Bonding
• Electrons delocalized to form an “electron cloud”
Chapter 2 - 17
Mixed Bonding
• Most common mixed bonding type is Covalent-Ionic
mixed bonding
æ -
(3.5-1.2)2 ö
ç
% ionic character = 1- e 4 ÷ x (100%) = 73.3%
ç ÷
è ø
Chapter 2 - 18
Secondary Bonding
Arises from attractive forces between dipoles
• Fluctuating dipoles
asymmetric electron ex: liquid H 2
clouds H2 H2
+ - + - H H H H
secondary secondary
bonding bonding
• Permanent dipoles
secondary
-general case: + - bonding
+ -
secondary
-ex: liquid HCl H Cl bonding H Cl
-ex: polymer
linear polymer molecule
Chapter 2 - 19
Properties Related to Bonding I:
Melting Temperature (Tm)
• Bond length, r • Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy
r
• Bond energy, Eo ro
r
Energy smaller Tm
unstretched length
ro larger Tm
r
Eo = The larger Eo, the higher Tm
“bond energy”
Chapter 2 - 20
Summary: Properties Related to
Bonding Type and Bonding Energy
Ceramics Large bond energy
(Ionic & covalent bonding): high Tm
large E
Chapter 2 - 22