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A POPULAR SYSTEM
OF
CLASSICAL INSTRUCTION,
COMBINING THE METHODS
OF LOCKE, ASCHAM, MILTON , &c.
ESOP'S FABLES,
AS ROMANIZED BY
PHEDRUS ;
LIN::
ON MR. LOCKE'S PLAN
WITH
THIRD EDITION.
M
LONDON:
AMAAMMALLARI
L144259
864 הספריה הלאומית
S 64 C 10967
Phaedrus
Aesop's fables :
C.1
3088716-10 ASH
AME
67
64 C 109
l APRIL, 1832.
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.
WORKS
TEXT BOOKS
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Greek. Greek.
THE ANABASIS of XENOPHON. Edi THE PROMETHEUS of ÆSCHYLUS,
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APRIL, 1832 .
LOCKE'S
LATIN. GREEK .
1. PHÆDRUS'S FABLES OF ESOP. 3d Edit. 1. LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES. Selections.
2. OVID'S METAMORPHOSES,Book I. 2dEdit. 2. THE ODES OF ANACREON. 2d Edit.
3. VIRGIL'S ENEID, Book I. 4th Edit. 3. HOMER'S ILIAD, Book I. 3d Edit.
4. PARSING LESSONS TO VIRGIL. 4th Edit. 4. PARSING LESSONS TO HOMER. 2d Edit.
5. CÆSAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 3d Ed. 5. XENOPHON'S MEMORABILIA, Bk I. 2d Ed.
6. TACITUS'S LIFE OF AGRICOLA, Part I. 6. HERODOTUS'S HISTORIES . Selections.
ITALIAN. FRENCH .
STORIES FROM ITALIAN WRITERS, AL SISMONDI : THE BATTLES OF CRESSY AND
FIERI, BARETTI, CASTIGLIONE, &c. POICTIERS.
THE Course of Study to be pursued in the use of these Books, is fully developed
in the Preface to each volume : but the principal directions there detailed may be
thus briefly presented at one view.
1. Let the student of the Latin language commence with the FABLES OF PHÆ
DRUS ; and by the aid of the Interlinear Translation and Notes, make himself
thoroughly master of the sense of each Fable in the single Latin Text ; so tho
roughly, as to be able, not only to render the original, word for word, into English
sentences, but also, when examined without the Book, to give the English for
each Latin word , and again, the Latin for each English, unassisted by the con
nexion of the story.
2. Having acquired from Phædrus a considerable number of common Latin
words, without attempting their grammatical analysis, let him proceed, in exactly
the same manner, with the First Book of OVID'S METAMORPHOSES, which will
make a large addition to his vocabulary in words of less common use. The reading
of this Book should be accompanied with the study of the Accidence, as given in
the London Latin Grammar. Taking small portions at a time, as, for instance, the
first declension of Nouns with the first lesson of Ovid, the student should remark
what words in the lesson appear to correspond in form to any of those cases,--and
so on, till the distinction of the Parts of Speech is clearly understood, and the
Tables of Declension are learned by heart.
3. The regular inflections of the language being thus acquired from the examples
in the Grammar,-let him take up the First Book of VIRGIL'S ÆNEID, and after
construing the Latin text, as in Phædrus and Ovid, according to the Interlinear
Translation,-let him learn to analyse each sentence from the supplementary vo..
lume of PARSING LESSONS ; which will enable him, not only to assign every word
in each Lesson to its proper part of speech, but to give a full description of its
peculiar modification, if inflected from its simple form. In this stage of his course
he will derive great benefit from frequently altering the signs and forms of nouns
and verbs in the Single English Version, so as to require the use of different cases,
tenses, &c. of the same Latin word-an exercise which will give him complete
power over the Inflections of the language.
4. Let him now proceed with CESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN ; and accompany
each reading with a small portion of the Latin Syntax in the same manner as
he accompanied Ovid with the Accidence of the Grammar. This will gradually
render him familiar withthe Construction of the language. The style of the Com
mentaries is remarkably easy of Construction, and therefore peculiarly adapted for
this exercise ; which is further facilitated by the Rules of Syntax, in the London
Latin Grammar, being principally exemplified from this part of Cæsar, and the
Book of Virgil's Æneid already analysed. After finishing Cæsar, he should recur
METHOD OF STUDY.
M^^^^^^^^^^^an
to the Virgil, which he before used only as a praxis of inflection, and make himself
master ofthe construction by the rules of Syntax, and also of the scanning of each
line by the rules of Prosody.
5. In reading the LIFE OF AGRICOLA byTacitus, he should endeavour to combine
in each lesson the exercises of inflection and construction which hitherto he has
taken separately ; describing single words according to their several declensions,
and compound phrases according to their several dependencies.
In learning the Greek language, precisely the same method may be followed in
the correspondent Parts of the Series.
1. LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES furnish a copious Vocabulary as the elementary volume.
2. ANACREON'S ODEs present a variety of simple sentences, from which to dis
tinguish the Parts of Speech, as given in the London Greek Grammar.
3. HOMER'S ILIAD, accompanied by the supplementary volume of PARSING LES
SONS, involves a complete Praxis in the Inflections ofthe language.
4. XENOPHON'S MEMORABILIA give an introduction to Syntax, which will be
further familiarized by recurring to the Iliad.
5. HERODOTUS'S HISTORIES Supply an interesting subject-matter, on which to
practise in combination the various exercises separately performed in the previous
volume.
Afterthus going through the Latin or Greek series, the Student is strongly recom
mended to recur to the earlier volumes, in the same order as before, and to exer.
cise the whole of his grammatical knowledge in each of those parts, as well as in
the last, using the Interlinear Translation as little as possible, and giving more
attention to the Notes than in his first reading.
By the completion of this Elementary Course, he will not only be perfectly com
petent to enter on the reading of other Classic Authors, without the aid of a trans
lation, but will be prepared with a valuable store of words and phrases for Greek
and Latin Composition. The practice of writing in each language according to
these models, will ensure a critical acquaintance with their peculiar delicacies : and
although, in commencing a new Author, the young learner must require some
assistance from judicious commentators, yet, as far as the Language is concerned,
he may rest assured he is already in possession of its leading properties and
powers.
SCHOOL BOOKS,
AS ROMANIZED BY
PHÆDRUS :
WITH A
ACCOMPANIED BY
ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES .
THIRD EDITION.
LONDON :
1832.
1
64 c 10967
с
871.6
LONDON :
Printed by Littlewood and Co.
Old Bailey.
PREFACE .
AS ROMANIZED BY
PHEDRUS .
PROLOGUS.
PROLOGUE.
1.
LUPUS ET AGNUS .
THE WOLF AND THE LAMB.
2.
RANE POSTULANTES REGEM.
THE FROGS REQUIRING A KING.
The least of ills is best.
Ranæ vagantes liberis paludibus, magno
The-frogs rambling in-free marshes, with-great
plies " he snatches up the lamb, and then tears it to pieces." See
a fine new Engraving, illustrative of this Fable, as applied to two
boys, from Mulready's celebrated picture.
* Diutiùs, generally rendered "' longer, " means in this place
"C
longer than was expected :" a common elliptic form.
+ Quod quum- This frequent occurrence of the double relative
seems rather harsh in English ; but in Latin it is not only perspicu
ous but elegant- here perfectly expressing " after-that they had pol
luted this," &c.
FROM PHEDRUS . 5.
3.
SUPERBUS GRACULUS .
THE PROUD JACKDAW.
4.
CANIS NATANS.
THE DOG SWIMMING
5.
6.
LUPUS ET GRUS.
THE WOLF AND THE CRANE. 18
7.
PASSER ET LEPUS.
THE SPARROW AND THE HARE.
8.
9.
10.
11.
VULPES ET CORVUS .
* Rein composition generally signifies " back," or " again ;" but
here the participle re-sidens might be rendered " settling," or " sitting
at ease."
FROM PHÆDRUS. 15
12.
13.
OVIS ET CERVUS .
¡
THE SHEEP AND THE STAG.
14.
PARTURIENS CANIS .
THE BREEDING BITCH.
15.
The verb oro alone commonly signifies " to entreat" - and its
compound ex-oro " to prevail upon : " but the latter is sometimes em
ployed in the sense of the simple verb.
+ It will be observed, that verbs of this form are sometimes eng
lished like those of a different termination ; thus jacerat is here ren
dered as ifjacebat, and elsewhere jacuisset as ifjacuerat. The form
being influenced by the force of some preceding word in the sentence,
the absolute meaning the verb is merged in that which is derived
from its relative position : but we avoid entering into grammatical
dissertation in this elementary volume.
18 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,
16.
MUSTELA ET HOMO.
THE WEASEL AND THE MAN.
17.
FIDELIS CANIS .
THE FAITHFUL DOG .
FROM PHEDRUS. 21
18.
RANA RUPTA.
THE FROG BURST.
19.
VULPES ET CICONIA.
THE FOX AND THE STORK.
* Prior, literally " former :" the comparative degree, in all lan
guages, belonging properly to two subjects, though sometimes remote
from common use.
+ Sorbitio means properly the action of " sipping up." but here
denotes the concrete object of the action : just as we apply the Eng
lish word " draught" to the liquid which is drank.
Latin verbs ending in urio commonly imply desire of the action
expressed by the simple verb : thus edo, esum, signifying " to eat,"
esurio signifies " to wish to eat," or " to be hungry."
See note to page 4, on the double relative.
Many Roman terms relating to the festive board appear to
allude to " the thrill of life" supposed to pervade a social party :
FROM PHEDRUS. 23
20.
VULPES ET AQUILA.
THE FOX AND THE EAGLE.
thus convivium " a banquet," conviva " a guest," &c. are derived
from con " with," and vivo " to live." Perhaps also invito (above)
may have some reference to this conjunctio vita, " the feast of reason,
and the flow of soul."
* Literally, " we have received," i. e. intelligence or tradition ;
the verb accipio being often used in the sense of obtaining informa
tion.
+ Peregrina volucris may denote " a bird of passage : peragro
signifying " to journey, " and volucris “ any winged creature ."
Hence our own word " equ'animity," expressing an impertur
bable evenness of temper, commonly called " patience."
§ Frequently in Latin a possessive adjective is used instead of a
substantive in the genitive case. Some of these might be englished
24 ESOP'S FABLES ,
21.
caput."*
head."
* That is, " it concerns our life ;" caput, the head, as the noblest
part, being considered the representative of vitality. Hence a capital
punishment signifies the deprivation of life.
Horace gives an application of this fable to the subject of the Iliad,
in the line―
“ Quicquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achīvi.”
с
26 SOP'S FABLES ,
22.
MILVIUS ET COLUMBÆ.
THE KITE AND THE DOVES.
ritò ."*
servedly."
23 .
SAPIENS+ LEO .
THE SAGACIOUS LION.
24.
HOMO ET CANIS .
THE MAN AND THE DOG.
* The verb retulit, alone, would express " he carried back : " so
that the adverb retrò may be considered a redundant intensive.
The Latin word modestia does not exactly correspond to our
word " modesty" in its common acceptation ; modestia being derived
from modus a mean, or due proportion, and implying a principle of
moderation and decorum in every thought and action.
Tergus, which is nearly related to tergum, a back, seems here to
signify " the chine."
It would be very easy to reflect many Latin words in our own
form of language ; as laceratum, lacerated, vehemens, vehement, tinc
FROM PHEDRUS . 29
25.
* This might be taken-" to snatch (thy) pigs from thee ;" but the
dative of the personal pronoun sometimes represents the possessive.
+ This form of the verb would elsewhere be rendered as absolutely
perfect, but after such particles as postquam, ubi, &c. it has a more
remote relation.
Literally " with foot suspended," that is, not dropt full on the
ground, but set as lightly and cautiously as possible, as if held up at
intervals for the sake of listening.
§ Replevit is englished, in this fable, exactly like the preceding
verb complevit, as being scarcely distinguishable in another language:
The general meaning of these prefixes has been before explained.
See note to page 14 and 18.
32 ESOP'S FABLES ,
26.
27 .
ANUS AD AMPHORAM .
THE OLD WOMAN TO THE VASE.
The slightest relic of past worth is an invaluable
treasure.
Anus vidit epōtam amphoram* jacere,
An-old-woman saw an-emptied vase to-be-lying on the ground,
quæ adhuc, Falernât fæce, et nobili testâ,
which still, from-Falernian dregs, and a-famous cask,
spargeret latè jucundum odōrem. Postquàm
sprinkled widely a-pleasant scent. After-that
avida traxit hunc totis naribus ;
she-greedy had-drawn this with-her-whole nostrils, she exclaimed ;
" O suavis anima ! qualem§ bonam dicam
" O sweet breath ! how good shall-I-pronounce
te fuisse antehac, cùm tales sint reliquiæ !"
thee to-have-been ere- now, since such are thy remains !"
28.
PANTHERA ET PASTORES .
THE PANTHER AND THE SHEPHERDS.
29.
MUSCA ET MULA.
THE FLY AND THE MULE.
30.
CANIS ET LUPUS .
THE DOG AND THE WOLF.
31.
DICTUM SOCRATIS .
A SAYING OF SOCRATES.
of later date, it signified either what the French call a bonne bouche,
or otherwise something to stimulate the stomach, as contradistin
guished from substantial satisfying food. Phædrus may perhaps
refer to its original acceptation .
* Age This verb is often used adverbially in a sense of en
couragement, corresponding to the French courage ! We have an
""
old expression something more similar ->
- up and be doing."
+ Literally " if there is a mind to thee :" This is a very near
coincidence of idiom with our own. The French use the word envie,
which is not so pretty.
This English is a little accommodated to perspicuity. Planè
means properly " levelly :" but here it implies " without obstacle,
or stumbling-block."
FROM PHÆDRUS . 41
32.
MARGARITA IN STERQUILINIO .
THE PEARL IN THE DUNGHILL .
33 .
"9
appareat." Fuci recusant. Conditio placet
may-be-apparent." The-drones refuse. The-condition pleases
apibus.* Tunc illa sustulit talem sen
the-bees. Then she [the wasp] delivered such sen
tentiam : " Est apertum, quis non-possit,
tence as this : " It-is obvious, who can-not make
aut quis fecerit ; quapropter restituo apibus
or who has-made them ; wherefore I-restore to-the-bees
suum fructum ."
their-own produce."
34.
ESOPUS LUDENS.
ESOP PLAYING.
Attica was the country, of which Athens was the capital city.
A chief city is sometimes called a metropolis of the country ; but, pro
perly speaking, " a mother city" is not so related to its original ter
ritory, though it may be to its colonies.
The game at " nuts," whether Greek or Roman, was prover
bially appropriated to children.
46 ESOP'S FABLES ,
35.
The book is valuable for its fruit, not for its leaves.
36.
PAVO AD JUNONEM .
THE PEACOCK TO JUNO .
37.
MUSTELA ET MURES .
THE WEAZEL AND THE MICE.
jaces."
liest-there."t
38.
VULPES ET UVA.
THE FOX AND THE GRAPE.
39.
EQUUS ET APER.
THE HORSE AND THE BOAR.
40.
VIPERA ET LIMA.
THE VIPER AND THE FILE.
41 .
VULPES ET HIRCUS .
THE FOX AND THE HE- GOAT.
* Altiore-― "" more high ;" the comparative degree being often
used without reference to a specified subject of comparison. See a
note to our Cæsar Part, page 70.
+ The participle of a deponent verb has properly a perfect significa
tion ; which force is not extended to other Latin verbs in an active
sense.
The term vudum is often applied to a shallow of a river or the
sea, but it refers not to the scarcity of the water, but to the nearness
of the ground or bed. Hence the same word is applicable to the
bottom of a deep place, and thus it is used by Virgil in these lines
Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus, et imis
Stagna refusa vadis.
FROM PHÆDRUS. 55
42 .
PERÆ .
THE BAGS.
43.
CAPELLE ET HIRCI.
THE SHE GOATS AND HE GOATS.
44 .
GUBERNATOR ET NAUTÆ.
THE PILOT AND THE SAILORS.
45.
NAUFRAGIUM SIMONIDIS .
THE SHIPWRECK OF SIMONIDES.
46.
MONS PARTURIENS .
47.
FORMICA ET MUSCA.
48 .
HOMO ET ASINUS .
49.
SCURRA ET RUSTICUS .
* It was usual at Rome for the rich to entertain the populace with
"
games" at their own expence. Spectaculum may not appear a
proper term for this exhibition, but it was used generally, like the
French " spectacle."
+ Literally, " city salt : ”—This epithet was a sufficient panegyric
in ancient times, as contradistinguished from coarse or rustic.
66 ESOP'S FABLES.
50.
VENATOR ET CANIS .
THE HUNTSMAN AND THE DOG.
* Phædrus wrote his fifth and last book of fables in his old age,
and seems to think it necessary thus to bespeak favor for his senile
production but no apology is requisite. Old age is ever tenacious
of its claims, as if diffident oftheir validity ; and we must beg pardon
of Phædrus, for not altering the title of our pages, as his humour
directed. He begins with acknowledging Esop as his master, and
he treats him with due observance in his earlier books : but, anon —
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo.
He finds that his own strength grows with the growth of his fame,
- and at length declares of his fables -
Quas Esopeas, non Æsopi nomino ;
Quasi paucas ille ostendit, ego plures dissero,
Usus vetusto genere, sed rebus novis.
Phædrus has given us a moral where he did not point one ; and
we would impress it on our youthful readers in this form - Lean on
us for a while, till you are sure of your own strength : we will make
you independent of ourselves, scholars in your own right ; and when
you feel that your footing is firm , and your course clear, then, if you
can forget the name of LOCKE, may forget that you ever received
information or assistance from His Method of Classical Instruction.
REMARKS
ON THE
METRE OF PHEDRUS .
the two next short ; or, vice versa, the first two
short, and the third long.
4. These varieties give us the following feet as
constituting this kind of verse : Ist , called the
Iambus ; 2nd, the Spondee ; 3rd , the
Tribrach ; 4th, ~~~ the Dactyl ; and 5th ,
the Anapast. A 6th of unfrequent occurrence is
found in some writers, called the Proce
leusmaticus.
PHÆDRI
FABULARUM ÆSOPICARUM
LIBRIS QUINQUE .
PROLOGUS .
1.
LUPUS ET AGNUS
2.
3.
GRACULUS SUPERBUS.
4.
CANIS NATANS .
5.
6.
LUPUS ET GRUS.
7.
PASSER ET LEPUS .
8.
9.
ASINUS ET LEO VENANTES.
10.
CERVUS CORNIBUS IMPEDITUS .
11.
VULPES ET CORVUS.
Quùm de fenestrâ Corvus raptum caseum
Comesse vellet, celsâ residens arbore ;
Hunc vidit Vulpes , deindè sic cœpit loqui :
" O qui tuarum, Corve, pennārum est nitor !
66
Quantùm decoris corpore et vultu geris !
Si vocem habēres, nullă prior ales foret. "
At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ostendere,
Emisit ore caseum ; quem cělĕriter
Dolōsa Vulpes ǎvidis răpăit dentibus.
12.
ASINUS EGREGIE CORDATUS .
13.
OVIS ET CERVUS .
14.
CANIS PARTURIENS .
15.
16.
MUSTELA ET HOMO.
17.
CANIS FIDELIS.
18.
RANA RUPTA.
19.
VULPES ET CICONIA.
20.
VULPES ET AQUILA.
21.
RANÆ METUENTES TAURORUM PROLIA.
22.
MILVIUS ET COLUMBÆ.
Columbæ sæpe quùm fugissent Milvium,
Et cělěritāte pennæ evitâssent necem ,
Consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam ,
Et genus inerme tali decēpit dolo :
" Quare solicitum potiùs ævum ducitis,
Quàm regem me creatis , (icto fœdere,)
Qui vos ab omni tutas præstem injuriâ ?”
Illæ credentes tradunt sese Milvio ;
Qui, regnum adeptus , cœpit vesci singulas,
Et exercere impĕrium sævis unguibus
De reliquis tunc ait ună, " Měritò plectimur.'
23 .
LEO SAPIENS .
Super juvencum stabat dejectum Leo :
Prædātor intervenit, partem postulans :
" Darem," inquit, " nisi solēres per te sumere :"
Et improbum rejecit. Fortè innoxius
Viator est deductus în eundem locum,
Ferōque viso, rettulit retrò pedem,
LIBRIS QUINQUE . 85
24.
HOMO ET CANIS .
25.
AQUILA, FELIS , ET APER.
((
Magno," inquit, " in periculo sunt nati tui.
Nam simul exiĕris pastum cum těněro grege,
Aquila est parātă răpĕre porcellos tibi .”
Hunc quoque timōre postquàm complēvit locum,
Dolōsa tuto condidit sese cavo :
Indè evagāta noctu suspenso pede ,
Ubi escâ se replēvit et prolem suam ,
Pavōrem sĭmulans prospicit toto die.
Ruinam mětuens ăquila ramis desidet
Aper rapīnam vitans non prodit foras.
Quid multa ? Inědĭâ sunt consumpti cum suis ;
Felisque cătulis largam præbuerunt dapem.
26.
27.
ANUS AD AMPHORAM.
Anus jacere vidit epōtam amphoram,
Adhuc Falernâ fæce, et testâ nobili,
Odōrem quæ jucundum latè spargeret.
Hunc postquàm totis ăvĭda traxit naribus ;
" O suavis ănĭma ! qualem te dicam bonam
Antehâc fuisse, tales cùm sint reliquiæ ?"
28.
PANTHERA ET PASTORES .
29.
MUSCA ET MULA.
30.
CANIS ET LUPUS.
31.
SOCRATIS DICTUM.
32.
MARGARITA IN STERQUILINIO .
33.
34.
ESOPUS LUDENS.
35.
ARBORES IN TUTELA DEORUM .
Olim, quas vellent esse in tutēlâ sua ,
Divi legerunt arbores. Quercus Jovi ,
Et Myrtus Věnĕri plăcuit : Phœbo Laurea,
Pinus Cybēla, Populus celsa Herculi.
Minerva admirans, quarè stěrĭles sumerent,
Interrogavit. Causam dixit Jupiter ;
" Honorem fructu ne viděāmur vendere.”
66 At, meherculè narrabit, quod quis võluerit
36.
PAVO AD JUNONEM .
37.
MUSTELA ET MURES .
38.
VULPES ET UVA.
39.
EQUUS ET APER.
40.
VIPERA ET LIMA.
41 .
VULPES ET HIRCUS .
42 .
PERÆ .
43.
CAPELLE ET HIRCI.
44.
GUBERNATOR ET NAUTE.
45.
NAUFRAGIUM SIMONIDIS .
f
96 E PHEDRI FABULARUM
46.
MONS PARTURIENS .
.47.
FORMICA ET MUSCA.
48.
HOMO ET ASINUS .
49.
SCURRA ET RUSTICUS .
50.
VENATOR ET CANIS .
FINIS .
LONDON :
Printed by Littlewood and Co.,
Old Bailey.
3
……………un
I.
The ANABASIS of XENOPHON . Edited by GEORGE
LONG, Esq. A. M., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cam
bridge. One vol. 12mo. 5s .; 8vo. 8s . The Text is founded
MITT
on an Examination of the MSS. Readings ; the Variations
of Dindorff, Bornemann, and Poppo, are given at the bottom
of the Page.
II.
The PRINCIPAL ROOTS of the LATIN LANGUAGE,
simplified by a Display of their Incorporation into the
English Tongue. By H. HALL Third edition. 12mo.
III.
The ELEMENTS OF ARITHMETIC . By AUGUSTUS DE
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" Instead of merely learning a number of rules by rote, the pupil
learns to refer every thing to reason, and he is taught how to do so
and thus he will often be able to ascertain the meaning of an ambi
guous passage, or supply the defect of an imperfect proof. It is
My
only thus that any knowledge of the principles of Arithmetic can be
acquired ; and although it is not necessary to resort to these con
siderations, to attain practical facility in performing arithmetical
operations, we have little doubt that this will be gained quite as a
pidly under instruction, such as Professor De Morgan's Treatise
affords, as it is from the old course of mere rules and examples, and
it will certainly be gained better. "- Journal of Education, No. I.
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cessfully and completely." Journal of Education, No. III.