Preliminary
Preliminary
Preliminary
INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY
Go back and reflect…
Chapter 1 Slide 4
WHAT DO OTHERS SAY?
• Anthropologist (culture)
• Archaeologist (artefacts)
• Oral Historian (other than written
or printed evidences)
Approaches
in Studying History
• IDEALISM (describe history through
ideas- meaning & interpretations)
• HISTORICISM (to describe history
objectively)
• RELATIVISM (there’s no absolute truth
and that all views of history are valid)
HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
• History ( process of interpreting
evidence or records from the past) vs.
Past (everything that ever happened
since the dawn of time)
• History (record of significant evidence
that happened in the past) vs. Prehistory
(period of human activity when there’s
still no written record)
HISTORY DIFFERENTIATED
• History vs. The Other Disciplines
(No discipline is an island. History can’t stand
alone without the other social sciences)
• History (examined narrative account of past event),
Historicity (authentication of characters in history),
Historiography (writing of history)
• History (written by men – “his’) vs.
Herstory (written by women- “her”)
Why Study History?
13
In conclusion
Choosing history allows you
to acquire a combination of
skills and insights that will
• broaden your
understanding of the
world
Dublin after the 1916 rising
• develop you as a person
• prepare you for a future
career
• enable you to participate
fully in society.
Baton charge in Dublin,1913
14
Sources of History
4 Basic Categories of
Historical Sources
1. Documents (written or printed materials)
2. Numerical Records (any type numerical data)
3. Oral Statements (any form statement made
orally)- speeches and oral testimonies, interviews
4. Relics (objects whose physical or visual
characteristics can provide information about
the past)
2 Categories of
Historical Data
1. Primary Source (participant observer, direct
witness to)
- A primary source is a document or physical object
which was written or created during the time under
study. These sources were present during an
experience or time period and offer an inside view of a
particular event.
Examples of Primary Resources
1. Eyewitness accounts
2. Personal Journals
3. Interviews
4. Surveys
5. Experiments
6. Historical Documents
7. Artifacts
Types of Primary Sources
1.Autobiography (account of a
person’s life written by the person)
2.Memoirs (history or record
composed from personal
observation and experience)
Types of Primary Sources
3. Diaries (regularly kept record of the
diarist’s activities and reflections)
4. Personal Letter (type of letter
concerning personal matters sent from
one person to another)
5. Correspondence (body of letters or
communications)
Types of Primary Sources
1. Bibliographies(annotated bibliography-
organized list of sources, each of which is
followed by “annotation”)-
2. Biographical works (description of a
real person’s life)- talambuhay
3. Periodicals (newspapers, magazines, and
scholarly journals--- published periodically)
Types of Secondary Sources
EXAMPLES:
1. Film Review (assessing/evaluating a film’s
overall quality and to determine if it is worth
recommending)
2. Book Review (a form of literary criticism in w/c
a book is analyzed based on content, style, and
merit)
Differences between Primary
and Secondary Sources
*Kindly read this in our respective schedule or free time. Maximize your time!
*This is my simplified discussion. There are explanations within the presentation
MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE
AROUND THE WORLD
The journey of circumnavigation…
EXPLANATION
Explanation…
• Madaling araw ng March 16, 1521 natanaw nila ang
isla ng Samar at pinangalanan nila itong Islas de San
Lazaro dahil araw iyon ng Santong si San Lazaro at
nanatili sila hanggang gabi ng March 16 sa Suluan
Island.
• March 17, dumaong ang tatlong barko sa isla ng
Humunu (Homonhon) at nagtayo ng tent para sa
kasamahang may sakit.
• March 18, may nakasalubong sila na 9 natives mula sa
karatig isla ng Suluan at binigyan ni Magellan sila ng
ilang gamit at bilang kapalit binigyan din nila si
Magellan ng saging, isda, niyog at tuba (palm wine).
Explanation…
• Makalipas ang 10 araw, March 28 (Holy Thursday)
dumaong sila sa isla ng Mazaua (na isang debate pa rin
kung ito ba ay Limasawa in Leyte or Masao in Butuan). At
dito nakilala ni Magellan si Rajah Kolambu (pinuno ng Isla).
Binigyan ni Rajah si Magellan ng tatlong porselana (pottery)
ng bigas at bilang kapalit si Magellan ay nagbigay ng red
cap, a red and yellow robe. Nagpakitang gilas ang kampo ni
Magellan sa pamamagitan ng kunya-kunyareng labanan
(mock-fight) at namangha itong Rajah sa kanilang galing
kaya naman tinanggap niya si Magellan bilang isang bagong
kaibigan sa pamamagitan ng isang kasi-kasi o
sanduguan (blood compact) na may seremonya noong
March 29 (Good Friday)
Explanation…
• Dalawang araw ang makalipas, March 31, 1521
(Easter Sunday), naganap ang unang misa sa
Pilipinas na isinagawa ni Padre Pedro de
Valderrama sa isla ng Mazaua at kagabihan ay
ipinatayo anf isang malaking krus na gawa sa kahoy
isang bundok at pinangalanan ang ating bansa ng
Islas de San Lazaro.
Take note: Hanggang ngayon ay isang malaking debate pa rin sa ating
kasaysayan kung saan ba talaga ang Isla ng Mazaua , kung ito ba ay sa
Limasawa sa Leyte or sa Masao sa Butuan. Ngunit, ayon sa RA No. 2733,
ito ay nangyari sa Limasawa.
VOYAGE TO THE PHILIPPINES
• April 7, 1521 - landed on Sugbu (now Cebu)
and blood compact was done again between
Rajah Humabon (Cebuano Chieftain) and
Magellan symbolizing trust and friendship
• April 14, 1521 (mass on the shore of Cebu)
*Magellan planted a huge wooden cross
and gave Juana (wife of Humabon) an
image of the Child Jesus Christ
(St.Nino)
*800 Filipinos were baptized
• Practice of Barter
• Presence of a
weighing scale
• Golds as a main
object of barter
Religion
• Rituals headed by females
• Idols made of woods
• praying with both hands
• raised to the sky
• They surrender everything
to Aba (God-like)
Culture
10
5
ARRIVAL IN THE PHILIPPINES
10
6
ABOUT THE TEXT?
✣ Title: Relacion de las Costumbres de
Los Tagalogs (Customs of the Tagalogs)
✣Currently kept in Archivo General de
Indias in Seville,Spain
✣References:
• OFM ARCHIVES – PHILIPPINES by: Fr. Jose "Long" D. Gutay,
OFM (http://ofmphilarchives.tripod.com/id8.html)
10
8
Government
1
0
Social
Family, relatives,
elders of the Datu Ruling Class
Stratification Datu/
Rajah
System Common
Class/Freemen
Maharlika/Timawa
Slaves /Dependents
ALIPIN:
Namamahay/Saguiguilid
DATU
chief, captain of wars,
whom governed, obeyed
and reverenced
The Datu exercised all the
powers of the government
He is control over the
disposition of the
Barangay’s real property
HOW TO BECOME DATU:
By inheritance By
Marriage
Through intelligence,
wealth, strength and
bravery.
1
1
Inheritance
Common People
Working Class
Engaged in Agriculture
ALIPIN/DEPENDENTS
Namamahay- has land
and property rights
Sagigilid/Saguiguilid/
Saguiguilir- no land
and property rights and
full time slave
TRIVIA: Slaves (Visayan)
Tumataban- worked for his master when
summoned to do so
Tumarampuk- worked one day for his
master
Ayuey- worked three days for his master
Slaves
✣ A person becom es slave by: (1) by captivity in
war, (2) by reason of debt,
(3) by inheritance, (4) by purchase, and
(5) by committing a crime.
✣ Slaves can be emancipated through: (1) by
forgiveness, (2) by paying debt, (3) by
condonation, and (4) by bravery (where a slave
can possibly b e c o m e a Datu) or by marriage
Administration of Justice
✣ T h e chieftain’s executive function
includes implementing laws, ensuring
order and giving protection to his
subject.
✣ Disputes between individuals were
settled by a court made up of the
chieftain and council of elders.
1
2
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
12
1
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
12
4
Subjects of their Customary Laws
1
2
Mode of Dressing
Male
Headgear is called
Putong (symbolizes
the number of
persons the wearer
had killed)
(Upper) a jacket
with short sleeves
called kanggan.
(Lower) bahag
1
2
Mode of Dressing
Female
(Upper) Baro
or Camisa
(Lower) Saya
1
2
TRIVIA: Bul-ol represents a spirit which the people
revere in Cordillera Regions
Or naments
o A decorative object
or detail that adds
quality or
distinction to a
person, place or
thing.
o It represents your
socio-economic
status in the society
13
0
Marriage Customs
✣ Marriage between couples belonging to defferent social
classes were not common
✣ Several grounds (dahilan) of divorce (paghihiwalay) are:
(1) Adultery , (2) Abandonment
(3) Cruelty , and (4) Insanity
13
1
Morotal (pagluluksa sa namatay na babae)
Maglahi (pagluluksa sa namatay na lalake)
BURIAL
Laraw (pagluluksa sa namatay na datu)
Pasiyam (ninth day of death was celebrated)
Manunggul Jar
BURIAL
Religious Belief
✣They worship many gods and goddesses:
(1)Bathala/Bathalang Maykapal, su p r e m e being; the creator
(2)Idianale & Lacapati god of agriculture; husbandry
(3)Sidarapa/Sidapa, god of death;
(4) Agni, god of fire;
(5)Balangaw,god of rainbow TRIVIA:
(6) Mandarangan, god of war;
(7) Lalahon, god of harvest; and
• Bathala (Tagalog)
(8) Siginarugan, god of hell. • Abba (Cebuano)
Laon
(9) Dian Masalanta, patron of lovers• and (Bisaya)
generations
(10)Buaya (water-lizards), they paid reverence/devotion
✣ Also believe in sacred animals, trees and many more
which believed to be holy and place of unseen spirits
(animism)
13
4
Religious Belief
Believed in the immortality of the soul and life after death
Disease or illness was cause by the environmental spirits and
the soul-spirits of the dead relatives
The Filipinos adored the sun, moon, animals, birds for they are
objects of nature to be respected
13
5
Superstitious Beliefs
13
6
PRIEST AND PRIESTESS Of Good
and the Devil
• Same with
Tiktik/Wakwak/Aswang
• They have seen him fly, he
murdered and ate human flesh
• Equivalent to Sorcerer
MANGAGAYOMA
is a creature resembling a
bull with a huge muscular
body and a jewel attached
to its ears.
SIYOKOY
Spread of Liberalism
Sentiment against the principales
Racial prejudices
Cultural changes
Secularization controversy
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE
OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
Revolve around on the idea of
liberty and equality
Freethinking, Anti-clerical and
humanitarian movement
(Masonic of Ideas)
Greatly facilitated with the
Opening of Suez Canal
THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE
OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
SENTIMENT AGAINST THE PRINCIPALES
Dissatisfaction against the Principales
Principales- political and social aristocrats during the Spanish
Era
THE FACTORS AFFECTING YJR RISE
OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
RACIAL PREJUDICE
Discrimination
among the Filipinos
Filipino natives as
“inferior race”
CULTURAL CHANGES
Rise of the Ilustrados
(enlightened ones)
Reform Movements
THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RISE
OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM
SECULARIZATION
CONTROVERSY
Filipinization of Church
Discrimination against
Filipino Priests
CAVITE MUTINY
Causes: discarded liberal
measures imposed by
Gov.Gen De la Torre
200 Filipino Soldiers and dock
workers rebelled against their
Spanish Workers
ILUSTRADOS
The enlightened ones
Considered as the middle class in the society that has
the opportunity to acquire good education during the
Spanish period
• Wife of a Katipunero
• Daughter of a Katipunero
• Sister of a Katipunero
• Any close relative of a Katipunero
The women guarded the secret papers and documents of the secret
society. They were also helping the society by recruiting members.
Prominent Katipuneras
• Gregoria de
Jesus – Second
wife of Bonifacio and
was called
Lakambini of the
Katipunan.
Sisters of Rizal
Josefa Rizal Trinidad Rizal
Josefa Rizal founded the Women’s Chapter in the Katipunan in July 1893 and
she was elected the President of the said Chapter. The name of the Women’s
Chapter in the Katipunan was called La Semilla.
Melchora Ramos y Aquino
• Tandang Sora
(January 6, 1812 –
March 2, 1919)
• Mother of
the
Katipunan
• She fed the
Katipuneros and
nursed the wounded
patriots
• Later she was arrested
by the Spanish
authorities and was
exiled in Marianas.
Kalayaan
• Official
Organ/Newspaper
of the KKK
• Realizing the value of
the printed word,
Bonifacio and his
friends established a
printing press and an
organ of for the society.
Literature of the Katipunan
• Emilio Jacinto – youngest and
greatest writer of the Katipunan
• He wrote the following:
– A la Patria – his poetical masterpiece
– Liwanag at Dilim – a series of essays on
human rights, liberty, equality of men, labor,
and love of country.
– Kartilya ng Katipunan –
contains the teachings of the KKK.
Decalogue
(Ten Commandments of Katipunan)
• Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or 10
commandments titled Katungkulang
Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Duties to be Observed by the Sons
of the Country) to lay down the
guidelines for good citizenship.
• He also wrote a patriotic poem Pag-
ibig sa Tinubuang Bayan (Love for
Country)
Dekalogo ng Katipunan
Difference between
Propaganda Movement
and Katipunan
KARTILYA
NG
KATIPUNAN
Presentation Outline:
WORD OF HONOR
The Kartilya ng Katipunan
7. “Huwag mong sasayangin ang panahun; ang yamang
nawala’y magyayaring magbalik; nguni’t panahong
nagdaanna’y di na muli pang magdadaan.”
TIME IS GOLD/TIME MANAGEMENT
•ANALYSIS
The Kartilya was the moral and intellectual foundation used
to guide the actions of Katipuneros. Upon joining the Katipunan,
members were required to read the Kartilya and adhere to its
code of conduct. Changing the way people thought and acted
was paramount to the early Katipuñeros; they understand that
was the only way to truly change the Philippines for the better.
Contribution and Relevance of the
Document in Understanding the Great
Narrative of Philippine History
• At the time when the government is plagued with ethical issues, the
Kartilya can be used as reference for government officials to
realize the value of true public service by living up to the tenets
of the Kartilya.
Acta de la
Proclamacíon
de
independenci
a del Pueblo
Filipino
1898 (May)
•Battle of Manila Bay
•Emilio Aguinaldo
decided to return to
the Philippines and
helped Americans
defeat the Spaniards
•Spaniards were
defeated
•Emilio Aguinaldo
arrived in Cavite
(unofficially allied with
the USA)
1 May 1898
Spanish-American War
1898 (April)
•Outbreak of Spanish-
American War
•result of U.S. intervention
in Cuban War of
Independence
•U.S. attacked Spain’s
Pacific Possession which
led to the involvement in
the Philippine Revolution
•Commodore George
Dewey aboard the U.S.S.
Olympia sailed from
Hong Kong to Manila
Bay and led the Asiatic
1898, April-August Squadron of the U.S.
Navy
Battle of Manila
1898 (May)
• Battle of Manila Bay
• Emilio Aguinaldo
decided to return to
the Philippines and
helped Americans
defeat the Spaniards
• Spaniards were
defeated
• Emilio Aguinaldo
arrived in Cavite
(unofficially allied
with the USA)
1 May 1898
Conferring to Dictator
Don Emilio Aguinaldo all
the powers necessary to
enable him to discharge
the duties of
government, including
the prerogatives of
granting pardon and
amnesty
DICTATORIAL
GOVERMENT
Act of the Declaration of
Philippine Independence
Documents on
the 1898
Declaration of
Philippine
Independence,
the Malolos
Constitution
and First
NATIONAL Historical Institute in 1997 Philippine
Republic
About the
Author
Studied Law
Became a at the
member of the University of
La Liga Sto. Tomas
Filipina,
Cuerpo de Earned his
Compromisari degree in
os and La Born: Dec. 1865
Propaganda 17, 1830 in (35 years
Binan, old)
Laguna
Died: Dec. 4, Parents:
1903 (72 Gregorio
years old) Enriquez
Cause of Bautista
Death: A fatal Silvestra
fall from a Altamira
horse-drawn
carriage
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
Solicited funds to finance a campaign for
reforms in the Philippines
Became a member of the La Liga Filipina,
Cuerpo de Compromisarios and La
Propaganda
Arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago by
the Spaniards
Cause: He was suspected of being involved in the
Philippine Revolution
Result: He managed to defend himself and was
eventually released.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
Became the first adviser to President Emilio
Aguinaldo in 1898
And
waived
the first
Philippine
Flag
The Philippine Flag
The white
triangle
signifying the
distinctive
emblem of
the famous
society of the
“Katipunan”.
The Philippine Flag
• The three stars, signifying the three principal islands of
this Archipelago - Luzon, Mindanao and Panay
where this revolutionary movement started.
• The sun, representing the gigantic steps made by the
sons of the country (sacrifices of the Filipinos for they
believed that there’s hope for us)
• The eight rays, signifying the eight provinces - Manila,
Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Laguna and Batangas.
• And the colors of Blue, Red and White,
commemorating the flag of the United States of
America, as a manifestation of our profound
gratitude towards this great nation for its disinterested
protection which it lent us and continues lending us.
The Philippine Flag The first Philippine flag
was sewn by Dona
Marcela Agoncillo,
Lorenza Agoncillo,
and Delfina Herbosa
de Natividad in Hong
Kong.
It was first flown in
battle on May 28,
1898.
Formally unfurled
during the declaration
of Philippine
Independence.
The Philippine FlagMusic composed by
Julian Felipe. Did not
use lyrics during the
declaration of
Philippine
Independence in
June 12, 1898. Lyrics
was from Jose Palma
from his poem
Filipinas in 1898. Final
Filipino lyrics was
revised in 1960s.
Dambanang
Aguinaldo
Cavite-Viejo,
Province of
Cavite
June 12, 1898
A weapon in the
An act of struggle for social
protest reform
Philippine Cartoons:
POLITICAL CARICATURE
OF THE AMERICAN ERA
1900-1941
Author/Creator: Alfred McCoy
Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricatures of the American Era
Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricatures of the American Era
THE MAN BEHIND THE PHILIPPINE CARTOONS
POLITICAL CARTOONS:
Concept & Content
Socio-cultural concerns
- changing morals of the youth
- Changing tastes and attitudes
• The vulnerability/openness of
our economy to foreign
economic policy
• Bankruptcy of the PNB
• Tentativeness/lacking of the
American government to
implement policy that will
help the farmers
• Exploitation of small farmers
Philippine Cartoons:
Economic Caricatures
1. Landlord vs.
• Filipinos have
Tenants
always been
2. Christians vs. Non-
historically Christians
divided- 3. Pro- American vs.
the Antis
Philippine Cartoons:
Socio-cultural Caricatures
1. Ecclesiastical Encomienda
• Frailocracy- those who are control
by the priests (prayle)
2. Bureau of Public Health - Filipinos
CONTRIBUTION
AND
RELEVANCE
CONTRIBUTION AND RELEVANCE OF THE DOCUMENT TO THE GRAND
NARRATIVE OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY
A re R arely
C onsidered and
T rue history
A nalyzed
O f
T o
O ur
U nderstand history’s
E ssence
SPEECH of her
excellency
Corazon C.
AQUINO
PRESIDENT OF
THE
PHILIPPINES
during the Joint
Session of the
United States
Congress
09.18.1986
1. Present a content
analysis of Corazon
Aquino’s Speech
Discuss the different
2.
historical Objectives
background of
documents Of the Presenter
3. Evaluate the
historical
contribution of the
documents
4. Analyze the content
and relevance of
the speech
1. Evaluate the primary
and secondary
source of the
document presented Objectives
2. Develop critical and
analytical skills in the
content presentation The following are the
of the speech learning outcomes
3. Be able to create a that the students
comparative should be able to
analysis and position learn after the
paper in Marcos and discussion
Aquino’s point of
view
Background
of the
Author
Educational
Background
- Corazon C. Aquino
“Corazon C. Aquino Early Assessment of her Presidential
Leadership, Administration and place in History “ (p.237)
Sources:
Licuanan, Verginia B. (1992),”Filipino and Americans: A Love-Hate
Relationship”: Manila, San Miguel Corporation,
338
CONTROVERSY?
• OLEGARIO DIAZ- officer of the Spanish
Guardia, took place in Balintawak on
Augusy 25, 1896
• TEODORO KALAW- in his book The
Filipino Revolution, took place during
the last week of August 1896 at
Kangkong,Balintawak
339
CONTROVERSY?
•SANTIAGO ALVAREZ- son of
Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the
Magdiwang in Cavite stated in 1927
that it took place in Bahay Toro now
in Quezon City on August 24, 1896
340
CONTROVERSY?
•TEODORO AGONCILLO- a
historian, took place in Pugad
Lawin on August 23, 1896, echoing
Valenzuela’s statement
341
CONTROVERSY?
•DR. PIO VALENZUELA’S
ACCOUNT- an official of the
Katipunan and a friend of Bonifacio,
who was present during the event.
*Pugad Lawin (yard and store-house of
Juan Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino)
342
CONTROVERSY?
•MILAGROS GUERRERO,
EMMANUEL ENCARNACION AND
RAMON VILLEGAS- taken place in
Tandang Sora’s house in Gulod,
Brgy. Banlat, Quezon City.
343
CONTROVERSY?
• GUILLERMO MASANGKAY’S
ACCOUNT- friend and fellow of
Katipunero of Andres Bonifacio
*The First Cry happened in Balintawak
on August 26, 1896 then later changed
his narrative stating that it was on August
23 which is the start of the
revolution(pabago-bago).
344
THE RIZAL RETRACTION
Who is Dr. Jose Rizal?
• Leader of reformist in Spain
• He was allegedly retracted his
masonic ideals and his writings and
reconverted to Catholicism.
346
The RETRACTION
"I retract with all my heart
whatever in my words, writings,
publications and conduct have
been contrary to my character as
a son of the Catholic Church."
347
PRIMARY SOURCES TO CONSIDER:
• Official accounts as witnessed by
the Jesuits (believer)
• Critical Analyses by 2 Rizalist
scholars (skeptic)
348
Fr. Vicente Balaguer’s Statement
• Jesuit priest who visited Rizal
during the execution in Fort
Santiago and claimed that he
managed to persuade Rizal to
denounce masonry and return to
catholic fold.
349
Rafael Palma’s Critical Analysis
• WHO: lawyer, writer, educator, and politician
and author of Biografia de Rizal
• ANALYSIS: Rizal’s conversion was a pious
fraud to make people believe that the
extraordinary man broke down and
succumbed before the church which he had
fought
350
Austin Coates’ Critical Analysis
• Author of Rizal: Philippine Nationalist and Martyr
• ANALYSIS:
“While unquestionably a fraud, to suggest that
the Archbishop’s announcement was issued
knowingly, or that there was a plot among the higher
ecclesiastical authorities to perpetrate a fraud is
going to far….”
351
CONTEMPORARY HISTORIANS
BELIEF
• JOSE VICTOR TORRES (DLSU History Professor)
“Personally , I did believe he retracted, but
some that was purchased by the Philippine
Government from Spain in the mid-1990s, the
Cuerpo de Vigilancia de Manila showed some
interesting points about the retraction.”
“The way Rizal is taught in schools today, the
retraction means nothing”
* he noted that the retraction
is irrelevant today”
352
• NICOLAS ZAFRA
The controversy as “a plain
unadorned fact of history, having all
the marks of certainty and
indications of historical certainty and
reality (The Historicity of Rizal’s
Retraction)
353
•DR. AUGUSTO DE VIANA (head of
USTs History Department)
*he also believes that Rizal retracted
and just renounced from free
masonry but not from his
nationalistic works.
354
MAJOR ARGUMENTS FOR
THE RETRACTION
• The Retraction Document discovered in 1935 is
considered the chief witness to the reality of the
retraction by Fr. Manuel Garcia
• The testimony of the press at the time of the event,
of “eye-witnesses,” and other “qualified witnesses,”
i.e. those closely associated with the events such
as the head of the Jesuit order, the archbishop, etc.
355
• Acts of Faith, Hope, and Charity” reportedly
recited and signed by Dr. Rizal as attested by
“witnesses” and a signed Prayer Book which
was amongst the documents discovered by
Father Garcia along with the Retraction.
• Acts of Piety performed by Rizal during his last
hours as testified to by “witnesses.”
• His “Roman Catholic Marriage” to Josephine
Bracken as attested to by “witnesses.” There
could be no marriage without a retraction.
356
CASES AGAINST THE
RETRACTION
• The Retraction Document is said to be a
forgery. There are four points against the
document itself (handwriting, principles of textual
criticism, retraction was “spontaneous, “confession”
of “the forger---” Antonio K. Abad)
• The third chief line of argument against the
Retraction is that it is out of character (Pious
fraud)
357
• The second main line of argument against the
Retraction is the claim that other acts and facts do not
fit well with the story of the Retraction.
*The document of Retraction was not made public until 1935
*No effort was made to save Rizal from the death penalty after
his signing of the Retraction.
*Rizal’s burial was kept secret; he was buried outside the inner
wall of the Paco cemetery; and the record of his burial was not
placed on the page for entries of Dec. 30th.
*There is no marriage certificate or public record of the
marriage of Rizal with Josephine Bracken.
*Rizal’s behavior as a whole during his last days at Fort
Santiago and during the last 24 hours in particular does not
point to a conversion
358
CONCLUSION:
• Perhaps it may be true that he retracted and reverted
to his faith, but this does not diminish Rizal’s stature
as a great hero with such greatness.
• whether he retracted or not, it does change what he
has already done and what his writings have already
achieved.
• Surely whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an
apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness
as a Filipino... Catholic or Mason, Rizal is still Rizal
- the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who
deny our patriotism that we know how to die for our
duty and our beliefs."
359
THANK YOU!
GOODLUCK ON YOUR MIDTERM! GODBLESS
360
LONG QUIZ & MIDTERM EXAMINATION:
POINTERS TO REVIEW
TOPICS POINTS
KARTILYA OF KATIPUNAN (Factors on the Rise of Philippine
Nationalism, Katipunan, Kartilya)
The Act of Proclamation of the Independence of the Filipino S
People
Political Caricatures During the American Era
E
Speech of Corazon C. Aquino Before the US Congress
C
The Retraction of Rizal (Fr. Vicente Balaguer’s statement , Rafael R
Palma’s & Austin Coates ‘ Critical Analysis, Contemporary
Historians’ Belief) E
The First Cry of the Revolution (Pio Valenzuela’s account,
Santiago Alvarez’s Account, Guillermo Masangkay’s account,)
T
Type of Test: SURPRISE
FINALS
LOCAL AND ORAL
HISTORY
Presented by
LOCAL HISTORY
• A written history focusing particularly on a
particular town, district, or other limited area.
• It is the study of history in a geographically
local context and it concentrates on the local
community. It incorporates cultural as social
aspects of history.
• Local history is the study of people, places,
factual events, cultural heritage, genealogy,
and folklore
SCOPE OF LOCAL HISTORY
• Landscape history: a single building (such as a
castle, an archaeological site, a church and
graveyard, a monument – or your school), a street
• Geo-political history: an area like a village or
housing estate, a whole town.
• Local culture, indigenous knowledge systems and
practices of a particular group in a geographical
area, folklore, myths, epic, and songs/music.
• Family history, life of a particular individual, etc.
SOURCES OF LOCAL HISTORY
• local environments e.g. google maps, street
signage, old post-boxes, signs, plaques, foot
scrapers and other forms of street furniture ,
building clues, monuments, landmarks, drawings,
paintings, photographs, house plans, building
plans, documents from local priests, land titles
from LGU or Registry of Deeds, eyewitnesses,
archaelogical crafts, school records, newspapers,
journals, letters etc.
METHODOLOGY OF LOCAL HISTORY
• Interview
• content analysis for
documents
• archival research
• archaeolgical
excavations
IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL HISTORY
• It gives us a holistic view about crucial and controversial events
that took place (or are taking place) in our local communities and its
effect vis-à-vis to national affairs.
• The study of local history might encourages preservation- cultural
heritages.
• It paves the way to clear understanding of historical patterns and
their connections with each other that procures vivid view of
history in general.
• Allows us to study national events within the context of local
communities
• All history is local
• Loca history help us understand our ancestors in context
• Local histories help us who you are
ORAL HISTORY
• Oral history is the systematic collection of
living people’s testimony about their own
experiences. (Park, 2013)
• Oral history can be defined as the recording,
preservation and interpretation of historical
information, based on the personal
experiences and opinions of the speaker.
(Centre for Urban History-University of Leicester )
• Includes: spoken memories, stories, songs
which contain historical information
SCOPE OF ORAL HISTORY
• Geo-political history: an area like a village
or housing estate, a whole town.
• Local culture, indigenous knowledge
systems and practices of a particular
group in a geographical area, folklore,
myths, music history, epic, etc.
• Family history, life of a particular
individual, etc
SOURCES OF ORAL HISTORY
• Eyewitnesses
• priests
• tribal elders
• members of a particular group
METHODOLOGY OF ORAL HISTORY
• Oral interview
• recording (audio-video) but needs
informed consent
• data transcription
IMPORTANCE OF ORAL HISTORY
• helps us understand how individuals and
communities experienced the forces of
history.
• teaches us what has changed and what
has stayed the same over time.
• preserves for future generations a sound
portrait of who we are in the present and
what we remember about the past.
(Baylor University Manual for Oral History)
Presented by: Joshua Simon-
Bernabe Jimenez
What is CONSTITUTION?
DES
LAND REFORM vs AGRARIAN REFORM
-a process of redistributing
-concerned with the
land from the landlords to
total development of
tenant-farmers in order that
the farmers’ economic,
they will be given a chance
social and political
to own a piece of land to
transformation.
improve their plight.
DES
Agrarian Reform covers some or all the elements:
(Sicat)
2 Cooperative Marketing
3 Agricultural Investment
DES
HI STO RY
OF
AGRARIAN REFORM
Pre-Spanish Period
A rudimentary form of private ownership was practiced.
The tribal hunters and gatherers existed in their resource ranges, with
no system of land-ownership.
DES
Spanish Period
A new land-ownership system was introduced
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
The encomienderos were replaced by the
“cacique class.” However, acquisition of
land holdings became rampant particularly
among religious orders and few private
individuals. Share tenancy or the “Kasama
System” came into existence. Large
landholders leased portions of their landed
1 Enforced Labor;
DES
American Period
*Many caciques who had maintained their
positions through the Spanish period were
able to keep and even strengthen their
positions under the American.
*(1903-1938) There was an increase in
tenancy rate and decrease in land
ownership.
DES
*the United States negotiated the purchase
of 23 Friar Estates during the early years
of the century. The land was subdivided
and offered for sale to Filipinos residing on
it.
DES
*The Public Land Act of 1902 which
became effective on July 26, 1904, offered
homestead plots not in excess of 16
hectares to families who had occupied and
cultivated the tract they were residing on
since August 1, 1898.
DES
*The SAKDALISTA movement was
initiated in 1930 by Benigno Ramos since
he felt it would merely strengthen the
cacique system. Over hundred sakdalistas
were killed.
DES
*Pedr Aba Santos, social &
o d a ist
peasa lead almost again th
nt
candidateerof Pampango wo st during
landlords e
n He espoused the idea
the 1940 elections.
of expropriation of religious and public
estates and their subdivisions to tenant
farmers as the only solution to agrarian
unrest.
DES
The Present Republic
{ }
*There was agitation in the rebel groups
particularly the HUKBALAHAP to wage a
continuing peasant struggle for agrarian
{
reform.
*In 1946, Pres. Manuel
Roxas enacted RA No. 36 of
1946 to solve land tenure
}
problems.
DES
*September 1954, Pres. Ramon
Magsaysay signed into law RA
No. 1199 as amended by RA No.
2263 which allowed for the
division of crops. }
*In 1955, the Land Reform Act was
enacted which caused a great deal of
controversy.
DES
*In 1963, Pres. Diosdado Macapagal
signed into law RA No. 3844, otherwise
known as the Agricultural Land Reform
Code. It failed because of political
pressures.
DES
*On September 21, 1972, Pres.
Ferdinand Marcos issued PD No.
2 declaring the Philippines as land
reform area.
*On Oct. 21, 1972, Pres. Marcos signed
PD No. 27, “emancipating the tenant –
farmers from the bondage of soil.”
DES
Under the New Constitution…
DES
What is CARP?
• Landless farmers
• Agricultural lessees, tenants,
regular, seasonal and other
farmworkers
Government Offices involved?
DES
8
TAXATION
Presented by: Joshua Simon-Bernabe Jimenez
WHAT IS TAXATION?
• Is a means by which governments
finance their expenditure by imposing
charges on citizens and corporate
entities
• Refers to the practice of a
government collecting money from its
citizens to pay for public services
PHILIPPINE TAXATION
• WHAT ARE TAXES- mandatory
contributions of everyone to raise
revenue for nation-building.
REMEMBER:
“It is our duty to pay our taxes”
WHY DOES GOVERNMENT COLLECT
TAXES? – to provide basic services such as
education, health and infrastructure and other
social services for all
• WHO PAY TAXES? – We all pay
taxes, either directly or indirectly
(income/consumption)
*income tax- based on the ability-to-pay
principle wherein people with higher
income should pay more.
*consumption tax- based on the
amount of goods and services utilized
• WHERE DO TAXES GO?- It is used
to fund social services and
government investment/programs
LEGAL BASES OF PHILIPPINE
CONSTITUTION
• Constitution (Article VI, Section 28)
• National Internal Revenue Code (RA
No. 8424- Tax Reform Act of 1997)
• RA No. 10963 or the Tax Reform for
Acceleration and Inclusion Act of 2017
• RA No. 7160 or the Local Government
Code of 1991
• The imposition of taxes is done by
law through the Bureau of Internal
Revenue (BIR, collector of national
taxes) while on the local level,
collected by local treasury.
BRIEF HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE
TAXATION
• SPANISH ERA
*Contador de’ Resultas- Chief Royal
Accountant (similar function to BIR)
tributo- same with tax today
• AMERICAN ERA
*BIR was created in July 2, 1904 under
the term of civil governor Luke E.
Wright
• AMERICAN ERA
*BIR was created in July 2, 1904 under
the term of civil governor Luke E.
Wright
• JAPANESE ERA
*BIR was combined with the Customs
Office
• POST-WAR ERA
*re-establishment of the BIR
*the country was divided in 31 inspection
units, each was under a Provincial Revenue
Agent and City Revenue Agent
*adoption of withholding tax system (1951)
*Regionalization scheme (1954-1957)
*Jose Aranas- 1st Commissioner of BIR
*Tax Census Division (1958)
*RA No. 233, Rewards Law (Strictly enforce
the payment of taxes)
*72 inspection districts were created
• MARCOS ADMINISTRATION
*Blue Master Program & Voluntary Tax
Compliance Program (for transparency &
honesty)
*Tax Account Number (faster verication)
*National Internal Revenue Code of 1977 (it
updated the 1934 Tax Code)
• AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
*Operation:Walang Lagay launched on 1986
(for honest and efficient collection)
*Value-added tax (VAT)
*TAN to TIN (Tax Identification Number)
• RAMOS ADMINISTRATION
*Tax Computerization Project (TCP)
• ESTRADA ADMINISTRATION
*Humingi ng Resibo, Manalo ng libo-Libo
• ARROYO ADMINISTRATION-
*Electronic Filing and Payment System
(eFPS)- for paperless filing of tax returns
*Oplan Kandado Program (closed erring
businesses)
• AQUINO ADMINISTRATION
*The BIR was collect more than one-half of
the total revenues of the government
• DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION
*RA 10963 or the TRAIN LAW
KIND OF TAXES
• DIRECT TAXES (tax from your
income/property- ex. Personal,
corporate income taxes, capital taxes)
• INDIRECT TAXES (tax based on
consumption- ex. Excise taxes,
percentage tax, and documentary
stamp tax (DST)
DIRECT TAXES
• INCOME TAX- direct tax paid by an
individual or organization imposed on:
*compensation income (salaries, bonuses,
fringe benefits, and other allowances)
*business income(professional fee, trades,
gains from sail of asset)
*passive income (tax on deposits, royalties
and dividends)
INDIRECT TAXES
• VALUE-ADDED TAXES- imposed on
goods and services (usually passed on
buyer)
• PERCENTAGE TAX- business tax
imposed on person or entities
/transactions
• EXCISE TAX- tax on selected goods that
have negative externalities and are non-
essentials (either specific or ad valorem)
NATIONAL TAXES
• INCOME TAX
• ESTATE TAX (pamana tax)
• DONOR’S TAX (donation or gift)
• VALUE-ADDED TAX
• PERCENTAGE TAX
• EXCISE TAX
• DOCUMENTARY STAMP TAX
LOCAL TAXES
• Tax being collected by local treasury
*Real Property Tax- tax imposed on
real properties including lands,
buildings, improvements, and
machinery
*Parking fees
TRAIN LAW
• Tax Reform for Acceleration and
Inclusion (TRAIN)
• For Education, Healthcare Services &
Infrastructure
TRAIN Tax Law: Primer, Guide &
BIR Sample Computations
THANK YOU!
LONG QUIZ & FINAL EXAMINATION:
POINTERS TO REVIEW
TOPICS POINTS
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN
HISTORY: Agrarian Reform Policies (CARP)
S
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN
HISTORY: Evolution of Philippine Constitution E
POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ISSUES IN
HISTORY: Philippine Taxation (History and Basic
C
R
LOCAL AND ORAL HISTORY: Definition, Sources,
Methods & Relevances E
T
Type of Test: MAKITAN TO!!!