MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Important Instructions to Examiners
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more importance. (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.)
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The
figures drawn by the candidate and those in the model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit
for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may
vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and the model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgment on part of examiner of relevant answer based
on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on
equivalent concept.

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10

(a) Define fineness of cement.

Ans. Fineness of cement: It is the degree of grinding of cement particles 2 2

during its manufacturing process, called as fineness of cement.
OR
It is the measurement of size of particles, called as fineness of cement.

(b) State any four properties of fine aggregate.

Ans. Properties of fine aggregate: The properties of fie aggregate are

stated as follows.
1. Size
2. Source ½ 2
3. Shape each
4. Specific gravity (any
5. Bulk density four)
6. Fineness Modulus
7. Cleanliness
8. Silt content
9. Bulking

(c) State water cement ratio law.

Ans. Duff Abraham’s water cement ratio law: For workable concrete, 2 2
the strength of concrete depends only on its water-cement ratio.

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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.1 (d) State principle of ultrasonic pulse-velocity test on concrete.

Ans. Principle of ultrasonic pulse-velocity test: The working principle of

ultrasonic pulse velocity test is as follows:
The electronically generated mechanical pulses of specific frequency 2
2
pass though concrete mass and travel time of waves is measured to
determine the ultrasonic pulse velocity and related quality of concrete.

(e) Enlist any two methods of transportation of concrete.

Ans. Methods of transportation of concrete: There are three methods of

transportation of concrete listed below.
1. Manual method- Transportation through the hands of labour in
the ghamela, wheel barrow. 1 2
2. Semi-manual method- Transpiration using belt conveyor, skip each
and hoist arrangement. (any
3. Mechanical Method- Transportation using truck, dumper, RMC two)
vehicle.

(f) List any two precautions to be taken in cold weather concreting.

Ans. Precautions to be taken in cold weather concreting:

In extreme weather, following precautions should be taken.
1. Concreting work should be done during day time or on sunny
days.
2. Warm water should be added for mixing of ingredients of
concrete.
1 2
3. Before placing of concrete, the formed ice, snow or frost should
be removed from formwork. each
4. The accelerating admixtures should be used to increase hardening (any
of concrete. two)
5. A protective cover should be used over casted concrete to avoid
cold winds and snow fall.
6. Aggregates (fine and coarse) should be heated before its use.
7. Rapid hardening or quick setting cement should be used for fast
setting of concrete.

(g) State the meaning of 43 grade and 53 grade cement.

Ans. Meaning of 43 grade cement: It means that, this type of cement

shows minimum 43 N/mm2 compressive strength after 28 days
complete curing, when tested on CTM.
2 2
Meaning of 53 grade cement: It means that, this type of cement
shows minimum 53 N/mm2 compressive strength after 28 days
complete curing, when tested on CTM.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

(a) Explain the procedure for determination of compressive strength

of cement in laboratory.

Ans. Procedure for determination of compressive strength of cement in

laboratory:
1. Take 200 gm cement, 600 gm standard sand and add water
((p/4)+3) % to that of combined weight of cement and sand.
Prepare homogenous mortar.
2. Fill the prepared mortar in the cube mould of size 7.07 cm side by
proper compaction. Compact the filled mould on vibrating
machine for 3-5 minutes. 4 4
3. Keep filled moulds at room temperature for 24 hours and 90%
humidity for initial hardening.
4. Remove cube moulds and keep cement cubes under fresh water
for curing for 7, 14, 21, 28 days.
5. Remove cube from water after curing period and keep it under
compression testing machine (CTM) for testing.
6. Apply compressive load at a rate of 35 N/mm2 till failure of cube.
7. Note down the failure load in kN shown by red pointer of dial
gauge.
8. Calculate compressive strength of cement cube by dividing failure
load in N to cross sectional area of cube in mm2.
9. Calculate average compressive strength of three test cubes in
N/mm2.

(b) Explain procedure to find specific gravity of the fine aggregate in

laboratory.

Ans. Procedure to find specific gravity of fine aggregate in laboratory:

1. Take 2000 gm. aggregate sample in wire basket. Immerse the
basket in water completely and take it out to remove entrapped air.
Repeat it 20-25 times.
2. Keep this aggregate basket in water for 24 hours. Weigh the
aggregate and basket when still immersed in water as B1 gm.
3. Now, remove the basket. Take out aggregate and weigh empty 4 4
basket in water as B2 gm.
4. Calculate the mass of saturated surface dry aggregate in water as
B= (B1- B2) gm.
5. Keep the aggregate exposed to air for 10 minutes and take the
weight of air dried aggregate as ‘A’ gm.
6. Now, keep the air dried aggregate in oven at temperature of 1100C
for 24 hours. Take the weight of complete oven dried aggregate as
‘C’ gm.
7. Calculate the specific gravity of given aggregate as Ga= C / (A-B).
8. Repeat all above steps for two more samples to get average
specific gravity of aggregate.

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.2 (c) Calculate fineness modulus for the given data of fine aggregate.
Total weight of C.A. = 1000 gm.
Sieve size in
4.75 2.36 1.18 600µ 300 µ 150 µ Pan
mm
Wt. retained
20 75 210 274 305 106 10
in gm

Ans. Sieve size Weight Cumulative % Cumulative

(mm) retained weight retained weight retained
(gm) (gm) (%)
4.75 20 20 2 2
2.36 75 95 9.5
1.18 210 305 30.5
600 µ 274 579 57.9
300 µ 305 884 88.4
150 µ 106 990 99
Pan 10 -- --
∑ % cumulative wt. retained upto 150µ IS
287.3
sieve

F. M.= ∑ % cumulative wt. retained upto 150µ IS sieve / 100 1

F.M. = 287.3/100 4
F.M. = 2.873 1

(d) Explain flakiness index and elongation index in detail.

Flakiness Index: It is the percentage by weight of particles whose

Ans.
least dimension (thickness) is less than (3/5)th of its mean dimension
passing through thickness gauge.
It is determined by testing minimum 200 aggregate particles on
thickness gauge. All the particles of initial weight W1 gm are passed
through various sizes along its thickness. The weight of aggregate 2
particles passed through various sizes is taken as W2 gm. Finally
flakiness index of given aggregate sample is calculated by using
formula Flakiness Index = (W2/ W1) x100 %.
Elongation Index: It is the percentage by weight of particles whose
greatest dimension (length) is more than (14/5)th of its mean dimension
retained on length gauge.
It is determined by testing minimum 200 aggregate particles on length 2
gauge. All the particles of initial weight W1 gm are passed through 4
various sizes along its length. The weight of aggregate particles
retained through various sizes is taken as W2 gm. Finally elongation
index of given aggregate sample is calculated by using formula
Elongation Index = (W2/ W1) x100 %.

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 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
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(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

(a) Calculate quantity of water to be added for casting cubes in

laboratory by 12.5 kg cement if w/c ratio 0.45.

Ans. As w/c = (weight of water / weight of cement) 1

w/c = (Ww / Wc)
1
0.45 = (Ww / 12.5)
1
Ww = (0.45x12.5)
4
Ww = 5.625 kg or 5.625 Litres 1

(b) Suggest the minimum grade of concrete for following exposure

condition.
i) RCC work
ii) Water retaining structure
iii) Sea water construction
iv) Pre-stressed concrete
Ans. Minimum grade of concrete for following exposure condition: 4
1
i) RCC work = M 20
each
ii) Water retaining structure = M 25
iii) Sea water construction = M 20 for PCC and M 30 for RCC
iv) Pre-stressed concrete = M 30

(c) Draw concreting operation chain in sequence.

Ans. Sequential chain of Concreting Operations:

4
4

Fig.: Concreting Operations in Sequence

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.3 (d) Describe the procedure for determination of workability by
compaction factor method.

Ans. Procedure for determination of workability by compaction factor

method: The procedure of determining the workability of concrete
using compaction factor as per IS: 1199-1959 is as follows.
1. Take the freshly mixed concrete of any specific grade and fill it in
upper hopper of compaction factor test apparatus with trap door 1
(TD1)in closed position.
2. After filling the upper hopper, open the TD1 and allow the concrete
to free fall from upper hopper into lower hopper through dropping
height 200mm with TD2 in closed position.
3. Now, immediately open TD2 and allow to free fall the concrete 4 4
again from lower hopper into cylinder through same dropping
height.
4. Repeat above steps till the cylinder fills with concrete completely.
Take the weight of this partially compacted concrete as W1 gm.
5. Remove the concrete from the cylinder and fill it with same grade
of concrete by properly compacting with vibration.
6. Take the weight of this fully compacted concrete as W2 gm.
7. Calculate the compaction factor of given concrete by using
CF = (W1 / W2)
8. Depending upon calculated C.F., the degree of workability can be
designated as follows.

Sr. No. Compaction Factor Degree of Workability

1 0.78 Very low
2 0.85 Low
3 0.92 Medium
4 0.95 High

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12

Define bleeding. Suggest any two ways by which bleeding can be

(a)
avoided.

Bleeding: It is one form of segregation in which water gets 2

Ans.
accumulated over settled concrete mass, called as bleeding.
Prevention of Bleeding: The bleeding can be avoided by following
ways.
1. Bleeding can be prevented by selecting appropriate w/c ratio as
per IS 456:2000, so that water content w.r.t. other materials can be
maintained.
2. It can be also avoided by adopting proper CA/FA ratio; so that 1 4
fine aggregate will not be more than coarse aggregate causing each
bleeding. (any
3. Mixing of concrete should be done using mixers to achieve two)
homogeneity. Homogeneous mixture avoids chances of bleeding.
4. Excessive compaction by over vibration should be avoided to
reduce bleeding effect.

Write any four factors affecting concrete mix design.

(b)
Factors affecting concrete mix design: The concrete mix design
Ans.
procedure affects by the following factors.
1. Maximum water-cement ratio
2. Minimum cement content
3. Maximum nominal size of aggregate
4. Workability in terms of slump
5. Exposure conditions 1
4
6. Maximum temperature at the pouring point each
7. Early age and ultimate strength requirement (any
8. Grading zone of fine aggregate four)
9. Type of admixture to be used
10. Specific gravity of all ingredient materials

Explain the significance of water reducing admixture in concrete

(c)
with respect to properties of concrete.

Significance of water reducing admixture in concrete: Water

Ans.
reducing admixtures are essential for several purposes. The effect of 1 4
using such admixtures on concrete properties is described below. each
1. Water reducing admixtures maintain required w/c ratio by (any
reducing excess water upto 10-30% from concrete. four)
2. These admixtures are significant in preventing segregation of
concrete mixture and maintaining flow ability of pumped concrete.
3. Mid-range water reducing admixtures are important to increase
workability in terms of slump beyond the regular water reducers.

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
4. Water reducing admixtures reduces the tendency of surface
cracking.
5. It also ensures the good bonding between steel and concrete mass.
6. These admixtures help to increase early strength and develop
better ultimate strength.
7. The durability of concrete structures can be ensured by using these
admixtures.

Write the procedure of vaccum dewatering concreting for

(d) construction of floors.

Procedure of vaccum dewatering concreting for construction of

Ans.
floors: The concreting using vaccum dewatering for floor construction
is done as follows.
1. Concrete is places uniformly on the spread of concrete floor and
level it approximately.
2. Vibration by using suitable vibrators is applied to remove voids
from concrete mass. The surface vibration is done using double
beam surface vibrator.
3. Levelling of vibrated is done by using suitable straight edge.
4. The magnitude of applied vacuum is usually about 0.08 MPa and
the water content is reduced by upto 20-25%. The reduction is 3
effective upto a depth of about 100 to 150 mm only.
5. Vacuum pump is a small but strong pump of 5 to 10 HP. Water is
extracted by vacuum and stored in the water separator. The mats
are placed over fine filter pads, which prevent the removal of
cement with water.
6. Proper control on the magnitude of the water removed is equal to
the contraction in total volume of concrete. About 3% reduction in
concrete layer depth takes place.
7. Finally the floating and towelling is done to achieve better
finishing of surface.

1 4

Fig.: Vaccum Dewatering for Concreting

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.4 (e) State four point of differences between reinforced concrete and
fibre reinforced concrete.

Ans. Differences between reinforced concrete and fibre reinforced

concrete:

Reinforced concrete (RCC) Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC)

1 In this concrete, steel bars are 1 In this fibers are added as
used as reinforcement. additional reinforcement in
addition with steel bars.
2 Generally, load is taken by 2 Load is equally distributed in
steel reinforcement. concrete though fibers.
3 RCC possess less fire 3 FRC has more fire resistance
resistance than fiber reinforced than reinforced concrete.
concrete. 1
4 RCC is susceptible to 4
FRC resist formation of
each 4
(any
formation of surface cracks. micro-cracks, as fibers act as
four)
crack arrester.
5 RCC gives ordinary finishing. 5 FRC gives extra smooth
finishing.
6 RCC has more weight 6 FRC is light in weight, hence
resulting difficulty in handling. easy to handle.
7 RCC has better workability. 7 FRC has poor workability due
to improper mixing of fibers.
8 RCC has less shear and 8 FRC has more shear and
torsional strength. torsional strength.
9 RCC is costlier than FRC. 9 FRC is cheaper than RCC.
10 RCC is used in all type of 10 FRC is used in tunnel lining,
ordinary construction i.e. runway, aircraft parking,
building, road, etc. repair of dams, etc.

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

Explain the method of concrete mix design procedure by I.S.

(a)
method as IS-10262.

Procedure of IS method of concrete mix design: The concrete mix

Ans.
design is done by IS 10262-2009 using following steps-
1. Calculation of target mean strength: The concrete mix design is
done for specific target strength which is calculated first by using
formula,
f’ck = fck + t.S
where,
f’ck = target mean strength after 28 days
fck = characteristics compressive strength at 28 days
S = standard deviation from IS 456
t = tolerance factor from IS 456
2. Selection of water-cement ratio: The w/c ratio is selected from
the graph of generalized relationship between w/c ratio and
compressive strength. The selected w/c ratio is checked against the
limiting w/c ratio and lower of two is adopted.
3. Selection of water content: The maximum water content per
cubic meter of concrete with nominal maximum size of aggregate
s finalized in this step. The water content adopted is used for 6
6
computing cement content in next step.
4. Calculation of cementitous material content: From adopted w/c
ratio and selected maximum water content the quantity of
cementious materials is calculated. It is checked against the
minimum cementitous content for durability requirement ad larger
of the two values is adopted as cement content.
5. Calculation of coarse aggregate proportion: The volume of
coarse aggregate per unit volume of total aggregate is chosen in
this step based on nominal maximum size of aggregate
6. Selection of combination of coarse aggregate fractions: The
different sizes viz. 10 mm , 20 mm , 25 mm are taken in
proportion from grading , confirming in table 2 of IS 383
7. Calculation of fine aggregate proportion: From above steps,
absolute volume of all ingredients of concrete the mix proportion
is calculated for said mix design of concrete.

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.5 (b) Explain the procedure to determine compressive strength of
concrete in lab.

Ans. Procedure to determine compressive strength of concrete in lab:

The following steps are essential to determine the compressive
strength of concrete in the laboratory.
1. Take three cube moulds of 15 cm side and apply oil to its inner
surface. Prepare the concrete mixture of required grade and fill it
in each mould in three layers.
2. Compact each layer evenly spaced 25 times strokes with 16 mm.
diameter standard tamping rod. Compaction of concrete is done by
using table vibrator to remove air completely from concrete.
3. Keep all the moulds at room temperature for 24 hrs for initial 6 6
hardening and at relative humidity 90%.
4. Remove cube moulds and keep concrete cubes under fresh water
for curing for 7, 14, 21, 28 days.
5. Remove cube from water after curing period and keep it under
compression testing machine (CTM) for testing.
6. Apply compressive load at a rate of 4 tones / min for 10 minutes or
till failure of cube. Note down the failure load in kN shown by red
pointer of dial gauge.
7. Calculate compressive strength of each cube. Take failure load in
N and cross sectional area of cube in mm2.
8. Calculate average compressive strength of three test cubes in
N/mm2.

(c) State the importance of NDT and state working principle of

Rebound hammer.
Ans. Importance of NDT:
1. The strength can be tested without physical breaking of concrete;
hence it is safe.
2. It can give internal flaws, cavities and homogeneity details of 1
concrete within short period. each
3. It avoids wastage of concrete, hence becomes economical up to (any
certain extent. four)
4. It is applicable in any type and position of concrete members
shows wide applicability.
5. Its results are simple and easy to interpret.

Working principle of Rebound hammer: Rebound hammer test

method is based on the principle that the rebound of an elastic mass
attached to plunger i.e. rebound number depends on the hardness of 2
6
the concrete surface against which the mass strikes.
If the rebound of hammer is more, it indicates surface is hard, solid
and dry. But if rebound of hammer is less, then tested concrete may be
soft, porous and moist.

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Model Answer: Winter - 2019
Subject: Concrete Technology Sub. Code: 22305
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Que. Sub. Total

Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12

(a) Classify the methods of curing of concrete with detail explanation

of any one method.

Ans. Methods of curing:

A. Water curing 2
B. Membrane curing
C. Application of heat
D. Miscellaneous methods

1. Water curing:
i) This is the best method of curing, because it satisfies all the
requirements of curing.
ii) The precast concrete items are normally immersed in curing tanks
for certain duration. Pavement slab, roof slab etc. are covered
under water by making small pond.
iii) Water curing can be done in following ways: Immersion, Ponding
method, Spraying or fogging, wet covering.
2. Membrane curing:
i) Sometimes concrete works are carried out in places where there is
acute shortage of water. Therefore lavish application of water for
water curing is not possible for the reason of economy.
ii) Water from concrete gets evaporated, which is covered with
membrane which will effectively seal the concrete.
iii) A membrane will prevent the evaporation of water from the
concrete. The membrane can be either in solid or liquid form,
known as sealing compound. Other membrane curing sealing 4 6
compounds are: Rubber latex emulsion, emulsion of resins, (any
varnishes etc. one)
3. Application of heat:
i) The development of strength is not only a function of time but also
that of temperature.
ii) Concrete subjected to higher temperature accelerates the hydration
resulting in faster development of strength. Prefabricated members
are normally steam cured.
iii) In this method the ingredients of concrete heated and the strength
is gained at very fast rate. This can be done in following manner:
Steam curing, Curing by infra-red radiation, Electrical curing
4. Miscellaneous method:
i) Calcium chloride is used either as a surface coating or as an
admixture. It has been satisfactorily used as a curing medium.
ii) Both of these based on the fact that calcium chloride, being a salt
shows affinity for moisture. The salt not only absorbs moisture
from atmosphere but also retains it at the surface.
iii) The moisture held at the surface prevents the mixed water from
evaporation and thereby keeps the concrete wet for a long time.

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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 (b) State the requirement of good form work and state the stripping
time of form work as per IS 456-2000.
i) Slab
ii) Beam
iii) Column
with labelling on sketch.

Ans. Requirement of good form work:

1. It should be strong enough to resist the weight of concrete,
workers and machinery.
2. It should be economical compared to total cost of construction. 1
3. It should be possible to use the formwork for more number of each
times. (any
4. It should give smooth finish and shape to concrete faces. three)
5. It should be possible to erect and dismantle the formwork very
easily.
6. It should be easily and locally available.
7. It should be rigid enough to retain its shape without any deflection.

Stripping time of form work as per IS 456-2000.

i) Slab:
1. Soffit formwork – 3 days ½
2. Span up to 4.5m – 7 days
3. Span more than 4.5m – 14 days
ii) Beam:
1. Soffit formwork for beam – 7 days
2. Beam and arch of span up to 6m – 14 days ½
3. Beam and arch of span more than 6m – 21 days
iii) Column: Vertical formwork – 16 to 24 hours ½

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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 (b)
Form work for the following:
i) Slab

ii) Beam

iii) Column

½
6

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Model Answer Marks
No. Que. Marks
Q.6 (c) Explain the procedure for joining old and new concrete work, also
state any two material used for filling joints.

Ans. Procedure of joining old and new concrete:

When new concreting is done in continuation with old concrete after a
gap of some days, months or even years, then the new and old
concrete must have a strong bond with each other. Hence some points
should be kept in mind for joining old and new concrete.

Procedure:
1. Cleaning: The old concrete surface is first thoroughly cleaned
with wire brush. Loose material if any, should be clean first.
2. Chiseling: The old concrete surface is made rough by denting it
with a chisel for a strong bond with new concrete. 4
3. Application of cement slurry or paste with some admixtures:
The surface is then wetted with rich cement slurry. Sometimes an
admixture has to be added to give additional strength to the joints.
Then fresh concrete is placed over the old concrete.
4. Providing overlap: To give homogeneity to the reinforcing bars,
overlap is provided and the overlap portion is bound tightly with
high tensile wire.

Material used for filling joints:

1. Asphalt, tar, bituminous materials
2. Fibre and fibre products 1 6
3. Sponge rubber each
4. Cork (any
5. Polymer two)
6. Thermoplastic and thermo-col
7. Glass

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