Callister-8ed - Slide de Leitura para Os Estudantes - Cap. 2
Callister-8ed - Slide de Leitura para Os Estudantes - Cap. 2
Callister-8ed - Slide de Leitura para Os Estudantes - Cap. 2
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• What promotes bonding?
Chapter 2 - 1
Chapter 2 - 2
Atomic Structure
Chapter 2 - 3
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Electronic Structure
• Electrons have wavelike and particulate
properties.
– This means that electrons are in ______ defined by a
probability.
– Each orbital at discrete ___________ determined by
quantum numbers.
Quantum # Designation
n = ________ (energy level-shell) K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
l = subsidiary (orbitals) s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,…, n -1)
ml = __________ 1, 3, 5, 7 (-l to +l)
ms = spin ½, -½
Chapter 2 - 4
4d
4p N-shell n = 4
3d
4s
Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
Adapted from Fig. 2.4,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
2p L-shell n = 2
2s
1s K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 5
SURVEY OF ELEMENTS
• Most elements: Electron configuration not stable.
Element Atomic # Electron configuration
Hydrogen 1 1s 1
Helium 2 1s 2 (stable)
Lithium 3 1s 2 2s 1
Beryllium 4 1s 2 2s 2
Boron 5 1s 2 2s 2 2p 1 Adapted from Table 2.2,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Carbon 6 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2
... ...
Neon 10 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 (stable)
Sodium 11 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 1
Magnesium 12 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2
Aluminum 13 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 1
... ...
Argon 18 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 (stable)
... ... ...
Krypton 36 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 6 (stable)
2 2 6 2 6 10 2
2
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Electron Configurations
• Valence electrons – those in unfilled shells
• ______________________
• Valence electrons are most available for
bonding and tend to control the chemical
properties
valence electrons
Chapter 2 - 7
Electronic Configurations
ex: Fe - atomic # = 26 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d 6 4s2
4d
4p N-shell n = 4
3d
4s
Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
Adapted from Fig. 2.4,
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
2p L-shell n = 2
2s
1s K-shell n = 1
Chapter 2 - 8
accept 2e-
accept 1e-
give up 3e-
H He
Li Be O F Ne
Adapted from
Na Mg S Cl Ar Fig. 2.6,
Callister &
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rethwisch 8e.
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra
3
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Electronegativity
• Ranges from 0.7 to 4.0,
• Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Chapter 2 - 10
______ _______
electrons electrons
Dissimilar electronegativities
Chapter 2 - 11
Ionic Bonding
• Occurs between + and - ions.
• Requires _______________.
• Large difference in ________________________
• Example: NaCl
Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron
Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable Coulombic stable
Attraction
Chapter 2 - 12
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Ionic Bonding
• Energy – ________ energy most stable
– Energy balance of attractive and ________ terms
A B
EN = EA + ER = - +
r rn
Repulsive energy ER
Interatomic separation r
Net energy EN
Adapted from Fig. 2.8(b),
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
Attractive energy EA
Chapter 2 - 13
Chapter 2 - 14
Covalent Bonding
• similar ______________ ∴ share electrons
• bonds determined by _______ – s & p _______
dominate bonding
• Example: CH4
shared electrons
H from carbon atom
C: has 4 valence e-, CH 4
needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-, H C H
needs 1 more
shared electrons
__________________ H from hydrogen
are comparable. atoms
Chapter 2 - 15
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Primary Bonding
• Metallic Bond -- delocalized as electron cloud
Chapter 2 - 16
SECONDARY BONDING
Arises from interaction between _________
• Fluctuating _________
_________ electron ex: liquid H 2
clouds H2 H2
+ - + - H H H H
secondary secondary
bonding Adapted from Fig. 2.13,
bonding
Callister & Rethwisch 8e.
secon
-ex: polymer dary
bond secondary bonding
ing
Chapter 2 - 17
Summary: Bonding
Type
Bond Energy
Comments
Ionic
Large!
Nondirectional (_________)
Metallic
Variable
large-Tungsten
Nondirectional (______)
small-Mercury
Secondary
smallest
Directional
inter-chain (________)
inter-molecular
Chapter 2 - 18
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• ______ energy, Eo ro
r
Energy _________ Tm
____________ length
ro larger Tm
r
Eo = ____________if Eo is larger.
“bond energy”
Chapter 2 - 19
• α ~ symmetric at ro
Energy
____________ length
ro
r _________ Eo is smaller.
Eo
________ α
Eo larger α
Chapter 2 - 20
Chapter 2 - 21