DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations

DCU Commissioning and Start-Up
Key Considerations
Mitchell J Moloney
Delayed Coking and Process Engineering Specialist
Becht Engineering
[email protected]
This material cannot be reproduced without

permission of Becht Engineering and RefComm
1
DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations
Discussion Points:
Purpose: Review important considerations when moving from mechanical
completion to commissioning to start-up to full unit rate. Provide
pluses and minuses of various options and strategies, with examples
The following topics will be addressed:

➢ EPC (Engineering-Procurement-Construction) Contract Structure
– “Lump Sum” or “Time & Material”
➢ Properly defining Mechanical Completion
▪ One size does not fit all – Specialty equipment and new technologies have unique
requirements
➢ Commissioning Strategies for Various System Types
➢ Air-Free, Pressure Test (AFPT); Hydrocarbon Introduction, Heat-Up, Resid
Introduction and Coking
➢ Learnings with Examples
RefComm coking.com October 2 - 3, 2019 This material cannot be reproduced without permission of Becht Engneering & RefComm 2
DCU EPC Contract Structure – Lump Sum: DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations
➢ All EPC activities are regulated with a total fixed price agreement
o Such a contract is favored on grassroots projects that typically have a clear scope, few
unknowns and a defined schedule
o Pre-Contract - A lot of work & understanding required for the Owner & EPC Contractor
• Engineering Standards & Site-specific facilities requirements must be clearly established
• Qualified vendors/subs for all equipment manufacturer / purchase must be negotiated
• Labor contracts, with all wage rates / working schedules, established with various trade companies
o Post-Contract – Much less work for the Owner; much more difficult for the EPC Contractor
➢ Advantages:
o Great control of capital and EAWC (Expense Associated with Cap) costs
o The owner gets exactly what he/she requested
➢ Disadvantages:
o Contractor ultimately has control of schedule
o Labor Productivity and effects on Schedule become bigger risk factors
o All items with no quality standard will be “low-quality” since the contractor is always
minimizing cost within the confines of the contract
o Conflicts between standards will almost always be resolved by selecting lowest cost option
o Any change (addition or upgrade) comes at a high price
DCU EPC Contract Structure – Time & Material with Cost Cap:
➢ Engineering & Labor rates are established. Scope is not completely known, but a
schedule is created based on knowns with place holders for potential unknowns
o Used for retrofit (aka Debottleneck) jobs involving a lot of unknowns (old equipment
replacement, underground excavation) that can increase project cost significantly
o Pre-Contract - Less work & understanding required for the Owner & Contractor
• Engineering Standards & Site-specific facilities, as with Lump Sum
• Qualified contractors, as with Lump Sum
• Labor sources are identified, but skill level & final labor rates can be negotiated
o Post-Contract – Both Owner and Contractor are working hard together
➢ Advantages:
o Engenders Team Approach between Owner and Contractor
o Owner more involved in project strategy, allowing trade-offs on timing and project cost
o Productivity versus labor rate can be negotiable, if markets change
➢ Disadvantages:
o Negotiated rate for discovery items can be significant
o Final cost & schedule can be significantly higher than forecast
DCU EPC Strategies to Consider: DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations
Modular Construction
➢ Can be used as part of all contract structures
• Fixed price quote, since scope is completely set by the blue prints up front
• Delivery time (i.e., project schedule) is accurate, since the “mod yard” has a known track
record regarding productivity.
• Weather is much less of a factor given that the “mod yard” has in-door shop facilities, and the
facilities are typically located in nice climate areas, such as the Mediterranean Sea
• Safety Risk to workers is reduced
• Labor productivity is well understood
• Construction equipment and materials staging is understood (no competition with other areas)
• Ultimately a cost and schedule analysis is needed comparing onsite and mod yard.
Make Safety Number 1 in the Correct Way
➢ On-Board and Train day-1 to Set the Culture & Expectations for All
• Set the standards, make them reasonable, and kindly enforce them
• Know your worker’s experience level and manage it
Bring the Plan and Schedule to Each Work Team Each Work Day
➢ Communication at the start of the day is key – Reinforce Basic Principles, Set Objective
for the team (all planned at the end of the previous day) => Ideally in their Work Area
DCU EPC Strategies to Consider: DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations
Modular
Construction
DCU EPC Strategies Suggestions: DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations
How should the Progression of MC -> Commissioning -> SU Proceed?

➢ The EPC job is NOT to just complete the construction, handover and get out of the way.
➢ The owner, contractor and workers must be committed to the same end goal –
Successful, Safe, On-Time Start-up of the Delayed Coker !
o Creating an incentive for all workers, even those that leave in the middle of the project, to
meet this goal should be implemented.
o You have to overcome the worker’s incentive to stay on the job site, especially in poor
economic times.
➢ Hand-over and commissioning activities need to be well planned and choreographed.
The method and particulars for each system need to be well delineated in the contract.
o I have never been on a DCU EPC project that did not overlap mechanical completion
activities, system commissioning and start-up. This must be expected and planned.
o Handover of generic DCU systems typically goes well. However, specialty equipment
handover can sometimes fall through the cracks. A plan, checklist, & proper ownership sign-
off on both sides are essential.
o I have never been on a DCU EPC project that did not have last minute equipment issues
during commissioning and start-up. This is unpredictable, but must be expected, with a
place holder in the plan.
Progression of MC -> Commissioning -> SU: DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations
➢ Enlist the most experienced Operations/Technical talent that you can for the SU Team
o This will pay dividends with cleaner systems to SU and better troubleshooting during SU
➢ Commissioning systems during construction means just that – DCU equipment
operations are occurring simultaneously with ongoing construction
➢ Start-Up Team can perform commissioning of “low risk” systems during “B” shift from
16.00 to midnight
o Manage (aka avoid) risk to construction workers
o If construction activities are occurring, water system work can be coordinated such that
construction work occurs in unrelated areas
o These low-risk systems can be shutdown to allow construction activities, if needed
➢ Key enablers of Commissioning/Construction Overlap:
o Proper shift-by-shift communication between SU Team and Construction Team
o Proper signage and zone demarcation barriers (tape or more) & protocols in the field
=> Difficult to manage since barriers and signage must be properly installed & removed
=> Proper tagging of live equipment, typically valves, is an absolute key
- Best idea is to use a special unique color to designate ‘in service’ piping and valves
- “LIVE EQUIPMENT – IN SERVICE - Do Not operate”
- If necessary, in several languages
➢ Get all the easy, safe (for construction workers) systems done early
o All water systems can be tested & commissioned:
Firewater System
Tempered Water System
Cooling Water System
Quench Water System
Watery Sludge System
Coker Blowdown Water System
Cutting Water System
Coker Water System
Sour Water System (using plant water)
o Air Systems – Plant and Instrument
o Flare System
Typically is an isolated system outside of DCU battery limits
o Nitrogen System
Carries more risk due to asphyxiation possibilities in confined spaces, so must be properly
timed and managed
Water System Specifics

➢ Firewater System
o This is usually priority one for obvious reasons; earlier, the better
o It consists of underground piping in the first stages of the project & is great to have as project proceeds
➢ Tempered Water System
o Typically used for heavy oil cooling
✓ Seal Oil Coolers, Lube Oil Coolers, High Pour Pt Liquid Sample Coolers
o Upgraders that produce “Synthetic Crude Oil” often have to cool the product prior to storage for vapor
pressure and safe transport reasons
o The System recirculates through coolers and a drum (which is designed to remove oil from the
recirculating system that may arise due to leaks
➢ Cooling Water System
o Can range from cooling tower based, to once-through sea/river water, to not being used (just air fin
fan cooling)
➢ Quench Water System
o This system typically consists of tank, pumps, spillback controls & flow control to each coke drum pair
o The spillback operation can be established
o However, flow to the coke drums can be constrained by the availability of the coke drums and coker
water return system (coke pad, coke pit, coke sluiceway or coke slurry system)
Water System Specifics (cont’d)

➢ Watery Sludge System
o Most Delayed Cokers have this as part of their design.
✓ API Separator Sludge, DAF Sludge and BIOX Sludge (aerobic with low residence time) are
recycled to the DCU
o This system is typically NOT commissioned until after DCU start-up, since it is not possible
to flow through the coke drum. Of course, plant water can be used to validate flow paths,
pumps and cv’s
➢ Coker Blowdown Water System
o This system handles the steam evolution during coke bed cooling, condensing the steam in
air fins, separating the oil and gas and generating sour water
o Dispositions for this water:
1) The refinery sour water system (tank and/or Sour Water Stripper feed drum) – most typical
2) Recycle to the DCU quench/cutting water system – much less typical
3) Recycle as desuperheater coolant for the hot coke drum vapors entering blowdown contactor
o Normally a pump spillback flow control is used - water rates covers a wide range.
o In the least, the spillback system can be commissioned; and the desuperheater flow can be
checked.
o At most, the entire system can be placed in service early… depending on circumstances.

➢ Cutting Water System
o Typically consists of one jet cutting water pump (but can have two), a cutting water control
valve, piping to the coke drum and back to the water tank, which is usually used for quench
and cutting water.
➢ Early commissioning of this system is extremely desirable to ensure this important
equipment is ready to go, it consists of a very large motor, PLC, EHMS and lube oil skid
➢ PLUS the sooner the coke cutters can be trained, the better
=> given today’s advanced technology, if possible, perform a simulated coke cut…. but there is
nothing like the real thing
➢ Most coke cutters get most of their training on-the-job ☺ … Why?
=> It is very difficult to complete the cutting water pump, water flow control valve and coke cutting
equipment early enough; plus the flow rate is 1200 gpm into the coker water system, which
must be ready; plus this is a very high pressure system ( up to 4500 psig or 300 barg), meaning
workers must be cleared from the risk areas
=> DCU’s with pits and pads use that area as a staging area, laydown area and construction
elevator location, which is not demobilized until near the end.
➢ The tank may have an agitation and drain system (manual or automatic) to handle coke
fines
=> Again, pit and pad availability is a constraint

➢ Coker Water System
o There are four fundamental system types:
1) Pit and Fines settling (which can have 1 set of pumps or 2 sets of pumps)
2) Pad with fines settling lane
3) Sluiceway (crusher to sluice [sluice pump] to Hydrobins to tank, with clarifier purge)
4) Slurry System (e.g., Triplan) with water-coke separation and peripheral water pumps
o System should be commissioned early, given that it is integral to the coke cutting system.
o Cutting water system availability is not needed to commission the equipment. The systems
can be run on recirculation with proper control/oversight.
➢ DCU Sour Water (SW) System (using plant water)
o Sour water is generated in the Main Fractionator (MF), Wet Gas Compressor (WGC) Train &
Gas Plant.
▪ MF SW is typically recycled back to the inlet of the Condensers.
▪ WGC train SW is typically pressurized back to the inlet of the overhead drum.
o The MF SW pump can be commissioned with plant water early on.
o Establishing WGC SW flows has to wait until start-up, though hydrotests and flushing of the
piping and valves are done as part of system handover.
What other systems can be commissioned early?

➢ Plant Air and Instrument Air
➢ Nitrogen
o Pressurization of this system must be done with proper communication, and must be done
in close concert with the construction team.
o Tagging, signage and even locking of valves (on a risk mitigation basis) should be done and
controlled by the Start-Up Team
o Use of nitrogen from the process system for construction activities is typically prohibited,
and would only be done on a special “permit basis.”
➢ Flare Relief System
o Obviously needed once pressure relief is required as part of commissioning
o In my experience, three coker start-ups had their own dedicated flare system, and two
others were connected to the plant flare system.
o In all cases, the flare system was ready in advance of DCU and was not a bottleneck to SU.
o Ultimately this system can process two fundamental streams -
✓Water-laden oil stream drains
✓Gas purges and pressure relief flows
➢ MEA Piping should be degreased, but not commissioned
o More than just water washing should be done to remove oils that could cause foaming
Steam Systems Commissioning?

➢ This is a big step in the SU timeline since it is the first introduction of a high temperature fluid
to the construction injury risk matrix
o Almost always done concurrently with construction activities, since piping insulation and
tracing work often lags until the end
o Pressurization of these systems must be done with proper communication, and should only
be done in close concert with the construction team.
o Tagging, signage and even locking of valves (on a risk mitigation basis) should be done and
controlled by the Start-Up Team
Re-Stated: Use special unique color to designate ‘in service’ piping and valves
Valve Tags => “LIVE EQUIPMENT – IN SERVICE - Do Not operate”
If necessary, in several languages
➢ Typically several systems – High Pressure, Medium Pressure, Low Pressure and Condensate
o Strategy on order of commissioning is a function of equipment commissioning seriatum
o Have steam blowdown, steam exhaust drums and condensate collection systems in service
early to avoid creating steam clouds during construction and SU
o Often steam tracing on heavy oil lines is not commissioned until introduction of heavy oils
since insulation work lags until the end, meaning leaks are likely and the SU team should
be prepared for that
Air Freeing & Pressure Testing (AFPT) of DCU Systems

➢ Prior to introducing hydrocarbons, oxygen concentration must be lowered so that the system is
below LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) on introduction of hydrocarbon.
➢ The standard for decades was to steam the equipment with vents and drains open in the
various systems, raising and lowering pressure to reduce the air concentration below the
plant’s minimum criteria. Several key disadvantages:
✓ Steam condenses & must subsequently be removed by oil flushing, creating wet slop oil
✓ Water removal not always complete, requiring slow heat up to avoid explosive water-to-
steam surges that damage equipment internals and cause a flare release
✓ There is a risk of vacuum when the steam condenses, if system components are blocked in
✓ Several days are required to complete this “dewatering” process
➢ The best approach is to strategically use nitrogen gas in appropriate systems:
✓ Furnace (inlet and outlet piping up to switch valve), Main Fractionator & associated HC
equipment, WGC and Gas Plant HC equipment
✓ Many refiners shied away from using nitrogen given the perception that such operations
created an asphyxiation risk, but that is only in confined spaces, which are not created by
this procedure (air is 79% nitrogen and is not greatly altered should 100% N2 mix with it in
the open air)
✓ N2 pressure in a given system is raised/lowered three times
✓ Significant dewatering can be accomplished at the same time.
AFPT of DCU Systems (cont’d)

Nitrogen for air freeing & pressure testing - Considerations
✓ Availability and Cost at the plant
o In some plants, nitrogen distribution grids supplied by an outside contract supplier facility (Aire
Liquide, Praxair, Air Products , etc.) are part of the infrastructure
o Older plants may not have that capability, meaning trucks are required, which can be cost prohibitive.
✓ Typically cannot achieve a system pressure above 90 psig (6 barg), so further leak checks are
needed in systems that increase to pressures above that when on oil
✓ Some systems require pressure relief protection in place to prevent accidental overpressure
✓ Water removal is not always complete, requiring a slow heat up of the system to avoid
explosive water-to-steam surges that damage equipment internals and cause a flare release
Coke Drums, piping downstream of the switch valve, Coker Blowdown System Equipment can
employ steam, but vacuum risk must always be managed.
An excellent approach to introducing nitrogen or steam to systems is to do so in series ,flow-
wise from one equipment item to the next.
 The advantage is that you can verify flow continuity
 Why would flow continuity not exist? Because a construction blind was missed.
 I have had this happen on two start-ups. In one case, the cost was millions of dollars, in another it was just
thousands of dollars. In Argentina they called the blind “Oreja de Van Gogh” because the indicating tab had
broken off. In Venezuela they called it “Mala Suerte” because it had been hidden by the thick insulation.
Hydrocarbon Introduction
➢ Next big step is introduction of fuel gas / natural gas to DCU Main Frac & Gas Plant
o At this point, the DCU is nearing mechanical completion
▪ Remaining work is typically insulation, clean-up and final work in the downstream coke handling
area (coke conveyors, coke load out facilities), but hopefully not much !!
▪ In my experience, I have often seen coke cutting equipment still being worked on….
o Remaining non-essential construction work is deferred during this black-out period, where
everything transitions from ‘construction work permitting’ to SU team ‘process unit
permitting’
o All further construction work will be permitted using the normal live unit permit process
➢ If WGC testing has not been done, it will be done now (see next page)
➢ In the same timeframe, start-up naphtha is introduced and flushing oil is introduced into the
various liquid flow circuits
o This allows final dewatering checks and instrument calibrations for the many liquid flow
circuits. Heaven forbid that you encounter a construction blind in a flow path !!
o During this time period you will likely encounter equipment problems. The better the job
done by the SU team regarding system handover, the less problems there will be.
o Steam turbines can be very finicky
o New instrumentation technology will be a slowdown item, since vendor support will be needed
for final calibration & troubleshooting (site techs are on learning curve)
Gas Compressor Commissioning

o I have been involved with the commissioning and start-up of six major projects, four of which
had large compressors or groups of compressors
▪ A modular (“packaged”) set of 3 large helical screw instrument air compressors
▪ A group of reciprocating hydrogen gas compressors for a naphtha isomerization unit
▪ A WGC (Wet Gas Compressor) for a DCU in Venezuela
▪ A WGC (Wet Gas Compressor) for a DCU in Europe
o The first three all performed SAT run-in checks using air well in advance of the actual start-up
and had no compressor related delays during the start-up sequence
▪ There was a $2M/day incentive to start up the Ven DCU, so spending money to install
temporary piping with suction screen and discharge silencer was well justified
▪ The test was performed, piping checked , certified clean and system readied for SU
o The latter opted to wait, largely at the strong urging of the manufacturer, who only wanted to
do the SAT on natural gas.
▪ This added several days to planned SU timeline, during which problems were addressed
▪ The system was then purged and shutdown to replace the temporary suction strainers with
permanent strainers and then the system was restarted.
▪ In reality, this added time did not translate into as many days of delay, since other issues
were occurring in parallel with other systems of the DCU, which impeded progress…
Heat Up, Resid Introduction & Coking

➢ Once water levels are validated to be low, programmed heat-up occurs
o The biggest concern is water-to-steam explosion and internals damage. Using nitrogen for
AFPT and proper dry-out of steam are the key mitigations
o The coker furnace is on total circulation and goes through staged heating to dry out
castable refractory.
➢ Changeover from gas oil to vacuum resid is the next big step
o Biggest concern is tripping the heater charge pump during this step and plugging
equipment.
o Trick is to reduce the MF inventory to minimum and quickly introduce resid, while purging
gas oil through the coker blowdown system or to the refinery heavy slop system.
▪ Criteria to determine when the changeover is complete – comparison of resid
volume introduced to the system volume, and/or visual examination of the
recirculating oil . The former is safer than the latter. Plus you should be able to see a
calculated increase in the discharge pressure of the heater charge pump.
o REPEAT - Often steam tracing on heavy oil lines is not commissioned until introduction of
heavy oils since insulation work lags until the end, meaning leaks are likely and the SU
team should be prepared for that
Learnings
➢ Close involvement of an experienced SU team with the Construction team during system
handovers is absolutely essential to a successful SU
✓ Ensuring that all pipes are properly water flushed during final hydrotesting
✓ Flushing and handover will greatly reduce headaches and safety risks during
commissioning.
➢ If interconnected and integrated process units (typically via heat exchangers) are being started
up, it is important to have blinding points installed should one unit be in service before
another.
➢ All large projects in my experience, started up later than planned
✓ In 1982 the delay was a couple of months (on a clean naphtha unit with lots of new
technology); but now can easily be one year
✓ Positive Reason - Increased Safety Standards
✓ Negative Reasons – less than planned labor productivity, labor strikes, construction errors,
equipment fabrication errors, failure of high risk installations, engineering design errors,
lack of qualified labor, errors in various stages of the project, equipment delivery delays
(due to customs delays or manufacturer productivity), poor handover from project to SU
team, design errors
Examples of things that went wrong
Design Errors that resulted in delays or problems:

✓ Restriction orifice sizing program was in error requiring replacement late in the schedule
✓ At reduced feed rates, the heater charge pump discharge pressure was higher the 450 psig
velocity steam supply pressure. Fortunately, that steam came from a 600 psig letdown station.
The control valve was bypassed, safely allowing the DCU HP steam grid pressure to be raised.
✓ Resid entering the system was 190 psig (13 barg) vs 150 psig (10 barg) expected. Natural gas
purges on feed line instruments were 170 psig (11.6 barg), which allowed resid to back flow
into instrument tubing and solidify.
• Tubing was replaced on 4 instruments, and gas was replaced with HP steam and tracing installed.
✓ Proper access to high point vent and low point drain were not provided, requiring use of man-
lifts and fall protection PPE during certain commissioning steps.

Design Errors that resulted in delays or problems (cont’d):
✓ A crack occurred where an anchored 317LSS piping support was welded to the 90° elbow of
one Diluent Recovery Unit furnace outlet (8 passes). The piping was thinner than normal due
to low design pressure and low corrosion allowance, making the weldment high risk as the
piping expanded from ambient to 740⁰F (393⁰C). Remedy – Eliminate the anchor from the
support, monitor the piping (which now can oscillate) and redesign the piping support for
installation at the next opportunity.
✓ Fuel gas MEA Contactor had high foaming at design rates. Following review, it was determined
that the installed sieve holes were 0.5” diameter instead of 0.75”. The number was not
transcribed correctly from the basic engineering data sheet to the final detailed engineering
sheet.
✓ 690⁰F (366⁰C) resid feed control valve station bypass not properly sized causing severe
vibration
Construction errors that resulted in delays:
✓ All DCU cooling water exchangers were found to be fouled with rust and scale while being
stored outside ; the problem was discovered during commissioning when water rates and
DP’s were checked.
• Proper storage indoors and/or proper isolation with plastic plugs would have
prevented the problem
• Also, it was discovered that the bleeder valves on the inlet and outlet of the water
piping to the coolers were not installed and had been lost.
✓ Installation of incorrect metallurgies in the fractionating towers.
✓ Ultrasonic furnace flow meter was wired backwards, but plant I&E technicians were not
trained.
Fabrication errors that resulted in delays:
✓ 2-inch ball valves purchased for the structure valve spool steam and drains where
determined to be inoperable, requiring the installation of high-pressure nitrogen
actuators.
• Even with those actuators the valves did not operate reliably
• Cause was identified to be the use of inconsistent materials for the valve body,
internals and shaft, which created thermal expansion issues and valve seizing.
✓ Large 30” MO gate valves in coke drum vapor service did not operate properly during final
stroke checks; fabrication errors were found in all valve, which required last-minute shop
repair.
✓ An inadequate weld on a 30” coke drum vapor line created a small leak at the cutting
deck, requiring train circulation and repair.
Construction-to-SU Team Handover errors that resulted in delays:
✓ Check Valves backwards

• 20 years ago, the check valve position indicators and the protocols to verify position
were not as good as today. Still it can happen if insulation covers them early in the
construction phase.
• Most experienced SU teams have this integrated into their system turnover list.
• 20 years ago, a lot of the installation errors were not discovered until AFPT.
✓ High amounts of sediments, scale and trash in piping required frequent strainer cleanings,
extending SU at least two days.
✓ Construction blind was left in a key preheat exchanger in an upstream unit, which was not
placed into service until later in the DCU gas oil heat-up sequence. When placed in
service, the DCU furnace tripped on low flow, signaling the problem. => 4 day delay (it
happened Friday PM)
Construction-to-SU Team Handover errors that resulted in delays:
✓ Construction blind was left in the blowdown settler gas outlet (Oreja de Van Gogh)
=> 2 day delay , since discovered during natural gas pressurization
✓ On the vapor valve deck, heavy plastic shields had been installed in the 30” vapor line
piping to prevent objects from falling down into downstream equipment. These thick
plastic shields were not removed and became wedged in the seats of two valves,
preventing them from closing completely.
The valves showed closed, but were not. 30” valves can pass significant flow at 99%
closed, and position indicators are accurate to only +/-0.5 % at best. The plastic shield
gave way in one valve, creating a very loud noise and was carried by the spool steam into
the sister drum and out the bottom head. This resulted in a near miss incident.
✓ BUD spring hangers were not released as part of handover to the SU Team
SU Team Error:
✓ During AFPT with steam in the winter, the rate of pressurization can be low. Remedy was
to add supplemental nitrogen flow.
✓ Heat exchanger head channel gasket leaks (those seeing the highest gas oil temperature)
occurred on two separate DCU SU’s, delaying schedule.
o At one DCU, there were too issues – 1) the hot oil was introduced to the steam
generator before a BFW level was established, and 2) the gasket surface was
damaged
o Of note – Yes, the HX passed the 1.5xMAWP hydrotest, but the force on the bolts is
much higher at normal operating pressure and normal operating temperature.

SU Team Error:
✓ During circulation of oil from the bottom of the MF to furnace to the coke drum vapor line
to the MF flash zone, a field operator used the SP-5 steam-purged gate valve to throttle
flow. When resid was introduced to the system, which went very smoothly on nights with
no pump issues, the high pressure between the furnace and SPV-5 allowed the resid to
push into the steam purge lines through the check valves and into the steam grid
supplying the valve purge steam.
• This caused a 3-day delay while the steam piping was cleaned.
✓ In a start-up I was not part of, velocity steam was introduced to the furnace purges during
the early stage of oil circulation. The steam condensed in low pressure sections of the
DCU (Main Frac overhead trays and Gas Plant ) extending system dry out until it was
removed from the furnaces.
✓ WGC filling started ahead of schedule, and a piping bleeder was open, allowing natural gas to leak to
the atmosphere.

SU Team Error: (cont’d)
✓ During initial stages of oil circulation and dewatering, the furnace pass flow control was
very unsteady, which was attributed to plug-type control valve design. The position of the
plug was change 180⁰ to see if that helped. As it turned out, water was likely flashing
across the control valve and causing the problem.
✓ During initial stages of oil circulation and dewatering, the furnace pass flow control was
very unsteady, which was attributed to plug-type control valve design. The position of the
plug was change 180⁰ to see if that helped. As it turned out, water was likely flashing
across the control valve and causing the problem.
✓ Poor level readings in the DeButanizer reflux drum, the MEA FG Absorber KO drum and
the Fuel Gas KO drum, allowed foaming in the MEA tower to carry through into the fuel
gas grid and trip the heavy oil furnaces.
✓ Following SU of both coking trains at 60% of rate, high MEA entrainment into the
downstream KO Drum was noted. Coker wet gas was diverted to the flare, allowing
changing of MEA rates, which allowed determination that the level was much higher than
indicated due to plugged level taps (no blowbacks). Steam blowing the taps allowed the
level to be brought into range.
Errors that did not delay SU:

✓ Late scope addition to the onsite project – coke crushing was added to the pad operation
6 months before SU. Crushing was to be done at the shipping terminal, but they
eliminated it from their scope without telling the project.
✓ The sieve tray holes of the MEA absorber were 0.5” instead of 0.75”. There was a hack in
the final design spec sheets. The basic engineering package was correct.
✓ DCU furnace burner fuel gas tubes modified to allow passing of FAT light off test, but
subsequently resulted in exposure to excess radiant heat
✓ Sundyne pumps used for LPG on the Debutanizer overhead (best pumps for low flow and
high head) could not be put in service because they would trip on high amps
o Night shift crew tried to use the discharge gate valve to control the high-speed
pumps
o The day crew worked with the console supervisor to use the control valve instead of
the discharge gate valve to bring the pump on line.
o No delay was incurred, just longer downgrade of the LPG to slop
✓ Hahn&Clay bottom deheader leaked 12 hrs after coking initiated
o Remedies - thicker gasket, increased nitrogen pressure to the force-actuator bladder,
re-torquing of bolts, and reinstallation of the force actuator bolts
Errors that did not delay SU (cont’d):
✓ Piping guides and stops for the transfer line from the furnace to the coke drums were all
improperly designed and broke after SU. Remedy -
o On-line replacement, taking advantage of coke drum cycles and furnace spalls
✓ Piping guides and stops for the cutting water piping up on the top deck improperly
designed and broke after SU. Remedy -
o On-line replacement, taking advantage of coke drum cycles
✓ Clean fin fans work too well in the winter
o In one instance, gas hydrates formed in the fin fan tubes upstream of the
Fractionating Absorber, causing a major tower upset. Remedy - Operating envelope
adjusted to include minimum allowed temperature.
o On another DCU where they used steam for AFPT, a significant amount was
condensing in the air fin fan tubes. Remedy – Installed tarps on the fan bays during
AFPT
Questions and Comments are Very Welcome
RefComm Rotterdam
Oct 2 – 3, 2019
Mitchell J Moloney
Heavy Oil Upgrading and Process Engineering Specialist
Becht Engineering
[email protected]
33
EPC Contract Structure – Cost Plus with Cap:

➢ Contractor is paid for all EPC related expenses plus an agreed-upon profit
o Contractor cannot lose, unless penalties are negotiated relative to schedule
o All costs are typically audited as part of the contract
o Costs related to negligence or error are not typically paid
o Scope & schedule are part of the contract, with cost cap and incentives/penalties often
included
o This type contract is used when a job is simply defined, but must happen quickly and no
design or cost estimate is in place.
o Preferred by government agencies , since contractor can be selected based on their
qualification , and not based on low-bid
o Also used for R&D work where a budget is set and controlled by the contracting officer.
➢ Advantages:
o Can be used for smaller well-defined jobs with a known contractor (for
example, tank demolition at the start of a project)
o Requires regular supervision of the job site
o Contractor can be replaced if under performing
➢ Disadvantages:
o Relying on integrity of the contractor

DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations

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DCU Commissioning and Start-Up

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The following topics will be addressed:

How should the Progression of MC -> Commissioning -> SU Proceed?

Water System Specifics

Water System Specifics (cont’d)

Water System Specifics (cont’d)

Water System Specifics (cont’d)

What other systems can be commissioned early?

Steam Systems Commissioning?

Air Freeing & Pressure Testing (AFPT) of DCU Systems

AFPT of DCU Systems (cont’d)

Gas Compressor Commissioning

Heat Up, Resid Introduction & Coking

Examples of things that went wrong

Design Errors that resulted in delays or problems:

Examples of things that went wrong

Examples of things that went wrong

Construction errors that resulted in delays:

✓ Installation of incorrect metallurgies in the fractionating towers.

Examples of things that went wrong

Fabrication errors that resulted in delays:

Examples of things that went wrong

Construction-to-SU Team Handover errors that resulted in delays:

✓ Check Valves backwards

Examples of things that went wrong

Construction-to-SU Team Handover errors that resulted in delays:

Examples of things that went wrong

Examples of things that went wrong

Examples of things that went wrong

Errors that did not delay SU:

Errors that did not delay SU (cont’d):

DCU Commissioning and Start-Up Key Considerations

EPC Contract Structure – Cost Plus with Cap:

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