Practical Research 7.

Presentation of coherent, conclusion, final, or

tentative
Lesson 1.1 – Research Experience and
Knowledge 8. Reflection on and assessment of the learning
process
Nature of Inquiry
Experience and Knowledge
Inquiry is defined as “a seeking for truth or
Experience is a familiar and well-used source of
knowledge”. The information is sought through
knowledge. It has been said that it is the best
questioning.
teacher. The ensuring realizations or learning
The process of Inquiry begins with gathering may also have different consequences.
information and data through applying the
Experience will always be considered as a rich
various human senses
and practical source of knowledge. For things
The exploratory nature of Inquiry allows that are difficult or impossible to know by
individuals to grapple with different ways of personal experiences you may turn to an
looking at ideas and issues. authority.

The exploratory nature of Inquiry also allows to Particularly in research, knowledge is sought
think creatively about problems that do not from other people who had Experienced what
possess simple answers. the problem is or some other sources of
expertise.
Types of Questions Authority is a quick and easy source of
knowledge but it has also its shortcomings that
1. Low level or simple thinking requires
must be considered.
objective answer, and is usually straight to the
point. 1. Authorities can go wrong.
2. High level or complex thinking allows a more 2. Authorities may disagree among
elaborate answer and can be fully discussed themselves due to personal opinions.
with explanations.
Lesson 1.2 – Importance of Research in Daily
Applied to learning, the element of Inquiry- Life
Based process are multiple, varied, and open to
selection. Research is the systematic investigation and
study of materials and sources to establish facts
These include the following: and to reach new conclusions.
1. Selection of appropriate questions Research has come up with developing
appropriate solutions to improve the
2. Formulation of appropriate questions
individual’s quality of life. (Walker, 2010)
3. Identification of key issues
Research is an act of studying something
4. Search for valid and relevant evidences carefully and extensively in order to attain deep
knowledge which contributes to the welfare of
5. Interpretation and assessment of evidence
humanity.
6. Application of evidence to identified issues
Research holds the following significant data: Lesson 1.3 – Characteristics, Processes and
Ethics of Research
1. To gather necessary information
2. To make changes Characteristics of Research
3. To improve the standard of living
1. Empirical – Research is based on
4. To attain a safer life
observations and experimentation of
5. To know the truth
theories. Most researchers are based on
6. To explore our history
real-life situations.
7. To understand arts
2. Systematic – Research follows orderly
Reasons why students do research: and sequential procedures.
3. Controlled – In Research, all variables
1. It teaches methods of discovery
except those that are tested or
2. It teaches investigative skills
experimented on, are kept constant.
3. It teaches logic
4. Employs Hypothesis – The hypothesis
4. It teaches critical thinking
guides the investigation process.
5. It teaches the basic ingredients of
Research refers to a search for facts,
argument
answers to questions and solutions to
(Lester, Sr. & Lester, Jr., 2005) problems.
5. Analytical – There is a critical analysis of
Why do Research? all data used so that there is no error in
The writing process will make one confident in the researcher’s interpretation.
his ability to find information and to present it 6. Objective – The term also refers to
effectively in varied ways. research as unbiased and logical. All
findings are logically based on empirical
Other motivations for getting involved in data as they were based on real-life
research are: situations.
1. You can get to investigate topics that 7. Original Work – It requires effort to get
may be of interest to you. at the researcher’s own investigation
2. It can make you study more meaningful and procedure the data needed to
and you will discover real world complete the study.
application of what you’re studying. Other Characteristics of Qualitative Research
3. You can have hands-on and practical
experience in your field of study. 1. Concern for context and meaning
2. Naturally occurring setting
Research is a great way to network and to meet 3. Humans as Instruments
new people. It is about solving problems and 4. Descriptive Data
answering questions in all disciplines 5. Emergent Design
Doing RESEARCH is anchored on an experiential Types of Research
learning approach where you will fuse and build
principles with real-life experiences. 1. Library Research – It is done primarily
in the library where answers to specific
questions are available.
2. Field Research – It is done the natural
setting such as barangays or schools.
 3. Laboratory Research – It is done in an A common cause of ethical challenge is conflict
artificial or controlled condition by of interest between the researcher and what is
doing the study in a thoroughly being researched on (Baxter, et al. 2001).
specified and equipped area.
Ethical risks in research are spread across many
Ethics and Research fields and they may not be apparent at the
onset of research.
Ethics – It means to refer to it as norms for
conduct that distinguish between acceptable Ethical Considerations in Qualitative Research
and unacceptable behavior. It is to consider it as
1. The kind of information obtained
a method, procedure or perspective for
because of the length and personal
deciding how to act and for analyzing complex
interaction that ensues when doing a
problems and issues.
qualitative inquiry may give rise to an
To be ethical, a research project needs to be issue.
designed to create valid outcomes if it is 2. With regard to the researcher’s
believed to be pursing truth. relationship to the participants, the
researchers is expected to act
Researchers have a duty to ensure that they do
professionally, maintaining respect
not deliberately mislead participants as to the
towards them.
nature of research.
3. The researcher is expected to give back
Functions of Research to the participants of the research and
show appreciation for their
1. Norms promote the aims of research commitment of time, effort and
such as knowledge, truth and evidence cooperation.
of error. 4. The researcher writes a letter and seeks
2. Ethical Standards promote the values to be allowed to conduct a study.
that are essentials to collaborative work
such as trust, accountability, mutual The Research Process
respect and fairness.
Research is a process that requires patience and
3. Ethical norms ensure that researchers
thought. There is no easy way to make certain
can be held accountable to the public
that you have exhausted every resource and
4. Ethical norms in research helps build
found the best research.
public support quality and integrity of
research. Research is expected to be organized which is
shown when it utilizes a planned procedure
Some Ethical Principles
because there is a structure or method in going
Honesty Openness about doing research.
Respect for Property Competence
The process can lead learners to becoming
Respect for Responsible
experts.
colleagues Publication
Carefulness Objectivity The research experience will enable the
Integrity Confidentiality students not only to learn content but also to
Legality Social Responsibility learn how knowledge is constructed in a
particular discipline.
Lesson 1.4 – Differences between Quantitative probability and causing among selected
and Qualitative Research variables.
7. Exploratory – It is a type conducted for
a problem that has not been clearly
Uhm there’s none, the lesson is simple and all…
defined. It is not typically generalizable
but here’s the videos Miss sent us in our
to the population at large.
Activity:
8. Historical – Involves analysis of events
A:https://drive.google.com/file/d/ that occurred in the remote or recent
18DLJzDXGVRxzDOUq6E8DkFxyPI93YtVW/view past. Understanding this can add
B:https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PUVGyueHD perspective on how we examine current
XEK_8qiZpsQ3Dmh9M9z-aAp/view events and educational practices.
9. Phenomenological – Its aim is to
describe an experience as it is usually
Lesson 1.5 – Types and Examples of Research lived by the person.
in Different Areas/Fields 10. Action – It involves the application of
the steps of the scientific method in the
Types and Examples of Research classroom problems. It is done on a very
1. Applied – It is designed to solve limited scope.
practical problems of them modern Two Approaches to Ethnography
world rather than to acquire knowledge
for knowledge’s sake. Its goal is to 1. Realist – The researcher provides an
improve the human condition. objective account of the situation.
2. Basic – It is referred to as fundamental 2. Critical – The researcher show his
or pure research. The main motivation advocacy for a marginalized group or
is to extend man’s knowledge, not to attempts to empower the group by
create or invent things. giving it voice.
3. Correlational – It is the systematic Types of Case Studies
investigation or statistical study of
relationships among two or more 1. Intrinsic Case Study – Is conducted to
variables, without necessarily understand a particular case that be
determining the cause and effect. unusual or unique
4. Descriptive – It proves an accurate 2. Instrumental Case Study – Represents
portrayal of a class or a particular some other issues under study and the
individual situation or group. It is also research believes that this particular
known as statistical research. case can provide additional insights into
5. Ethnographic – It refers to the that issue.
investigation of a culture through an in- 3. Multiple or Collective Case Study –
depth study of the members of the Uses several cases selected to further
culture. Its studies people-ethnic groups understand and investigate a
in their settings. phenomenon, population or general
6. Experimental – It is an objective, condition.
systematic, controlled investigation, for
the purpose of predicting and
controlling phenomena and examining
 Lesson 2.1 – Kinds, Characteristics, Uses,
Strengths and Weakness of Qualitative
Kinds of Qualitative Research
Research
1. PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION
It has formalized this manner of getting at the
bottom of human situation, social phenomena, It demands immersion in the natural setting of
or inquiries about human behavior in daily life. the participants. The researchers are able to
hear, see, and experience reality as they
Creswell (1994) defines QLR as “an inquiry
perform activities with one another.
process of understanding a social or human
problem based on building a complex holistic 2. OBSERVATION
picture formed with words, reporting detailed
views of informants and conducted in a natural It entails the systematic noting or recording of
setting.” events, behaviors, and artifacts/objects in the
social setting chosen for the study.
Locke, Spirduso, and Silverman (1987)
emphasize that the intent of QLR is to 3. IN-DEPTH INTERVIEWING
understand a particular social situation, event, It resembles conversations, but with
role, group, or interaction. predetermined response categories.
Franenkel and Wallen (1990) stress that 4. FOCUS GROUP INTERVIEWING
researchers are interested in understanding
how things occur. It involves 6-10 people, who are unfamiliar with
one another and have been selected because
QLR follows the inductive process of reasoning; they share certain characteristics that are
that is, from specific situations to arriving at a relevant to the inquiry or problem. This method
generalization, based on observations, provides quick results; the discussion is free-
interviews, or self-disclosures in written forms wheeling, not stiff, which can happen in a one-
or social network on-one interview.
One of the best ways to understand the nature 5. CONTENT ANALYSIS
of QLR is by contrasting it with QNR. They differ
in many ways yet complement each other as It calls for systematic examination forms of
well. communication to documentation patterns
objectively.
Qualitative vs Quantitative
6. NARRATOLOGY
Qualitative Quantitative
Nature of Data (Neuman, 2007) It can be applied to any spoken or written
Soft Data story.It requires a great deal of sensitivity
Hard Data between participant and researcher.
Words, impressions,
Numbers
sentences, photos,
7. FILMS, VIDOES, & PHOTOGRAPHS
Language (Neuman, 2007)
Linear These provide visual records of events, which
Non-Linear Variables and capture the perspective of the filmmaker or
Cases and contexts – Hypothesis – linked videographer. Pictures manifest the intent,
arise from daily life to general casual interest and values of the photographer.
explanations
 are inseparable, so subjectivity can
happen. To prevent this, Locke et al.
Characteristics and Uses of
(1987) stress that from the beginning of
Qualitative Research
the study, the researcher must identify
The research takes place in a natural setting his/her personal values, assumptions,
where human behavior or events occur. This and biases.
enables researchers to be immersed in the
Lesson 2.2 – Importance of Qualitative
actual experiences of the participants and to get
Research Across Different Fields
as much detailed data they need.
Education
The focus of QLR is on the participants’
perceptions and experiences and the way they Green and Bloome (1997) confronted with the
make sense of their lives. (Franenkel and question what counts as ethnography made a
Wallen, 1988 in Cresswell, 2013) useful distinction between Ethnography of
education and Ethnography in education.
It uses various ways of collecting data:
observations, structured or semi-structured They claimed that Ethnography of education
interviews, documents, emails, blogs, videos, (usually a sociologist or anthropologist) seeks to
and the like. understand what counts as education for
members of a particular group.
The theory or general pattern of understanding
will emerge as it begins with initial codes, While the Ethnography in education (usually an
develop into broad themes, and coalesces into a education insider, often a teacher) is concerned
ground theory or broad interpretation. with the social and cultural dynamics of a school
(Cresswell, 2013) or classroom.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Technical Communication

Qualitative Research
Qualitative methodologies are also effective for
Strengths Technical Communication which determines the
effective use of technology in the workplace to
1. It can offer the best light on or best
ensure smooth flow of communication.
answers to certain phenomena-social,
economic, political, or even Focus groups are used to probe deeper research
psychological results in order to describe or illustrate current
2. Research results are exhaustive; even practices in Technical Communication which can
underlying meanings surface take the forms of Email, fax messaging, video
3. It offers several avenues to understand and voice conferencing, intranet and extranet,
phenomena, behavior, human jargons and graphics.
conditions, and the like
Psychology
Weaknesses
Braun and Clarke (2013) claimed that a QLR
1. Total immersion in the natural setting of paradigm in psychology has been emerging. 
the research can be time-consuming,
Qualitative ideas and approaches have been
resource-draining, and tedious
part of psychology since its inception in the
2. There comes a point where the
second half of the nineteenth century.
personal-self and the researcher-self
Psychology has been strongly shaped by the forget or detach from the pain and threat
behavioral and cognitive traditions, within involved in such memories.
which psychology should seek to understand
Shaw and Holland use the following terms as
and determine an observable, objective
originally used by Enosh and Buchbinder (2005):
psychological reality.
Knowledge - direct remembering and reliving,
Advertising
with complete details of events
Most advertising agencies use the following
Awareness of mental processes - including
definitions whenever they commission QLR in
awareness of emotion and of cognitive
the specific area of advertising:
processes
QLR refers to the “meanings, concepts,
Awareness of identity- including awareness of
definitions, characteristics, metaphors, symbols,
values and the construction of personal
and definition of things.” It is an approach to
characteristics of each partner and of the
research that uses a variety of methods and
ocuple as a unit
involves an interpretive, naturalistic approach
to whatever is the focus of the study. (Denzin Alienation - characterized by a refusal to
and Lincoln, 1994 as cited in Morrison, M., observe, reflect, or remember
Haley, E., Sheehan, KB., Taylor, R., 2002)
QR is Social Work specifically calls for the
Great advertising comes along from an following:
understanding of the consumer wants and
needs. Theory refers to an organizing scheme 1. Immersion in situations of everyday life-
for the data that place them in orderly patterns typically normal ones, reflective of the everyday
and give meaning and insight into the lives of life on individuals, groups, societies, and
others. Theory is not placed before the data organizations.
collection; it comes out of data and thus 2. Holism - pursued through inquiry into the
referred to as grounded theory. (Glaser and particular; from the whole of the culture to the
Strauss, as cited in Morrison, M., Haley, E., context under study
Sheehan, KB., Taylor, R., 2002)
3. The whole and the particular are held in
Any method or approach that allows the tension. Small fats speak to large issues, and in
researcher to capture the worlds of others can the particular is located a general theme.
be a valid qualitative technique. These include
observations, participant observation, in-depth 4. The researcher attempts to capture data on
interview, documents and record analysis. the perceptions of local actors “from the
inside”.
Social Work
5. The researcher is essentially the main
Many people, through their personal memory instrument in the study, rather than
of traumatic events, give meaning to what has standardized data collection devices.
happened to them.
6. Most analysis is done in words.
On one hand, they have a need to recollect and
process those memories; on the other hand,
they feel a need to distance themselves and
Marketing Lesson 3.1 – Writing a Research Title

QR in Marketing has a long history. Influenced Broad and Specific Topics

by social research, marketing researchers
Too broad topics will lead you nowhere. The
embedded projective devices within the
purpose or intent of the study must be clear.
approach of in-depth interview.
Broad Topics:
They created devices such as matching people,
animals, cars, pictorial symbols, and soliciting 1. Lack of Self-confidence
dreams. 2. Smoking Hazard
3. Marketable Popular Garment Brand
They accumulated case studies, personal
4. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
histories and ethnographies, and conducted
group interviews even before they were called Specific Topics:
“focus groups”.
1. Lack of Self-confidence in Adolescents:
International Business Root Causes, Manifestations, and
Intervention
The establishment of the ASEAN Economic
2. Health Hazards of Direct and Indirect
Community (AEC) in 2015 is a major milestone
Smoking: Prevention and Cure
in the regional economic integration agenda in
3. Marketability of a Popular Garment
ASEAN, offering opportunities in the form of 2.6
Brand: A Case Study
trillion USD and over 662 million people.
4. HIV: Causes, Prevention, Treatment and
Businesses all over the world use other Care
methods like participant observation, content
Techniques for Narrowing a Topic into a
analysis, focus groups, narrative interviews, and
Research Question
archival research. (Marschan, Pekkari, & Welch,
2004) 1. Examine the literature
1. Published articles are an excellent
Evaluation of Qualitative Research
source of ideas for research questions.
Triangulation, which is a good guide, if not to They are usually at an appropriate level
convincing theory, then, at least to the rigorous of specificity and suggest research
verification of data. (Osalnd and Osalnd, 2001) questions that focus on:
A. Replicate previous research
Triangulation is a term mainly used to refer to
project exactly or with slight
the current use of both qualitative and
variations
quantitative data. (Mcdonald, 1985)
B. Explore unexpected findings
Usunier (1998) contends that qualitative and discovered in previous research
quantitative data are “complementary” rather C. Follow suggestions an author
than “competing” traditions and should be gives for future research at the
merged in the search for meaning as differences end of an article
in nature and differences in degree. D. Extend an existing explanation
or theory to a new topic or
setting
 E. Challenge findings or attempt to what does not; consumer psychology or buyer
refute or prove wrong a behavior
relationship
Behavioral problems like extreme shyness,
F. Specify the intervening process
being a loner or scopophobia
and consider linking relations
2. Talk over ideas with others Lesson 3.2 – Stating Research Questions
A. Ask people who are
knowledgeable about the topic Typical Research Questions
for questions about it that they 1. How did the social situation originate?
have thought of 2. How was the condition or situation
B. Seek out those who hold maintained over time?
opinions that differ from yours 3. What are the processes by which a
on the topic and discuss condition or situation changes,
possible research questions develops, or operates?
with them
3. Apply to a specific context Concrete Research Questions congruent with
A. Focus the topic on a specific Data Collection Procedures and Data Analysis.
historical period or time period 1. Understanding and Perception
B. Narrow the topic to a specific 2. Practices/Accounts of Practice
society or geographic unit 3. Influencing Factors
C. Consider which subgroups or 4. Construction
categories of people/units are 5. Language Practice
involved and whether there are
differences among them The Research Question in the Research Process
4. Define the aim or desired outcome of
1. Formulation of the overall questions
the study
2. Formulation of specific research
A. Will the research question be
questions
an exploratory, explanatory, or
3. Formulation of sensitizing concepts
descriptive study?
4. Selection of research groups with which
B. Will the study involve applied or
to study the question.
basic researcher?
5. Selection of appropriate designs and
Other Topics of Interest methods
6. Evaluation and reformulation of the
Issues like poverty, informal settling in specific research topic
congested cities, traffic usse, transportation 7. Collection of Data
problem, human rights, etc. 8. Evaluation and Reformulation of the
Gender inequality or transgenders, sensitive specific research questions
issues like families or individuals trapped in 9. Analyzing the Data
sibling rivalry, infidelity of spouse, financial 10. Generalization and Evaluation of the
crises, brought about by unemployment among analyses
others 11. Formulation of the Findings.

Online selling or online business from varied

marketing aspects like what sells online and