TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
Axial Skeleton: consists of skull, vertebral column, & ribcage (ribs + sternum).
Appendicular Skeleton: consists of upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle (pectoral girdle), hip
girdle (pelvic girdle).
Bone Classification: there are 5 diff. types
● Long: humerus, fibia, femur, ulna, etc…
● Short: tarsals, carpals
TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
Vertebral Column (Spine) Diagram:
TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
3 Lines of Bones:
1. Periosteum: outside tough membrane
2. Compact bone: middle layer containing living bone cells called “osteocytes” set in a
matrix of calcium phosphate & collagen.
3. Spongy bone: contains bone marrow–which contains immature cells (stem cells) that can
develop into RBC/WBC.
Periosteum: covers bone, is a place for tendon & ligament attachment, and brings blood, lymph
vessels, and nerves into bone.
Compact bone: dense layer of bone tissue composed of cylinders/tubes of minerals; is strong.
Bone Marrow–Yellow Bone Marrow: stores fat that serves as an energy reserve & contains blood
vessels and nerve cells.
Osteocytes: bone cells.
● Osteoblasts: are/aid new bone cells added to bone.
● Osteoclasts: bone cells that break down damaged bone cells for osteoblasts.
Cartilage: semi-solid, flexible connective tissue; acts as a shock absorber and is found in ears &
nose.
- Ossification: process of cartilage gradually being replaced by bone.
Joints: connection point where two bones meet. There are 2 types of joints:
● Immovable (fixed): a solid union of two or more bones; provides protection.
● Movable: basic components of the locomotor system–which allows the body to move.
TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
R.I.C.E: Rest and relaxation, Ice limits pain and reduces swelling, Compression limits swelling,
and Elevation of injured area reduces swelling.
TPJ3M1-02 U2: Review
Ribs Diagram:
Osteoarthritis (Wear and tear, OA): when cartilage at the end of bones gradually deteriorates, and
bone starts to rub on the other bone(s).
- Diagnosed by review of symptoms, physical examination, x-rays, and lab tests.
- Can be seen under x-rays when there is less space between the bones and bone
spurs appearing.