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    Lecture - 12 - Unit Commitment - Part C

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    This document discusses spinning reserve requirements in power systems. It defines spinning reserve as the additional available generation from synchronized units beyond current generation. Spinning reserve is required to maintain power balance and satisfy contingency requirements. Examples show how reserve must be allocated between regions while considering unit capacities, outputs, loads, and transmission limitations.

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    Lecture - 12 - Unit Commitment - Part C

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    This document discusses spinning reserve requirements in power systems. It defines spinning reserve as the additional available generation from synchronized units beyond current generation. Spinning reserve is required to maintain power balance and satisfy contingency requirements. Examples show how reserve must be allocated between regions while considering unit capacities, outputs, loads, and transmission limitations.

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    This document discusses spinning reserve requirements in power systems. It defines spinning reserve as the additional available generation from synchronized units beyond current generation. Spinning reserve is required to maintain power balance and satisfy contingency requirements. Examples show how reserve must be allocated between regions while considering unit capacities, outputs, loads, and transmission limitations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    28 views6 pages

    Lecture - 12 - Unit Commitment - Part C

    Uploaded by

    fahad zubair
    This document discusses spinning reserve requirements in power systems. It defines spinning reserve as the additional available generation from synchronized units beyond current generation. Spinning reserve is required to maintain power balance and satisfy contingency requirements. Examples show how reserve must be allocated between regions while considering unit capacities, outputs, loads, and transmission limitations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EE5512 Power System Operation and Control

    Lecture 12 – Unit Commitment (Part C)


    Spring 2022

    Raheel Zafar
    Department of Electrical Engineering
    Lahore University of Management Sciences
    [email protected]

    Outline
    • Spinning reserve
    • Example

    2
    Spinning Reserve
    • Spinning reserve is the amount of additional available generation (excluding
    current generation) from synchronized units.
    • Spinning reserve describes the total amount of generation available from all
    units synchronized (i.e., spinning) on the system, minus the present load and
    losses being supplied (provided there are no ramping limits).
    • Spinning reserve is required:
    • To maintain system power balance
    • To satisfy the N-1 contingency requirement from regulator
    • Spinning reserve must be carried so that the loss of one or more units does not
    cause too far a drop in system frequency.
    • Quite simply, if one unit is lost, there must be ample reserve on the other units
    to make up for the loss in a specified time period.

    Spinning Reserve cont..

    Spinning reserve must be allocated to obey certain rules:


    • Reserve must be a given percentage of forecasted peak demand.
    • Reserve must be capable of making up the loss of the most heavily loaded unit
    in a given period of time.
    • Reserves must be allocated among fast-responding units and slow-responding
    units.
    • This allows the automatic generation control (AGC) system to restore frequency and
    interchange quickly in the event of a generating unit outage.
    • Reserves must be spread around the power system to avoid transmission system
    limitations (often called “bottling” of reserves).
    • It will allow various parts of the system to run as “islands” when they become electrically
    disconnected.

    4
    Spinning Reserve cont..

    • The unit commitment problem may involve various classes of “scheduled


    reserve” or “offline” reserves.
    • These include quick-start diesel or gas-turbine units as well as most hydro-
    units and pumped-storage hydro-units that can be brought online,
    synchronized, and brought up to full capacity quickly.
    • These units can be “counted” in the overall reserve assessment, as long as
    their time to come up to full capacity is taken into account.

    Example
    Suppose a power system consists
    of two isolated regions:
    • a western region and an eastern
    region.
    • Five units have been committed
    to supply 3090 MW.
    • What can we say about the
    allocation of spinning reserve in
    this system?

    6
    Example cont..

    Region Unit Unit Unit Regional Spinning Regional Interchange


    Capacity Output Generation Reserve Load (MW)
    (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)

    Western 1 1000 900 1900

    2 800 420

    3 800 420

    Eastern 4 1200 1040 1190

    5 600 310

    Total 1-5 4400 3090 3090

    Example cont..

    Region Unit Unit Unit Regional Spinning Regional Interchange


    Capacity Output Generation Reserve Load (MW)
    (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)

    Western 1 1000 900 1740 1900 160 in

    2 800 420

    3 800 420

    Eastern 4 1200 1040 1350 1190 160 out

    5 600 310

    Total 1-5 4400 3090 3090 3090

    8
    Example cont..

    Region Unit Unit Unit Regional Spinning Regional Interchange


    Capacity Output Generation Reserve Load (MW)
    (MW) (MW) (MW) (MW)

    Western 1 1000 900 1740 100 1900 160 in

    2 800 420 380

    3 800 420 380

    Eastern 4 1200 1040 1350 160 1190 160 out

    5 600 310 290

    Total 1-5 4400 3090 3090 1310 3090

    Example cont..

    • Reserves must be spread around the power system to avoid transmission


    system limitations.
    • With the exception of unit 4, the loss of any unit on this system can be
    covered by the spinning reserve on the remaining units.
    • The tie capacity of only 550 MW limits the transfer.
    • The loss of unit 4 cannot be covered even though the entire system has
    ample reserves.
    • The only solution to this problem is to commit more units to operate in
    the eastern region.

    10
    Suggested Readings
    • Wood | 4.1, 4.2, 4.3
    • Conejo | 7.1, 7.2

    11

    Thank you!

    12

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