Lecture 6 - Pascal Principle

Fluids Mechanics
• Pascal Principle
• Bernoulli’s Equation
Pressure & Pascal’s Principle
F
P “Pressure applied to any part of
A
an enclosed fluid is transmitted
undimished to every point of the
fluid and to the walls of the
container”
Each face feels same force

Transmitting force Hydraulic press
F1 F2
P 
A1 A2
An applied force F1 can

be “amplified”:
A2
F2  F1
A1
Examples: hydraulic brakes,
forklifts, car lifts, etc.
Pressure and Depth
w is weight
w  Mg  Vg   Ahg
Sum forces to zero,

PA  P0 A  w  0
Factor A
P  P0  gh
Example 9.5 (skip)
Find the pressure at 10,000 m of water.
DATA: Atmospheric pressure = 1.015x105 Pa.
9.82x107 Pa
Example 9.6
Assume the ultimate strength of legos is 4.0x104

Pa. If the density of legos is 150 kg/m3, what is
the maximum possible height for a lego tower?
27.2 m
Example 9.7
Estimate the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere given
that atmospheric pressure is 1.015x105 Pa.
Data: Rearth=6.36x106 m
5.26x1018 kg
Archimedes Principle
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid
is buoyed up by a force whose magnitude is equal to
the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Example 9.8
A helicopter lowers a probe into Lake Michigan which
is suspended on a cable. The probe has a mass of 500
kg and its average density is 1400 kg/m3. What is the
tension in the cable?
1401 N
Example 9.9a
A wooden ball of mass M and volume V floats on a
swimming pool. The density of the wood is wood <H20.
The buoyant force acting on the ball is:
a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (H20-wood)gV upward
Example 9.9b
A steel ball of mass M and volume V rests on the
bottom of a swimming pool. The density of the steel
is steel >H20. The buoyant force acting on the ball is:
a) Mg upward
b) H20gV upward
c) (steel-H20)gV upward
Example 9.10
A small swimming pool has an area of 10 square
meters. A wooden 4000-kg statue of density 500
kg/m3 is then floated on top of the pool. How far
does the water rise?
Data: Density of water = 1000 kg/m3
40 cm
Paint Thinner Demo (SKIP)
When I pour in the paint thinner, the cylinder will:
a) Rise
b) Fall
Equation of Continuity
What goes in must come out!
mass density
DM   ADx   AvDt
Mass that passes a point

in pipe during time Dt
Eq. of Continuity
1 A1v1  2 A2 v2
Example 9.11
Water flows through a 4.0 cm diameter pipe at 5
cm/s. The pipe then narrows downstream and has a
diameter of of 2.0 cm. What is the velocity of the
water through the smaller pipe?
20 cm/s
Laminar or Streamline Flow
• Fluid elements move

along smooth paths
• Friction in laminar flow
is called viscosity
Turbulence
• Fluid elements move along irregular paths

• Sets in for high velocity gradients (small pipes)
Ideal Fluids
• Laminar Flow -> No turbulence
• Non-viscous -> No friction between fluid layers
• Incompressible -> Density is same everywhere
Bernoulli’s Equation
1 2
P  v   gy  const ant
2
Sum of P, KE/V and PE/V is constant
How can we derive this?

Bernoulli’s Equation: derivation
Consider a volume DV of mass DM of incompressible fluid,
1 1
DKE  Mv2  Mv12
2
2 2
1 1
 DVv2  DVv12
2
2 2
DPE  Mgy2  Mgy1
 DVgy2  DVgy1
W  F1Dx1  F2 Dx2
 P1 A1Dx1  P2 A2 Dx2
 P1DV  P2 DV
1 2 1 2
P1   gh1  v1  P2   gh2  v2
2 2
Example 9.12
A very large pipe carries Venturi Meter

water with a very slow
velocity and empties into a
small pipe with a high
velocity. If P2 is 7000 Pa
lower than P1, what is the
velocity of the water in
the small pipe?
3.74 m/s
Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
•Venturi meter
•Curve balls
•Airplanes
Beach Ball & Straws Demos

Example 9.13a
Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

choose >, < or =
1 ____ 2
a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.13b

choose >, < or =
Mass that passes “1” in one second

_____ mass that passes “2” in one second
a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.13c

choose >, < or =
v1 ____ v2
a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.13d

choose >, < or =
P1 ____ P2
a) =
b) <
c) >
Example 9.14 a
Water drains out of the bottom of a
cooler at 3 m/s, what is the depth of
the water above the valve? b
45.9 cm
Three Vocabulary Words
•Viscosity
•Diffusion
•Osmosis
Viscosity
v
F  A
d
•Friction between the layers

•Pressure drop required to
force water through pipes
(Poiselle’s Law)
•At high enough v/d,
turbulence sets in
Diffusion
• Molecules move from region of high concentration
to region of low concentration
• Fick’s Law:
Mass  C2  C1 
Diffusion rate   DA  
time  L
• D = diffusion
coefficient
Osmosis
Movement of water through a boundary while
denying passage to specific molecules, e.g.
salts

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Fluids Mechanics

Each face feels same force

An applied force F1 can

Sum forces to zero,

Assume the ultimate strength of legos is 4.0x104

Data: Density of water = 1000 kg/m3

Mass that passes a point

• Fluid elements move

• Fluid elements move along irregular paths

Sum of P, KE/V and PE/V is constant

How can we derive this?

A very large pipe carries Venturi Meter

Beach Ball & Straws Demos

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

Mass that passes “1” in one second

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

Consider an ideal incompressible fluid,

•Friction between the layers

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