To Study Parallelogram Law of Vector

PROJECT
Name – Aayush Pawar
Class – 11 th
k
ROLL NO. – 01
Subject – PHYSICS
Topic – To study
parallelogram law of vector
Index
a) Aim/Objective
b) Apparatus
c) Introduction
d) Theory/Contents
e) Circuit
diagram/Diagrams
f) Observations
g)Conclusion
h) Applications
i) Bibliography
AIM
To study parallelogram Law

of vectors
APPARATUS
l. Parallelogram Apparatus
(Gravesand's Apparatus)
2. Two Slotted Weights with Hanger
3. Wooden Block with Hook
4. Spring Balance
5. Mirror Strip
6. Cotton Thread (roll)
7. Drawing Pin
Introduction
The parallelogram law of vector addition is a

method that is used to find the sum of two
vectors in vector theory. We study two laws for
the addition of vectors - the triangle law of
vector addition and the parallelogram law of
vector addition. The parallelogram law of
vector addition is used to add two vectors
when the vectors that are to be added form the
two adjacent sides of a parallelogram by
joining the tails of the two vectors. Then, the
sum of the two vectors is given by the diagonal
of the parallelogram.
In this article, we will explore the parallelogram
law of the addition of vectors, its formula,
statement, and proof. We will learn to apply the
law with the help of various examples for a
better understanding of the concept.
Theory
Parallelogram Law of Vectors explained:-
The sum of two Vectors can be determined by vector
addition and the parallelogram law of vector addition is a law
that makes it easier to determine the resultant sum vector.
Suppose a fish is going from one side of the river to the other
side of the river along with the vector Q and the river water is
flowing in a direction along with the vector P as shown in the
figure below.
Now, the net velocity of the fish will be the sum of the two
velocities - the velocity of the fish and the velocity of the flow
of the river which will be a different velocity. As a result, the
fish will move along a different vector which will be the sum of
these two velocities. Now, to determine the net velocity, we
can consider these two vectors as the adjacent sides of a
Parallelogram and use the parallelogram law of vector addition
to determine the resultant sum vector.
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition Formula

Consider two vectors P and Q with an angle θ between them.
The sum of vectors P and Q is given by the vector R, the
resultant sum vector using the parallelogram law of vector
addition. If the resultant vector R makes an angle ϕ with the
vector P, then the formulas for its magnitude and direction are:
● |R| = √(P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ)
● β = tan-1[(Q sin θ)/(P + Q cos θ)]
Some Special Cases of Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition

Now, we know the formula to determine the magnitude and
direction of the sum of the two vectors. Let us consider a few
special cases and substutte the values in the formula:
When the Two Vectors are Parallel (Same Direction)
If vectors P and Q are parallel, then we have θ = 0°.

Substituting this in the formula of Parallelogram Law of Vector
Addition, we have
|R| = √(P2 + 2PQ cos 0 + Q2)
= √(P2 + 2PQ + Q2) [Because cos 0 = 1]
= √(P + Q)2
=P+Q
β = tan-1[(Q sin 0)/(P + Q cos 0)]
= tan-1[(0)/(P + Q cos 0)] [Because sin 0 = 0]
= 0°
When the Two Vectors are Acting in Opposite Direction
If vectors P and Q are acting in opposite directions, then we

have θ = 180°. Substituting this in the formula of Parallelogram
Law of Vector Addition, we have
|R| = √(P2 + 2PQ cos 180° + Q2)
= √(P2 - 2PQ + Q2) [Because cos 180° = -1]
= √(P - Q)2 or √(Q - P)2
= P - Q or Q - P
β = tan-1[(Q sin 180°)/(P + Q cos 180°)]
= tan-1[(0)/(P + Q cos 0)] [Because sin 180° = 0]
= 0° or 180°
When the Two Vectors are Perpendicular

If vectors P and Q are perpendicular to each other, then we
have θ = 90°. Substituting this in the formula of Parallelogram
Law of Vector Addition, we have
|R| = √(P2 + 2PQ cos 90° + Q2)
= √(P2 + 0 + Q2) [Because cos 90° = 0]
= √(P2 + Q2)
β = tan-1[(Q sin 90°)/(P + Q cos 90°)]
= tan-1[Q/(P + 0)] [Because cos 90° = 0]
= tan-1(Q/P)
Important Notes on Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition
● To apply the Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition, the
two vectors are joined at the tails of each other and
form the adjacent sides of a parallelogram.
● When the two vectors are parallel, then the magnitude
of their resultant vector can be determined by simply
adding the magnitudes of the two vectors.
● The triangle law and the parallelogram law of vector
addition are equivalent and give the same value as the
resultant vector.
Diagram
Observation
If two vectors acting on a particle at the

same time are represented in magnitude and
direction by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram drawn from a point their
resultant is represented by the diagonal of
the parallelogram drawn from the same
point.
Conclusion
A vector addition operation can be used to

determine the sum of two vectors, and the
parallelogram law of vector addition is a law that
makes it easier to determine the sum vector that
results from the operation.
Consider two vectors P and Q that are at an angle of
one another. The sum of the vectors P and Q is
represented by the vector R, which is the resultant
sum vector when the parallelogram law of vector
addition is applied to the vectors P and Q.
If two vectors can be represented completely by the
two adjacent sides (both in magnitude and direction)
of a parallelogram drawn from a point, then their
resultant sum vector can be represented completely
by the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from that
point.
When the two vectors are parallel, the magnitude of
the resultant vector can be calculated by simply
combining the magnitudes of the two vectors in the
same direction.
Bibliography
● www.Byjus.com
● www.Cuemath.com
● www.google.com
● www.unacademy.com
● https://www.seminarsonly.com

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PROJECT

Name – Aayush Pawar

To study parallelogram Law

The parallelogram law of vector addition is a

Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition Formula

Some Special Cases of Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition

When the Two Vectors are Parallel (Same Direction)

If vectors P and Q are parallel, then we have θ = 0°.

When the Two Vectors are Acting in Opposite Direction

If vectors P and Q are acting in opposite directions, then we

When the Two Vectors are Perpendicular

If two vectors acting on a particle at the

A vector addition operation can be used to

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