Aecs Report
Aecs Report
Aecs Report
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
Submitted by
SUPERVISOR
DR.ASHA RANI
PROFESSOR
DECEMBER, 2022
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
CERTIFICATE
5G is carried out by
We avail this opportunity to express our deep sense of gratitude and heart-
ful thanks to Dr. Teegala Vijender Reddy, Chairman and Sri Teegala
Upender Reddy, Secretary of VCE, for providing a congenial atmosphere to
complete this project successfully.
M NARENDRA KUMAR
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Abstract
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Table of Contents
v
Abbreviations
Abbreviation Description
Introduction
1.1 Antenna
A antenna is characterized by Webster’s Dictionary as ”a generally metallic
device (as a bar or a wire) for emanating or getting radio waves.” The IEEE
Standard Definitions of Terms for Antennas (IEEE Std 145–1983) characterizes
the antenna as ”a method for emanating or getting radio waves”, at the end
of the day the antenna is the momentary structure between free-space and a
device. The guiding device or transmission line may appear as a coaxial line
or an hollow pipe (waveguide), and it is utilized to transmit electromagnetic
energy from the communicating source to the antenna or from the antenna
to the device. Usually, we have a transmitting antenna first and in the end
a receiving antenna. There are generally six types of antennas they are:
• Wire antenna
• Aperture antenna.
• Microstrip antenna
• Array antenna
• Reflector antenna
• Lens antenna.
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surface of a PCB (printed circuit board), with a metal foil ground plane on
the other side of the board. Most microstrip antennas consist of multiple
patches in a two-dimensional array. The antenna is usually connected to the
transmitter or receiver through foil microstrip transmission lines.
The radio frequency current is applied (or in receiving antennas the received
signal is produced) between the antenna and ground plane. Microstrip antennas
have become very popular in recent decades due to their thin planar profile
which can be incorporated into the surfaces of consumer products, aircraft and
missiles; their ease of fabrication using printed circuit techniques; the ease of
integrating the antenna on the same board with the rest of the circuit, and
the possibility of adding active devices such as microwave integrated circuits
to the antenna itself to make active antennas Patch antenna
• Gain
• Bandwidth
• Radiation pattern
• Beam width
• Polarization
• Impedance
1.2.1 Gain
1.2.2 Bandwidth
In the radiation pattern of an antenna, the main lobe is the main beam
of the antenna where maximum and constant energy radiated, by the antenna
Literature Survey
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great potential to achieve low profile with wide bandwidth. In , a top-hat Yagi
monopole obtains a low profile of 0.033L and a bandwidth of 20.5, achieving a
profile of 0.047L and a 4.53:1 bandwidth. Soon after that, a 2-18 GHz array
utilizing multiple elements of monopole, top-hat monopole, and top-hat folded
monopole was designed with a profile of 0.053L. Such monopole type array
usually has a top layer supported only by the vertical posts, therefore, the
whole array is not a planar structure and not solid. In, a Yagi antenna based
on microstrip magnetic dipole elements was designed with a very low profile
of 0.025L and a bandwidth of 13.1easy feeding and fabrication technology. In,
a 5-element series-fed magnetic dipole array was proposed with a low profile
of 0.026L and a bandwidth of 28.6compact cavity-backed slot antenna was
presented in. It achieved a bandwidth of 17.7profile is relatively large since
a cavity with a big height was used. In, a wideband log-periodic slot array
backed by a single cavity was presented. However, the profile of the array
is as thick as 0.2L. In this letter, a planar log-periodic array antenna based
on cavity-backed slot is proposed. The array consists of a superstrate with
thirteen slot elements and a substrate with a microstrip feeding line. The slot
element is made of a rectangular microstrip patch with three sides shorted and
one side open. The feeding line is meandered to achieve the right length for
the required phase difference between two adjacent elements. Each element is
connected to the feeding line by probes protruding into both the superstrate
and substrate. By choosing appropriate dimensions, each slot element of the
array can work in different frequency obeying the logarithm function with
a same height. The final optimized antenna has a planar structure and an
extremely low profile of 0.047L. A prototype has been fabricated and tested.
Measured results show a good agreement with simulated ones.
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thing ranging from material to boundaries and it even has fast, interpolation
and discrete solution setups which is beneficial for both narrow and wide band
problems. Discrete solution gives us the precise result which matches with the
Fabrication results. It’s useful for solve all kinds of microwave problems. Auto-
mated solution process can are often achieved in HFSS simulator. It provides
potential access and unlimited for solving critical problems. It increases the
product functionality, and better data rates and frequencies are often achieved
and it identifies the meshes scaling challenges in simulation to push for bigger,
better, faster andit always presents to meshing and solving like 5G milli meter
wave modules ina computer to check a complex system with multiple printed
(PCBs) boards, including connectors and cables. Mesh fusion with multiple
fusion with same design and same reliability will be solved by HFSS simulator.
the above figure depicts the layout of the project of planar low-profile log-
periodic antenna based on cavity-backed slot which is built on the ANSYStool
where we have take two rectangular boxes of dimensions 175x150x1.5 and
superimpose them on each other then take a rectangular sheet of dimensions
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Figure 4.1: ANSYS deign tool
175x150 and place it in between these two boxes to complete the base structure.
A port is created and given a lumped port excitation for which the bridge
is given as ground reference as shown in the figure below
The sweep is defined from 60GHz with 451 points in it in the discrete
mode as shown in figure
Results
Figure 5.1: Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains of the
proposed antenna.
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Figure 5.3: Measured and simulated reflection coefficients and gains of the
proposed antenna.
6.1 Conclusion
A planar log-periodic antenna with a very low profile for 5G has been
proposed in this letter. It consists of thirteen cavity-backed slots on the top
substrate layer which are fed by a meandered microstrip line on the bottom
substrate layer through metallic probes. A prototype of the proposed array
antenna has been fabricated and tested. Simulated and measured results are
in good agreement. The proposed array antenna can be flush mounted on a
large conducting plane and may be useful in applications such as vehicles and
aircrafts due to its planar structure and low profile.
6.2 References
[1] Kraus, J.D. and R.J. Marhefka. Antennas: For All Applications, 3rd
edition, McGraw-Hill, 2003 [2] R. W. Hougardy and R. C. Hansen, “Scanning
surface wave antennas-oblique surface waves over a corrugated conductor,” IRE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 370–376, Oct. 1958. [3] T. F.
Carberry, “Beam tilt-angle compensation for a rotatable flush-mounted surface-
wave antenna on an asymmetrical ground plane,” IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag., vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 135–136, Jan. 1968. [4] Z. Chen and Z. Shen,
“Wideband flush-mounted surface wave antenna of very low profile,” IEEE
Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 2430–2438, Jun. 2015. [5]
J. W. Eberle, C. A. Levis, and D. McCoy, “The flared slot: A moderately
directive flush-mounted broad-band antenna,” IRE Trans. Antennas Propag.,
vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 461–468, Sep. 1960. [6] Y. Zhao, Z. Shen, and W.
Wu, “Wideband and low-profile H-plane ridged SIW horn antenna mounted
on a large conducting plane,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no.
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11, pp. 5895–5900, Sep. 2014. [7] Y. Cai, et al., “Design of compact air- vias-
perforated SIW horn antenna with partially detached broad walls,” IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag., vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 2100–2107, Jun. 2016. [8] Z. Hu, Z.
Shen, W. Wu, and J. Lu, “Low-profile top-hat monopole Yagi antenna for
end-fire radiation,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 5484–
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Hu, W. Wang, Z. Shen, and W. Wu, “Low-profile helical quasi-Yagi antenna
array with multibeams at the endfire direction,” IEEE Antennas Wireless
Propag. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 1241-1244, 2017. [14] J. Liu and Q. Xue,
“Microstrip magnetic dipole Yagi array antenna with endfire radiation and
vertical polarization,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 1140–
1147, Mar. 2013. [15] L. Yang, J.-D. Zhang, and W. Wu, “Wideband microstrip
series-fed magnetic dipole array antenna,” Electron. Lett., vol. 50, no. 24, pp.
1793-1795, 2014. [16] M. A. Basit, G. Wen, N. Rasool, and X. Xue, “A Wide-
band cavity-backed slot antenna for end-fire radiation,” Microw. Opt. Tech.
Lett., vol. 58, pp. 193, 2016. [17] Y. Huang, J. Li, G. Wen, and
H. Zhang, “A 6-18 GHz cavity-backed log-periodic-slot end-fire antenna for
conformal application,” in Proc. Int. Symp. Antennas Propag. USNC-URSI
Nat. Radio Sci. Meeting, 2017, pp. 1549–1550. [18] Z. Chen and Z. Shen,
“Conformal cavity-backed slot antenna embedded in a conical platform for end-
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