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A POPULAR SYSTEM
OF

CLASSICAL INSTRUCTION,
COMBINING THE METHODS
OF LOCKE, ASCHAM, MILTON , &c.

ESOP'S FABLES,
AS ROMANIZED BY

PHEDRUS ;

IN LATIN AND ENGLISH, INTERLINEAR ;

LIN::
ON MR. LOCKE'S PLAN
WITH

THE ORIGINAL TEXT ;

IN WHICH THE QUANTITY OF THE DOUBTFUL VOWELS

IS DENOTED.
ILLUSTRATED WITH NOTES.

THIRD EDITION.
M

LONDON:

PRINTED FOR JOHN , TAYLOR,

30, UPPER GOWER-STREET.
AND SOLD BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.

67 Price 2s. 6d.

AMAAMMALLARI
L144259
864 ‫הספריה הלאומית‬
S 64 C 10967
Phaedrus
Aesop's fables :
C.1

3088716-10 ASH
AME
 67
64 C 109
 l APRIL, 1832.

UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.

WORKS

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Greek. Greek.
THE ANABASIS of XENOPHON. Edi THE PROMETHEUS of ÆSCHYLUS,
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Fellow ofTrinity College, Cambridge. 8vo, 1s. 6d.
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fixed, a Collation with the text of A TABLE of REFERENCE to CICE.
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 APRIL, 1832 .
LOCKE'S

SYSTEM OF CLASSICAL INSTRUCTION,

RESTORING THE METHOD OF TEACHING FORMERLY PRACTISED IN
All Public Schools .

THE FIRST COURSE CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING

INTERLINEAR TRANSLATIONS ;
WITH
The Original Text, in which the Quantity of the Doubtful Vowels is
denoted ; Critical and Explanatory Notes, &c. &c.
Each Volume 2s. 6d.

LATIN. GREEK .
1. PHÆDRUS'S FABLES OF ESOP. 3d Edit. 1. LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES. Selections.
2. OVID'S METAMORPHOSES,Book I. 2dEdit. 2. THE ODES OF ANACREON. 2d Edit.
3. VIRGIL'S ENEID, Book I. 4th Edit. 3. HOMER'S ILIAD, Book I. 3d Edit.
4. PARSING LESSONS TO VIRGIL. 4th Edit. 4. PARSING LESSONS TO HOMER. 2d Edit.
5. CÆSAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN. 3d Ed. 5. XENOPHON'S MEMORABILIA, Bk I. 2d Ed.
6. TACITUS'S LIFE OF AGRICOLA, Part I. 6. HERODOTUS'S HISTORIES . Selections.
ITALIAN. FRENCH .
STORIES FROM ITALIAN WRITERS, AL SISMONDI : THE BATTLES OF CRESSY AND
FIERI, BARETTI, CASTIGLIONE, &c. POICTIERS.

HEBREW BIBLE. GREEK TESTAMENT.

THE BOOK OF GENESIS IN ENGLISH HE THE TRIGLOTT TESTAMENT, Interlinear;
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Translation, substantially the same as the text of Griesbach, the Latin chiefly of
Authorised English Version, Philological Beza and Montanus, and the English of
Notes, and a Grammatical Introduction, the Authorised Version accommodated to
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tion, corrected. 8vo. Price 8s. or with to IV.; price 4s. 6d. each, containing Mat
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10s. 6d. lished.

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THE LONDON GREEK GRAMMAR, 3s. 6d. cloth. Third Edition.
The Examples of Syntax in these Grammars are takenfrom the above books
of Virgil and Cæsar, Homer and Xenophon.
The Connection of the several Parts, as well as the general Principle and
Authority of the whole Series, is exhibited at large in
AN ESSAY, EXPLANATORY of the system.
Price 2s. 6d. Boards.

"We do amiss to spend seven or eight years in scraping together so

much miserable Latin and Greek as may be learned otherwise easily and
delightfully in one year."-Milton.

PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR, 30, UPPER GOWER STREET.

 METHOD OF STUDY.

THE Course of Study to be pursued in the use of these Books, is fully developed
in the Preface to each volume : but the principal directions there detailed may be
thus briefly presented at one view.
1. Let the student of the Latin language commence with the FABLES OF PHÆ
DRUS ; and by the aid of the Interlinear Translation and Notes, make himself
thoroughly master of the sense of each Fable in the single Latin Text ; so tho
roughly, as to be able, not only to render the original, word for word, into English
sentences, but also, when examined without the Book, to give the English for
each Latin word , and again, the Latin for each English, unassisted by the con
nexion of the story.
2. Having acquired from Phædrus a considerable number of common Latin
words, without attempting their grammatical analysis, let him proceed, in exactly
the same manner, with the First Book of OVID'S METAMORPHOSES, which will
make a large addition to his vocabulary in words of less common use. The reading
of this Book should be accompanied with the study of the Accidence, as given in
the London Latin Grammar. Taking small portions at a time, as, for instance, the
first declension of Nouns with the first lesson of Ovid, the student should remark
what words in the lesson appear to correspond in form to any of those cases,--and
so on, till the distinction of the Parts of Speech is clearly understood, and the
Tables of Declension are learned by heart.
3. The regular inflections of the language being thus acquired from the examples
in the Grammar,-let him take up the First Book of VIRGIL'S ÆNEID, and after
construing the Latin text, as in Phædrus and Ovid, according to the Interlinear
Translation,-let him learn to analyse each sentence from the supplementary vo..
lume of PARSING LESSONS ; which will enable him, not only to assign every word
in each Lesson to its proper part of speech, but to give a full description of its
peculiar modification, if inflected from its simple form. In this stage of his course
he will derive great benefit from frequently altering the signs and forms of nouns
and verbs in the Single English Version, so as to require the use of different cases,
tenses, &c. of the same Latin word-an exercise which will give him complete
power over the Inflections of the language.
4. Let him now proceed with CESAR'S INVASION OF BRITAIN ; and accompany
each reading with a small portion of the Latin Syntax in the same manner as
he accompanied Ovid with the Accidence of the Grammar. This will gradually
render him familiar withthe Construction of the language. The style of the Com
mentaries is remarkably easy of Construction, and therefore peculiarly adapted for
this exercise ; which is further facilitated by the Rules of Syntax, in the London
Latin Grammar, being principally exemplified from this part of Cæsar, and the
Book of Virgil's Æneid already analysed. After finishing Cæsar, he should recur
 METHOD OF STUDY.
M^^^^^^^^^^^an

to the Virgil, which he before used only as a praxis of inflection, and make himself
master ofthe construction by the rules of Syntax, and also of the scanning of each
line by the rules of Prosody.
5. In reading the LIFE OF AGRICOLA byTacitus, he should endeavour to combine
in each lesson the exercises of inflection and construction which hitherto he has
taken separately ; describing single words according to their several declensions,
and compound phrases according to their several dependencies.

In learning the Greek language, precisely the same method may be followed in
the correspondent Parts of the Series.
1. LUCIAN'S DIALOGUES furnish a copious Vocabulary as the elementary volume.
2. ANACREON'S ODEs present a variety of simple sentences, from which to dis
tinguish the Parts of Speech, as given in the London Greek Grammar.
3. HOMER'S ILIAD, accompanied by the supplementary volume of PARSING LES
SONS, involves a complete Praxis in the Inflections ofthe language.
4. XENOPHON'S MEMORABILIA give an introduction to Syntax, which will be
further familiarized by recurring to the Iliad.
5. HERODOTUS'S HISTORIES Supply an interesting subject-matter, on which to
practise in combination the various exercises separately performed in the previous
volume.
Afterthus going through the Latin or Greek series, the Student is strongly recom
mended to recur to the earlier volumes, in the same order as before, and to exer.
cise the whole of his grammatical knowledge in each of those parts, as well as in
the last, using the Interlinear Translation as little as possible, and giving more
attention to the Notes than in his first reading.

By the completion of this Elementary Course, he will not only be perfectly com
petent to enter on the reading of other Classic Authors, without the aid of a trans
lation, but will be prepared with a valuable store of words and phrases for Greek
and Latin Composition. The practice of writing in each language according to
these models, will ensure a critical acquaintance with their peculiar delicacies : and
although, in commencing a new Author, the young learner must require some
assistance from judicious commentators, yet, as far as the Language is concerned,
he may rest assured he is already in possession of its leading properties and
powers.
 SCHOOL BOOKS,

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Latin Versification. Interlinear Translations.

MYTHOLOGY for VERSIFICATION : LESSING'S FABELN, with a literal
or, a Brief Sketch of the Fables ofthe English Translation, on the opposite
Ancients, prepared to be rendered in page, and an Appendix, explanatory
to Latin Verse. By the Rev. F. of the Idioms, &c. 12mo, 4s. 6d. in
HODGSON, M. A., 12mo, 3s. bound. cloth.
Just Published.
MYTHOLOGIA VERSIBUS LATINIS YEHRING'S PROGRESSIVE LES
ACCOMMODATA. A Key to the SONS, containing DIE ROSE, in Ger
above. 8vo, 78. man, with a free and literal Interli
SELECT PORTIONS of SACRED HIS near Translation from the German
TORY conveyed in Sense for Latin into English.
Verses, intended chiefly for the use
of Schools. By the Rev. F. HODG The same Work; containing The ROSE,
SON, M.A., 12mo, 3s. 6d. bound. in English, with a free and literal
EXCERPTA E TESTAMENTO VE Interlinear Translation from English
TERI. A Key to the above. Second into German.
Edition. Royal 8vo, 10s. 6d.
The same Work ; containing SHOW
THE LONDON GREEK GRAMMAR ; AND USE, in English, with a free
designed to exhibit in small compass and literal Interlinear Translation
the Elements ofthe Greek Language. from English into German,
Edited by a Graduate of the Univer
sity of Oxford. Third Edition, cor The same Work; containing DIE
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cloth. SCHAU UND DER NUTZEN, in Ger
man, with a free and literal Interli
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including the Eton Syntax and Pro into English.
sody in English, accompanied with
Notes. Edited by a Graduate of the
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GEOGRAPHY, to which is subjoined
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By HENRY H. DAVIS. Foolscap 8vo,
with Maps, 28. 6d. YEHRING'S PROGRESSIVE LES
The outlines here presented to the public, SONS, containing the ROSE, in Eng
are the results of actual extemporaneous
Lessons. Preface. lish, with a free and literal Interli
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French.
Root System. The same Work; containing LA ROSE,
THE PRINCIPAL ROOTS of the LA in French, with a free and literal
TIN LANGUAGE, simplified by a Interlinear Translation from French
Display of their Incorporation into into English.
the English Tongue. By H. HALL.
Third Edition. 12mo, 4s. 6d.
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the English Tongue. By H. HALL. Languages.
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 Griesbach's Greek Testament .
A GREEK TESTAMENT from GRIESBACH'S TEXT, with the Various Readings
of Mill and others, Marginal References, and Chronological Arrangements. In
one small volume, foolscap 8vo. (In the Press.)

Ediomatic Version of the New Testament.

THE TRIGLOTT NEW TESTAMENT, arranged INTERLINEARLY for facility
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CARY'S DANTE.- NEW EDITION. Darley's Scientific Library.

THE VISION : or, Hell, Purgatory, FOR THE USE OF
and Paradise of Dante Alighieri ;
translated by the Rev. H. F. CARY, SCHOOLS, PRIVATE STUDENTS, AR.
A.M. Third Edition. In 3 vols. fools TISTS, AND MECHANICS.
cap 8vo, 18s. cloth.
Of all the translators of Dante with whom
we are acquainted,
successful; and we Mr. Carybutis the
cannot most
consider
his work as a great acquisition to the 1.
English reader. It is executed with a A SYSTEM of POPULAR GEOME
fidelity almost without example ; and TRY, containing in a few Lessons so
though the measure he has adopted con much of the Elements of Euclid as is
veys no idea of the original stanza, it is
perhaps the best for his purpose, and necessary and sufficient for a right
what Dante himself would have chosen, understanding of every Art and
if he had written in English, and in a Science in its leading Truths and Ge
day. Cary's
later Mr. -Edinburgh Review,---the
translation No. 58.best
neral Principles. By GEORGE DAR
we ever read of any work.---Quarterly LEY, A.B. Third Edition. Price 4s. 6d.
Review, July, 1823. boards.
II.
COMPANION to the POPULAR GEO
Pestalozzian System. METRY, in which the Elements of
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LESSONS on NUMBER, as given lustrated, and rendered practically
at a PESTALOZZIAN SCHOOL at usefultothe various purposes of Life:
Cheam, Surrey. In 12mo, 2s. 6d. cloth. with numerous Cuts. Price 4s. 6d.
Another important merit of the work con boards.
sistsinthemannerin which, inits earliest III.
pages, the idea of Number is extracted
from the consideration of the objects by A SYSTEM of POPULAR ALGEBRA,
which it must, in the first instance, be with a Section on Proportions and
exemplified. It is done without any pa Progressions. Second Edition. Price
rade of abstraction, but successfully and
completely. Journal ofEducation. No.3. 4s. 6d. boards.
* It isa proposed to publish, from timeto
time, number of treatises of a strictly IV.
practical nature, embodyingin afamiliar A SYSTEM of POPULAR TRIGONO
manner the principles of Pestalozzi.
They will be the result of many years' METRY, both Plane and Spherical,
experience---the corrected and re-cor with Popular Treatises on Logarithms,
rected edition of Lessons actually given and the Application of Algebra to
bydifferent individuals. Geometry. Price 3s. 6d. boards.
For Students who only seek this limited
FORMULÆ of GREEK NOUNS and knowledge ofthese Sciences, there are
VERBS, with Examples for Declining, perhaps no treatises which can be read
with more advantage than Darley's Po
adapted to the Eton Grammar. By a pular Geometry and Algebra.---Library
Schoolmaster. 1s. 6d. bound. ofUseful Knowledge, Article, MECHANICS.

PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR, 30, UPPER GOWER STREET.

 ESOP'S FABLES ,

AS ROMANIZED BY

PHÆDRUS :

WITH A

LITERAL INTERLINEAR TRANSLATION

ACCOMPANIED BY

ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES .

ON THE PLAN RECOMMENDED BY MR. LOCKE.

Sive hoc ineptum, sive laudandum est opus,

Invenit ILLE, nostra perfecit manus.-Phædrus.

THIRD EDITION.

LONDON :

PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR,

Bookseller and Publisher to the University of London ;
30, UPPER GOWER STREET.

1832.
 1

64 c 10967
с

871.6

LONDON :
Printed by Littlewood and Co.
Old Bailey.
 PREFACE .

WHEN LOCKE prepared an Interlinear trans

lation " for the help of those that have a mind to
understand Latin Books," he did not mean that
the aid of Grammar was to be despised , but merely
that the young student should never be disgusted
by formal rules of grammar, before he had acquired
some interest in the object of his studies. He
says expressly " It will help to facilitate the
learning of the Latin , if he, that reads these fables
with that design, will every now and then read the
declensions of the Latin nouns and pronouns, and

the conjugations of the verbs in the Accidence,

&c. Having made but one Interlinear Transla
tion, he was of course obliged to use the same book
A 2
iv PREFACE.

both as a synthetical and analytical companion :

but, for the sake of clearer distinction, we prefer
assigning different departments to a plurality of
authors.
Accordingly, we confine the reader of the Fables
of Phædrus to the earlier acquirement, deferring
the process of Analysis to the Part devoted to
the First Book of Virgil's Æneid : and in like
manner, the more advanced stages of scholarship
will be severally committed to the direction of se
parate classics of the highest character.
This mention of Locke's Interlinear Translation
leads us to say a few words on the particular book
which he adopted for that purpose, nearly two
centuries back, entitled " Esop's Fables, English
and Latine." The origin of this Latin version of
Æsop's Fables is very questionable : it was most
probably written by some monk, in the dark ages ;
and its numerous barbarisms would tend rather to
corrupt than to refine the taste of the classic
student. But, at the time when Locke made this
translation, it was far more requisite to establish
the general principle of the method , than to furnish
an unexceptionable specimen of the details of the
plan . The mind of this great philosopher was
chiefly devoted to metaphysics ; and he does not
appear to have given exclusive attention to clas
sical learning as an ultimate object. Perhaps , on
this very account, he was better capable of forming
 PREFACE .

general notions on the subject ; and it was doubt

less as much in consideration of general utility, as
in conformity to the usage of schools in his own
time, that he adopted a work which would fix the
attention of the youthful student by its easy and
familiar matter, though not recommendable as a
model of Latinity .
The same motive for selection can scarcely be
alleged at the present day ; and it certainly cannot
be supported on the same ground . These dead
letters have, in great measure, ceased to be practi
cally useful, except in so far as they infuse into
modern style a purity and elegance of word and
thought ; except in so far as they enable us to
wake into new life, and hold sweet converse with,
" the great of old ” .

The dead, but sceptred monarchs, who still rule

Our spirits from their urns.

These advantages may yet be derived from the

study of classical writings, and with this view we
scrupulously confine our volumes to the illustra
tion of received authorities.
The general character of the writings of PHÆ
DRUS is too well known and approved, to require
many observations in this place on his matter or
his manner. Our Fabulist professes himself a

Thracian by birth ; but it may safely be presumed,

that he came early to Rome, on the internal evi
A 3
vi PREFACE .

dence afforded by the purity of his Latinity, which

is scarcely consistent with a provincial education.
In worldly station he was not far removed from
his famous original , Æsop, the Phrygian slave,
being himself a freedman of Augustus Cæsar.
And it is probable, from some of his own prefatory
notices, that this similarity of condition had some
influence in directing his genius to the same sub
ject. He was not, however, a homely translator
of the Greek Fables, nor even a servile imitator :
for although the comparatively early age wherein
he lived afforded facilities for collecting the genuine
remains of Æsop, which modern times unhappily
cannot command, Phædrus does not scruple to
vary the detail of many fables, acknowledged to
belong to the " Old Man ;" and even to add some
exclusively his own, when desirous to enforce a
moral not illustrated by Æsop. Thus, in his pro
logue to the second Book, he cries us mercy for
this licence, and on such a plea as to deserve it
well ;

Equidem omni curâ morem servabo SENIS [Æsopi] :

Sed si libuerit aliquid interponere
Diversum, sensus ut delectet varietas,
Bonas in partes, Lector, accipias velim.

In fact, Phædrus may almost be considered as

an original author, though he only claims the
praise of an actor

Et in cothurnis prodit Esopus novis.

 PREFACE. vii

At any rate, the free adaptation of his recog

nized exemplar to the national character of the
Romans, including his frequent allusion to forms
and customs unknown to the Greeks, seems to
justify our titular description that the fables are
not verbally Latinized, but essentially Romanized.
In short, his whole defence might be given in these
words

That I have ta'en away this old man's daughter,

It is most true -― true I have married her :
The very head and front of my offending
Hath this extent - . No more.

We fear we cannot offer so satisfactory an apo

logy for the liberties we have taken with the
legitimate offspring of Phædrus himself. It is
(6 un
therefore necessary to dwell on our own
varnished tale" somewhat more explicitly. - And ,
firstly, for the first count : we have not distributed
these fables into five distinct Books, according to
the arrangement of our author, who produced the
several parts at different intervals of time. This
formal discrepancy will scarcely require further
notice in the case of a translation , as there is in
the original no exclusive classification of materiel
--
for these particular divisions . — Again : we have
not included all the fables in this publication :
this partial omission has been made, not from any
disregard to the merits of all, but with a view to
the consistency of our plan. Our volume being
viii PREFACE .

intended as a purely elementary work, would seem

to claim some adaptation to the capacity of parties
who are naturally confined to the elements of
learning - we mean, to the ability of the youthful
novice in classical literature . For this purpose it
is expedient that the subject be of such a nature
as to attract and fix the attention of the school
boy ; and we have therefore omitted those fables,
whose purport is not brought home to simple ap
prehension by the medium of familiar or sensible
objects. Some fables have also been excluded, as
involving a moral inference less practically useful
or important and some few have likewise been
omitted, whose moral, though valuable, had been
clearly illustrated by a preceding story of similar
tendency. - Lastly : we have passed over in the
text those additaments to each fable, which go to
demonstrate the application of the story, commonly
distinguished by the title of " the moral. " This
will seem to all a very serious omission ; but we
hope it is not indefensible. Without questioning
the delicacy of dictating any application of a
fable, whose form was first assumed in order to
-
disguise offensive truths, it may be satisfactory to
state, that the moral applications which Phædrus
has prefixed or subjoined are not only less at
tractive in matter to the young learner, but are
often so obscure in form, that their sense could
scarcely be comprehended by any one not perfectly
 PREFACE . ix

acquainted with Roman phraseology. * Besides

this reason for omission , the tedious sameness
of the introductory lines, which are repeated
almost word for word , seems to justify the course
we have adopted .† We have, however, taken
care to give the substance of this appendage, in
a simple English sentence prefixed to each fable,
and in some few instances have ventured , for the
sake of perspicuity, slightly to vary the expression
of the text. Much practical advantage may be
derived from the reading of a very simple fable ;
and on this ground we would advise the youthful
student to recollect illustrations of these stories
from observation or from history, according to the
rational end proposed by Phædrus himself—

Quòd prudenti vitam consilio monet.

A detail of omissions is at best an ungrateful

oblation ; but we would fain hope for absolution
at the hands of an impartial confessor. Every
line, that Phædrus ever wrote, must be valuable

* To give one instance out of many, the following application of

the fable of the sheep and the stag," given in page 16, is expressed
in these technical terms -
Fraudator, nomen quum locat sponsu improbo,
Non rem expedire, sed mala videre expetit.
+ The prefatory lines to which we here allude, commonly contain
an acknowledgment ofthe author, somewhat thus expressed—
Æsopus nobis hoc exemplum prodidit, &c.
X PREFACE.

to the scholar ; but our elementary volume is not

intended for the scholar. And although even here,
as in more advanced parts of our series, we shall
duly appreciate his criticism, we must beg to be
allowed to preserve consistency of method , in
preference to all other considerations.
Thus much being premised of the negative cha
racteristics of the work, it remains that we give
some account of its positive pretensions.
With respect to the English translation, the
first impression will probably be general, that the
diction is inelegant.

This we readily allow, and proceed forthwith to

justification . We have endeavoured, in these
pages, to avoid all attempt at supporting one lan
guage by the sacrifice of another, and have con
sidered that an elementary work, professing to
teach the Latin language, should be free from any
shackles which its subsequent relation to the
English language might possibly impose . It has
therefore been our object, in this volume, to ex
hibit the character of the ancient Latin , without
regard to the idiom of more modern forms of
speech.
Language, though subject to some tyrannous
laws in the school of the grammarian, obtains, by
the judgment of the philosopher, an unqualified
immunity from all arbitrary and irrational im
positions. On this ground we might submit that ,
 PREFACE . xi

whenever the phrase of the translation , conformed

to the idiom of the original, may appear remote
from modern use, the claims of the two conflicting
forms should be rationally examined , instead of
one being hastily condemned because its pre
tensions are hitherto unknown . We do not here,
however, dwell upon this consideration : it is suf
ficient for our purpose, if the English version we
have given, faithfully reflects the Latin, which we
profess to represent .
It is easy to translate low Latin at once literally
and intelligibly ; and this is probably the reason
why certain well-meaning people evince so strong
a partiality for writings ofthis " age and mark :"
unless , perchance, they choose them in the in
nocence of igorance . But it is by no means
easy to translate a pure classic author, at the same
time, closely and elegantly. The different idioms
of ancient and modern languages , which some
times can scarcely be reconciled by any compro
mise, require the nicest discrimination in the as
signment of equivalent expressions.
Hence some others of our modern adventurers
have started with declaring that— “ The idiom
of the Latin differs so widely from that of the
English language, as to render it impossible [ for
us] to translate the former into the latter literally
and intelligibly by one process." We can easily
believe, from the specimen which follows this can
xii PREFACE .

did declaration, that they are perfectly sincere in

their confession : but we are really surprised , that
they should fancy the plan which they have sub
stituted would render the Latin any more intelli
gible. We must beg to differ in opinion from
this sweeping enunciation , exactly in the same
ratio that a particular exception differs from a
universal proposition. We do not deny that there
are certain idioms in any one language, which
could not be faithfully represented in another : but
we must think that this assumed "impossibility"
is too scanty a cloak to disguise the incapacity of
the translator, throughout the whole mis-represen
tation of his author. With regard to the closeness
of our version, we submit it to the scholar, without
any qualification, as being quite as literal as the
aforesaid verbatim translation , which is confessed
to be unintelligible ; and we submit it to the can
dour of the general reader to decide, whether there
is one fable or period which is not comprehensible.
When we speak of literal translation , we do not
refer to that scholastic ingenuity, which would
render every Latin word by some quaint English
term, containing an equal and similar quantity of
orthodox letters. We mean that we give the true
import of each original Latin word, by an English
equivalent in force ; and without distorting the
"
forms of the Latin, we give the sense, the whole
sense, and nothing but the sense, which is con
 PREFACE . Xili

veyed in the words of our text : and on this point,

we are not afraid to meet the verdict of any sensi
ble jury.
On another occasion we shall submit a more
lengthened dissertation on the question of close
translation ; as we observe that some strange

notions are vulgarly entertained respecting the

extent of the restrictions it imposes . The limits
of this preface scarcely allow such a diversion :
we must, therefore, for the present, postulate one
admission, to which we trust we could demonstrate
a fair claim , ――― that in a literal version of the
classics, it is not necessary that the same Latin
or Greek word should always be rendered by the
same English. Yet we think it must be obvious
to every one acquainted with one word more than
is found in his mother-tongue, that the terms in
different languages , which correspond in one proper
sense, do not always bear precisely the same ex
tent of translation to another sense remotely
analogous. Thus, in reading any Latin author,
we constantly find that his language requires
adaptation to our own idiom ; and that the same
word which in a former sentence, appeared to be
fully represented by one particular English, ad
mits, in the next, a latitude of signification which
that English could never comprehend . Perhaps
no Latin author exemplifies this remark , more
clearly than Phædrus ; who on this account is one
b
xiv PREFACE .

of the most difficult Roman classics for an English

translation. The purely classical sense in which
his phraseology must be understood , frequently
offers violence to the prejudice of those who, from
recognizing a close analogy among many modern
tongues, expect that all languages must faithfully
resemble one another in form , like the same object
observed with prisms of a different colour.
Besides this refinement of expression , Phædrus
is often sufficiently untractable from the con
ciseness of his style : indeed he appears to have
been censured on this score, by some of his con
temporaries ; unless he means to record a compli
ment paid to himself, by subjoining these words to
-
one of his longer stories

Hæc exsecutus sum propterea pluribus,

Brevitate nimiâ quoniam quosdam offendimus.

We have, however, taken care to obviate these

difficulties with a view to the specific purpose of
1
this Part of our Series . The design of this Ele
mentary Part, is to give the younger learner a
familiar acquaintance with the general meaning of
Latin words and their inflections , without sup
posing the previous knowledge of grammatical dis
tinctions .
The praxis required is detailed in our Introduc
tion to Parsing Lessons to Virgil's Eneid, where
we speak of the first passage through the Inter
 PREFACE . XV

linear Translation ; and is comprised in the mere

technical association of the meaning of single Latin
and English words. We have therefore endea
voured, as far as possible, to appropriate one Eng
lish to one Latin term to be modified hereafter
according to especial combinations ; though we do
not acknowledge the essential importance of this
uniformity in every literal translation.
This confinement must, of course, occasion ap
parent awkwardness of expression in some pas
sages. But we have not regarded such appear
ance in the present version : on the contrary, we
have ventured to sacrifice all neatness of expres
sion in our own language, for the preservation of
a faithful reflection of the original Latin, and we
trust we need not apologise to the classical tourist
for adopting such a course ; if it is indeed more
interesting to the intelligent traveller, to compare
the scenery of a foreign clime with that of his own
country, than to have the same view perpetually
before his eyes , though the new road may be less
smooth, or less secure.
The Notes which have been here subjoined have
in like manner been accommodated to the informa
tion of our hospes in literarum regione. Minute
and critical discussion has been, as far as possible,
avoided in this elementary volume : and without
dwelling on minor distinctions of grammar, it has
been our chief object to point out the leading and
b 2
xyi PREFACE .

essential characteristics of the Latin language.

To enlarge on the remote capabilities of such a
subject-matter, before clearly developing its gene
ral nature and properties, appears as adverse to the
philosophy of learning, as it would be outrageous
to the rules of art to shade and colour the first
sketched figure of a picture, before one half of the
group was distinctly designed . On this principle
all observations on nice points of etymology and
construction have in great measure been omitted
in this publication ; and our remarks have been
confined to the elucidation of those Latin idioms
of speech, which are least conformable to the
genius of the English language. If however we
should sometimes have been led into an allusion
less obvious to the general reader, let it not be a
stumbling-block , to retard his progress ; let him
66
skip" over it at once, and return to it hereafter :
it will one day be a stepping-stone to scholar
ship .
This notice extends equally to the later parts of
our Series - where indeed it may more frequently
be applicable than in this introductory volume :
But even in this place , such an intimation does not
imply a departure from uniformity of design.
We have indeed professed above that the pre
sent elementary work is in great measure intended
for that class of readers, who are entirely unac
quainted with the rudiments of classic literature ;
 PREFACE. xvii

and it is accordingly lowered to the easy reach of

the uninitiated tiro, with a degree of adaptation
which might perhaps seem overstrained to one who
had forgotten that himself was once a beginner.
" That it is not an impossible thing to learn a lan
guage without first beginning with the Rules of
Grammar, we see every day by women and chil
dren's learning the French tongue, who know not
""
what grammar signifies.'
"Another use," continues Locke, " may be made
of this translation ; which is, to help strangers who
understand Latin, to learn English." This purpose
requires, if possible, still greater precision in the
language of the version , the Latin being made only
a third term whereby to compare the English with
another : and with such view, we have duly con
sidered this demand for accuracy, in the present
volume.
But besides the tiro and the foreigner, there is
still a third class of readers, by no means the least
numerous, to whom we would submit both our
Greek and Latin series as not unworthy of atten
tion. There are many who have long been fami
liar with ancient literature, without ever having
known the extent of its utility and beauty — who
have had the opportunities of a regular education ,
and have been regularly defrauded of that parti
cular introduction to the society of the classics,
which is necessary to ensure a full enjoyment of
xviii PREFACE .

the precious legacy of learning bequeathed us by

antiquity. The pitiful ostentation of despatch,
with which the progress of raw school-boys is early
goaded on, through cumbrous volumes which they
never understand, is the main cause, not only of the
cordial disgust too often evinced towards studies
which would otherwise interest and delight, but
of the deplorable incapability of those nurslings of
our public schools, who are commonly held forth
as classical proficients. The great object seems
to be to wade through as many pages as possible
in a given time and hence arises a most , loose ,
not to say slovenly, mode of rendering Greek or
Latin into English, which is seldom corrected in
the later stages of education.
We do not mean that we would confine the ad
vanced student to the literatim translation we have
given in this elementary volume. None can take
more pleasure than ourselves in a forcible and ele
gant representation of the classics ; and although
we still must think " beauty when unadorned,
adorned the most," yet there is an infinite differ
ence between a close transparent vest, which shows
the strength and symmetry of the natural form,
and a loose disguise of heavy drapery, which is
rudely thrown over those limbs too finely turned
for an inferior artist.
To reform this " counterfeit presentment" of the
classics, is the principal object of this series of
 PREFACE . xix

studies ; and for this purpose, we have endea

voured in our early Parts, to preserve the native
characteristics of our models, even at the sacrifice
of grace and harmony. It is too soon to attempt
a complicated group, before the proportions of a
single figure are fully understood.
All extraneous illustration apart- we wish first
of all that the classic student should be fairly ad
mitted to the principles of the learned languages :
when this point is once gained, it will no longer be
necessary to keep so closely the letter of his text,
to the detriment of its spirit ; and as we proceed
to those authors, who are sometimes called the
66
higher classics," we shall relax this strictness of
version where it is incompatible with elegance, and
shall exhibit that style of rendering the classics ,
which is most admired in our Universities.
Our first offers to the Public are of humble pre
tension ; but we deprecate any hasty opinion on
the effectiveness of this system , before its ulti
mate extent is fully developed .

Noli molestus esse omninò literis,

Majorem exhibeant ne tibi molestiam.—
Hoc illis dictum est, si qui stulti nauseant,
Et, ut putentur sapere, cœlum vituperant.

It were superfluous to enlarge on the abstract

merits of a method, which we only presume to
recommend so far as it shall be found practi
XX PREFACE .

cally useful . Suffice it to assure our readers, we

shall endeavour to reverse the process of our
emulous contemporaries : we shall endeavour, with
some confidence in the success of the attempt,

Non fumum ex fulgore, sed ex fumo dare lucem .

 ESOP'S FABLES ,

AS ROMANIZED BY

PHEDRUS .

PROLOGUS.
PROLOGUE.

QUAM materiam Esopus repperit auctor, hanc

What subject-matter Æsop devised as author, this
ego polīvi versibus senariis. * Dost li
I have-polished in-verses of-six-feet. The-advantage of
bellit est duplex : quòd movet risum ; et quòd
the-little-book is twofold : that it-moves laughter ; and that

* The verse employed by PHÆDRUS consists of six feet, and is

called iambic ; though spondees and other feet are also admitted in
its composition. A pure iambic verse requires all the six places to be
♥
occupied by the same kind (marked thus, * ) ; but the common
iambic metre only demands this foot in the even places : as,
Hanc ego polivī vērsībūs | sēnārĭīs.
Our fabulist, however, often disregards the more moderate claim.
+ Dos means properly a " dower," or " marriage-portion :" hence
used to denote gain or possession in general.- The Latin language
having no regular article, the English a, an, or the, will be combined
with substantives and adjectives, when occasion requires, as if in
volved in the single Latin term.
‡ Libellus is a diminutive from liber, " a book," expressive either
of its small bulk, or small pretension : sometimes an adjective of si
milar force is also attached to such substantives, as parvum tigillum,
" a small little-log," in the second fable.
B
2 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,

monet vitam prudenti concilio. Autem si quis *

it-advises life by-prudent counsel. But if any-one
voluerit calumniāri , quòd non tantùm
shall-have-been-willing to-cavil, because not only
feræ, arbores loquantur, meminerit nos
wild-animals, but trees speak, he-will-remember that-we

jocari fictis fabulis.

are-joking in-fictitious fables.

1.
LUPUS ET AGNUS .
THE WOLF AND THE LAMB.

The innocent, if weak, are oppressed under false

pretences.
Lupus et Agnus venerant ad eundem rivum ,
A-wolf and a-lamb had-come to the-same river,
compulsi siti : lupus stabat superior, que
compelled by-thirst : the-wolf was-standing higher, and
agnus longè inferior : tunc latro incitātus
the-lamb far lower : then the-robber [the wolf] incited
improbâ fauce, intulit causam jurgii. " Cur,"
by-an-unclean throat, brought-on cause of-quarrel. " Why,"
inquit, " fecisti istam aquam turbulentam
says-he, " hast-thou-made that water turbid

* Quis is more commonly used as an interrogative pronoun " who ?"

but when preceded by the conjunctions si, ne, and similar particles,
it bears an indefinite sense.
+ In Latin a verb which asks a question frequently appears, with
out addition, in exactly the same form as if it made an assertion ; and
its force in any given passage must then be determined by the con
text : thusfecisti might mean in another place, " thou hast made.'
 FROM PHEDRUS . 3

mihi bibenti ?" Laniger* contrà+

for-me drinking !" The-wool- bearer [the lamb] on-the-other- hand
timens : " Qui possum, quæso, facere quod
fearing, said : " How am- I-able, I-pray, to-do what
quereris , Lupe ? liquor decurrit à te
thou-complainest- of, O-wolf ? the-liquid runs-down from thee
ad meos haustus." Ille, repulsus viribus
for my draughts." He, being-repelled by-the- powers
veritatis, ait, " Ante hos sex menses,†
of-truth , says, " Before these six months,
maledixisti mihi." Agnus respondit ;
thou-hast-spoken-ill-of me." The-lamb answered :

" Equidem eram non natus." " Hercule," inquit,

" I-indeed was not then born." "" By-Hercules," says- he,

" tuus pater maledixit mihi." Atque ita injustâ

" thy father spoke-ill-of me." And so with-unjust
nece lacerat correptum.§
death he-tears the lamb quickly-seized .

2.
RANE POSTULANTES REGEM.
THE FROGS REQUIRING A KING.
The least of ills is best.
Ranæ vagantes liberis paludibus, magno
The-frogs rambling in-free marshes, with-great

* Phædrus often substitutes an epithet, or attribute of substance,

instead of the substantive itself ; thus affording an agreeable variety
to the language of his narrative.
+ Contrà, literally "" on the contrary," may often in these fables
be rendered more clearly " in answer.'99
This is equivalent to the English phrase " six months ago."
§ The natural compactness of the Latin language often dispenses
with the use of conjunctions : thus the original expression here im
B 2
4 ESOP'S FABLES ,

clamōre petiêre regem à Jove, qui compesceret

clamour besought a-king from Jupiter, who might restrain
vi dissolutos mores . Pater deōrum risit,
by-force loose manners. The-father of-the-gods laughed,
atque dedit illis parvum tigillum ; quod missum
and gave to-them a-little log ; which being-sent
subitò vadis , terruit pavidum genus motu
suddenly into -the-shallows, terrified the-fearful race by-its-motion
que sono. Cùm hoc jaceret diutiùs* mersum
and sound. When this lay rather-long plunged
limo, una fortè profert caput tacitè છે
in-mud, onefrog by-chance puts-forth her head silently from
stagno, et, rege explorato, evocat
the-pool, and, the-king having-been-examined, calls-out
cunctas. Illæ, timōre posito, adnatant cer
all the otherfrogs. They, fear being-laid-aside, swim-to it emu
tātìm ; que petulans turba insilit supra lignum :
lously ; and the-insolent rabble leaps-on above the-block- of-wood :
quod quùm inquinâssent omni contumeliâ,
which when they-had-polluted with-every affront,
misêre ad Jovem, rogantes alium regem, quoniam
they-sent to Jupiter, asking-for another king, since that
esset inutilis, qui fuerat datus . Tum misit illis
was useless, which had-been given. Then he-sent to-them

plies " he snatches up the lamb, and then tears it to pieces." See
a fine new Engraving, illustrative of this Fable, as applied to two
boys, from Mulready's celebrated picture.
* Diutiùs, generally rendered "' longer, " means in this place
"C
longer than was expected :" a common elliptic form.
+ Quod quum- This frequent occurrence of the double relative
seems rather harsh in English ; but in Latin it is not only perspicu
ous but elegant- here perfectly expressing " after-that they had pol
luted this," &c.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 5.

hydrum, qui, aspero dente, cœpit corripere sin

a-water-snake, which, with-rough tooth, began to - seize them one
gulas frustrà inertes fugitant* necem : metus
by-one : in-vain helpless they-scamper-from death : fright
præcludit vocem. Furtìm igitur dant Mercurio
fore-stops their voice. By-stealth therefore they-give to-Mercury
mandāta ad Jovem, ut succurrat afflictas.
commissions to Jove, that he-may-succour them distressed.
Tunc contrà Deus inquit, " Quia noluistis
Then in-answer the-God says, " Because ye-were-unwilling

ferre vestrum bonum, perferte malum. ”+

to-bear your good, bear-on the-ill."

3.

SUPERBUS GRACULUS .
THE PROUD JACKDAW.

Be contented with the gifts of nature.

Graculus, tumens ināni superbiâ, sustulit

A-jackdaw, swelling with-empty pride, took-up
pennas, quæ deciderant pavōni, que exornavit
feathers, which had-fallen-from a-peacock, and decked-out
se : deinde contemnens suos, immiscuit
himself : thenceforth scorning his-own friends, he-mixed
se formōso gregi pavōnum. Illi eripiunt
himself-amongst the-beautiful flock of-peacocks. They snatch-out

* Verbs of this termination signify the reiteration of an action,

and are therefore called frequentative : thus, fugio meaning "C to
flee," fugito signifies "to flee often," i. e. be almost always on the
run.
+ This fable was applied to the ancient Athenians, who, from an
abuse of liberty, became subject to the tyranny of the Pisistratidæ.
6 ESOP'S FABLES ,

pennas impudenti avi, que fugant

their feathers from-the-impudent bird, and drive-him-off
rostris. Graculus, malè mulctatus, cœpit re
with-their-beaks. The-jackdaw, badly punished, began to
dire mærens ad proprium * genus : à quo
return sorrowing to his-own kind : by whom
repulsus, sustinuit tristem notam.† Tum
being-repelled, he-sustained a-sad mark. Then said
quidam ex illis quos priùs despexerat ; " Si
a-certain-one of those whom before he-had- despised ; " If
fuisses contentus nostris sedibus, et voluis
thou-hadst-been content with- our seats, and hadst
ses pati quod natūra dederat ; nec ex
been-willing to-suffer what nature had-given ; neither wouldst
pertus-esses illam contumeliam , nec tua
thou-have-experienced that affront, nor would thy
calamitas sentiret hanc repulsam .
calamity -feelt this repulse.

* It will be observed that proprium and suos, in this fable, are

rendered by the same English " his own ;" but their meaning may
be thus distinguished : suos implies possession, referring to a party in
the third person before- mentioned in the sentence ; proprium " one's
own" has no reference to the person of the subject, or to the form
of the sentence, but merely implies the peculiar attribute of one
species, exclusively of all others of the same genus.
+ This appears to refer to the penal infliction of a stigma, or mark
of infamy, on persons degraded by the Roman Censors.
It is sometimes convenient to separate the auxiliary and leading
verb in English, though the force of both is expressed in Latin by a
varied inflection of a single word : as here, sentiret, " would feel."
In like manner some other forms of speech are rendered more clear in
English by such interposition of words, though in Latin no corre
spondent separation of the phrase is necessary ; as, plus valeo, more
I-am-strong, (p. 8. )
 FROM PHEDRUS . 7

4.

CANIS NATANS.
THE DOG SWIMMING

He deservedly loses his own, who grasps at another's

possessions.
Canis, natans per flumen, dum ferret
A-dog, swimming through a-river, while he-was-carrying
carnem , vidit suum simulacrum in speculo
a-piece-of-flesh, saw his-own image in the mirror
lymphārum ; que putans aliam prædam ferri
of-waters ; and thinking another prey to-be-carried
ab alio, voluit eripere : verùm aviditas
by another, he-wished to-snatch-it-from-him ; but his greediness
decepta, et demīsit cibum, quem tenebat
was deceived, and he-let-down the-food, which he-was-holding
ore : nec potuit adeò attingere quem
in-his-mouth ; nor could-he thus attain the other which
petebat.
he-was-seeking

5.

VACCA, CAPELLA, OVIS , ET LEO.

THE COW, THE KID, THE SHEEP, AND THE LION.

The fellowship of the powerful is seldom faithful.

Vacca, et capella, et ovis patiens injuriæ,
A-cow, and a-kid, and a-sheep patient of-wrong,
fuêre socii cum leōne in saltibus. Quùm
were companions with a-lion in the-woods. When

hi cepissent cervum vasti corporis, partibus

these had-taken a-stag of-vast body, the-shares
8 ESOP'S FABLES,

factis, sic leo locutus-est : " Ego tollo

having-been-made, thus the-lion spoke : " I take-up
primam, quia nominor Leo : tribuētis mihi
the-first share, because I-am-named Lion : ye-will-assign to-me
secundum, quia sum fortis : tum quia plus valeo,
the-second, because I-am brave : then because I-am-more strong,
tertia sequētur me : si quis tetigerit quartam,
the-third will-follow me : if any-one shall-have-touched the-fourth,
adficietur* malo." Sic improbitas sola abstulit
he-shall-be-visited with-ill." Thus unfairness alone took-away
totam prædam .
the-whole prey.

6.

LUPUS ET GRUS.
THE WOLF AND THE CRANE. 18

It is unsafe to serve the wicked.

Quùm devoratum os hæreret fauce lupi,

When a-gorged bone was-sticking in-the-throat of-a-wolf,

victus magno dolore, cœpit illicere pretio singu

overcome with-great pain, he-began to-entice with-a-bribe the-seve
los,+ ut extraherent illud malum. Tandem
ral animals, that they-should-draw- out that evil. At-length .

* Frequently a Latin verb is found with so general a meaning, as

to admit of combination with very different substantives ; thus affici
" to be affected" may be conjoined with nouns signifying “ pleasure,
pain, reward, punishment, death," &c.: in which case its specific
meaning is determined by the accompanying noun, which here serves
as a qualification of the action or passion.
A
+ In the language of Fable, brute animals being fairly considered
as persons, we readily allow the use of the masculine gender, without
any specified antecedent.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 9

gruis* persuasa-est jurejurando ; que credens

a-crane was-persuaded by-his-oath ; and trusting
longitudinem colli gulæ, fecit periculosam
her length of-neck to-his- gullet, wrought a-hazardous
medicīnam lupo. Pro quo
quùm flagitāret
cure for-the-wolf. For which thing when she-demanded
præmium pactum ; " Es ingrāta ," inquit,
the-reward stipulated -for ; " Thou-art ungrateful," says-he,
66 quæ abstuleris
caput incolume nostro ore,
" who hast-taken-away thy head unhurt from-our mouth,
et postules mercēdem."
and requirest hire."

7.
PASSER ET LEPUS.
THE SPARROW AND THE HARE.

Never insult the unfortunate, as if confident in your

own security.

Passer objurgabat leporem, oppressum ab

A- sparrow was-rating a-hare, overpowered by
aquilâ, edentem graves fletus : " Ubi est illa
an-eagle, uttering heavy moans : " Where is that
•

* Gruis is the ancient form of the noun, commonly contracted by

modern writers into grus.
+ In poetry a substantive is often elegantly used instead of an ad
jective ; as here, " her length of neck," for " her long neck."
It is not uncommon in Latin to employ this plural pronoun
adjective instead of the singular number, meum, " mine :" the Latin
form being generally a modest sort of egotism, not, as in English, an
assumption of royalty.
B 5
10 ESOP'S FABLES ,

nota pernicitas ? Quid pedes ita cessârunt ?”

well-known fleetness ? Why have thy feet so -stopped ?"
Dum loquitur, accipiter rapit ipsum nec-opī
While he-is-speaking, a-hawk clutches himself [the sparrow] not
num, que interficit clamitantem* vano questu. Le
aware, and kills him oft-screaming with-vain complaint. The
pus, semianimus, in solatium mortis ; " Qui
Hare, half-alive, for consolation of-death, answers ; Thou who
modò securus irridēbas nostra mala, de
just-now careless wast-laughing-at our ills, art
plōras tua fata simili querēlâ. "
bewailing thine-own fates with-like complaining."

8.

LUPUS ET VULPES, SIMIO JUDICE .

THE WOLF AND THE FOX, THE APE BEING JUDGE .

A liar is never believed, even when he speaks

the truth.

Lupus arguebat vulpem crimine furti ;

A-wolf charged a-fox with-the-crime of-theft ;
illa negabat se esse proximam culpæ : tunc
she [the-fox] denied herself to-be nearest to-the-blame : then
simius sedit judex inter illos. Cùm uterque
the-ape sat judge between them When both

perorâssent suam causam , simius fertur

had-pleaded-through their-own cause, the-ape is-reported

* This is another instance of the verb frequentative, from clamo

"to cry out." See note to fugito, (page 5.)
 FROM PHEDRUS. 11

dixisse hanc sententiam : " Tu vidēris non

to-have-pronounced this sentence : " Thou [wolf] seemest not
perdidisse quod petis : Te credo surri
to-have-lost what thou-seekest : Thee [fox] I-believe to-have
puisse quod negas pulchrè."
"*
purloined what thou-deniest speciously.”

9.

ASINUS ET LEO VENANTES .

THE ASS AND THE LION HUNTING.

The coward's boast deceives the ignorant, but excites

derision with the knowing.

Quùm leo vellet venāri, asello comite,

When a-lion wished to-hunt, a-donkey being his comrade,
contexit illum frutice ; et simul
he-concealed him in-a-shrubbery ; and at-the-same-time
admonuit, ut terreret feras insuē
he-enjoined, that he-should-terrify the-wild- beasts with-his
tâ voce, ipse exciperet fugientes. Hîc
unusual voice, that himself should-catch them fleeing Upon-this
auritulust subitò tollit clamōrem to
the-long-eared-little brute suddenly raises a-clamor with-his
tis viribus, que novo miraculo turbat bestias ;
whole powers, and by-the-new wonder disturbs the-beasts ;

* In order to preserve the point of this fable, we must suppose

both the wolfand the for to be already notorious liars.
+ Auritulus is a diminutive epithet from auritus ; the latter adjec
tive meaning simply, " having long ears " -the former expressing
also the littleness of the wearer.
12 ESOP'S FABLES ,

quæ, dum paventes petunt notos

petunt exitus,
which, while trembling they-seek well-known outlets,
adfliguntur horrendo impetu leōnis . Qui,
are-struck-down by-the-horrible attack of-the-lion. Who,
postquàm fessus-est cæde, evocat asinum,
after-that he-was-wearied with-slaughter, calls-out the-ass,
que jubet premere vocem : Tunc ille in
and orders him to-suppress his-voice : Then he [the ass] in
solens : " Qualis videtur tibi opera
solent asks : " Of-what-sort seems to-thee the-service
mex vocis ?" 66
Insignis," inquit ; " sic ut
of-my voice ?" " Remarkable," says-he ; " so that,
nisi nôssem tuum animum que genus, fu
unless I-had-known thy spirit and kind, I-should
gîssem simili metu."
have-fled with-like fear."

10.

CERVUS IMPEDITUS CORNIBUS

THE STAG ENTANGLED BY THE HORNS.

Showy things are often prized too high, while useful

things are undervalued.

Cervus restitit ad fontem, quùm bibisset, et

A-stag stopped at a-fountain, when he-had-drunk, and
vidit suam effigiem in liquore. Ibi dum ,
saw his-own image in the-liquid. There whilst,
mirans, laudat ramosa cornua, que vituperat
admiring, he-praises his branchy horns, and finds-fault-with
nimiam tenuitatem crurum ; subitò conterritus
the-too-great slenderness of-his-legs ; suddenly alarmed
 FROM PHEDRUS. 13

vocibus venantûm,* cœpit fugere per campum,

by-the-voices of-men-hunting, he- began to-flee over the-plain,
et levi cursu elusit canes . Tum sylva
and with -light running baffled the-dogs. Then a-wood
excepit ferum ; in quâ impedītus cornibus
received the-wild animal ; in which being-entangled by-his-horns
retentis, cœpit lacerari sævis morsibus canum .
held-fast, he-began to-be-torn by-fierce bites of-the-dogs.
Tunc moriens dicitur edidisse hanc vocem :
Then dying he-is-said to-have-uttered this voice :

" O infelicem me ! qui nunc demùm intelligo,

" O unhappy me ! who now at-length understand,
ut illa profuerint mihi, quæ despexeram ;
how those-things were-useful to-me, which I-had- despised ;
et quantùm luctûs habuerint, quæ lau
and how-much of-sorrow those had,t which I-had
dâram ! "
praised !"

* The Latin substantive signifying " man" is commonly omitted

with a participle or adjective, being understood from the context, or
from the form of the adjective expressed, which is used in the mas
culine gender. In like manner the Latin word signifying “ thing”
is understood from the neuter form of an epithet, as in the last two
lines of this Fable.
+ Here meaning " what sad consequences my high-prized horns
involved."
14 ESOP'S FABLES,

11.

VULPES ET CORVUS .

THE FOX AND THE RAVEN.

He who listens to flatterers, will pay highfor his

gratification.

Quùm corvus, residens * celsâ arbore, vellet

When a-raven, sitting-back on-a-lofty tree, wished
comesse caseum raptum de fenestrâ ; vulpes
to-eat-up a-piece-of-cheese snatched from a-window ; a-fox
vidit hunc, deindè sic cœpit loqui : " O qui est
saw him, thence thus began to-speak : " O what is
nitor tuārum pennārum , corve ! Quantum
the-glossiness of-thy feathers, raven ! How-much
decoris geris corpore et vultu ! Si habēres
of-comeliness thou-bearest in-body and in-aspect ! If thou-hadst
vocem , nulla ales foret prior." At ille
voice, no winged-creature would-be before thee." Buthe [the
stultus, dum vult ostendere vocem, emīsit
raven] foolish, whilst he-wishes to-display his-voice, dropt- out
caseum ore ; quem dolōsa vulpes celeritèr
the-cheese from-his-mouth ; which the-deceitful fox quickly
rapuit avidis dentibus.
seized with-greedy teeth.

* Rein composition generally signifies " back," or " again ;" but
here the participle re-sidens might be rendered " settling," or " sitting
at ease."
 FROM PHÆDRUS. 15

12.

ASINUS EGREGIE CORDATUS .

THE ASS UNCOMMONLY SENSIBLE.

The poor man changes his master, not his condition.

Timidus senex pascebat asellum in prato : is,

A-timid old-man was-feeding a-donkey in a-meadow : he,
subitò territus clamore hostium, suadēbat* asino
suddenly terrified by-the-shout of-foes, advised the-ass
fugere, ne possent capi. At illet lentus ;
to-flee, lest they-might be-taken. But he [the ass] lingering said ;
" Quæso, num-putas‡ victorem impositurum [esse]
" I-pray, dost-thou-think that-the-victor will-put-on
mihi binas clitellas ?" Senex negavit
me double pack-saddles ?" The-old-man denied that he thought so.
" Ergo, quid refert meâ cui serviam ,
" Therefore, what does-it-concern my-business what man I-serve,
dum portem meas clitellas ?"
provided-that I-carry my-own pack-saddles ?"

The simple verb suadeo signifying merely " to advise," the

compound per-suadeo expresses fully " to give advice till it is taken,"
or in one word to " persuade."
+ It will be observed that the pronouns adjective, is, iste, ille, are
often rendered by the same word " he," &c.: as their respective
meaning cannot always be distinguished properly in English, though
their use is by no means arbitrary in the Latin language.
The particles, ne, an, num, are often joined to a Latin verb, to
show that it is used interrogatively, when the varied form of the
English expression does not require such an adjunct.
 16 ESOP'S FABLES ,

13.

OVIS ET CERVUS .
¡
THE SHEEP AND THE STAG.

Beware ofadmitting bad security for a loan.

Cervus rogabat ovem modium* tritici, lupo

A-stag asked-of a-sheep a-peck of- wheat, the-wolf
sponsōre : at illa præmetuens dolum ; " Lupus
being surety : but she fore-dreading deceit, said ; " The-wolf

semper adsuevit rapere atque abīre ; Tu

always is-accustomed to-snatch and to-go-off; Thou [stag]

fugere de conspectu velōci impetu ubi

art accustomed to-flee from sight with-nimble spring : where
requiram vos, quùm dies adve
shall-I-seek-again-for you, when the-day ofpayment shall-have
nerit ?"
arrived ?"

14.

PARTURIENS CANIS .
THE BREEDING BITCH.

Never give the wicked an advantage.

Quùm canis parturiens rogâsset alteram, ut

When a-bitch breeding had-asked another, that.

* It is difficult exactly to adjust the proportions ancient and

modern measures : modius is more frequently rendered a " bushel,"
but it corresponds much more nearly to our " peck,” its capacity
being the third part of a cubic foot.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 17

deponeret fœtum in ejus tugurio, impetravit

she-might-deposit her young in her kennel, she-obtained- leave
facilè dein reposcenti locum , ad
easily : afterwards to-the-other-requesting-back her place, she-ad
mōvit preces ; exōrans* breve tempus, dum
dressed prayers ; entreating a-short time, until
posset ducere catulos firmiores. Hôc
she-should-be-able to-lead-forth her-whelps grown more-strong. This
quoque consumpto, cœpit flagitare cubile validiùs :
also being-spent, she-began to-demand the-bed more-stoutly :
" Si potueris esse par mihi et meæ
" If thou-shalt-have-been-able to-be a-match for-me and for-my
turbæ," inquit, " cedam loco."
crowd [of-young]," she-says, “ I-will-withdraw from-the-place.”

15.

LEO CONFECTUS SENIO .

THE LION WORN OUT BY OLD AGE.

The wretched are the sport offools and cowards.

Quùm leo jaceret,+ defectus annis , et desertus

When a-lion was-lying, worn-down by-years, and forsaken

The verb oro alone commonly signifies " to entreat" - and its
compound ex-oro " to prevail upon : " but the latter is sometimes em
ployed in the sense of the simple verb.
+ It will be observed, that verbs of this form are sometimes eng
lished like those of a different termination ; thus jacerat is here ren
dered as ifjacebat, and elsewhere jacuisset as ifjacuerat. The form
being influenced by the force of some preceding word in the sentence,
the absolute meaning the verb is merged in that which is derived
from its relative position : but we avoid entering into grammatical
dissertation in this elementary volume.
 18 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,

viribus, trahens extremum spiritum, aper ful

by-his-powers, drawing his last breath , a-boar with
mineis dentibus venit ad eum, et vindicavit
lightening teeth came to him, and avenged
ictu veterem injuriam : mox taurus confōdit*
by-a-stroke an ancient wrong : presently a-bull dug
hostile corpus infestis cornibus. Asinus, ut
the-obnoxious body with-spiteful horns. An-ass, when
vidit ferum lædit impunè, extudit
he-saw that-the-wild-animal was-hurt with-impunity, thumped
frontem calcibus. At ille expirans , " Tuli
his forehead with-its-hoofs. But he [the lion] expiring, said : “ I-bore
indignè fortes insultare mihi :. Quòd cogor
indignantly brave-ones to- insult me : That I-am-compelled
ferre te, dedecus naturæ, certè bis videor mori."
to-bear thee, O-disgrace of-nature, surely twice I-seem to-die."

* The particle con in composition generally signifies " together

with :" but with some verbs it seems merely to denote the complete
ness or rapidity of the action, as if the thought and act were simul
taneous. But frequently, in metrical productions, it is a gratuitous
refinement to analyse such compounds.
+ Literally " when he saw the wild animal to be hurt :" which
form indeed is recognized in English, and is often equally perspi
cuous.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 19

16.

MUSTELA ET HOMO.
THE WEASEL AND THE MAN.

He who benefits another for his own private advan

tage, has no right to expect a reward.

Mustela prensa ab homine, quùm vellet effugere

A-weasel caught by a-man, when she-wished to-escape

instantem necem, " Quæso, "* inquit, " parcas mihi,

instant death , " I-pray," says-she, " that thou-spare me,
quæ purgo domum tibi molestis muribus ."
who clear the-house for-thee from-troublesome mice."
Ille respondit : " Si faceres meâ causâ, esset
He answered : " If thou-didst so for-my sake, it-would-be
gratum, et dedissem veniam supplici : nunc
welcome, and I-would-have-granted pardon to-thee-suppliant : now
quia labōras , ut fruāris reliquiis quas
because thou-labourest, that thou-mayst-enjoy the-remnants which
sunt rosuri, et simul devores ip
they-are about-to-gnaw, and at-the-same-time mayst-devour them
sos, nolit imputare mihi vanum beneficium ."
selves, be-unwilling to-charge to-me an-empty benefit."

Atque locutus ita, dedit improbam letho.

And having-spoken thus, he-put the-unfair weasel to-death.

* The conjunction ut " that" is commonly omitted in Latin after

quæso, oro, rogo, and similar verbs ; though sometimes expressed, as
in page 16.
+ Noli " be unwilling," has sometimes the force of a simple ne
gative particle ; as if ne imputes, " do not charge," &c.
The verb dare " to give" is used so generally in Latin, that it
20 ESOP'S FABLES ,

17.

FIDELIS CANIS .
THE FAITHFUL DOG .

The favours ofthe wicked should be distrusted.

Quùm nocturnus fur misisset panem cani ,

When a-nightly thief had- flung bread to- a-dog;
tentans an posset capi cibo objecto ;
trying whether he-could be-taken with-food thrown-before him ;
" Heus !" inquit, " vis* præcludere meam
" Ha!" says-he, " thou-wishest to-fore-stop my
linguam , ne latrem pro re domini ?
tongue , lest I-should-bark for the-business of-my-master ?
Multùm falleris : namque ista subita benignitas
Much art-thou-deceived : for that sudden kindness
jubet me vigilāre, ne facias lucrem meâ culpâ . ”
bids me to watch, lest thou-make gain by-my fault."

frequently requires accommodation to our English idiom : so likewise

mittere, which means generally " to send," is often employed in a
more particular sense ; as, "to hurl, to offer, to present," &c. in
stanced in the next fable.
* The frequent use of " thou" and " thee" sounds rather quaint
in English, but it seems better at first to observe this distinction
between ancient and modern tongues, the Greeks and Latins not
using the plural for the singular, in common parlance, like the Eng
lish and French. " Custom," says Horace, " is the arbiter of lan
guage :" and the same form of speech might, in different countries,
convey almost an opposite meaning : thus, in English, we chiefly
apply the form 46 thou" to awful or magnificent subjects, whereas the
French " tu" is used also as an expression of homely and familiar
endearment.
 COMPANY

FROM PHEDRUS. 21

18.

RANA RUPTA.
THE FROG BURST.

He who vies with his superiors, will often be ruined

by the trial.

In quodam prato rana conspexit bovem : et

In a-certain meadow a-frog beheld an-ox ; and
tacta invidiâ tantæ magnitudinis , inflāvit
touched with-envy of- so-great magnitude, blew-out

rugōsam pellem : tum interrogavit suos natos :

her wrinkly hide : then she-questioned her young-ones :
" An esset latior bove ?" Illi ne
" Whether she-was broader than -the -ox ?" They de
gârunt. Rursus intendit cutem majōre
nied that she was. Again she-stretched her skin with-greater
nisu ; et quæsivit simili modo, " Quis esset
effort ; and enquired in-like manner, " Who was
major ?" Illi dixerunt, " Bovem." Novissimè
the-greater ?" They said, " That-the-ox was." For-the-last-time
indignāta, dum vult validiùs inflāre sese,
indignant, while she-wishes more-strongly to-blow-out herself,
jacuit* corpore rupto.
she-fell-dead with-body burst.

* The neuter verb jaceo, " to lie" is sometimes employed in a

passive sense, as " to be slain."
22 SOP'S FABLES,

19.

VULPES ET CICONIA.
THE FOX AND THE STORK.

Treat others as you wish to be treated, for you will

be treated as you treat.

Vulpes dicitur invitasse prior* ciconiam ad

A-fox is-said to-have-invited first a-stork to
cœnam, et posuisse liquidam sorbitionem illi
supper, and to-have-put a-liquid broth for-her
in patinâ, quam nullo modo esuriens ciconia
in a-pan, which by-no means the-hungering stork
potuerit gustare : quæ, quùm § revocâsset
could taste : who, when she-had-invited-back

vulpem, posuit lagēnam plenam intrīto

the-fox, put before her a-flask full of-minced
cibo : inserens rostrum huic, ipsa
meat : inserting her own beak in-this, she-herself
satiatur, et torquet convīvam || fame : quæ
is-satisfied, and tortures her guest with-hunger which [guest]

* Prior, literally " former :" the comparative degree, in all lan
guages, belonging properly to two subjects, though sometimes remote
from common use.
+ Sorbitio means properly the action of " sipping up." but here
denotes the concrete object of the action : just as we apply the Eng
lish word " draught" to the liquid which is drank.
Latin verbs ending in urio commonly imply desire of the action
expressed by the simple verb : thus edo, esum, signifying " to eat,"
esurio signifies " to wish to eat," or " to be hungry."
See note to page 4, on the double relative.
Many Roman terms relating to the festive board appear to
allude to " the thrill of life" supposed to pervade a social party :
 FROM PHEDRUS. 23

quùm frustrà lamberet collum lagenæ,

when in-vain she-was-licking the-neck of-the-flask,

accepimus * peregrinam † volucrem sic locutam

we-have-heard that-the-foreign bird thus spoke :
[esse] : " Quisque debet pati sua exempla
" Every-one ought to-suffer his-own examples
æquo animo ."+
with-even mind ."

20.

VULPES ET AQUILA.
THE FOX AND THE EAGLE.

The proud oppressor is not secured from the ven

geance of the lowly.

Aquila quondam sustulit catulos vulpīnos , §

An- eagle once took-up the-whelps of-a-fox,

thus convivium " a banquet," conviva " a guest," &c. are derived
from con " with," and vivo " to live." Perhaps also invito (above)
may have some reference to this conjunctio vita, " the feast of reason,
and the flow of soul."
* Literally, " we have received," i. e. intelligence or tradition ;
the verb accipio being often used in the sense of obtaining informa
tion.
+ Peregrina volucris may denote " a bird of passage : peragro
signifying " to journey, " and volucris “ any winged creature ."
Hence our own word " equ'animity," expressing an impertur
bable evenness of temper, commonly called " patience."
§ Frequently in Latin a possessive adjective is used instead of a
substantive in the genitive case. Some of these might be englished
 24 ESOP'S FABLES ,

que posuit nido pullis , ut carperent*

and placed them in-her-nest for-her-chicks , that they-might-pick
escam : mater , persecuta hanc, incipit orare,
food : the-mother, having -pursued her, begins to-pray,

ne-importaret† sibi, miseræ , tantum luctum .

that-she-would -not-bring-on her, wretched -one, so-great grief.
Illa contempsit, quippe tuta lo
She [the-eagle] despised the entreaty, as being rendered safe by-the
co ipso. Vulpes rapuit ab arâ ardentem facem,
place itself. The-fox snatched from an-altar a-burning torch,
que circumdedit totam arborem flammis, miscens
and surrounded the-whole tree with-flames, mingling
dolorem hosti damno sanguinis . Aquila,
pain to-her-foe with-the-loss of-her-own-blood. The-eagle,
ut eriperet suos periculo mortis, supplex
that she-might-rescue her-own from-peril of-death, suppliant
tradidit vulpi natos incolumes.
delivered-up to-the-fox her young-ones unhurt.

by the same part of speech, as paternum cognōmen " a paternal

name ;" but our language scarcely admits the expression " vulpine
whelps."
* The Latin verb carpo " to-pluck," is of very general significa
tion, being indifferently applied to a great variety of objects ; as to
fruits, water, meat, wool, breath, sleep, ground, &c.
+ Ne may often be expressed by one word " lest," but is here
substituted for the two separate particles ut - non, that not.
Blending in one common ruin her foe and her own young : san
guis blood, sometimes implies " offspring," which metaphor is not
unknown to the English language.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 25

21.

RANÆ METUENTES PROELIA TAURORUM .

THE FROGS FEARING THE BATTLES OF THE BULLS.

Small people are sufferers from the quarrels of the

great.
Rana in palude, intuens pugnam taurōrum, ait,
A-frog in a-marsh beholding a-fight of-bulls, says,

" Heu ! quanta pernicies instat nobis !" Inter

" Alas ! how-great destruction presses-on us !" Being
rogāta ab aliâ, cur diceret hoc, quùm illi de
questioned by another, why she-said this, since they were
certarent de principātu gregis , que boves
contending about the-sovereignty of-the-herd, and the-kine
degerent vitam longè ab illis ? " Natio," ait,
passed their life afar from them ? " The-breed," says-she,

" est separāta, ac genus diversum sed, pulsus

" is separate, and the-kind different ; but, driven

regnō nemoris, qui profugerit, veniet in

from-the-kingdom of-the-grove, he-who shall-have-fled, will-come into
secrēta latibula palūdis, et duro pede obteret
the-secret coverts of-the-marsh, and with-hard foot will-crush
proculcātas. Ita illōrum furor pertinet ad nostrum
us trampled-on. Thus their fury relates to our

caput."*
head."

* That is, " it concerns our life ;" caput, the head, as the noblest
part, being considered the representative of vitality. Hence a capital
punishment signifies the deprivation of life.
Horace gives an application of this fable to the subject of the Iliad,
in the line―
“ Quicquid delirant reges, plectuntur Achīvi.”
с
26 SOP'S FABLES ,

22.

MILVIUS ET COLUMBÆ.
THE KITE AND THE DOVES.

He who receives assistance from an extortioner, in

vites his own ruin.

Quùm columbæ sæpe fugissent milvium, et

When the-doves often had-fled-from a-kite, and
evitâssent* necem celeritate pennæ, raptor
had-escaped death by-swiftness of-wing, the-spoiler

vertit consilium ad fallaciam, et decepit inermet

turned his design to guile, and deceived the- defenceless
genus tali dolo : " Quare ducitis solicitum
race with-such wile as this : " Wherefore do-ye-lead an- anxious

ævum potiùs quàm creatis me regem , (fœdere

life rather than create me king, (a-treaty
icto ,) qui præstem VOS tutas ab omni
being-struck, ) who may-warrant you safe from all
injuriâ ?" Illæ credentes tradunt sese milvio ;
wrong?" They believing deliver themselves to-the-kite ;

qui, adeptus regnum, cœpit vesci sin

who, having-obtained the-kingdom, began to-feed-upon them one

* This sign of a circumflex, placed over the penultimate syllable of

the verb, shows that two syllables have been contracted into one : thus,
evitássent for evitavissent.
+ The Latin prefix in has a negative force in composition , which is
preserved in many English words, though often changed for the termi
nation " less " for instance, in-ermis, (from in and arma) means
" unarmed ;" in-constans, " inconstant ;" in-ers (from in and ars)
" artless." Perhaps both English forms are referable to a Latin de
rivation, for minus in Latin is sometimes absolutely negative.
Evum " age, " is very different from vita, and refers to the
duration of life, as a measure of time.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 27

gulas, et exercere imperium sævis unguibus.

by-one, and to-exercise empire with-fierce talons.
Tunc una de reliquis, " Plectimur me
Then said one of those remaining, "6 We-are-punished de

ritò ."*
servedly."

23 .

SAPIENS+ LEO .
THE SAGACIOUS LION.

True modesty seldom misses its reward.

Leo stabat super juvencum dejectum :

A-lion was-standing over a-bullock thrown -down :
Prædator intervenit, postulans partem : " Da
A-plunderer came-up, requiring a-share : " I-would

rem," inquit , " nisi solēres sumere

give-it," says-he [the lion], " unless thou-wert-wont to-take-it
per te ;"+ et rejecit improbum .
of thyself ;" and so he-rejected the-unfair-one.
Fortè innoxius viator deductus-est in eundem
By-chance a-harmless traveller was-led-down into the-same

* Our own history furnishes an illustration of this fable, in the

case of the Saxon heptarchy.
+ Sapiens is usually rendered “ wise, " but perhaps one of the
English words, discreet, intelligent, judicious, would approach more
nearly to its classical meaning ? sapio properly signifying " to re
lish ;" whence our negative epithet " insipid."
Per te, " through thyself ; " that is, by thine own means, or, of
thine own accord adverting to the independent selfishness of the
applicant.
c 2
 28 ESOP'S FABLES ,

locum, que fero viso, retulit retrò*

place, and the-wild-animal being-seen, he-drew back,

pedem. Cui ille ait placidus ; " Es t

his foot. To-whom he [the lion] says mild ; " There-is
non quod timeas ; et audacter tolle
not any thing which thou-shouldst-fear ; and boldly take-up
quæ pars debetur tuæ modestiæ." Tunc ter
what part is-due to-thy moderation." Then the
gore‡ diviso, petīvit sylvas, ut daret
hide being-divided, he-sought the-woods, that he-might-give
accessum homini .
approach to-the-man.

24.

HOMO ET CANIS .
THE MAN AND THE DOG.

Never reward an offender for the sake of present

expediency.

Quidam lacerātus§ morsu vehementis

A-certain man having-been-torn by-the-bite of-a-fierce

* The verb retulit, alone, would express " he carried back : " so
that the adverb retrò may be considered a redundant intensive.
The Latin word modestia does not exactly correspond to our
word " modesty" in its common acceptation ; modestia being derived
from modus a mean, or due proportion, and implying a principle of
moderation and decorum in every thought and action.
Tergus, which is nearly related to tergum, a back, seems here to
signify " the chine."
It would be very easy to reflect many Latin words in our own
form of language ; as laceratum, lacerated, vehemens, vehement, tinc
 FROM PHEDRUS . 29

canis, misit malefico panem tinctum

dog flung to-the-mischievous-animal bread stained
cruōre, quod audîerat esse remedium vulneris.
with-gore, which he-had-heard to-be a-cure of-the-wound.
Tunc Esopus sic : " Noli facere hoc
Then Æsop thus advised : 66. Be-unwilling to-do this
coram pluribus canibus , ne devorent nos vivos ;
in-presence-of more dogs, lest they-devour us alive ;
quùm scîerint tale esse præ miu m æ.
culp ”
when they-have-known such to-be the-reward of-fault.”

25.

AQUILA, FELIS, ET APER.

THE EAGLE, THE CAT, AND THE HOG.

Beware ofdouble-tongued informers who sow dissen

sion amongst their neighbours for selfish purposes.

Aquila fecerat nidum in sublīmi quercu :

An-eagle had-made her nest on the-top-of an-oak :
felis, nacta cavernam in mediâ, peper
a-cat, having-obtained a-hollow in the-middle, had-brought
erat : sus, nemoricultrix ,* posuerat fœtum
forth young: a-sow, tenant-of-the-woods, had-placed her litter

tum , tinctured, &c.; a practice which is not uncommon with some

translators :-But it seems at best a pitiful affectation to Latinize an
English version.
* This is a combination of two words, cultrix (derived from colo to
inhabit) and nemoris (from nemus, a wood) ; which would disturb
the metre, if written in distinct parts.
 30 ESOP'S FABLES ,

ad imam .* Tum felis sic evertit fortuitum

at the-bottom . Then the-cat thus destroyed her chance
contubernium fraude et scelestâ malitiâ . Scandit
company by-fraud and wicked malice. She-climbs
ad nidum volucris : " Pernicies," ait, " parātur
to the-nest of- the-bird : 66" Destruction," says-she, " is-prepared
tibi, forsan et mihi miseræ : nam quòd vides
for-thee, perchance also for-me wretched : for whereas thou-seest
insidiōsum aprum quotidiè fodere terram ,
that-the-treacherous hog daily digs the-earth,
vult everteret quercum, ut opprimat nostram
it-wishes to-overturn the-oak, that it-may- overpower our
progeniem facilè in plano.
progeny easily on level-ground.”
Terrore offuso, et sensibus perturbātis,
Fright being-cast-over the eagle, and her senses confounded ,

Ad imam (quercum)-literally " at the lowest (oak) : " so like

wise in sublimi means 66 on the lofty (oak)," and in mediá, " in the
middle (oak) ;" though such expressions would be scarcely perspi
cuous in English.
+ The Romans did not appropriate terms to the different sex of
animals so strictly as our language requires — commonly designating
both male and female under the same form. Thus the names aper
a boar, and sus a sow, are here applied to one individual ; which
being in reality of the feminine gender, we adopt the general term
" hog,” in order to avoid the use of a noun which is, in English ,
exclusively masculine. 1
+ It will be observed that the same verb everto is rendered differently
in two lines of this fable : the fact is, in the latter place only it is used
in its proper sense, being employed in the former metaphorically. This
analogy might often be preserved in English, as we say to " overturn
a house," in the sense of " ruin a family ;" but it is not necessary
that correspondent proper terms in different languages should also
bear similar translation.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 31
"

derēpit ad cubile setōsæ suis : " Tui nati,"

she-creeps-down to the-bed of-the-bristly sow : " Thy young-ones,"
inquit, " sunt in magno periculo. Nam simul
she-says, 66 are in great danger. For as-soon as
exîeris pastum cum tenero grege,
thou-shalt-have-gone-forth to-feed with thy tender herd ,
aquila est parāta rapere tibi* porcellos ."
the-eagle is prepared to-seize thy little-pigs ."
Postquàm complēvitt timōre hunc locum quoque ,
After-that she-had-filled with-fear this place also,
dolōsa condidit sese tuto cavo : indè
she-deceitful hid herself in-her- safe hole : thence

evagāta noctu suspenso-pede, ubi re

having-wandered-forth by-night on-tip-toe, when she

plēvit § se et suam prolem escâ, simulans.

had-filled herself and her brood with-food, pretending
pavōrem prospicit toto die.
alarm she-looks-forth the-whole day.

* This might be taken-" to snatch (thy) pigs from thee ;" but the
dative of the personal pronoun sometimes represents the possessive.
+ This form of the verb would elsewhere be rendered as absolutely
perfect, but after such particles as postquam, ubi, &c. it has a more
remote relation.
Literally " with foot suspended," that is, not dropt full on the
ground, but set as lightly and cautiously as possible, as if held up at
intervals for the sake of listening.
§ Replevit is englished, in this fable, exactly like the preceding
verb complevit, as being scarcely distinguishable in another language:
The general meaning of these prefixes has been before explained.
See note to page 14 and 18.
32 ESOP'S FABLES ,

Aquila metuens ruinam * desidet ramis :

The-eagle dreading the-fall of the tree sits-still in-the-branches :
aper vitans rapīnam non-prodit foràs .
the-hog avoiding the-seizure of its pigs goes-not-forth out-of-doors.
Quid multa ?+ Consumpti-sunt cum
Why should I say many things? They-were-wasted-away with
suis inediâ ; que præbuerunt largam
their-young for-want-of-eating ; and afforded a-plentiful
dapem catulis felis .
feast to-the-whelps of-the-cat.

26.

DUO MULI ET LATRONES .

THE TWO MULES AND THE ROBBERS.

He who has little to lose is safer than the rich.

Duo muli ibant gravati sarcinis : unus fe

Two mules were-going burthened with-packages : one was
rēbat fiscos cum pecuniâ ; alter, saccos
carrying hanapers with money ; the-other, bags
tumentes multo hordeo. Ille, dives onere
swelling with-much barley. The-former, rich in-lading,

* Many verbal nouns of this form preserve an active signification,

as ruina from ruo to tumble, rapina from rapio to seize : which sense
is seldom fully attached to our words “ ruin,” “ rapine,” &c.
+ This is a common ellipsis, which may be supplied thus ; propter
quid dicam multa ? being equivalent to denique, lastly, in short.
‡ Ille " that," when applied to one oftwo subjects, designates the
one mentioned earlier in the sentence, and is often opposed to hic,
66 this," which reters to the later of the two.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 33

eminens celsâ cervice,* que jactans collo

up-rising with- lofty mane, and tossing on-his-neck
clarum tintinnabulum ; comes sequitur quieto
a-clear-toned bell ; his companion follows with-quiet
et placido gradu. Subitò latrones advolant ex
and gentle step. Suddenly robbers fly-towards them from
insidiis, que inter cædem tonsitant+ mulum
ambush, and amid the-slaughter gash the- [rich]-mule
ferro : deripiunt nummos ; negligunt vile
with-iron [weapon] : they-pillage the-moneys ; they-neglect the- cheap
hordeum. Quùm igitur spoliatus fleret
barley. When therefore the-despoiled-one was-weeping
suos casus : " Equidem," inquit alter, " gaudeo
his-own mischances ; " I-indeed," says the-other, " rejoice
me contemptum ; nam amīsi nil, nec sum
that-I am despised ; for 1-have-lost nothing, nor am-I
læsus vulnere."‡
hurt with-a-wound."

* It seems necessary to distinguish the version of cervix and collum,

though we may not have two words exactly equivalent ; the Latin
collum being the general term for the whole neck, whereas cervix ex
presses only the back-part of the neck, sometimes the shoulder.
+ Tonsitant is a verb frequentative from tondeo, to clip or cut, and
here denotes the frequency of the wounds inflicted in this fray with
the drivers.
This is not exactly a counterpart to the fable in page 25, but it
may be compared thereto with advantage : Horace here also furnishes
a parallel
""
Sæpiùs ventis agitatur ingens Pinus," &c.
And Juvenal, still more closely
" Cantabit vacuus coram latrōne viator."
B 5
34 ESOP'S FABLES .

27 .
ANUS AD AMPHORAM .
THE OLD WOMAN TO THE VASE.
The slightest relic of past worth is an invaluable
treasure.
Anus vidit epōtam amphoram* jacere,
An-old-woman saw an-emptied vase to-be-lying on the ground,
quæ adhuc, Falernât fæce, et nobili testâ,
which still, from-Falernian dregs, and a-famous cask,
spargeret latè jucundum odōrem. Postquàm
sprinkled widely a-pleasant scent. After-that
avida traxit hunc totis naribus ;
she-greedy had-drawn this with-her-whole nostrils, she exclaimed ;
" O suavis anima ! qualem§ bonam dicam
" O sweet breath ! how good shall-I-pronounce
te fuisse antehac, cùm tales sint reliquiæ !"
thee to-have-been ere- now, since such are thy remains !"

* Amphora was a determinate measure of capacity, nearly equal to

nine gallons ; but it is often used more indefinitely for the large bowl,
or wo-handled jug, in which wine was placed on the table with the
dessert at a Roman entertainment.
+ ' Falernian" (or Campanian wine) was one of the most cele
brated of the wines of Italy : the Romans chiefly named their wines
from the districts where they were raised ; just as we say " Cham
pagne," " Burgundy," &c.
Sometimes a plural substantive in one language represents a
singular in another : thus the plurals " dregs, lees, grounds," are
only equivalent to the singular fax ; and vice versa, the plural insidiæ
in the former fable means simply " an ambush."
§ The adverb quàm more properly presents the meaning of the
English " how " but qualis is here an elegant substitute, as re
sponding to the adjective talis.
Phædrus applies this fable to his own writings, which were pro
duced in his old age : his relics might be thought worthy of a more
delicate illustration, but the last two lines have been consecrated by
application to subjects of far deeper sensibility.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 35

28.

PANTHERA ET PASTORES .
THE PANTHER AND THE SHEPHERDS.

A friend in need is not easilyforgotten.

Panthera imprudens olim decidit in foveam .

A-panther unaware once fell-down into a-pit-trap.

Agrestes vidêre : alii* congerunt fustes, alii

Rustics saw it : some heap-on-her clubs, others
onerant saxis : quidam contrà mise
load-her with-stones : certain men on-the-contrary having
riti, quippe perituræ quamvis nemo læderet,
pitied her, as being about-to-perish although no-one should-hurther,
misére panem,t , ut sustineret spiritum. Nox.
threw bread, that it-might-sustain breath. Night
insecuta-est : securi abeunt domum, quasi
ensued : they-careless go-away home, as-if
inventuri mort uam postr idiè . At illa, ut
about-to-find her dead the-day-after. But she, when
refecit languidas vires, veloci saltu liberat
she-recruited her languid powers, by-nimble bound frees
sese foveâ et concito gradu properat
herself from -the-pit-trap, and with-hurried step hastens

* Alii " others," when repeated, distinguishes different persons,

and may often be literally englished where there is a multitude of
parties ; but here it seems more clear to say " some” " other."
+ Panis appears to have been used as a general term for food,
like our own word " bread : " So Juvenal may mention — Panem et
Circenses.
 36 ESOP'S FABLES ,

in cubile. Paucis diebus interpositis, pro

into her lair. Few days having-interposed, she
volat, trucidat pecus, necat pastōres ipsos,
flies-forth, slaughters the-cattle, kills the-shepherds themselves ,
et vastans cuncta, sævit irāto impetu. Tum
and devastating all things, rages with-angry attack. Then
timentes sibi, qui pepercerant feræ ,
fearing for-themselves, they who had-spared the-wild-beast,
recusant haud damnum, tantùm rogant
refuse not the-loss of property, and only ask
pro vitâ. At illa : " Memini qui
for life. But she [the panther ] answers : " I-remember who
petîerint me saxo, qui dederint panem :
attacked me with-stone, who gave me bread :
absistite vos timōre ; revertor hostis illis qui
desist ye from-fear ; I-return a-foe to-those only who
læserant me.99.
had-hurt me."

29.
MUSCA ET MULA.
THE FLY AND THE MULE.

Fools laugh at the slow advancement of their betters,

without consideration of existing obstacles.
Musca sedit in temōne, et increpans
A-fly sat on the-pole ofa chariot, and rating
mulam, inquit, " Quàm tarda es ! vis
the-mule, says, " How slow thou-art ! wilt-thou
non progredi citiùs ? Vide, ne compungam
not advance faster ? See, lest 1-prick
 FROM PHÆDRUS. 37

tihi collum dolōne." Illa respondit :

thy neck with-my-sword-stick." She answered :
" Moveor non tuis verbis ; sed timeo istum ,
" I-am-moved not by-thy words ; but I-fear him,

qui sedens primâ sellâ, temperat meum jugum

who sitting on-the-fore seat, governs my yoke
lento* flagello, et continet ora spumantibus
with-slow whip, and holds-in my mouth with-foaming
frænis : Quapropter aufer frivolam inso
bits : Wherefore away-with thy worthless inso
lentiam ; namque scio ubi strigandum..est, et
lence ; for I-know where I-am-to-stop, and
ubi currendum."
where to-run."

30.

CANIS ET LUPUS .
THE DOG AND THE WOLF.

A needy freeman is happier than a rich servant.

Lupus, confectus macie , fortè occurrit

A-wolf, worn-out with-leanness , by-chance met-with
cani perpasto : dein ut restiterunt salutantes
a-dog high-fed : then as they-stood greeting

It seems preferable to give the most common meaning of a word,

when it is any way admissible ; though lentus (contracted from
lenitus) might, in this passage, be rendered " pliant" or " flexible."
+ The constuction is-ubi est [mihi] strigandum, " where it
is for me to stop ;" or " where it is to be stopped by me.”
 38 ESOP'S FABLES ,

invicem ; " Undè, quæso, sic

mutually, the wolf asks ; " Whence, I- pray, art-thou- so
nites ? Aut quo cibo fecisti tantum
-sleek ? Or by-what food hast-thou-made so-much
corporis ? Ego, qui sum longè fortior,
of-body ? I, who am far more-strong,
pereo fame." Canis simpliciter :
am-perishing with-hunger." The-dog answered simply :
" Est eadem conditio tibi , si : potes
" There-is the-same condition for-thee, if thou-art- able
præstare par officium domino." " Quod ?"
to-perform an-equal duty for-a-master." " What is it ?"
inquit ille. " Ut sis custos liminis, } et
says he. " That thou-be guard of-the-threshold, and
tueāris domum à furibus noctu." " Ego verò
defend the-house from thieves by-night." " I in-truth

sum parātus. Nunc patior nives que* imbres,

am prepared. Now I-suffer snows and showers,

trahens asperam vitam in sylvis. Quantò faci

dragging a-rough life in the-woods. How-much more
lius est mihi vivere sub tecto, et otiosum†
easy is-it for-me to -live under a-roof, and indolent
satiāri largo cibo !" " Veni ergò
to-be-satisfied with- plentiful food !" " Come therefore

* It has a more scholarlike effect in pronunciation, to combine

this enclitic particle with the word conjoined, but perspicuity is pre
ferable in an Elementary Book. This remark applies also to mecum
at the top of the next page.
+ The dative otioso would be of more regular construction ; but
the case of the adjective appears to be changed in order to avoid
ambiguity.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 39

cum me." Dum procedunt , lupus adspicit

with me." While they-proceed, the-wolf beholds
collum canis detritum à catenâ. " Undè
the-neck of-the-dog to have been rubbed by a-chain. " Whence
hoc, amīce ?" " Est nihil."* " Tamen , dic,
this, my friend ?" " It-is nothing. " Re Yet, tell me,

quæso." " Quia videor acer, alligant me

I-pray." " Because I-seem fierce, they-bind- me -to my kennel
interdiù, ut quiescam luce, et vigilem quùm
during-the-day, that I-may-rest by-light, and may-watch when
nox venerit : solūtus crepusculo , vagor quà
night has-come being-loosed at-twilight, I-wander where
visum-est : panis adfertur ultrò :
it-has-seemed pleasant : bread is-brought-to me spontaneously :
dominus+ dat ossa de suâ mensâ :
the-master-of-the-house gives-me bones from his-own table :
familia jactat frusta , et pulmen
the-family [servants] throws me broken-victuals, and tit
tarium, quod quisque fastidit. Sic sine labōre
bits, which each disdains. Thus without labour

* The narrative clauses - " he said," " he answered," &c. are

omitted in dialogue, where there is a rapid change of speakers. It
is usual to prefix initial letters to the different parts ; but the inverted
commas, used above, will clearly distinguish the respective sentences
assigned to each party.
t Dominus, " Lord," is derived from domus a house and al
though it lost its primary signification in monkish Latin, it is no
66
profanation of sacred subjects to preserve the original idea - Thy
house, O Lord, is the house of prayer !"
With the early Romans this word meant simply "" a mess of
porridge," which constituted their chief victuals ; but with epicures
 40 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,

meus venter impletur." " Age,* si est+

my belly is-filled." " Come-now, if thou-hast
animus abīre quò, est licentia ?" " Est
a-mind to-go-away any-whither, is-there leave ?" " There -is
non planè," inquit. " Fruere quæ laudas ,
not altogether," he says. "6
Enjoy what-things thou-praisest,
canis ; nolo ut sim
regnāre,
O-dog ; I-am-unwilling to-reign, on such condition that I-be
non liber mihi .”
not free for-myself."

31.

DICTUM SOCRATIS .
A SAYING OF SOCRATES.

True friends are seldom so numerous as to require a

large house for their reception.

Quùm Socrates fundâsset parvas ædes

When Socrates had-founded small buildings

of later date, it signified either what the French call a bonne bouche,
or otherwise something to stimulate the stomach, as contradistin
guished from substantial satisfying food. Phædrus may perhaps
refer to its original acceptation .
* Age This verb is often used adverbially in a sense of en
couragement, corresponding to the French courage ! We have an
""
old expression something more similar ->
- up and be doing."
+ Literally " if there is a mind to thee :" This is a very near
coincidence of idiom with our own. The French use the word envie,
which is not so pretty.
This English is a little accommodated to perspicuity. Planè
means properly " levelly :" but here it implies " without obstacle,
or stumbling-block."
 FROM PHÆDRUS . 41

sibi (cujus mortem fugio non, si adse

for-himself - (he, whose death I-shun not, if I-could

quar famam ; et cedo invidiæ, dummodò

attain his fame ; and I-yield to-envy, provided-that
absolvar, cinis :*) sic , ut solet . fieri,
I-be-acquitted, when I am ashes : ) — thus, as is-wont to- be-done,
è populo, nescio quis ;-" Talis vir,
"C
said one of the-people, I-know-not who ; -- Being such a-man,
quæso, ponis tam angustam domum ?"
I-pray, dost-thou-lay SO narrow a-house ?"

Inquit, " utinam impleam hanc veris

" I wish," says-he, " that I-could-fill even this with-true
amīcis."
friends."

32.

MARGARITA IN STERQUILINIO .
THE PEARL IN THE DUNGHILL .

A valuable treasure is worthless in the hands of the

unskilful.

Pullus gallinaceus, dum quærit escam, repperit

The- chick of-a-fowl, while it-seeks-for food, finds

* The persons of this fable are not quite so familiar to boyhood,

as most of the " confabulators" admitted into our volume. But the
fable is valuable not only from its real point, but also from the
personal parenthesis which Phædrus has introduced, allusive to the
unmerited persecution of the famous Athenian Philosopher.
It was customary with the Greeks and Romans to burn dead
bodies, and preserve the ashes in urns.
42 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,

margarītam in sterquilinio : " Quanta res,"

a-pearl in a-dunghill : " How-great a-thing,"
inquit, " jaces indigno loco ! O , si quis
says-he, " thou-liest in-an-unworthy place ! Oh, if any-one
cupidus tui pretii vidisset, redîsses
desirous of-thy worth had-seen thee, thou-wouldst-have-returned
olim ad maximum splendorem ! Ego, qui in
long-since to the- greatest splendour ! I, who have
vēni te, cui cibus est multò potior,* nec
found thee, to-whom food is much preferable, neither can

prodesse tibi, nec potes mihi quid

be-of-use to-thee, nor canst-thou be of use to-me in any
quam ."
thing."

33 .

APES ET FUCI , VESPA JUDICE.

THE BEES AND DRONES, THE WASP BEING JUDGE.

The real author of one good work will be known by

his capability to produce another of similar worth.

Apes fecerant favos in altâ quercu : hos

Bees had-made honey-combs in a-lofty oak : these
inertes fuci dicebant esse suos. Lis
the-lazy drones said to-be their-own. The-litigation

* Potior means literally " more powerful" but it is often used

in the sense of " more worthy or desirable :" hence the adverb potiùs
" rather."
 FROM PHEDRUS. 43

deducta-est ad forum,* vespâ judice : quæ,

was-brought-down to the- court, a-wasp being judge : who,
cùm nôsset utrumque pulcherrimè,
genus
since she-had-observed each race
most- clearly,
66
proposuit hanc legem duabus partibus : Corpus
proposed this law to-the-two parties : " Your body
est non inconveniens ,† et color par, ut
is not uncorrespondent, and your colour is similar, so-that
res planè venerit meritò in dubium. Sed,
the-matter evidently has-come deservedly into doubt. But,
ne mea religio peccet imprudens, accipite
lest my scruple should-err unaware, take-to you
alveos, et infundite opus ceris ; ut ex
the-cells, and pour-in your work to-the-wax ; that from
sapōre mellis, et formâ favi,
the-flavour of-the-honey, and the-form of-the-honey-comb,
auctor horum , de quîs agitur nunc,
the-author of-these things, concerning which action-is-brought now,

The Roman forum nearly corresponds to the Greek Ayopa,

but no English word exactly corresponds to either. The ancients
pleaded in the market-place in the open air.

+ The language of this fable is a striking instance of the great

extent to which some English words, similar in form to the Latin,
have departed, in common parlance, from their proper and original
meaning, as inconveniens, religio, imprudens, &c. - It also furnishes
examples of the closeness with which some technical terms have
been preserved, as partibus, agitur, conditio, sententia, &c.

Our language scarcely knows the plural " waxes," which is

given in the Latin. But one language can scarcely complain of
the other for such arbitrary usage : see note to page 34.
44 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,

"9
appareat." Fuci recusant. Conditio placet
may-be-apparent." The-drones refuse. The-condition pleases
apibus.* Tunc illa sustulit talem sen
the-bees. Then she [the wasp] delivered such sen
tentiam : " Est apertum, quis non-possit,
tence as this : " It-is obvious, who can-not make
aut quis fecerit ; quapropter restituo apibus
or who has-made them ; wherefore I-restore to-the-bees
suum fructum ."
their-own produce."

* Phædrus appears to us to insinuate in this fable, that some

one had laid claim to his own productions : otherwise the point of
these lines which he subjoins is not very obvious
Hanc præterîssem fabulam silentio,
Si pactam Fuci non recusâssent fidem.
The persons of this fable, as well as the moral, remind us of th
famous challenge of Virgil
Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter honores :
Sic vos non vobis -— [terque quaterque datum.]
 FROM PHEDRUS . 45

34.

ESOPUS LUDENS.
ESOP PLAYING.

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

Quidam Atticus, * quùm vidisset Æsopum

A-certain Attican, when he-had-seen Æsop
ludentem nucibus+ in turbâ puerorum, restitit,
playing at-nuts in a-crowd of-boys, stopped,
et risit quasi delīrum : quod simul senex
and laughed-at him as-if silly : which as-soon as the-old-man
sensit, potiùs derisor quàm deridendus,
perceived, he, rather a-laugher-down than one to-be-laughed- down,
posuit in mediâ viâ arcum retentum : " Heus !"
placed in the middle ofthe-road a-bow unbent : "6 Ho !"
inquit, " sapiens, expedi quid fecerim !" Po
says-he, " wise-one , explain what I-have-done !" The
pulus concurrit. Ille torquet se
people runs-together. He [the laugher] torments himself
diù, nec intelligit causam questiōnis positæ :
a-long-time, nor understands the-cause of-the- question put :

Attica was the country, of which Athens was the capital city.
A chief city is sometimes called a metropolis of the country ; but, pro
perly speaking, " a mother city" is not so related to its original ter
ritory, though it may be to its colonies.
The game at " nuts," whether Greek or Roman, was prover
bially appropriated to children.
46 ESOP'S FABLES ,

novissimè succumbit. Tum sophus vic

at-last he-gives-up. Then the-philosopher vic
tor : " Citò rumpes arcum , si
torious, thus expounds it : " Soon thou-wilt-break the-bow, if
habueris semper tensum ; at si lax
thou-shalt-have-had it always stretched ; but if thou-shalt-have
âris quùm voles, erit utilis."
loosened it, when thou-shalt-wish, it-will-be useful."

35.

ARBORES IN TUTELA DEORUM.

THE TREES IN THE GUARDIANSHIP OF GODS.

The book is valuable for its fruit, not for its leaves.

Olim , Divi legērunt arbores, quas vel

Formerly, the- Gods chose the-trees, which they-would
lent esse in suâ tutēlâ. Quercus placuit
wish to-be in their-own guardianship. The-oak pleased
Jovi,* et myrtus Veneri : laurea Phoebo,
Jupiter, and the-myrtle Venus : the-laurel pleased Phoebus,
pinus Cybela, celsa populus Herculi. Mi
the-pine Cybele, the-lofty poplar Hercules. Mi

* Jovis is an irregular inflection of Jupiter — the Romans not

having a simple name in the nominative for this " Father of Gods
and men ," which we have in this fable thought proper to translate
verbatim, to distinguish it from Virgil's hominum sator atque
Deorum.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 47

nerva, admīrans, interrogavit quarè sumerent

nerva, wondering, inquired wherefore they-should-take
steriles. Jupiter dixit causam ; " Ne vide
barren-trees. Jupiter spoke the-cause ; " Lest we-should
āmur vendere honorem fructu .' me
66 At,
seem to-sell honour for-fruit." "" But,
by
herculè, quod quis voluerit, narrabit :
Hercules, what any-one shall-have-wished, he-shall-tell ;
olīva est gratior nobis propter fructum."
the-olive is more-grateful to-us on-account- of its fruit."
Tunc sic genitor Deōrum, atque sator homi
Then thus the begetter of-Gods, and planter of
num : " O nata, meritò dicere sapiens
men answered ; " O daughter, deservedly thou-art-called wise
omnibus : Nisi quod facimus est utile, gloria
by-all : Unless what we-do is useful, glory
est stulta ."*
is foolish."

* This attribution of the several trees to different deities is a very

poetical part of ancient mythology : the moral of this fable is ad
mirable, and need not be confined to the sentence we have given :
yet we could almost pardon some ambitious spirits to whom a sprig
of laurel is more grateful than a dish of olives.
 48 AESOP'S FABLES ,

36.

PAVO AD JUNONEM .
THE PEACOCK TO JUNO .

Whenever you have reason to acknowledge your in

feriority in one respect, be satisfied with the recol
lection ofyour own superiority in another.*

Pavo venit ad Junōnem , ferens indignè

A-peacock came to Juno, bearing-it indignantly

quòd tribuerit non sibi cantus luscinii :

that she-assigned not to-him the-songs of-the-nightingale :
illum esse admirabilem cunctis
that-he [the nightingale] was to-be-admired by-all
auribus ; se derideri , simul ac miserit
ears ; that-himself was-laughed-down, as-soon as he-uttered
vocem . Tunc, gratiâ consolandi , Dea
a-voice. Then, for-the-sake of- consoling, the-Goddess
dixit : " Sed formâ vincis, vincis magni
said : " But in-beauty thou-surpassest, thou-surpassest in
tudine ; nitor smaragdi præfulget tuo collo :
size ; the-brilliancy of-the-emerald outshines on-thy neck ;

* A moral similar to this has been illustrated before, page ;

but its repetition seems admissible on account of its variegation of
language. In fact the moral is not quite identical, as its point seems
to tend hitherward- If you have not riches in gold, you may have
riches in talent, or learning, or accomplishment ; if you have not
rank in pedigree, you may have rank in nobleness of spirit ; if you
are not beautiful in body, you may be beautiful in mind, and lovely
in the " beauty of holiness."
Si perpendere te voles, sepone pecuniam, domum, dignitatem, in
tus te ipse consule.- Seneca .
 FROM PHEDRUS . 49

que explicas gemmeam caudam pictis

and thou-unfoldest a-jewelled tail with-pictured
66 "(' mî
plumis." Quò," inquit,
"" Wherefore ," says-he, " hast thou given to-me
plumes."
mutam speciem, si vincor sono ?"
a-dumb shapeliness, if I-am-surpassed in-sound of voice?"
" Partes datæ-sunt * vobis arbitrio fatōrum :
" Shares have-been-given to-you by-the-will of-the-fates :
tibi forma, aquilæ vires, luscinio
to-thee is given beauty, to-the-eagle strength, to-the-nightingale
melos, corvo augurium, cornici lævo omina ;
melody, to-the-raven augury, to-the-crow sinister omens ;
que omnes sunt contentæ propriis
and all the other birds are contented with-their-own
dotibus."
portions."

37.

MUSTELA ET MURES .
THE WEAZEL AND THE MICE.

Beware of confiding in superficial appearances .

Quùm mustēla, debilis annis et senectâ,

When a-weazel, weak with-years and with-old-age,

* The proper analysis of passive perfect tenses in Latin, is often

misunderstood from the form in which they are exhibited in gram
mars. The truth is - a completeness of the act is expressed by the
Latin participle, which sense is not always assigned to the English ;
and we are therefore obliged to give a perfect form to the auxiliary
verb, contrary to the idiom of the Latin.
D
50 ESOP'S FABLES ,

non valeret assequi velōces mures, involvit

was not -able to-overtake the-fleet mice, she-rolled
se farīnâ, et adjecit negligenter obscuro
herself in-meal, and threw herself negligently into-a-dark
loco. Mus, putans escam , assiluit , et
place. A-mouse, thinking it food, leapt-towards it, and
compressus occubuit neci : * alter pe
being-squeezed by the weazel met-with death : another pe
riit similiter, deinde tertius . Aliquot se
rished in-like-manner, then a-third. Some-few having
cūtis, venit et retorridus, qui sæpe
followed, there-came also a-shrivelled old- mouse, who often
effugerat laqueos et muscipulam, que cer
had-escaped-from springes, and mouse-trap, and dis
nens procul insidias callidi hostis, inquit,
cerning at-a-distance the-snares of- the-crafty foe, he-said,
" Sic valeas, ut es farīna , quæ
" So may-thou-thrive, as thou-art really meal, who

jaces."
liest-there."t

* This is a most untractable phrase in English : occumbere neci

means literally, for one " to fall upon death," and answers nearly
in sense to death falling upon one ; but the verb is sometimes used
absolutely in the same signification , as by Virgil –
Tydide, mene Iliacis occumbere campis
Non potuisse ? tuâque animam hanc effundere dextrâ ?

That is -may you thrive in proportion to the reality of your

present appearance.
Phædrus applies this Fable to some of his readers, who missed the
moral point of his stories ; implying also that his satire could bite
those who undervalued his pretensions.
 FROM PHEDRUS. 51

38.

VULPES ET UVA.
THE FOX AND THE GRAPE.

Fools pretend to despise what they cannot attain.

Vulpes coacta fame appetebat uvam in

A-fox compelled by-hunger was-aiming-at a-grape on
altâ vineâ, saliens summis viribus : quam
a-lofty vine, leaping with-her-highest powers : which
ut potuit non tangere, ait, discēdens ; " Est
when she-could not touch, she-says, departing ; " It-is
nondum matūra , nolo sumere acerbam.”
not-yet ripe, I-will-not take a-sour-one."

39.

EQUUS ET APER.
THE HORSE AND THE BOAR.

He who engages the assistance of a powerful avenger

2 makes a master for himself.

Aper, dum volūtat sese, turbāvit va

A-boar, while he-rolls himself -about, disturbed the
dum , quò equus fuerat solitus sedare
shallow [stream], where a-horse had- been used to-allay
sitim . Hinc lis orta-est. Sonipes,
his thirst. Hence strife arose. The horse of sounding-foot,
irātus fero, petiit auxilium hominis ;
angered with-the-wild-beast, besought the-assistance of-a-man ;
D 2
52 ÆSOP'S FABLES ,

levans quem dorso, rediit ad hostem :

lifting whom on-his-back, he-returned to the-foe :

eques, post-quàm interfecit hunc telis

the-horseman, after-that he-slew this boar with- darts
jactis, traditur locutus-[esse ]* sic : " Lætor
hurled at him, is-reported to-have-spoken thus : " I-am-glad
me tulisse auxilium tuis precibus ; nam
that-I bore assistance at-thy entreaties ; for
cepi prædam , et didici quàm utilis sis ."
I-have-taken a- prey, and have-learned how useful thou-art."
Atque ita coegit invītum , pati
And thus he-compelled the horse, though unwilling, to-suffer
frænos. Tum ille mæstus : " Dum
the-bits. Then that horse sorrowful said : " Whilst

demens† quæro . vindictam parvæ rei, reperi

1- senseless -seek-for vengeance for-a-little thing, I -have-found
servitutem ."
slavery."

* The auxiliary verb is frequently suppressed in Latin, as some

times in English ; - particularly in the infinitive mood, where the
participle fully expresses the state of the action.
+ De in composition is commonly privative, not merely negative :
thus, de-mens signifies 66 deprived of mind," whereas a-mens simply
means " without mind."
Mens and animus are often translated by the same English term
" mind ;" but the two words are very different in force. Animus
properly means " animal spirit ;" mens " intellectual perception ."
It is true that animus is used to designate the immortal soul ; but it
refers only to the vital principle, whose existence after bodily dissolu
tion was doubtful till the revelation of Christianity, and it has no
reference to that power of contemplation with the " mind's eye," which
Aristotle considers the apex of felicity.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 53

40.

VIPERA ET LIMA.
THE VIPER AND THE FILE.

Better ascertain the strength of your antagonist be

fore commencing on the offensive.

Vipera venit in officīnam fabri . Hæc ,

A-viper came into the-workshop of-an-artizan. She,
quùm tentāret si esset qua res cibi,
when she-was-trying if there-were any matter of-food,
momordit limam. Illa contrà inquit con
bit a-file. That [file] in-answer says con
tumax ; " Quid stulta, capt as læde re
temptuous ; 66 Why, foolish-one, dost-thou-affect to-hurt
me dente, quæ adsuēvi corrodere omne
me with-thy-tooth, me who am-accustomed to-gnaw all
ferrum ?"
iron ?"

41 .

VULPES ET HIRCUS .
THE FOX AND THE HE- GOAT.

When a person of bad character offers you a place,

beware lest he use you as a tool for his own work.

Quùm vulpes inscia decidisset in pu

When a-fox inadvertent had-fallen-down into a
54 ESOP'S FABLES ,

teum , et clauderētur margine altiōre,* hir

well, and was-enclosed by-the-brink rather-high, a-he
cus sitiens devenit in eundem locum ; si
goat thirsting came-down into the-same place ; at
mul rogavit, " An liquor esset dulcis,
the-same-time he asked, " Whether the-liquid was sweet,
et copiosus ?" Illa moliens fraudem ; " De
and plentiful ?" She devising guile answered ; " De
scende, amīce ; tanta est bonitas aquæ ut
scend, friend ; so-great is the-goodness of-the-water, that
mea voluptas non-possit satiāri.” Barbātus
my pleasure cannot be-satisfied." The-bearded -goat
immīsit se : tum vulpecula, nixa+
dropt-in himself then the-little-fox, having-supported herself
celsis cornibus, evāsit puteo ; que liquit
on-his-lofty horns, escaped-from the-well ; and left
hircum hærentem clauso vado. ‡
the-he-goat sticking in-its-closed bottom.

* Altiore-― "" more high ;" the comparative degree being often
used without reference to a specified subject of comparison. See a
note to our Cæsar Part, page 70.
+ The participle of a deponent verb has properly a perfect significa
tion ; which force is not extended to other Latin verbs in an active
sense.
The term vudum is often applied to a shallow of a river or the
sea, but it refers not to the scarcity of the water, but to the nearness
of the ground or bed. Hence the same word is applicable to the
bottom of a deep place, and thus it is used by Virgil in these lines
Emissamque hiemem sensit Neptunus, et imis
Stagna refusa vadis.
 FROM PHÆDRUS. 55

42 .

PERÆ .
THE BAGS.

Scandal is ever busy with the failings of others, with

O
out regard to her own.

Jupiter imposuit nobis duas peras : replē

Jupiter has-placed-on us two bags : the one fill
tam propriis vitiis dedit post tergum ;
ed with-our-own vices he-has-put behind our back ; the
gravem aliēnis suspendit ante
other heavy with- other-men's faults he-has-suspended before our
pectus. *
breast.

43.

CAPELLE ET HIRCI.
THE SHE GOATS AND HE GOATS.

Never assume a dress or character, which is incon

sistent with your station or your powers.

Quùm capellæ impetrâssent barbam ab

When the-she-goats had-obtained a-beard from

* Persius adopts the same image (from Catullus)—

Ut nemo in sese tentat descendere ; nemo :
Sed præcedenti spectatur mantica tergo.
Under this fable, which belongs to pagan mythology, the Christian
56 AESOP'S FABLES ,

Jove, hirci mærentes cœperunt indignāri,

Jupiter, the-he-goats sorrowing began to-be-indignant,
quòd fœminæ æquâssent suam dignitatem :
because the-females had-equalled their-own dignity :
" Sinite illas," inquit, " frui vanâ gloriâ, et
" Suffer them," says-he, " to-enjoy a-vain glory, and
usurpare ornatum vestri muneris , dum sint
to-usurp the-ornament of-your department, provided they-be
non pares vestræ fortitudinis ."*
not peers of-your prowess."

student may acknowledge that the blindness of our nature to our

own imperfections is prettily allegorized ; but he will at the same time
remember a parable more practically useful, where " the Publican
went down justified rather than the Pharisee."
* The English word " fortitude" has been confined by some
English pedants to the sense of endurance, in contradistinction to the
active quality of " courage :" but the antithesis is utterly unclas
sical
Vixêre fortes ante Agamemnona.
Agamemnon was any thing but patient. In fact, women are
naturally more patient under suffering than men, though less adven
turous in action
 FROM PHÆDRUS . 57

44 .

GUBERNATOR ET NAUTÆ.
THE PILOT AND THE SAILORS.

D The thread oflife is of a mingled yarn - good and

ill together.

Navis vexata sævis tempestatibus, inter

A-ship being-harassed by-fierce tempests, amid
lachrymas vectōrum , et metum mortis, su
the-tears of-passengers, and their fear of-death, sud
bitò dies mutātur ad serēnam faciem : cœpit*
denly the-day is changed to a-calm aspect : she-began
ferri tuta secundis flatibus, que extollere
to-be-carried-on safe with-auspicious breezes, and to-elate
nautas nimiâ hilaritāte. Tum gubernator ,+
the-sailors with- too-much jollity. Then the-pilot,
factus sophus perîclo ; " Oportet gau
having-heen-made wise by-danger ; says ; " It-is-meet to
dere parcè, et queri sensim ; quia dolor
rejoice sparingly, and to-complain guardedly ; because grief
et gaudium miscet § totam vitam."
and joy checkers the-whole of life."

* This verb is here so long delayed, that we might almost have

desired the substantive in the form of an ablative absolute ; if the
similarity of cases would not have created ambiguity.
↑ Gubernator ( navis), " the governor of a ship," is expressed by
the single word " pilot."
Sensim - The use of this adverb is rather singular, though per
haps not so anomalous as it appears from its usual English represen
D 5
58 ESOP'S FABLES ,

45.

NAUFRAGIUM SIMONIDIS .
THE SHIPWRECK OF SIMONIDES.

The man ofcultivated talent carries treasures in his

own person.

Simonides, qui scripsit egregium melos, quò

Simonides, who wrote excellent poetry, that
sustineret paupertatem faciliùs, cœpit circumīre
he-might-support poverty more-easily, began to-go-round
nobiles urbes Asiæ, canens laudem victōrum ,*
the-famous cities of-Asia, singing the-praise of- conquerors,

tative " in-sensibly : " it means here a cautious circumspection , as of

a personfeeling his way. There is a beautiful parallel to this senti
ment in the dying discourse of Xenophon's CYRUS - ――

Φόβος δέ μοι συμπαρομαρτῶν , μή τι ἐν τῷ ἐπιόντι χρονῳ ἢ

ἴδοιμι, ἢ ἀκούσαιμι, ἢ πάθοιμι χαλεπὸν, οὐκ εἴα τελέως μέγα
φρονεῖν, οὐδ᾽ εὐφραίνεσθαι ἐκπεπταμένως .
Thesingular verb is here very elegant : as if the two substantives
constituted but one indivisible subject.
* Ifthe passengers who tried to save their treasures had not sunk,
Simonides would have appeared, from this story, rather disinterested.
But this poet was not particularly famous for contempt of money.
He was remarkable for the nice adjustment of his sublimity of
style to the value of the honorarium : thus, when some victor at
the Olympic race of mules, had given him a trifling fee for an ode,
he called the unfortunate animals " children of asses ;" but when
the donor tendered a more poetical price, he broke out, with sudden
inspiration
" Hail ! daughters of the generous steed !"
 FROM PHEDRUS . 59

mercede acceptâ. Post-quàm factus-est

recompense being-received. After-that he-became
locuples hôc genere quæstûs, voluit venīre
wealthy by-this kind of-gain, he-wished to-come
in patriam pelagio* cursu. (Autem erat
into his-own-country by-a-sea voyage. (Now he-was
natus, ut aiunt, insulâ Ceâ) . Ascendit navem ;
born, as they-say, in-the-isle of- Ceos). He-mounts a-ship ;
quam horrida tempestas et simul vetustas
which a-rough tempest and at-the-same-time its own oldness
dissolvit medio mari : hi colligunt zonas,†
wrecks in-the-mid sea : these collect their girdles,
illi pretiosas res , subsidium vitæ. Quidam
those their precious things, as a-support of-life. A-certain-person
curiosior ; " Simonide, sumis tu nihil ex
rather-curious, enquired; 66 Simonides, takest thou nothing out-of
tuis opibus ?" " Mecum," inquit, " sunt cuncta
thy riches ?" " ' With-myself," says-he, 66 are - all
mea." Tunc pauci enatant ; quia plures perî
my things." Then a-few swim-out ; because the-more had
erant, degravati onere. Prædōnes adsunt ;
perished, weighed-down by-their-burthen. Plunderers are-at-hand ;
rapiunt quod quisque extulit ; relinquunt nudos .
they-seize what each carried-forth ; they-leave them bare.
Fortè fuit propè antiqua urbs Clazomenæ,
By-chance there was near the-ancient city Clazomenæ,

* Pelagio is scarcely a genuine Latin word, being forged from the

Greek Tελayos ; but Græcisms began to be affected by the literati
very soon after the usurpation of Augustus, though the Roman ladies
adopted them some reigns later.
+ The ancients carried their money in their girdles, which therefore
answered to our word " purses."
60 ESOP'S FABLES ,

quam* naufragi petiêrunt. . Hîc

quidam
which the-shipwrecked men sought. Here a- certain- person
deditus studio literārum , qui sæpe legerat
devoted to-the-study of-letters , who often had-read
versus Simonidis, que erat maximus admirātor
the-verses of- Simonides, and was the-greatest admirer

absentis, recepit ad se cupidissimè, cognitum

ofhim absent, received him to himself most-eagerly, being-known
ab ipso sermōne : exornavit hominem veste,
from his very conversation : he-furnished the-man with-clothing,
nummis, familiâ. Cæteri portant suam
with-money, with-attendance. The-rest carry their-own

tabulam rogantes victum . Quos ut Simonides

tablet, asking-for victuals. Whom when Simonides
vidit, obvius casu, inquit, " Dixi cuncta
saw, meeting them by-chance, he-says, " I-told you that-all
mea esse cum me : quod vos rapuistis
my things were with myself: what ye snatched-up
perît. "
has-perished."

* Besides this Ionian Clazomena, there were many ancient names

of cities expressed in the form of the plural number, as Thebæ, Athena,
&c.- but the idea of plurality was not commonly retained, except
when absolutely necessary for grammatical accuracy.
+ Tabulam — It was usual for poor sailors who had suffered ship
wreck, to implore relief by exbibiting a painted tablet expressive of
their misfortune. The custom was not unreasonable, but there seems
to have heen some superstition attached to its observance, as the
wealthy sufferers devoted and hung up in the temples a tablet of
similar representation .
 FROM PHEDRUS . 61

46.

MONS PARTURIENS .

THE MOUNTAIN LABOURING.

Never advertise more stockfor sale than can actually

be brought into the market.

Mons parturībat, ciens immānes gemitus ;

A-mountain was-labouring, heaving prodigious groans ;
que erat in terris maxima expectatio :
and there-was in the-lands the-greatest expectation :
at ille peperit murem.
but that [mountain] brought-forth a-mouse.

47.

FORMICA ET MUSCA.

THE ANT AND THE FLY.

The beef-eating husbandman is better than the toad

eating courtier.

Formica et musca contendebant acriter,

An-ant and a-fly were-contending eagerly,
quæ esset pluris. Musca sic cœpit
which of them was of-more worth. The-fly thus began
62 ESOP'S FABLES ,

prior : * " Potes tu conferre te nostris

first : " Canst thou compare thyself to-our
laudibus ? Ubi immolatur , prægusto exta
praises ? Where sacrifice- is-made, I-first-taste the-entrails
deum ; moror inter aras, perlustro
belonging-to-gods ; I-dwell among altars, I-survey
omnia templa : sedeo in capite regis , quùm
all temples : I-sit on the-head of-a-king, when
visum-est mihi ; et delībo casta oscula ma
it-has-seemed fit to-me ; and I-sip-from the-chaste lips of-ma
tronārum : labōro nihil , atque fruor optimis
trons : I-labour nothing, and I-enjoy the-best
rebus . Quid contingit tibi simile horum , rustica ?"
fortunes. What belongs to- thee like these things , rustic ?"
" Sanè convictus deûm est gloriosus : sed
"(
Certainly a-living-with gods is glorious : but glorious
illi , qui invitatur, non qui est invīsus.§
to-him, who is-invited, not to him who is unseen.

* We have apologized once before for this common expression ;

prior, literally rendered " former," would be here obscure or am
biguous.
In the ancient Latin, as in its modern variation, the Italian, per
sonal pronouns were suppressed, not only in common conversation,
but in serious writing, except where the subject required emphasis or
contrast. In this story, the sarcasm on the second person is em~
phatical in the ostentation of the luxurious fly. The Romans al
ways put the first person before the second or third, contrary to our
own modest usage : thus the famous style adopted by cardinal Wol
sey - Ego et Rex meus · is perfectly classical.
This expression signifies, not when it seems "" right and becom
ing," but when " to my humour and pleasure."
This is the proper meaning of invisus, but it is commonly trans
ferred to the sense of "C disregarded or odious. "
 FROM PHEDRUS. 63

Commemoras reges, et oscula * matronārum ;

Thou-talkest-of kings, and lips of- matrons ;
ego, quùm studiosè congero granum in hyemem,
I, when zealously 1- heap-together grain for the-winter,
video te pasci stercore circa murum. Fre
I-see thee to-be-feeding on-dung about the-wall. Thou

quentas aras ; nempè abigeris,

hauntest altars ; in-sooth thou-art-driven-off, from every place

quò venis. Labōras nihil ; ideò, quùm

whither thou-comest. Thou-labourest nothing ; therefore, when
est opus , habes nil. Superba jactas quod
there-is need, thou-hast nothing. Proud thou-boastest-of what
pudor debet tegere. Estate lacessis me ; quùm
modesty ought to conceal. In-summer thou-assailest me ; when
est bruma, siles. Quùm frigora cogunt te
it-is winter, thou-art-silent. When chills compel thee
mori contractum, copiosa domus recipit me
to-die pinched-up, a-plentiful home receives me
incolumem. Profectò retudi satis
unharmed. Surely I-have-rebutted sufficiently
superbiam." +
thy pride."

Osculum is a diminitive from os, oris, the mouth ; but it is often

translated to the sense of" a kiss."

+ This moral reminds us of a passage in Shakspeare, where Be

larius, comparing his former courtly station to his present obscure
retirement, gives the preference to the latter -
-
And often, to our comfort, shall we find
The sharded beetle in a safer hold
Than is the full-wing'd eagle. O ! this life
Is nobler, than attending for a check ;
Prouder, than rustling in unpaid-for silk !
64 SOP'S FABLES ,

48 .

HOMO ET ASINUS .

THE MAN AND THE ASS.

He is more than fortunate who profits by another's

misfortunes.

Quùm quidam immolâsset verrem sancto

When a-certain-man had-sacrificed a-boar-pig to-sacred
Herculi, cui debebat votum pro suâ salūte,*
Hercules, to-whom he-owed it as vowed for his-own safety,

jussit reliquias hordei asello ;

poni
he-commanded the-remnants of-the-barley to-be-put to-the-donkey ;
quas ille aspernātus, sic locutus-est : " Prorsùs
which he having-spurned, thus spoke : "" Altogether

libenter adpeterem tuum cibum, nisi jugulātus

willingly, I-would-take-to thy feed, unless he-had-been
foret, qui nutrītus-est illo." +
killed , who was-nourished with-that."

* It was usual with the ancients, when in danger, to devote some

offering to a deity for self-preservation.
† We must imagine the ass to have observed that the boar was
fattened on barley. - Horace has a parallel illustration to this,
where the fox assigns as a reason for not entering the lion's
den
Quia me vestigia terrent
Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsùm.
 FROM PHÆDRUS . 65

49.

SCURRA ET RUSTICUS .

THE BUFFOON AND THE COUNTRYMAN.

The ignorant vulgar prefer the spurious productions

of a reputed artist, to the genuine offerings of un
patronized merit.

Quidam dives factūrus nobiles ludos,*

A-certain rich man about-to-make remarkable games,
invitavit cunctos præmio proposito, ut
invited all performers by-a-reward proposed, that
quisque ostenderet novitātem quam posset.
each should -exhibit any novelty which he-could.
Artifices venêre ad certamina laudis ; inter
Artists came to the-contests of- praise ; among
quos scurra, notus urbāno sale,t dixit se
whom a-buffoon , known for-courtly wit, said that-he
habere genus spectaculi, quod nunquam pro
had a-kind of- spectacle, which never had
lātum-foret in theatro. Rumor dispersus concitat
been-produced in a-theatre. The-report being-spread excites

* It was usual at Rome for the rich to entertain the populace with
"
games" at their own expence. Spectaculum may not appear a
proper term for this exhibition, but it was used generally, like the
French " spectacle."
+ Literally, " city salt : ”—This epithet was a sufficient panegyric
in ancient times, as contradistinguished from coarse or rustic.
66 ESOP'S FABLES.

civitātem : paulò antè, vacua loca deficiunt

the-city : a-little before, vacant places are-deficient-for
turbam . Verò postquàm constitit solus in scenâ ,
the-crowd. Indeed after-that he-stood alone on the-stage,
sine apparātu,* nullis adjutoribus, expectatio
without appliances, with-no assistants, expectation
ipsa fecit silentium . Ille repentè demīsit caput
itself made silence. He suddenly dropt his head
in sinum et sic imitātus -est vocem porcelli
into his bosom, and so mimicked the-voice of-a-little-pig
suâ, ut contenderent verum subesse
with-his-own, that they-asserted that-a-real pig was-under
pallio, et jubērent excuti. Quo fac
his cloak, and commanded it to-be-shaken- off. Which having
to, simul nihil repertum-est, onerant homi
been-done, as-soon as nothing was-discovered, they-load the
nem multis laudibus , que prosequuntur + max
man with-many praises, and attend him with-the
imo plausu . Rusticus vidit hoc fieri :
greatest applause. A-countryman saw this to-be-done :
" Meherculè ," inquit, " vincet non me ;"
"C By-Hercules," "
says-he, he-shall-conquer not me ;"
et statim profes sus -est, " se factur um [esse ]
and immediately he-gave- out, " that-he would-do

* We are loth to give a Latin word as English for Latin ; but

the word " apparatus" is the best translation of itself, and is almost
naturalized by the authority of lecturers and jugglers.
+ Prosequi means literally "to follow on ;" but this general verb
is often qualified by a substantive, from which it takes its especial
signification. In this passage, the phrase is only intensive of maximè
plaudunt.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 67

idem meliùs postridiè." Major turba fit :

the-same better the-day-after." A-greater crowd is made :
jam favor tenet mentes, et sedent deri
already favouritism possesses their minds, and they-sit to-laugh
sūri, non spectatūri . Uterque prodit :
him-down, not to-look-on. Each competitor goes-forth :
Scurra digrunnit prior ; que movet plausus, et
The-buffoon grunts first ; and stirs plaudits, and
suscitat clamōres. Tunc rusticus, simulans*
excites shouts. Then the-countryman, pretending
sese obtegere porcellum vestimentis - quod
that-he covered-over a-little-pig with-his-garments — (which
scilicet faciebat,† sed latens, quia compererant
in-sooth he-did, but unnoticed, because they-had-discovered
nil in priōre) -— pervellit verò aurem,
nothing in the-former man ) — he-pinches really the-ear of the pig,
quem celaverat , et cum dolore exprimit vocem
which he-had-concealed, and with the-pain squeezes-out the-voice
naturæ. Populus adclamat, " Scurram imi
of-nature. The-people shouts-at him, " That-the-buffoon mi

* Simulans in its proper sense, is positive, in contradistinction to

dissimulans which is negative : the former being appropriated to the
signification of " feigning what is not " the latter to that of " dis
guising what is." The meaning of simulans in this passage is,
"" making a shew or pretence that he has a pig under his cloak."
In doing this he merely followed the example of the scurra ; and had
no intention that the audience should suspect his manœuvre to be a
refined disguise of the reality.
+ This seems to be the origin of our auxiliary verb " did" .- as
being a very general respondent to a preceding active verb : it is par
ticularly employed by the Latins in answers to questions ; where
modern languages use simple particles, as 66 Yes" or " No," contrary
to the practice of the ancients.
68 ESOP'S FABLES ,

tâtum [esse] multò similiùs ; " et cogit rusti

micked much more- like ;" and compels the-country
cum trudi foràs . At ille profert porcellum
man to-be-thrust out-of-doors. But he produces the-little-pig
ipsum è sinu ; que probans turpem errōrem
itself from his bosom ; and proving their foul error

aperto pignore, " En , hic declarat,

by-the-open token, says, " Behold, this pig makes-clear,
quales judices sitis."
what-sort-of judges ye-are.'

50.

VENATOR ET CANIS .
THE HUNTSMAN AND THE DOG.

The claims of an old friend or servant are worthy of

remembrance.

Quùm canis, fortis adversus omnes velōces

When a-dog, brave against all swift
feras , semper satis-fecisset * domino , cœpit
wild-beasts, always had-satisfied his master, he-began
languēre annis ingravantibus. Aliquando ob
to-be-weak with-years pressing-on, Once being

* The English form of " satisfy" or " do enough" in an active

sense, though extended to all verbs of such derivation, does not ap
pear to be quite legitimate. We should have liked it to approach
nearer to the active verb facio, than to the passive fio ; but we must
not contravene " usage"
Quem penes arbitrium est, et jus, et norma loquendi.
 FROM PHEDRUS . 69

jectus pugnæ hispidi suis, arripuit aurem ;

exposed to-the-battle of-a-bristly boar, he-seized its ear ;
sed demisit prædam cariosis dentibus . Hic
but let-go the-prey from -rotten teeth. On-this
tum venator dolens objurgabat canem . Cui
then the-huntsman fretting chided the-dog. To-whom
senex latrans contrà, " Animus destituit te
the-old-one barking in-answer, said, "" My-spirit has-deserted thee
non, sed meæ vires ; lauda quod fuimus ,
not, but my powers have ; praise what we-have-been,
""*
si jam damnas quod sumus .'
if now thou-condemnest what we-are."

* Phædrus wrote his fifth and last book of fables in his old age,
and seems to think it necessary thus to bespeak favor for his senile
production but no apology is requisite. Old age is ever tenacious
of its claims, as if diffident oftheir validity ; and we must beg pardon
of Phædrus, for not altering the title of our pages, as his humour
directed. He begins with acknowledging Esop as his master, and
he treats him with due observance in his earlier books : but, anon —
Mobilitate viget, viresque acquirit eundo.
He finds that his own strength grows with the growth of his fame,
- and at length declares of his fables -
Quas Esopeas, non Æsopi nomino ;
Quasi paucas ille ostendit, ego plures dissero,
Usus vetusto genere, sed rebus novis.
Phædrus has given us a moral where he did not point one ; and
we would impress it on our youthful readers in this form - Lean on
us for a while, till you are sure of your own strength : we will make
you independent of ourselves, scholars in your own right ; and when
you feel that your footing is firm , and your course clear, then, if you
can forget the name of LOCKE, may forget that you ever received
information or assistance from His Method of Classical Instruction.
 REMARKS

ON THE

METRE OF PHEDRUS .

In order that the pupil may be enabled to scan

the verse of Phædrus, to avoid those errors of
pronunciation into which he might otherwise fall,
and to give each word its proper emphasis , we
subjoin a few remarks, which, with the aid of
certain signs, placed over such syllables as would
otherwise be doubtful, will render this process,
so far as the above objects are concerned, a task
of no great difficulty to him.
1. Each line is a verse of six feet, each foot
consisting of two or three syllables.
2. When the foot consists of two syllables, the
first may be long or short (except in the sixth
place, where it is always short) ; but the second
!
of two syllables must be long.
3. When the foot consists of three syllables ,
all must be short ; or the first must be long and
 REMARKS ON THE METRE OF PHÆDRUS . 71

the two next short ; or, vice versa, the first two
short, and the third long.
4. These varieties give us the following feet as
constituting this kind of verse : Ist , called the
Iambus ; 2nd, the Spondee ; 3rd , the
Tribrach ; 4th, ~~~ the Dactyl ; and 5th ,
the Anapast. A 6th of unfrequent occurrence is
found in some writers, called the Proce
leusmaticus.

5. In scanning, the emphasis is always given to

the one long or to either of the two short syllables,
which form the latter half of each of these feet ;
but in reading, this emphasis is to be dropt, when
ever it would fall on the last syllable of a word,
and a greater stress is to be laid on the syllable
preceding.
6. Vowels at the end of one word and the be
ginning of the next blend together, in general, so
as to be considered to form bu one syllable ; nor
does m final prevent this blending when the next
word begins with a vowel. Two proximate vowels,
also, in different syllables of the same word, oc
casionally coalesce so as to form but one syllable.
7. Every last syllable of a line, whether long
or short, is to be considered long.
That these brief remarks may be the better un
derstood, we shall exemplify them by scanning,
for the pupil's guidance, theopening lines of
72 REMARKS ON THE METRE OF PHEDRUS.

Phædrus, marking the quantities of the latter

half of each foot.

Esōplus auctor quām | materiam rēp| pĕrīt

Hanc ego polīvi vēr| sibūs | senā|rīīs.
Duplex | libēlli dōs | est quōd | risūm | mõvēt ;
Et quod prudenti vīltam cōn |sĭlĭō | monēt.
Calūmniāri sī | quis autem võlŭļĕrīt
Quod arbores loquantur, non | tantūm | fĕræ,
Fictīs jocari nōs | memĭně| rit fālbŭlīs .

If these lines were fully scanned , it would be

seen that mātěrĭ, in the first line, is a Dactyl, and
měmíně, in the last, a Tribrach ; also that through
out there are many Spondees mingled with Iam
buses ; but as the knowledge of the length of all
first syllables is not necessary to pronunciation ,
we shall not recommend the young pupil, at this
stage of his progress, to perplex himself with its
acquisition. It is sufficient for the present if he
learns to mark with accuracy the length of final
syllables in each foot .
 É

PHÆDRI

FABULARUM ÆSOPICARUM

LIBRIS QUINQUE .

PROLOGUS .

Æsopas auctor quam materiam repperit,

Hanc ego polīvi versibus senariis.
Duplex libelli dos est : quôd risum movet ;
Et quòd prudenti vitam consilio monet.
Calumniari si quis autem võluerit,
Quòd arbores loquantur, non tantùm feræ,
Fictis jocari nos měmínĕrit fabulis.
E
 74 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

1.

LUPUS ET AGNUS

Ad rivum eundem Lupus et Agnus venerant,

Siti compulsi : superior stabat Lupus,
Longèque inferior Agnus : Tunc fauce improbâ
Latro incitātus, jurgii causam intulit.
" Cur," inquit, " turbulentam mihi fecisti aquam
" Istam bibenti ?" Laniger contrà timens .
66
Quî possum, quæso, făcere quod quereris, Lupe ?
" A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor."
Repulsus ille veritātis viribus
" Ante hos sex menses," ait, " mălědixisti mihi."
Respondit Agnus ; " equidem natus non eram.”
" Păter, hercule, tuus," inquit, " mălědixit mihi.”
Atque ĭtă correptum lăcărat injustâ nece.

2.

RANÆ REGEM POSTULANTES .

Ranæ, vagantes liberis paludibus,

Clamōre magno regem pětiêre à Jove,
Qui dissolūtos mores vi compesceret .
Pater Deōrum risit, atque illis dedit
Parvum tigillum ; missum quod sŭbĭtò vadis,
Sant Motu sonōque terruit păvĭdum genus.
21. Hoc mersum limo cùm jaceret diutiùs ,
Fortè ună tăcitè profert è stagno caput,
Et, explorato rege, cunctas evocat.
 LIBRIS QUINQUE . 75

Illæ, timōrě posĭto, certātìm adnatant ;

Lignumque suprà turbă pětŭlans insilit :
Quod quùm inquinâssent omni contumeliâ,
Alium rogantes Regem, misêre ad Jovem,
Inutilis quoniam esset, qui fuerat datus .
Tum misit illis hydrum, qui, dente aspero,
Corrĭpĕre cœpit singulas : frustrà necem
Fugitant inertes : vocem præclūdit metus.
Furtìm igitur dant Mercurio mandāta ad Jovem,
Afflictis ut succurrat. Tunc contrà Deus,
" Quiă noluistis vestrum ferre," inquit, " bonum,
Malum perferte.”

3.
GRACULUS SUPERBUS.

Tumens inani Graculus superbiâ,

Pennas, Pavoni quæ deciderant, sustulit
Seque exornavit : deinde contemnens suos,
Immiscuit se Pavōnum formōso gregi.
Illi impudenti pennas erĭpĭunt avi,
Fugantque rostris . Mălě mulctātus, Graculus
Redire mærens cœpit ad proprium genus :
A quo repulsus, tristem sustinuit notam.
Tum quidam ex illis quos priùs despexerat ;
" Contentus nostris si fuisses sedibus ,
Et, quod natūră dědĕrat võlŭisses pati ;
Nec illam expertus esses contumeliam ,
Nec hanc repulsam tuă sentiret călămitas.
76 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

4.

CANIS NATANS .

Canis, per flumen, carnem dum ferret, natans,

Lymphārum in spěcŭlo vidit sĭmŭlācrum suum ;
Aliamque prædăm ǎb ǎlio ferri putans,
Erĭpĕrě võluit ; verùm decepta ǎviditas,
Et, quem tenebat ōre, demīsit cibum ;
Nec, quem petebat, potůĭt ăděò attingere.

5.

VACCA, CAPELLA, OVIS , ET LEO.

Vacca, et Capella , et pǎtiens ŏvis injuriæ,

Socii fuêre cum Leōne in saltibus .
Hi quùm cepissent Cervum vasti corporis,
Sic est locutus, partibus factis, Leo :
" Ego primam tollo, quiă nominor Leo :
Secundam, quiă sum fortis, tribuētis mihi :
Tum quiă plus vǎleo, me sequētur tertia :
Malo adficiētur, si quis quartam tětigerit.”
Sic totam prædam sola improbitas abstulit.

6.

LUPUS ET GRUS.

Os devoratum fauce quùm hæreret Lupi ,

Magno dolore victus, cœpit singulos
 LIBRIS QUINQUE . 77

Illicěrě prětio, ut illud extrăhĕrent malum .

Tandem persuasa est jurejurando Gruis ;
Gulæque credens colli longitudinem ,
Periculosam fecit mědicīnam Lupo.
Pro quo quùm pactum flagitaret præmium ;
" Ingrata es," inquit, " ore quæ nostro caput
Incolume abstůlĕris, et mercedem postules !"

7.

PASSER ET LEPUS .

Oppressum ǎb ǎquilâ, fletus edentem graves,

Leporem objurgābat Passer : " ŭbĭ pernicitsa
Nota," inquit, " illa est ? Quid ita cessârunt
pedes ?"
Dum loquitur, ipsum Accipiter něc ŏpīnum rapit,
Questūque vano clamitantem interficit.
Lepus, semiănĭmus, mortis in solatium ;
""
Qui modo securus nostra irridēbas mala,
Sĭmĭli querēlâ fata deplōras tua. ”

8.

LUPUS ET VULPES, JUDICE SIMIO.

Lupus arguebat Vulpem furti crimine ;

Negabat illa se esse culpæ proximiam :
Tunc judex inter illos sedit Simius.
78 E PHÆDRI FABULARUM

Uterque causam cùm perorâssent suam,

Dixisse hanc fertur Simius sententiam :
" Tu non vidēris perdidisse quod petis :
Te credo surripuisse, quod pulchrè negas.”

9.
ASINUS ET LEO VENANTES.

Venāri, Asello comite, quùm vellet Leo,

Contexit illum frutice ; et admonuit simul,
Ut insuētâ voce terrēret feras,
Fugientes ipse exciperet. Hic auritulus
Clamōrem subitò totis tollit viribus,
Novoque turbat bestias miraculo ;
Quæ, dum paventes exitus notos petunt,
Leonis adfliguntur horrendo impetu.
Qui, postquàm cæde fessus est, ăsĭnum evocat,
Jubetque vocem prěměre : Tunc ille insolens :
" Qualis vidētur opěră tĭbĭ vocis meæ ?”
(6
Insignis," inquit ; " sic ut, nisĩ nôssem tuum
Ănimum genusque, simili fugîssem metu,"

10.
CERVUS CORNIBUS IMPEDITUS .

Ad fontem Cervus, quùm bibisset, restitit,

Et in liquore vidit effigiem suam.
Ibi dum ramōsa, mirans, laudat cornua,
Crurumque nimiam těnŭitātem vĭtŭperat ;
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 79

Venantûm sŭbĭtò vocibus conterritus,

Per campum fugere cœpit, et cursu levi
Canes elusit. Sylva tum excepit ferum ;
In quâ retentis impedītus cornibus,
Lăcărări cœpit morsibus sævis canum.
Tunc moriens vocem hanc edidisse dicitur :

" O me infelicem ! qui nunc demùm intelligo,

Ut illă mihi profuerint, quæ despexeram ;
Et, quæ laudâram, quantùm luctûs hăbŭerint !"

11.
VULPES ET CORVUS.
Quùm de fenestrâ Corvus raptum caseum
Comesse vellet, celsâ residens arbore ;
Hunc vidit Vulpes , deindè sic cœpit loqui :
" O qui tuarum, Corve, pennārum est nitor !
66
Quantùm decoris corpore et vultu geris !
Si vocem habēres, nullă prior ales foret. "
At ille stultus, dum vult vocem ostendere,
Emisit ore caseum ; quem cělĕriter
Dolōsa Vulpes ǎvidis răpăit dentibus.

12.
ASINUS EGREGIE CORDATUS .

Asellum in prato timidus pascebat senex :

Is, hostium clamore subitò territus ,
Suadebat ǎsino fugere, ne possent capi .
80 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

At ille lentus : << Quæso, num binas mihi

Clitellas imposĭtūrum victōrem putas ?"
Senex negavit. " Ergo, quid refert meâ
Cui serviam , clitellas dum portem meas ?"

13.

OVIS ET CERVUS .

Ovem rogabat Cervus mŏdĭum tritici,

Lupo sponsore : at illa præmětuens dolum ;
66
Răpere atque abīre semper adsuevit Lupus ;
Tu de conspectu făgĕre velōci impetu :
Ubi vos requiram, quùm dies advenerit ?"

14.

CANIS PARTURIENS .

Canis parturiens quùm rogâsset alteram,

Ut fœtum in ejus tugŭrio deponeret ,
Făcilè impetravit : dein reposcenti locum,
Preces admōvit ; tempus exōrans breve,
Dum firmiores cătulos posset ducere.
Hoc quoque consumpto, flagitare vălĭdiùs
Cubile cœpit : " Si mihi et turbæ meæ
Par," inquit, " esse potueris, cedam loco."
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 81

15.

LEO SENIO CONFECTUS.

Defectus annis, et desertus viribus,

Leo quùm jaceret, spiritum extrēmum trahens,
"
Aper fulmĭněis ad eum venit dentibus ,
Ei vindicavit ictu větěrem injuriam :
Infestis Taurus mox confōdit cornibus
Hostile corpus . Ăsínus, ut vidit ferum
Impunè lædi, calcibus frontem extudit.
At ille expirans, " Fortes indignè tuli
Mihi insultare : Te, naturæ dedecus,
Quòd ferre cogor, certè bis viděor mori."

16.

MUSTELA ET HOMO.

Mustela ǎb homine prênsa, quùm instantem necem

Effugere vellet, " Quæso," inquit, " parcas mihi,
Quæ tibi molestis muribus purgo domum ."
Respondit ille : " Făceres si causâ meâ,
Gratum esset, et dedissem věnĭam supplici :
Nunc quiă labōras, ut fruāris reliquiis
Quas sunt rosuri, sĭmul et ipsos devores,
Noli imputare vanum běněficium mihi."
Atque ĭtă locutus, improbam letho dedit.
E 5
82 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

17.
CANIS FIDELIS.

Nocturnus quùm fur panem misisset Cani,

Objecto tentans an cibo posset capi ;
" Heus !" inquit, " linguam vis meam præcludere,
Ne latrem pro re domini ? Multùm falleris :
Namque istă sŭbĭta me jubet benignitas
Vigilārě, făcĭas ne meæ culpâ lucrum. ”

18.
RANA RUPTA.

In prato quodam Rana conspexit Bovem ;

Et, tacta invidiâ tantæ magnitudinis ,
Rugōsam inflavit pellem : tum natos suos
Interrogavit, " An Bovem esset latior ?”
Illi negârunt. Rursùs intendit cutem
Majōre nisu ; et simili quæsivit modo,
" Quis major esset ?" Illi dixerunt, " Bovem."
Novissimè indignāta, dum vult vălĭdiùs
Inflare sese, rupto jăcăit corpore.

19.
VULPES ET CICONIA.

Vulpes ad cœnam dicitur Ciconiam

Prior invitâsse, et illi in pătĭnâ liquidam
Posuisse sorbitionem, quam nullo modo
Gustare esŭriens potuerit Ciconia :
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 83

Quæ, Vulpem quùm revocâsset, intrīto cibo

Plenam lagēnam posuit : huic rostrum inserens,
Sătĭātur ipsa, et torquet convivam fame :
Quæ quùm lagenæ frustrà collum lamberet,
Pěrĕgrīnam sic locūtam võlucrem accepimus :
“ Suă quisque exempla debet æquo ănĭmo pati. ”

20.
VULPES ET AQUILA.

Vulpinos cătulos aquila quondam sustulit,

Nidoque posuit pullis, escam ut carperent :
Hanc persecuta mater orare incipit,
Ne tantum, misĕræ, luctum importāret sibi.
Contempsit illa, tuta quippe ipso loco.
Vulpes ab arâ răpăit ardentem facem,
Totamque flammis arborem circumdedit,
Hosti dolorem damno miscens sanguinis .
Aquila, ut periculo mortis erĭpĕret suos .
Incolumes natos supplex Vulpi tradidit.

21.
RANÆ METUENTES TAURORUM PROLIA.

Rana in palūde, pugnam Taurōrum intuens,

" Heu, quanta nobis instat pernicies !" ait.
Interrogata ǎb ăliâ, cur hoc diceret,
De principātu quùm illi certarent gregis,
Longèque ab illis degerent vitam boves ?
84 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

" Nătio," ǎit, " separāta, ac diversum est genus⚫

Sed, pulsus regno němoris qui profugerit,
Palūdis in secretă věnĭet lătibula,
Et proculcatas obteret duro pede.
Căpăt ita ad nostrum furor illōrum pertinet."

22.
MILVIUS ET COLUMBÆ.
Columbæ sæpe quùm fugissent Milvium,
Et cělěritāte pennæ evitâssent necem ,
Consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam ,
Et genus inerme tali decēpit dolo :
" Quare solicitum potiùs ævum ducitis,
Quàm regem me creatis , (icto fœdere,)
Qui vos ab omni tutas præstem injuriâ ?”
Illæ credentes tradunt sese Milvio ;
Qui, regnum adeptus , cœpit vesci singulas,
Et exercere impĕrium sævis unguibus
De reliquis tunc ait ună, " Měritò plectimur.'

23 .
LEO SAPIENS .
Super juvencum stabat dejectum Leo :
Prædātor intervenit, partem postulans :
" Darem," inquit, " nisi solēres per te sumere :"
Et improbum rejecit. Fortè innoxius
Viator est deductus în eundem locum,
Ferōque viso, rettulit retrò pedem,
 LIBRIS QUINQUE . 85

Cui plăcidus ille, " Non est quod timeas," ait ;

"6
Et, quæ debetur pars tuæ modestiæ,
Audacter tolle." Tunc diviso tergore ,
Sylvas petivit homini ut accessum daret.

24.
HOMO ET CANIS .

Lăcĕrātus quidam morsu věhěmentis Canis,

Tinctum cruōre panem misit mălěfico,
Audiĕrat esse quod rěmědĭum vulneris.
Tunc sic Æsopus : " Noli coram pluribus
Hoc făcěrě cănibus, ne vos vivos devorent ;
Quùm sciĕrint esse tale culpæ præmium .”

25.
AQUILA, FELIS , ET APER.

Aquila in sublimi quercu nidum fecerat :

Felis, cavernam nacta in mědĭâ, pĕpěrerat :
Sus, němŏri-cultrix , fœtum ad imam põsŭerat
Tum fortuitum Felis contubernium
Fraude et scelestâ sic avertit mălĭtiâ.
Ad nidum scandit võlŭcris : " Pernicies," ait,
" Tibi parātur, forsan et misĕræ mihi :
Nam foděrě terram quòd vides quotidie
Aprum insidiosum, quercum vult evertere,
Ut nostram in plano făcilè progeniem opprimat. ”
Terrōre effuso, et purturbātis sensibus,
Derēpit ad cubile setōsæ Suis :
86 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

((
Magno," inquit, " in periculo sunt nati tui.
Nam simul exiĕris pastum cum těněro grege,
Aquila est parātă răpĕre porcellos tibi .”
Hunc quoque timōre postquàm complēvit locum,
Dolōsa tuto condidit sese cavo :
Indè evagāta noctu suspenso pede ,
Ubi escâ se replēvit et prolem suam ,
Pavōrem sĭmulans prospicit toto die.
Ruinam mětuens ăquila ramis desidet
Aper rapīnam vitans non prodit foras.
Quid multa ? Inědĭâ sunt consumpti cum suis ;
Felisque cătulis largam præbuerunt dapem.

26.

MULI DUO ET LATRONES .

Muli gravati sarcinis ibant duo :

Unus ferebat fiscos cum pecuniâ ;
Alter, tumentes multo saccos hordeo.
Ille, onĕre dives , celsâ cervice eminens,
Clarumque collo jactans tintinnabulum ;
Comes quieto sequitur et plăcido gradu.
Subitò Latrōnes ex insidiis advolant,
:
Interque cædem ferro mulum tonsitant :
Diripiunt nummos ; negligunt vile hordeum.
Spoliatus igitur casus quùm fleret suos ;
،،
Equidem," inquit alter, "me contemptum gaudeo ;
Nam nil amisi, nec sum læsus vulnere."
 LIBRIS QUINQUE . 87

27.
ANUS AD AMPHORAM.
Anus jacere vidit epōtam amphoram,
Adhuc Falernâ fæce, et testâ nobili,
Odōrem quæ jucundum latè spargeret.
Hunc postquàm totis ăvĭda traxit naribus ;
" O suavis ănĭma ! qualem te dicam bonam
Antehâc fuisse, tales cùm sint reliquiæ ?"

28.
PANTHERA ET PASTORES .

Panthera imprudens olim in foveam decidit.

Vidêre agrestes : ălii fustes congerunt,
Ălîi õnĕrant saxis : quidam contrà mĭsĕriti,
Pěrĭturæ quippe quamvis nemo læderet,
Misêre panem, ut sustineret spiritum .
Nox insecuta est : ǎběunt securi domum,
Quasi inventuri mortuam postridiè.
At illa, vires ut refecit languidas,
Veloci saltu fŏvěà sese liberat,
Et in cubile concito propĕrat gradu.
Paucis diebus interpositis , provolat,
Pecus trucidat , ipsos pastores necat,
Et cuncta vastans, sævit irāto impetu.
Tum sibi timentes, qui feræ pepercerant,
Damnum haud recusant , tantùm pro vitâ rogant.
At illă : " Měmini , qui me saxo pětierint ,
Qui panem dědĕrint : vos timōre absistite ;
Illis revertor hostis, qui me læserant.”
88 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

29.

MUSCA ET MULA.

Musca in temōne sedit, et Mulam increpans,

" Quàm tarda es !" inquit ; " non vis citius pro
gredi ?
Vide, ne dolōne collum compungam tibi."
Respondit illa : " Verbis non movĕor tuis ;
Sed istum tímĕo, sellâ qui primâ sedens,
Jugum flagello temperat lento meum,
Et ora frænis continet spumantibus :
Quapropter aufer frivolam insolentiam ;
Namque ŭbĭ strigandum est, et ubi currendum,
scio."

30.

CANIS ET LUPUS.

Cani perpasto, măcie confectus Lupus

Fortè occurrit : salutantes dein invicem

Ut restiterunt ; " Unde sic, quæso, nites ?

Aut quo cibo fecisti tantum corporis ?
Ego, qui sum longè fortior, pereo fame."
Canis simpliciter : " eadem est conditio tibi,
Præstārě domino si par officium potes."
" Quod ?" inquit ille. " Custos ut sis liminis,
A furibus tuĕāris et noctu domum."
66
Ĕgo verò sum parātus. Nunc pătĭor nives
Imbresque, in sylvis asperam vitam trahens.
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 89

Quantò est făcĭlĭus mihi sub tecto vivere,

Et otiōsam largo sătĭāri cibo !"
" Veni ergò mecum." Dum procedunt, adspicit
Lupus à catenâ collum detritum Canis .
" Undè hoc, amicě ?" " Nihil est." " Dic, quæso,
tamen."
" Quiă videor ǎcer, alligant me interdiù,
Luce ut quiescam, et vigilem nox quùm venerit :
Crepusculo solutus, quà visum est vagor :
Adfertur ultrò panis : de mensâ suâ
Dat ossă dominus : frusta jactat fămília,
Et, quod fastidit quisque, pulmentarium .
Sic sině labore venter impletur meus."
(6
Ăge, si quò abīre est ănĭmus, est licentia ?”
" Non planè est," inquit. " Fruere quæ laudas,
Canis ;
Regnare nolo, liber ut non sim mihi."

31.

SOCRATIS DICTUM.

Quùm parvas ædes sibi fundâsset Socrates ,

(Cujus non fugio mortem, si famam adsequar ;
Et cedo invidiæ, dummodò absolvar cinis : )—
E populo sic, nescio quis, ut fieri solet ;
66 Quæso, tam
angustam, talis vir, ponis domum ?"
Útinam," inquit, " veris hanc amīcis impleam."
90 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

32.
MARGARITA IN STERQUILINIO .

In sterquilinio pullus gallinaceus,

Dum quærit escam, margarītam repperit :
" Jaces indigno, quanta res," inquit, “ loco !
O si quis prětii cupidus vidisset tui,
Olim redîsses ad splendōrem maximum !
Ĕgo , qui te invēni, potior cui multò est cibus,
Nec tibi prodesse, nec mihi quidquam potes ."

33.

APES ET FUCI, VESPA JUDICE .

Apes in altâ quercu fecerant favos :

Hos Fuci inertes esse dicebant suos.
Lis ad forum deducta est, Vespâ judice :
Quæ, genus utrumque nôsset cùm pulcherrimè,
Legem duabus hanc proposuit partibus :
" Non inconveniens corpus, et par est color,
In dŭbĭum planè res ut meritò venerit.
Sed, ne religio peccet imprudens mea,
Alveos accipite, et ceris õpus infundite ;
Ut ex sapōre mellis, et formâ favi,
De quîs nunc ăgitur, auctor horum appareat.”
Fuci recusant. Apibus conditio placet.
Tunc illa talem sustulit sententiam :
66
Apertum est, quis non possit, aut quis fecerit ;
""
Quapropter ǎpibus fructum restituo suum.'
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 91

34.
ESOPUS LUDENS.

Půĕrōrum in turbâ quidam ludentem Atticus

Æsopum nucibus quùm vidisset, restitit,
Et quasi delīrum risit : quod sensit simul,
Derisor potiùs quàm deridendus , senex,
Arcum retentum posuit in mědĭâ viâ :
" Heus !" inquit, " săpiens, expedi quid fecerini !"
Concurrit populus. Ille se torquet diù,
Nec quæstionis posĭtæ causam intelligit :
Novissimè succumbit . Tum victor sophus :
" Cĭto rumpes arcum, semper si tensum habueris ;
At si laxâris, quùm voles, ĕrĭt utilis.”

35.
ARBORES IN TUTELA DEORUM .
Olim, quas vellent esse in tutēlâ sua ,
Divi legerunt arbores. Quercus Jovi ,
Et Myrtus Věnĕri plăcuit : Phœbo Laurea,
Pinus Cybēla, Populus celsa Herculi.
Minerva admirans, quarè stěrĭles sumerent,
Interrogavit. Causam dixit Jupiter ;
" Honorem fructu ne viděāmur vendere.”
66 At, meherculè narrabit, quod quis võluerit

Olīva nobis propter fructum est gratior."

Tunc sic Deōrum genitor, atque hominum sator ;
" O nată, meritò săpiens dicere omnibus :
Nisi utile est quod făcĭmus, stulta est gloria.”
92 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

36.

PAVO AD JUNONEM .

Pavo ad Junōnem venit, indignè ferens

Cantus luscinii quòd sibi non tríbŭerit :
Illum esse cunctis auribus admirabilem ;
Se derideri , simul ac vocem miserit.
Tunc, consolandi gratiâ, dixit Dea :
" Sed formâ vincis, vincis magnitudine ;
Nitor smaragdi collo præfulget tuo :
Pictisque plumis gemmeam caudam explicas. "
" Quò mî," inquit, " mutam spěcĭem, si vincor
sono ?"
" Fatōrum arbitrio partes sunt vobis datæ :
Tibi forma, vires ăquilæ, luscinio melos,
Augărĭum corvo, læva cornīci omina ;
Omnesque propriis sunt contentæ dotibus."

37.

MUSTELA ET MURES .

Mustela quùm, annis et senectâ debilis ,

Mures veloces non valeret assequi ,
Involvit se farinâ, et obscuro loco
Adjecit negligenter. Mus , escam putans,
Assiluit, et compressus occubuit neci :
Alter similiter periit, deinde tertius.
Aliquot secūtis, venit et retorridus,
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 93

Qui sæpe lăqueos et muscipulam effugerat,

Proculque insidias cernens hostis callidi,
" Sic valeas," inquit, " ut farīna es, quæ jaces."

38.

VULPES ET UVA.

Fame coacta Vulpes altâ in vineâ

Uvam appetebat, summis săliens viribus :
Quam tangere ut non potuit, discedens, ait ;
" Nondum matūra est, nolo acerbam sumere."

39.

EQUUS ET APER.

Equus sedārě sõlĭtus quò fuerat sitim,

Dum sese Aper volūtat, turbāvit vadum.
Hinc orta lis est. Sõnĭpes, irātus fero,
Auxilium pětiít hominis ; quem dorso levans ,
Rědíít ad hostem ; jactis hunc telis eques
Postquàm interfecit, sic locutus traditur :
" Lætor tulisse auxilium me precibus tuis ;
Nam prædam cepi , et dĭdíci quàm sis utilis.”
Atque ĭtă coëgit franos invitum pati.
Tum moestus ille : " Parvæ vindictam rei
Dum quæro demens, servitutem repperi."
94 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

40.
VIPERA ET LIMA.

In officinam fabri venit Vipera.

Hæc quùm tentāret si qua res esset cibi,
Limam momordit. Illa contrà contumax,

" Quid me," inquit, " stulta, dente captas lædere,

Omne adsuēvi ferrum quæ corrodere ?"

41 .

VULPES ET HIRCUS .

Quùm decidisset Vulpes in putěum inscia,

Et altiōre clauderetur margine,
Devenit Hircus sitiens în eundem locum ;
Simul rogavit, " Esset an dulcis liquor,
Et copiosus ?" Illa fraudem moliens ;
" Descende, amīce ; tantă bonitas est aquæ,
Voluptas ut sătĭāri non possit mea. ”
Immisit se barbātus : tum Vulpecula
Evăsit pŭtěo, nixa celsis cornibus ;
Hircumque clauso liquit hærentem vado.

42 .

PERÆ .

Peras imposuit Jupiter nobis duas :

Propriis replētam vitiis post tergum dedit ;
Aliēnis ante pectus suspendit gravem .
 LIBRIS QUINQUE . 95

43.

CAPELLE ET HIRCI.

Barbam capellæ quùm impetrâssent ab Jove,

Hirci mœrentes indignāri cœperunt,
Quòd dignitatem fœminæ æquâssent suam :
""
Sinite," inquit, " illas gloriâ vanâ frui,
Et usurpare vestri ornatum muneris,
Pares dum non sint vestræ fortitudinis ."

44.
GUBERNATOR ET NAUTE.

Vexata sævis navis tempestatibus,

Inter vectōrum lăcrymas, et mortis metum,
Făciem ad serēnam subitò mutatur dies :
Ferri secundis tuta cœpit flatibus,
Nimiâque nautas hĭlăritāte extollere .
Factus periclo tum gubernātor sophus ;
" Parcè gaudere oportet, et sensim queri ;
Totam quiă vitam miscet dolor et gaudium."

45.
NAUFRAGIUM SIMONIDIS .

Simonides, qui scripsit egregium melos,

Quò paupertatem sustineret făciliùs,
Circumire cœpit urbes Ăsiæ nobiles ,

f
 96 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

Mercede acceptâ, laudem victōrum canens.

Hôc genere quæstûs postquàm locuples factus est,
Venire in pătrĭam võluit cursu pělăgio :
(Erăt autem, ut aiunt, natus in Ceâ insulâ .)
Ascendit navem ; quam tempestas horrida
Simul et vetustas mědío dissolvit mari :
Hi zonas, illi res pretiosas colligunt,
Subsidium vitæ. Quidam curiosior ;
""
Simonide, tu ex õpibus nihil sumis tuis ?"
" Mecum," inquit, měă sunt cuncta." Tunc
pauci enatant ;
Quiă plures, onĕre degravāti, pĕrierant.
Prædōnes adsunt, răpiunt quod quisque extulit ;
Nudos relinquunt. Fortè Clazŏměnæ propè
Antiquă fuit urbs, quam pětiêrunt naufragi.
Hîc literārum quidam studio deditus,
Simonidis qui sæpe versus legerat,
Eratque absentis admirātor maximus,
Sermone ab ipso cognitum cupidissimè
Ad se recepit : veste, nummis, fămiliâ
Hominem oxornavit. Cæteri tăbŭlam suam
Portant, rogantes victum. Quos, casu obvius,
Simonides ut vidit, " Dixi," inquit, " mea
Mecum esse cuncta : vos quod răpăistis, perît.”
 LIBRIS QUINQUE 97

46.

MONS PARTURIENS .

Mons parturībat, gemitus immānes ciens ;

Eratque in terris maxima expectatio ;
At ille murem pěpĕrit.

.47.

FORMICA ET MUSCA.

Formica et Musca contendebant acriter,

Quæ pluris esset. Musca sic cœpit prior :
" Conferre nostris tu potes te laudibus ?
Ubi immolatur, exta prægusto Deûm ;
Moror inter aras , templa perlustro omnia ;
In căpite regis sěděo, quùm visum est mihi ;
Et matronārum casta delībo oscula :
Labōro nihil, atque optimis rebus fruor.
Quid horum similě tibi contingit, rustica ?"
" Est gloriōsus sanè convictus Deûm ;
Sed illi, qui invitātur, non qui invīsus est.
Reges commemoras, et matronārum oscula ;
Égŏ granum in hyemem quùm studĭōsè congero,
Te circa murum video pasci stercore.
Aras frequentas ; nempè ăbĭgĕris, quò venis .
Nihil labōras ; ĭděo, quùm opus est, nil habes.
Superba jactas těgère quod debet pudor.
Estate me lacessis ; quùm bruma est, siles.
F
 )
98 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

Mori contractam quùm te cogunt frigora,

Me copiōsă recipit incolumem domus.
Satis profectò rettudi superbiam ."

48.

HOMO ET ASINUS .

Quidam immolâsset verrem quùm sancto Herculi,

Cui pro salute votum debebat suâ ,
Asello jussit reliquias poni hordei ;
Quas aspernātus ille, sic locutus est :
" Tuum libenter prorsùs adpětěrem cibum,
Nisi, qui nutrītus illo est, jugŭlātus foret ."

49.

SCURRA ET RUSTICUS .

Facturus ludos quidam dives nobiles,

Proposito cunctos invitavit præmio,
Quam quisque posset ut novitatem ostenderet.
Venêre artifices laudis ad certamina :
Quos inter Scurra , notus urbāno sale,
Habere dixit se genus spectaculi ,
Quod in theatro nunquàm prolātum foret.
Dispersus rumor civitatem concitat :
Paulò ante, văcủa turbam deficiunt loca .
In scenâ verò postquàm solus constitit,
Sine apparātu, nullis adjutoribus ,
 LIBRIS QUINQUE. 99

Silentium ipsa fecit expectatio .

Ille in sinum repentè demīsit caput,
Et sic porcelli vocem est imĭtātus suâ,
Verum ut subesse pallio contenderent,
Et excuti jubērent. Quo facto, simul
Nihil est repertum, multis onĕrant laudibus ,
Hominemque plausu prosequuntur maximo.
Hoc vidit fiĕri Rusticus : " Non meherculè
Me vincet," inquit ; et statim professus est,
" Idem facturum měliùs se postridiè . "

Fit turba major : jam favor mentes tenet,

Et derisuri, non spectaturi, sedent.
Uterque prodit : Scurra digrunnit prior,
Movetque plausus, et clamōres suscitat.
Tunc simulans sese vestimentis Rusticus
Porcellum obtěgère, —(quod făcĭēbat scilicet,
Sed, in priore quíă nil compĕrĕrant, latens) —–
Pervellit aurem verò , quem celaverat,
Et cum dolōre vocem naturæ exprimit.
Adclamat populus, " Scurram multò similiùs
Imitatum ;" et cogit Rusticum trudi foràs.
At ille profert ipsum porcellum è sinu ;
Turpemque aperto pignore errōrem probans,
66
En, hic declarat, quales sitis judices."
100 E PHEDRI FABULARUM

50.

VENATOR ET CANIS .

Adversus omnes fortis velōces feras

Canis quùm domino semper fecisset satis,
Languere cœpit annis ingravantibus.
Aliquando objectus hispidi pugnæ suis ,
Arripuit aurem ; sed cărĭōsis dentibus
Prædam demisit. Hic tum Venator dolens

Canem objurgabat. Cui senex contrà latrans ;

Non te destituit ănĭmus , sed vires meæ.
Quod fuimus lauda , si jam damnas quod sumus."

FINIS .

LONDON :
Printed by Littlewood and Co.,
Old Bailey.
3
 ……………un

SUPERIOR SCHOOL BOOKS.

I.
The ANABASIS of XENOPHON . Edited by GEORGE
LONG, Esq. A. M., late Fellow of Trinity College, Cam
bridge. One vol. 12mo. 5s .; 8vo. 8s . The Text is founded

MITT
on an Examination of the MSS. Readings ; the Variations
of Dindorff, Bornemann, and Poppo, are given at the bottom
of the Page.
II.
The PRINCIPAL ROOTS of the LATIN LANGUAGE,
simplified by a Display of their Incorporation into the
English Tongue. By H. HALL Third edition. 12mo.
III.
The ELEMENTS OF ARITHMETIC . By AUGUSTUS DE
MORGAN, Esq. 12mo . 3s. 6d . cloth.
" Instead of merely learning a number of rules by rote, the pupil
learns to refer every thing to reason, and he is taught how to do so
and thus he will often be able to ascertain the meaning of an ambi
guous passage, or supply the defect of an imperfect proof. It is
My
only thus that any knowledge of the principles of Arithmetic can be
acquired ; and although it is not necessary to resort to these con
siderations, to attain practical facility in performing arithmetical
operations, we have little doubt that this will be gained quite as a
pidly under instruction, such as Professor De Morgan's Treatise
affords, as it is from the old course of mere rules and examples, and
it will certainly be gained better. "- Journal of Education, No. I.
IV.
LESSONS on NUMBER, as given in a Pestalozzian School
at Cheam, Surrey. 12mo . 2s. 6d . cloth.
" An important merit of the work consists in the manner in which
in its earliest pages, the idea of number is extracted from the consi
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exemplified . It is done without any parade of abstraction, but suc
cessfully and completely." Journal of Education, No. III.

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Printed by Littlewood and Co. Old Bailey,

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